0:13 the study of cognitive biases tells us
0:16 that we process information subjectively
0:18 sometimes to the extent that our
0:20 perceptions get distorted clouding
0:22 simple and objective facts like the
0:25 amount of violations in a football match
0:28 having cognitive biases is in many case
0:30 very effective and healthy phenomenon
0:33 because people simply cannot handle
0:36 balance processing of all input can you
0:38 imagine being conscious all the time of
0:41 all your senses you will probably be
0:44 overwhelmed in seconds therefore it's
0:45 create that our mind is able to
0:47 subconsciously make all of these
0:50 processing decisions although it may be
0:53 inclined to see biases as limitations we
0:55 could also view them as cognitive
0:57 shortcuts since they speed up
1:00 information processing perhaps the best
1:03 known theory about cognitive biases it's
1:06 a theory of cognitive dissonance
1:08 cognitive dissonance is a theory from
1:10 psychology that explains how people
1:13 handle conflicting feelings IDs or
1:16 beliefs I will explain with an example
1:19 Roger feels he is a well-read
1:22 intellectual his friends start talking
1:25 about the classic book war and peace
1:29 everyone has read it except Roger the
1:30 belief that he is a well-read
1:32 intellectual clashes with the fact that
1:34 he is the only one among his friends who
1:37 hasn't read this classic the theory
1:39 predicts that Roger will try to avoid
1:41 the discomfort of his cognitive
1:44 dissonance and he can do this in three
1:48 ways first of all by making one of the
1:51 discordant factors less important
1:54 secondly by adding new elements to his
1:58 beliefs that make the picture fit or in
2:00 other words create consonants and
2:05 thirdly and finally by changing one of
2:08 the clashing factors so to avoid
2:11 cognitive dissonance Roger could say
2:14 well who cares if I'm well-read it's not
2:17 that important or
2:20 not having read one classic hardly makes
2:25 me illiterate or he could create
2:27 consonants by adding new elements to his
2:30 beliefs for instance by thinking that
2:33 being an intellectual he obviously hangs
2:35 out with other well-read intellectuals
2:37 it's therefore not surprising that his
2:39 friends have already read the classic
2:44 finally he could change his view either
2:46 by thinking apparently I'm not that well
2:49 read or thinking Warren peece is
2:51 actually greatly overestimated as a work
2:55 of literature the theory explains how
2:57 people balance their beliefs with
3:00 reality sometimes this can lead to
3:03 enormous opinion changes the classic
3:06 example of this is the fable of the Fox
3:09 and the grapes by a sob in the English
3:13 translation driven by hunger of hawks
3:15 tried to reach some grapes hanging high
3:18 on the vine but was unable to although
3:21 he leaped with all his strength as he
3:24 went away the folks remarked oh you
3:27 aren't even ripe yet I don't need any
3:31 sour grapes Aesop sums up the moral of
3:34 the story people who speak the sponge
3:36 Lee of things they cannot attain would
3:39 do well to apply the story to themselves
3:41 the clocks had clearly reduced cognitive
3:44 dissonance by changing his beliefs which
3:47 was the third option and deciding that
3:48 the grave she had crave before were
3:52 actually sour on a side note this is
3:55 also the origin of the expression sour grapes
