0:08 all right
0:10 so now we're in the post
0:14 world war two or world war one era the
0:21 in the delano
0:23 franklin delano roosevelt's new deal
0:24 program this is
0:27 trying to recover from
0:30 the depression farmers are given benefit
0:33 payments in return for limiting acreage
0:35 given to staple crops this is now
0:37 something that happens in part of the
0:40 farm bill currently to this day
0:42 and so it helps with
0:45 trade it helps with prices if all of a
0:47 sudden everybody says
0:50 i want to grow wheat
0:52 and we got so much wheat the price of
0:54 wheat crashes and it's an economic
0:56 disaster and
0:58 it creates problems domestically here in
1:00 the united states it also creates
1:02 problems for trade so
1:03 so
1:05 in order to balance this out you can't
1:08 just have individual families going
1:10 bankrupt and starving to death you need
1:14 to have some sort of stabilizing factor
1:15 in the uh
1:17 uh
1:19 in the economy in the economics of
1:21 agriculture so
1:23 some growers are actually paid not to
1:25 grow things and it might sound crazy at
1:27 first but it actually makes a lot of sense
1:29 sense and
1:34 most of the farmers that i know that
1:35 have taken advantage of this not like
1:37 they're being lazy and not growing
1:39 anything or doing anything
1:42 they're still working their tails off
1:44 there are examples and i would say that
1:48 in current times corporate
1:50 interests that are taking advantage of
1:56 farm bill monies that are being paid out
1:57 i can see why that pisses off some
1:59 people and there are some things in the
2:01 farm bill that we got to look at again
2:03 it's about money it's about how we balance
2:04 balance
2:05 our money
2:08 uh the idea is supposed to be to protect
2:11 family farms which i'm all for
2:13 uh but if you've got a billion dollar
2:16 corporation do you need to protect them by
2:17 by
2:20 manipulating what they grow
2:24 um are paying them to not grow things
2:26 that's a discussion for something else
2:28 there there's some wonderful things in
2:29 the farm bill and there are some things
2:36 but we want to support our egg we do
2:37 want to support our egg we want to
2:40 support our our small family growers so
2:43 that they can
2:45 keep their head above water keep going
2:46 keep working keep doing the good work of egg
2:48 egg
2:52 uh so that's enough on that
2:55 1935 the national labor relations act
2:57 establishes the national labor relations
2:59 board there's another one of those
3:03 regulatory agencies that exists for a purpose
3:04 purpose
3:08 they form the regulations for the laws
3:10 and they exist because a law says they
3:12 must exist
3:14 here it is in 1935. now there's an
3:16 organization that looks at labor
3:18 relations issues
3:22 social security act again another huge
3:25 issue coming out of the post
3:27 depression era and
3:29 and um
3:31 um
3:34 i don't care which side of the political
3:35 aisle you sit
3:38 our congressional leadership has not
3:40 done a good job of
3:42 keeping our social security money in the
3:44 social security
3:47 uh account centers pretty much used it
3:50 as their own little personal bank
3:53 account for budgetary purposes
3:55 and that's a big problem so there's a
3:59 lot of issues with social security today
4:02 it is not a welfare type program it is
4:05 money that we as citizens pay into it is
4:08 our money as citizens and
4:10 and
4:12 that money is to provide a safety net
4:14 for the workforce
4:16 when you become too old to work
4:19 when you become sick when
4:21 if you die before
4:24 you reach retirement and you've got kids
4:27 left behind this money is there as a
4:29 safety net for
4:29 for
4:40 and it is in jeopardy from mismanagement
4:45 1938 food drug and cosmetic act passed
4:47 uh fair labor standards act establishes
4:50 the wage in our division so now we have specific
4:51 specific
4:54 looking specific rules for actual wages
4:57 and how that works lots of detail and
4:59 they're very very interesting topics
5:09 but we were
5:10 not part of it yet
5:13 so we're still moving forward we have
5:15 the federal seed act required truthful
5:18 labeling on vegetable seeds
5:22 grade standards issued for frozen peas
5:26 again trying to standardize things so
5:29 not a whole lot happened in that era
5:32 just before world war ii but
5:34 once world war ii hit that was it there
5:36 wasn't much done in terms of laws and regulations
5:38 regulations
5:40 we were kind of busy with other
5:42 priorities at the federal and state levels
5:44 levels
5:47 uh the one thing that did happen um
5:48 um
5:50 was a lot of
5:52 research as i mentioned before advances
5:54 in food production health and pest
5:56 control as well as manufacturing and
5:59 other types of things research research research
6:00 research
6:02 was going on not new laws and regulations
6:09 then there was the post-war period that
6:14 it took a few years after 1945
6:16 when the dust was settling from world
6:19 war ii it took another
6:21 several years to
6:22 get our feet on the ground start
6:25 developing the economy it was all about post-war
6:27 post-war recovery
6:28 recovery
6:30 and one of those things was the
6:32 development of the agricultural research
6:35 service what it doesn't say here and
6:36 what you need to know is the
6:39 agricultural research service is a
6:41 division within the us department of
6:43 agriculture the usda ars
6:45 ars
6:47 agricultural research service and they
6:49 have a facility right next to the
6:52 hartnell college alisal campus on east
6:54 alisal road and
6:56 and
6:58 very important they're all over the
7:00 united states and even some international
7:02 international
7:04 research locations
7:12 56 fish and wildlife act with the
7:14 commercial fisheries bureau
7:17 and sport fisheries and wildlife bureau
7:19 all of
7:23 these again trying to
7:26 stabilize the foundation
7:28 foundation
7:38 1957 the civil rights act
7:39 again i told you there were several
7:41 civil rights acts we
7:43 had a civil rights act that occurred
7:47 coming right out of this the civil war
7:48 and a lot of people think the civil
7:50 rights act you know something in the
7:53 early 60s well that was
7:55 more of a
7:59 closing of the gaps some fixing of some
8:02 problems but the real start of the civil rights
8:09 movement legislation was in 1957
8:11 earlier than people
8:13 usually are told so this was all about
8:17 voting rights and equality although
8:18 although
8:19 you know some people think voting rights
8:21 it was like voting rights got fixed in one
8:23 one one
8:24 one
8:29 act one law and no voting rights it took
8:31 so many years and so many different
8:33 things to fix
8:35 because we had voting rights not only for
8:36 for
8:39 uh blacks but for native americans for
8:41 women for all kinds of different
8:43 problems that had to be fixed and it was
8:47 fixed over a whole long period of time
8:50 but in 1957 this was
8:53 an attempt to
8:57 establish fundamental civil rights
8:58 that still
9:00 hadn't been achieved that should have
9:13 1962 so this is the beginning of the
9:15 environmental period
9:19 during the 1950s there was a whole bunch of
9:20 of
9:24 public interest in the environment in
9:25 in [Music]
9:26 [Music]
9:28 public health
9:30 in worker health and worker rights and
9:32 all of these things were
9:33 were
9:35 starting to build up in this post-world
9:37 war ii era
9:39 where yeah remember earlier i said
9:41 something about you know this was the
9:44 post-world war ii was about
9:46 prosperity and growth and and
9:47 and
9:50 everything was wonderful in this fantasy
9:52 world no it wasn't wonderful and people
9:58 this isn't right something's wrong with
10:01 how we're doing things we're growing and
10:02 and
10:05 expanding on our chemicals and research
10:07 and plastics and all these things that
10:10 are coming out of this post-world war ii era
10:11 era
10:13 it's exploding in a way that's not sustainable
10:15 sustainable
10:17 and we're taking advantage of workers
10:18 we're taking advantage of the environment
10:20 environment
10:23 uh there was a saying
10:27 back way back then the solution to
10:30 pollution is dilution
10:32 hey if you've got a bunch of poisonous
10:35 toxic stuff just throw it in the river
10:37 throw it in the ocean it'll get diluted
10:39 the earth is huge as long as we dilute
10:40 it it's fine
10:42 things are only dangerous in
10:44 concentrated amounts if you dilute it
10:46 nothing's a problem
10:47 and that
10:49 clearly wasn't true
10:54 in some ways when we have a very small population
10:56 population
10:59 or a very small amount of pollution
11:02 that maybe is true to an extent but
11:04 people started to realize this isn't right
11:05 right
11:07 so by the end of the 50s the public
11:09 already had this
11:13 undertone a bubbling fear about what's
11:15 going on in this country what are we
11:17 doing to the environment in particular
11:20 along comes a book at the perfect time
11:23 by rachel carson called silent spring
11:25 now i don't have her name on this
11:27 particular slide but her name is rachel carson
11:29 carson
11:31 and she wrote the book silent spring
11:33 specifically about
11:36 a chemical called ddt and i'm not going
11:39 to say the full name but ddt was this
11:42 miracle pesticide that really did a lot
11:44 of good in the world because it saved
11:47 arguably hundreds of thousands of people
11:49 from malaria during its use in
11:51 in
11:52 world war ii
11:54 and other diseases from
11:57 ticks and chiggers and mice and other problems
11:58 problems
12:00 it was this wonder drug it killed these
12:08 and so there was this mentality let's
12:10 just make a whole bunch more of this
12:16 and people started to realize well maybe
12:18 it's not that good for people even
12:20 though it's not directly toxic it
12:22 eventually does have some problems
12:24 but they're relatively minor in humans
12:27 it's a the problem is in the environment
12:30 and what was happening is ddt
12:32 is very persistent very stable chemical
12:34 so it stays in the environment and stays
12:36 in the fatty tissue in our bodies and in
12:39 the bodies of animals and so birds would
12:42 eat insects that were dying or didn't
12:44 quite die from the ddt and they would
12:47 build up ddt in their bodies
12:49 and because of the ddt in their bodies
12:52 it was discovered that songbirds were
12:55 laying eggs with very thin shells
12:57 and so the birds would sit on the eggs
12:59 the eggs would crack the babies would
13:02 not develop inside the egg no babies are born
13:04 born
13:06 hence the name silent spring
13:09 no songbirds being born no songbirds
13:11 singing in the spring
13:13 and it was really well received by the
13:16 public as this
13:19 awakening and awareness that we can't
13:22 keep doing things no matter
13:24 how good they may seem
13:26 on one level
13:29 ddt is wonderful in saving lives of
13:32 soldiers and citizens in
13:33 world war ii
13:35 it we can't just
13:38 blindly put things in the environment
13:41 it's dangerous
13:42 and so
13:44 silent spring
13:47 really can be looked at as the book that started
13:49 started
13:51 the environmental movement even though
13:54 it didn't really start it it just triggered
13:56 triggered
13:58 what was already welling up in our country
14:04 1963 the equal pay act provides
14:07 sex-based wage discriminate or prohibits
14:10 sex-based wage discrimination
14:14 uh so since 63 we're talking
14:17 a long time ago we're talking almost 60
14:20 years ago and we're still working on sex
14:23 page wage discrimination it's still
14:27 happening it's just illegal to do it now
14:29 people just find different ways of doing
14:30 it we're still trying to fix that
14:32 problem but at least
14:34 this is a step in the right direction in 1963.
14:35 1963.
14:38 1964 civil rights act made racial
14:41 discrimination and segregation illegal
14:42 this is the
14:44 civil rights act that most people point to
14:45 to
14:47 and when you think of uh martin luther
14:49 king jr you think of the civil rights
14:52 act you usually are thinking 1964
14:54 even though
14:58 initial
15:00 efforts started
15:03 in the 1950s
15:06 uh voting rights act of 1965 abolishes a
15:09 poll tax opening up polling or
15:11 voting rights to
15:14 people without having to
15:16 pay a poll tax
15:18 basically discriminating against people
15:21 who couldn't afford to vote
15:23 1966 the first monitoring program
15:25 established to determine the effects of
15:28 typical agricultural pesticide use again
15:30 looking at safety
15:33 age discrimination in employment act of
15:35 1967 protects individuals who are 40
15:37 years of age or older from discrimination
15:39 discrimination again
15:40 again
15:42 does it happen of course it does but at
15:44 least there's something saying you're
15:52 um nepa nepa the national environmental
15:55 policy act was passed again
15:56 again 19
15:58 19 late
15:59 late
16:02 1960s we're now starting to see the
16:03 the
16:05 effects of that environmental movement
16:08 of silent spring in 1962
16:10 it's now hitting
16:12 the federal laws and regulations we're
16:14 getting the national environmental
16:17 policy act
16:18 uh plant variety protection act we'll
16:21 talk about that at a later date
16:23 council on environmental quality
16:25 environment 1970 environmental
16:28 protection agency established a new
16:32 regulatory agency 1970 again this late
16:34 60s to early 70s all of this environmental
16:36 environmental concern
16:38 concern
16:40 in the population of the united states
16:43 is becoming law 1971
16:44 1971
16:46 occupational safety and health act
16:48 established the federal occupational
16:51 safety and health administration so the
16:52 environment isn't the only thing going
16:55 on it's also worker protection
16:58 public protection as well
17:00 employment standards administration is
17:03 established so again looking at protection
17:09 right away after that 1972 federal water
17:11 pollution control act and the clean air
17:14 act the banning of ddt i just mentioned
17:16 that with rachel carson's book
17:19 silent spring so
17:20 so boom
17:22 boom
17:24 environment environment environment
17:27 endangered species act the environment
17:29 all of this happening
17:32 in rapid succession
17:35 and this is this period right here is
17:37 richard nixon
17:39 which many of you may only know about it
17:44 and
17:47 actually he resigned before he was
17:48 impeached but
17:51 i was that whole watergate scandal and
17:52 you know a lot of people think oh he is
17:55 this evil president and this evil
18:00 uh republican anti-environment
18:03 person but
18:04 i'm certainly not going to hold him up
18:06 on a pedestal because i do not think he was
18:08 was
18:11 a good human being in many ways
18:14 but i have to give him credit he signed
18:21 legislative acts and made them law and
18:23 they are the foundation of our
18:30 um please pause and read this i'm not
18:31 going to
18:34 uh take any more time on this page but
18:36 as i mentioned before
18:39 the 80s and 90s were largely about
18:42 fixing things adding detail
18:45 making the regulations work better for
18:47 industry the law maybe didn't change
18:50 much at all but the regulations did or
18:58 um 89 the americans with disabilities
19:01 act again a very important
19:03 legislative action um
19:06 to address many discriminatory practices
19:14 93 this was under president clinton the
19:17 family medical leave act so employees employers
19:19 employers
19:21 are required if they have a certain
19:23 level of number of employees they get
19:26 the numbers 50 or more you have to grant
19:29 your eligible employees
19:32 unpaid leave during a 12-month period
19:34 for the birth of a child the care of a
19:37 newborn or an adopted child care of an
19:39 immediate family member who might be sick
19:39 sick
19:42 there are a number of reasons why you
19:44 might be able to get the
19:45 the family
19:47 family
19:51 and medical leave act 2006
19:53 2006 kaboom
19:54 kaboom
19:57 food safety has always been a modern
20:01 issue but 2006 it exploded because there
20:04 were a series of things going on that
20:07 mostly were falling under the radar but
20:09 a couple of things happened
20:12 there was an e coli outbreak that killed
20:14 a whole bunch of people
20:16 and e coli we all have it in our guts
20:20 but this particular strain of e coli is
20:22 something that creates a byproduct when
20:25 it's digesting its food that
20:28 we don't digest properly and this toxin
20:30 that we can't digest properly damages
20:31 damages
20:32 our kidneys
20:36 causes hus which is a kidney failure
20:39 disease and can kill you
20:41 and so that was one major thing social
20:44 media was another major thing and
20:46 changes in the
20:47 the
20:50 media itself the newspapers and and
20:51 and
20:54 tv news shows things like that um
20:55 um
20:57 all of the sudden people would grab on
20:59 to these food safety issues where they
21:02 weren't newsworthy before but because of
21:04 all these things coming together
21:08 the 2006 e coli outbreak
21:10 really exploded food safety into the
21:13 minds of public
21:15 and i'll talk more about that when we
21:23 2011
21:26 actually was signed in
21:28 2010 i believe but
21:29 but
21:32 it didn't become effective until 2011.
21:36 this was under obama president obama the
21:39 fda's or food and drug administration's
21:43 food safety modernization act or fisma
21:45 so it's under fda because they are the primary
21:46 primary
21:50 regulatory agency but fisma is what it
21:52 is called you need to know fsma you need
21:55 to know what fisma is food safety
21:57 modernization act it really brought food
21:59 safety to the forefront of
22:00 of
22:02 agricultural and food manufacturing
22:05 concerns this is mostly about ag production
22:06 production
22:09 and food processing it's not so much
22:11 about the restaurants and the grocery
22:13 stores although they are touched
22:16 everything is touched in the fisma act
22:17 act um
22:20 um fortunately
22:22 fortunately the
22:24 the local
22:25 local
22:27 central california
22:29 agricultural community had some very
22:33 strong voices that was able to
22:36 provide dramatic input through what's
22:38 called the leafy green marketing agreement
22:39 agreement and
22:40 and
22:41 it made
22:43 the fisma
22:47 final draft from the federal government
22:49 more realistic what the federal
22:51 government was first proposing was
22:55 absurd they had absolutely no idea how
22:58 agriculture really worked in terms of
23:01 the timing and logistics and
23:04 um the original draft of fisma was
23:07 arguably a disastrous
23:09 draft if it were to be implemented but
23:12 fortunately we were prepared
23:14 we got our voices heard
23:19 fisma largely
23:21 largely
23:24 took what we gave them for the leafy vegetables
23:25 vegetables
23:27 and berries and
23:28 and
23:31 used that
23:34 largely because we were citing fda
23:36 information going back to the 90s so we
23:39 were using their information as the
23:41 foundation for why we were making these
23:49 the government loves when you give them
23:50 something ready to go and all they have
23:54 to do is kind of massage it and
23:55 call it a law
23:58 it saves them work they're willing to do
23:59 it so
24:00 what we have now
24:02 initially a lot of growers were
24:04 panicking saying this is a bunch of crap
24:07 and i can't do this way too expensive
24:08 and this is going to bankrupt the
24:12 industry there was so much talk in 2009
24:16 10 11 all the way up until probably 2015
24:18 that i just couldn't believe how much
24:20 people were pushing back
24:22 now everybody just takes it for granted
24:24 everybody's figured it out everybody's
24:25 learned to work with it yeah there's
24:28 some problems yeah it takes some extra
24:37 uh 2016 congress approves the gmo
24:39 labeling law a bill that requires the
24:42 labeling of bioengineered food including
24:46 the option to use qr codes
24:49 i could go on about this
24:51 my background is in genetics i'm a phd
24:53 in genetics
24:56 and did agricultural genetics research
24:58 for many years before
25:00 kind of landing at hartnell in an
25:03 unexpected way but
25:08 i'll just say that
25:10 if something is a genetically modified
25:14 organism with gmo um
25:16 that doesn't mean much of anything that
25:20 is of value to the consumer people think
25:22 a lot of times gmos are unhealthy
25:23 they're unsafe
25:25 i'll talk about this at a later time but
25:27 it's a bunch of baloney it's
25:29 fear-mongering it's
25:31 it's not true
25:34 gmo really doesn't give you any useful
25:37 information on its own and the idea that
25:41 we have to label for it is absurd
25:43 but it's public
25:45 interest public pushing
25:47 um money
25:50 and fear and there are a lot of powerful
25:53 interests that wanted the labels
25:55 for marketing purposes because they
25:58 wanted to market other types of products and
26:00 and anyway
26:01 anyway
26:03 if you're scared of gmos don't be
26:05 but we'll talk about that at a later time
26:06 time so
26:08 so
26:10 that is it for the history you need to
26:13 write up a paper on this i won't remind
26:16 you on every lecture about writing up a
26:17 summary paper
26:23 um but focus on the big picture the the
26:27 eras as i describe them and are written
26:28 in the same module
26:29 module that
26:31 that
26:34 this powerpoint and video series
26:35 series
26:36 are located
26:38 and then pick out some highlights that
26:40 illustrate that
26:42 focusing especially on the ones that are
26:44 bold but just bring out some important highlights
26:50 and that's what you need to do in your paper
26:52 paper
26:54 so any questions
26:56 my cell phone
26:58 number is in the
27:00 syllabus or you can send me a canvas
27:03 inbox message
