0:05 there are so many ways to answer the
0:07 question how are you but a lot of us
0:09 default to a word that can mean a ton of
0:11 different things fine you can say I'm
0:15 fine or I'm fine or even I'm fine
0:17 you can say it in an email to your boss
0:19 but firing off that word without an
0:20 introduction or sign off might totally
0:23 confuse them wait that's not what you're
0:24 supposed to say there should be other
0:26 things before and after the fine all of
0:29 these contexts change and influence and
0:31 sometimes even determine the impact of
0:33 this f-word technology in particular
0:36 offers a ton of contexts that affect our
0:38 messages from email to Twitter to
0:40 comments in a Google Doc no wonder it
0:42 can get overwhelming to send an email
0:44 but we're already cross media composers
0:46 writers who constantly respond to the
0:48 different needs and benefits of the
0:50 media we use and with practice we can
0:52 get better at crafting messages across
0:54 different media a move known as
0:56 remediation by the end of this video
0:58 you'll hopefully be feeling well if not
1:00 fine at least a little better we're
1:03 talking about remediation today in study
1:05 hall composition presented by Arizona
1:07 State University and crash course I'm
1:09 Yoona Sami let's get started [Music]
1:12 [Music]
1:14 the transmission airy model of
1:16 communication is the theory that when we
1:18 write we share an idea and the audience
1:20 receives the same idea
1:21 think about airdrop and other technology
1:24 for sharing photos between phones you
1:25 can tap one button on your phone and
1:27 your picture appears on the other
1:29 person's screen that's a direct
1:31 transmission but in our previous video
1:33 we began discussing a famous quote from
1:34 media theorist Marshall McLuhan
1:37 the medium is the message a medium is
1:39 any where we compose or share a text
1:41 it's like the string between two tin
1:43 cans when kids play telephone your
1:44 message has to travel through the medium
1:46 before the other person receives it and
1:48 the medium effects what does and doesn't
1:50 show up on the other side McClellan's
1:52 point goes against the transmission airy
1:54 model of communication he says that our
1:56 ideas don't go straight from our minds
1:59 into our readers Minds unchanged in fact
2:01 to him the medium completely shapes what
2:03 our audience gets from a message in
2:05 contrast to something like airdrop
2:07 McLuhan would argue communication is
2:08 more like someone saving a photograph
2:10 that they treasure and want to hand down
2:11 to their descendants they have special
2:13 memories attached to it that aren't
2:14 automatically visible in the picture
2:16 over the years it gets dropped in a
2:18 puddle squished in the pages of a book
2:20 and the old-timey ink on it gets faded
2:21 at the end the photographer's great
2:24 great-great grandchild briefly sees the
2:25 photo with the portrait now totally
2:27 changed and distorted the great
2:29 great-great grandchild probably thinks
2:31 what a weird collar or was the world
2:33 black and white back then rather than
2:34 thinking about the fond memories that
2:36 the original person saw in the photo the
2:38 medium of physical photograph completely
2:40 changes the way the photo is perceived
2:42 on the line our own writing experiences
2:44 can further disprove the transmission
2:45 airy model most of us have tried to
2:47 write something at some point and said I
2:49 can't say what I really mean even
2:51 translating from our heads to our
2:53 writing is an interpretation and a way
2:55 our original message can change plus the
2:57 medium shapes what we can say and then
2:59 the reader further interprets the
3:00 message based on their experiences and
3:02 expectations of that medium the whole
3:05 process is complicated and subjective
3:07 and it's kind of a miracle we can
3:08 communicate at all so while the
3:09 transmission Airy model is
3:11 oversimplified McLuhan's model isn't
3:13 perfect either media aren't the only
3:15 things that change messages the messages
3:17 themselves are up for interpretation by
3:19 the writer and the audience so it's not
3:21 as straightforward as either theory both
3:23 the medium and the idea matter we pay
3:24 careful attention
3:26 the words of our messages but also to
3:28 the way they're shaped by the medium we
3:30 choose we've already talked a lot about
3:31 how to compose words in the series and
3:33 different ways audiences might perceive
3:36 our words so in this video I really want
3:37 to focus on media because all
3:39 communication is mediated you know
3:41 express their medium and especially
3:43 these days there are tons of digital
3:45 media like how emails and text messages
3:47 and social media are all examples of
3:50 mediated communication even if we write
3:52 with a quill and ink on parchment paper
3:54 that mediums still shaped what we can
3:56 convey to others I mean I write way less
3:58 words total when I'm writing with a
4:00 quill because it takes a truly tedious
4:02 amount of time I can really get going
4:03 when it comes to blog posts because I
4:05 can type super fast and I'm really
4:07 passionate about my recipes for vegan
4:08 birthday cake all media come with
4:10 limitations but they also create
4:12 opportunities and options we call the
4:13 things you can do within a medium
4:16 affordances for example an affordance of
4:18 text messages is the ability to use
4:20 emojis to convey how you feel about a
4:22 particular conversation which can be
4:24 very useful face-to-face communication
4:26 may lack things like the ability to cite
4:28 our sources and footnotes but it does
4:30 include inflection facial expressions
4:32 and body language all of which
4:33 communicate extra complexity
4:35 these are affordances of face-to-face
4:37 speech the more we focus on affordances
4:39 and limitations the benefits and
4:42 drawbacks of a particular medium the
4:43 more informed we can be about which
4:45 medium to choose for our own messages
4:47 let's look at a writer in action who
4:49 chooses a new medium because she thinks
4:50 it will have a better effect on her
4:52 overall message Sasha loves reading
4:54 about climate science in academic
4:56 journals her friends however haven't
4:58 taken as many classes on things like the
5:00 effects of deforestation on Earth's
5:02 atmosphere they find the scientific
5:04 studies tough to read so they just don't
5:06 Sasha sees the affordances of scientific
5:09 journal articles for people who are
5:10 trying to learn more about environmental
5:12 science like she is these journal
5:15 articles include as much specific info
5:16 as needed to push their knowledge
5:18 forward on the other hand she sees the
5:19 constraints of an academic journal
5:21 article like how it doesn't have a lot
5:23 of eye-catching pictures and uses
5:24 language that not everyone understands
5:26 so to share her knowledge with her
5:28 friends and others instead of just
5:30 writing her own scientific studies Sasha
5:32 remediates some important messages about
5:34 the bad consequences of DeForest ation
5:35 she decides to start a YouTube channel
5:37 where a cute cat will sink
5:39 songs teach people about how and why
5:41 they should preserve forests kind of
5:42 like Smokey the Bear
5:44 but for Gen Z in this case YouTube is a
5:46 great place to reach a wider audience
5:48 use some funny and adorable cat pictures
5:50 and share the key takeaways of the
5:51 scientific research if she's lucky
5:53 they'll even get stuck in people's heads
5:55 another affordance of catchy songs that
5:57 might make people think twice before
5:59 buying unsustainably harvested products
6:02 as with any remediation sasha has to be
6:03 careful that she's not interpreting the
6:05 original articles incorrectly and
6:07 there's a chance for losing some
6:09 important stuff in translation but
6:10 knowing the affordances and constraints
6:12 of each medium can help her address her
6:14 specific audience and communicate the
6:17 best way she can sasha is a writer in
6:19 action one way to become better at
6:20 remediation is to practice a technique
6:23 called comparative media analysis when
6:24 you know the core of your message
6:26 comparing potential medium platforms can
6:28 help you find a particularly useful or
6:30 appropriate way to share it first write
6:31 out your message without thinking about
6:33 the medium too much yes technically a
6:35 sheet of paper is a medium with
6:37 constraints and affordances but work
6:38 with me here write down your first
6:39 thoughts on how you want to share this
6:42 idea an instagram caption on a photo for
6:44 instance or a podcast interview with an
6:46 expert or splashy advertisement in your
6:48 school's print newspaper write out the
6:50 limitations the medium imposes some
6:53 media restrict length style or number of
6:54 photos you can use with your message
6:57 some require people to read while others
6:59 let them listen next write some of the
7:01 expectations of the medium which can be
7:03 limitations or affordances audiences
7:05 expect a certain type of message to get
7:07 into a school newspaper for instance and
7:09 they expect that an Instagram caption
7:11 will be connected to its photo in some
7:12 way then think about all the special
7:14 positives or affordances of the medium
7:16 academic writing for instance lets you
7:18 carefully share all of your sources so
7:20 if part of your goal is for people to
7:22 read more on the topic an academic
7:24 article with some hyperlinked sources
7:26 might be really useful finally rewrite
7:27 your message the way that would work
7:30 best given these limitations affordances
7:32 and expectations if it hasn't changed at
7:34 all try to think a little deeper about
7:36 what makes this medium unique when you
7:37 try writing out the limitations
7:39 expectations and affordances for a few
7:41 different media you might see where your
7:43 message could shine the brightest and
7:45 where it could be awkward or ineffective
7:46 in the process you might even change
7:48 your own interpretation of your message
7:51 maybe you find some core point that you
7:53 anticipated imagine if Sasha realized
7:55 that she wants to address all kinds of
7:57 air pollution not just the impact of
7:58 deforestation maybe it's harder to make
8:00 a song about air pollution but she could
8:02 make some infographics to share
8:04 alongside her videos we never really
8:05 arrived at a perfect medium for a
8:07 message so we keep trying things and
8:09 attempting new remediations over time
8:11 sure sometimes you'll have to stick with
8:13 the medium given to you your boss may
8:15 not let you deliver the weekly report as
8:17 an interpretive dance even if you think
8:18 you've perfected your message in that
8:21 form still comparing multiple media can
8:22 help you understand what your audience
8:24 will see in the message when they view
8:25 it through your particular medium as
8:27 we've discovered media contexts and
8:29 remediation are both messy and
8:31 complicated we can use our understanding
8:34 to be more precise and effective as we
8:36 think critically about context the
8:38 medium is much more important to how we
8:39 can pose and communicate than we might
8:42 have assumed so limitations affordances
8:44 and expectations of the medium play a
8:46 big role in the message that our
8:48 audience receives so don't overanalyze
8:50 it but do pay attention be aware of your
8:52 media and be aware of how people tell
8:55 you that they're fine join us for our
8:56 next video where we'll talk about how
8:58 strategies and ways of appealing to our
9:00 audience can help us achieve our
9:01 purposes for writing thanks for watching
9:03 study-hall composition which is produced
9:05 by Arizona State University and the
9:08 crash course team at complexly if you
9:09 liked this video and want to keep
9:11 learning with us here in study hall be
9:13 sure to subscribe you can learn more
9:15 about ASU and the video is produced by
9:16 crash course in the links in the
