0:09 I ninja nerds in this video we're going
0:10 to talk about the autonomic nervous
0:12 system so the autonomic nervous system
0:14 is extremely extremely important okay
0:16 so what we're gonna do is before we even
0:17 start getting into the nitty-gritty
0:19 parasympathetic and sympathetic and
0:22 enteric I want to talk about what
0:25 exactly the branches are that actually
0:27 make up the autonomic nervous system so
0:29 for example if we come over here real
0:32 quick when we talk about the divisions
0:33 of the nervous system you know there's
0:35 the central nervous system which is the
0:37 brain and the spinal cord and then
0:39 there's the peripheral nervous system
0:42 the peripheral nervous system is broken
0:45 into two systems right a sensory system
0:49 and a motor system
0:54 alright the motor system what we can do
0:56 is is we can actually break that into
0:58 two parts one it's called somatic motor
1:00 which is a part of your somatic nervous
1:03 system okay and this one is under
1:07 voluntary control in other words if I
1:10 want to have my biceps break I contract
1:12 I have voluntary control over that right
1:15 so we call that stomata motor where is
1:18 my heart or my GI tract or other
1:20 different parts of my actual viscera
1:22 those aren't under voluntary control
1:24 thank goodness they're not they're under
1:28 involuntary control so the involuntary
1:31 control is a part of your visceral motor
1:35 they call this the Auto Nam ik nervous
1:38 system okay the autonomic nervous system
1:40 which means it stands by itself
1:43 okay now the autonomic nervous system
1:45 there's three traditional branches of it
1:46 okay most people know it by the
1:49 sympathetic nervous system the
1:52 parasympathetic nervous system and the
1:54 last one most people don't consider it
1:56 they forget about this one but the
1:58 enteric nervous system the enteric
2:00 nervous system is another branch will
2:03 have a specific video focusing on this
2:06 in the GI physiology but for right now
2:07 we're gonna focus primarily on the
2:09 sympathetic nervous system in the
2:10 parasympathetic nervous system in this
2:12 video okay
2:15 all right so let's go ahead and talk
2:17 about the differences real quick
2:20 between the autonomic nervous system and
2:21 the somatic nervous I'm just very very
2:24 briefly all right so somatic nervous
2:27 system one of the big big differences
2:30 when we're talking about this is this
2:32 guy the somatic motor fibers it takes
2:35 one motor neuron to reach its effect
2:37 your effector organ so this right here
2:41 is going to be representing the somatic
2:44 nervous system so what do I mean you see
2:46 this motor neuron right here they call
2:49 this an alpha motor neuron it only takes
2:52 one of these motor neurons to extend all
2:54 the way from the spinal cord you know
2:54 what part of the spinal cord
2:57 specifically it's in with the anterior
3:00 gray Horn of the spinal cord okay so the
3:02 anterior or ventral gray Horn of the
3:03 spinal cord this alpha motor neuron
3:06 comes out and this alpha motor neuron
3:07 will come to an effect or work and
3:10 usually your skeletal muscles and it
3:12 will release a specific chemical that
3:14 acts on this effector tissue
3:15 do you know what that chemical is called
3:18 it's called acetylcholine okay an
3:20 acetylcholine whenever it's released on
3:23 this target tissue will act on specific
3:25 receptors that we'll talk about in other
3:27 videos which is going to be called a
3:30 nicotinic receptor alright nicotinic M
3:33 receptors for muscular system so they're
3:35 going to cause the contraction of that
3:37 actual skeletal muscle now
3:40 differentiating the somatic versus the
3:43 autonomic we have to remember that the
3:46 autonomic nervous system and again we're
3:48 only specifically in this video talking
3:50 about the sympathetic and the
3:53 parasympathetic okay
3:55 the autonomic nervous system takes two
3:58 motor neurons to reach their effector organ
3:59 organ
4:02 okay we call the first one the first one
4:04 which is coming out from the spinal cord
4:06 or coming from the brainstem because you
4:07 have cranial nerves that actually
4:08 actually act as automatic automatic
4:13 nerves this first one is called a pre
4:18 ganglionic and this next one afterwards
4:22 is going to be called a post
4:26 ganglionic motor neuron but we just want
4:27 to for right now we're not going to go
4:29 into the big big differences here I just
4:30 want us to understand that the
4:33 preganglionic motor neurons are gonna be
4:34 the ones that are coming out of the
4:37 spinal cord or they're going to be
4:40 coming from the actual brainstem the
4:43 postganglionic motor neurons are usually
4:44 going to be going to the effect organ
4:47 and we'll talk about specific ganglia
4:50 afterwards not right now okay so now we
4:53 have the basic difference between the
4:54 somatic nervous system and the autonomic
4:57 big difference is one motor neuron to
5:00 reach the effector organ autonomic takes
5:02 two motor neurons to reach the effector
5:05 organ first one is the preganglionic the
5:07 next one is the postganglionic we'll go
5:09 into more detail on these after let's go
5:10 ahead first
5:13 and focus on the sympathetic then we'll
5:16 talk about the parasympathetic okay so
5:17 the sympathetic nervous system what is
5:19 it for what's its purpose you probably
5:22 might have heard it is a the fight or
5:24 flight or fright stage right it's
5:27 designed to be able to use energy it's
5:29 used in stressful situations right or in
5:31 many different types of situations I
5:33 like to think about it is like you're
5:35 running away from some dangerous animal
5:36 like an orangutan
5:38 alright what's gonna happen we'll talk
5:41 about that in the individual video but
5:42 for right now we need an intro of where
5:44 you're gonna find the sympathetic
5:48 nervous system within the spinal cord so
5:51 this is a specific part of the spinal
5:54 cord and it extends all the way down
5:59 from t1 from your t1 vertebrae down to
6:00 about l2 this is the part of the spinal
6:02 cord from t1 all the way down to l2
6:06 there's a specific portion and this
6:08 portion is primarily where the
6:12 preganglionic cell bodies of the
6:13 autonomic nervous system specifically
6:16 the sympathetic are found and we'll talk
6:18 about where exactly after but from t1 to
6:32 okay because this is where the
6:33 sympathetic nervous systems coming out
6:36 this is where the preganglionic cell
6:38 bodies are located right here within the
6:41 t1 to l2 region and they're gonna come
6:42 out and they can go to different ganglia
6:45 and we'll talk about all that stuff
6:47 afterwards because we're going to talk
6:48 about each different type of splanchnic
6:51 nerve in an individual video on the
6:53 thoracic on the sympathetic nervous
6:56 system okay because these guys will go
6:59 to a post ganglionic motor neuron and
7:01 that'll go to the effector tissue okay
7:03 but we'll talk about this afterwards but
7:04 I just want you to get the basic
7:04 difference here is that the
7:07 thoracolumbar outflow is gonna be for
7:08 the sympathetic nervous system from t1
7:09 to l2
7:13 now the parasympathetic nervous system
7:15 where would you find that one exactly
7:17 the parasympathetic has different parts
7:20 within the spinal cord one part is
7:21 you're gonna have to remember it's
7:24 within the brainstem you know within the
7:26 brainstem you have the third cranial
7:28 nerve oculomotor nerve
7:30 well there's parasympathetic fibers that
7:33 move with the third cranial nerve and it
7:34 starts here at this nucleus called the
7:37 edding or Westfall nucleus and it comes
7:40 out here and supply specific structures
7:41 that we'll talk about individually in
7:43 the parasympathetic videos but it'll
7:44 come to some type of ganglion which
7:46 we'll talk about and this is mainly
7:48 gonna go and supply parts of the eye all
7:50 right but remember what nerve is this
7:53 this is cranial nerve three it moves
7:55 with and this is going to be
7:57 parasympathetic fibers so cranial nerve
8:00 three has parasympathetic input okay
8:04 what else you know here this blue
8:07 nucleus they call this the superior
8:09 salavat or nucleus the superior
8:12 Salvatori nucleus is going to be where
8:14 the preganglionic cell bodies are found
8:16 and they're gonna come out here as a
8:19 part of a specific nerve and it's just
8:21 called the facial nerve or cranial nerve
8:26 seven so cranial nerve seven is actually
8:28 going to have parasympathetic outflow
8:30 and it'll go to many different
8:31 structures we're not going to talk about
8:34 those target tissues now what else
8:36 another one is going to be right here
8:38 the inferior salivatory nucleus that's
8:39 going to be for the glossopharyngeal nerve
8:40 nerve
8:42 so the glossopharyngeal nerve is what
8:44 nerve this is going to be cranial nerve
8:47 nine and this is going to go to specific
8:50 tissues also and what's the last one
8:51 within the brainstem son-of-a-gun
8:54 the last one within the brainstem is
8:56 going to be the vagus and this is that
8:59 big Mambo Jambo this guy goes to so many
9:00 different tissues if you haven't watched
9:02 them already we've already made videos
9:06 that go into super super detail on all
9:09 the branches of cranial nerve 3 7 9 and
9:10 10 I suggest you guys watch those
9:11 because we're not going to go into a
9:12 whole bunch of detail in these videos
9:14 okay but this is going to be cranial
9:17 nerve 10 the vagus nerve and it goes
9:20 into specific tissues so we know cranial
9:22 nerve three seven nine and ten our
9:26 parasympathetic nerves what else down
9:29 here down here within the sacral region
9:30 of the spinal cord now there is
9:32 controversy in some textbooks they say
9:33 it's within the lateral horn in the
9:36 spinal cord they don't really say that
9:37 it's there there is books that will say
9:39 that there is technically no lateral
9:41 gray Horn of the spinal cord within the
9:43 sacral region but for right now we're
9:44 just going to say that it is within the
9:46 lateral part of the spinal cord but
9:49 specifically what part what level of the
9:54 spinal cord specifically around s 2 s 3
9:56 and s 4 this is one heck of an ugly s
10:00 let me fix that so s 2 s 3 and s 4 this
10:03 is going to be for our pelvic the pelvic
10:05 splanchnic serves we'll talk about that
10:08 ok but these are going to be going to a
10:10 bunch of target tissues also so what we
10:13 know is is that the parasympathetic is
10:16 made up of two portions the cranial
10:20 nerves 3 7 9 and 10 and the sacral
10:21 region s 2 s 3 S 4 so what do we call
10:26 that we call this cranial sacral outflow
10:29 okay so what are we gonna put it up here
10:30 here here here
10:31 alright so it's gonna be called the
10:38 cranial sacral outflow
10:41 okay and this is again made up of
10:54 cranial nerves 3 7 9 10 and s 2-4 okay
10:57 this is the cranial sacral outflow
10:59 alright so we know what levels of the
11:01 spinal cord you're gonna be seeing this
11:03 coming from thoracolumbar t1 l2
11:06 sympathetic parasympathetic granular 3 7
11:10 9 10 s2 s4 ok so we covered that we know
11:12 what regions of the spinal cord and
11:15 brain stem what I want to do now is I
11:18 want to zoom in on this thing that we
11:20 talked about the ganglia all right so
11:23 now if we come down here I want to talk
11:25 a little bit more about these autonomic
11:28 neurons ok I know we talked about pre
11:31 ganglionic and post ganglionic but I
11:32 want to get a little bit more into that
11:35 so now let's say that this top one up
11:38 here this one here this nice blue color
11:40 this is going to be our baby blue this
11:43 is the sympathetic nervous system we're
11:45 going to represent this one now there's
11:47 structural differences between the
11:48 parasympathetic and the sympathetic
11:50 nervous system they're certain their
11:53 axons their neurons the ones that are
11:56 coming out of the spinal cord this pre
12:00 ganglionic they're very short okay so
12:02 these pre ganglionic motor neurons
12:03 within the sympathetic nervous system
12:07 they are short okay
12:12 these ones over here the postganglionic
12:14 that we already termed and the
12:15 sympathetic nervous system they're going
12:18 to be long so they're short in the pre
12:21 ganglionic and long in the
12:24 postganglionic okay but in the
12:25 parasympathetic nervous system here in
12:28 this darker blue these are the pre
12:30 ganglionic so we already know that it's
12:32 just flipped so now the pre ganglionic
12:35 motor neurons are long and the
12:38 postganglionic motor neurons are short okay
12:39 okay
12:41 there's a reason why for this so
12:44 parasympathetic nervous system these
12:47 long pre ganglionic motor neurons they
12:49 travel and travel and travel until they
12:51 reach very very close
12:54 a target organ sometimes even within the
12:57 target organ so when we talk about these
12:58 ganglia first off how do we define a
13:01 ganglia a ganglia is just a group of
13:04 cell bodies that are located within the
13:06 peripheral nervous system that's all
13:08 they are so if you look I'm only drawing
13:10 one of these cell bodies but there's
13:12 multiple of them okay
13:14 multiple cell bodies within that ganglia
13:18 it's just a group of them now there's
13:21 only one specific type of ganglia in the
13:24 parasympathetic nervous system because
13:26 these preganglionic sar so long they
13:27 pretty much reach their effect organs
13:29 sometimes they go in there affect organ
13:32 so they call that terminal so they
13:33 sometimes refer to this one as a
13:37 terminal sometimes you might even hear
13:40 another synonym a terminal or you might
13:47 even hear the word intra mural ganglion
13:49 okay so for the parasympathetic nervous
13:52 system you're going to hear two
13:54 different terms one is you could find
13:56 what's called a terminal ganglion or you
13:58 can find an intramural ganglia it just
14:00 means that they're either at the target
14:02 organ or inside of the target organ
14:05 that's why these have to be long now for
14:06 the sympathetic it's a lot more
14:09 complicated unfortunately these you have
14:12 so many different types of ganglia and
14:13 that's what we're gonna go ahead and
14:15 talk about now because there is so many
14:16 of these okay
14:19 but before we do that actually let's
14:20 actually say one more thing about these
14:22 preganglionic and postganglionic
14:25 interaction when we look at the
14:28 sympathetic I want to zoom in real quick
14:30 on that synapse just zoom in real quick
14:32 on it so let's say that I zoom in on
14:35 this and I look at here's the axon
14:37 terminal and here's the cell body of
14:40 this postganglionic motor neuron I want
14:43 to know what type of chemical is being
14:45 released here at this ganglion this
14:47 presynaptic the postsynaptic interaction
14:50 generally this chemical that's going to
14:53 be released is going to be acetylcholine
14:56 and acetylcholine will come over and
14:59 stimulate this postganglionic motor
15:02 neuron okay so therefore we call this
15:04 fiber the preganglionic parasympathetic the
15:05 the
15:07 sympathetic fibers we call these
15:09 cholinergic fibers because they're
15:13 releasing acetylcholine then if i zoom
15:16 in here I look at the actual effector
15:18 tissue so now the possi angling ionic
15:19 motor neurons are gonna release a
15:22 specific neurotransmitter onto their
15:22 target tissue
15:24 what's that chemical that they release
15:27 it's not acetylcholine instead it's
15:31 called neuro epinephrine
15:33 so norepinephrine is released which will
15:36 act on the target tissue so pre
15:38 ganglionic sympathetic release
15:40 acetylcholine so they're cholinergic
15:44 postganglionic sympathetic released
15:46 norepinephrine so they're referred to as
15:48 adrenergic neurons
15:53 okay now parasympathetic if we zoom in
15:56 on that synapse there if we zoom in on
15:58 this synapse it's the exact same as the
16:00 sympathetic preganglionic so here's the
16:04 axon terminal here's the cell body when
16:06 they release a chemical they release
16:07 acetylcholine an acetylcholine
16:10 stimulates this postganglionic motor
16:13 neuron to fire if we zoom in on this one
16:15 here the postganglionic motor neuron to
16:17 the target tissue it still releases the
16:24 same thing acetylcholine so how would we
16:25 define this we would say that the
16:28 preganglionic sympathetic neurons are
16:30 cholinergic the sympathetic
16:33 postganglionic neurons are adrenergic
16:36 the parasympathetic preganglionic motor
16:38 neurons are cholinergic and the
16:41 parasympathetic postganglionic motor
16:44 neurons are cholinergic okay so
16:45 cholinergic cholinergic cholinergic
16:48 adrenergic now that we've done that
16:51 let's go ahead and zoom in now on the
16:53 different types of sympathetic ganglia
16:57 all right here's a nice big beast of a
17:00 diagram here right so we have to talk
17:02 about the different types of ganglia
17:03 within the sympathetic nervous system okay
17:04 okay
17:07 before we do that I want to talk about
17:09 where you're gonna find these cell
17:11 bodies of those preganglionic motor
17:13 neurons so we have a cross-section of a
17:15 spinal cord right
17:17 within the cross section you have the
17:19 anterior gray horn or the ventral gray
17:22 horn and you have the post your gray
17:25 horse or the dorsal gray or within the
17:30 thoracolumbar region member t1 to l2 you
17:35 have an intermediate lateral gray horn
17:38 okay an intermediate lateral gray horn
17:40 and right here is where you're going to
17:42 find the cell bodies of the
17:44 preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons
17:47 so for example here let's say i zoom in
17:51 on this guy that cell body is the
17:53 preganglionic step of that ik motor
17:57 neuron it can come out here right so we
17:59 know here's the preganglionic it can
18:00 move out through that with along with
18:02 the somatic fibers from the anterior
18:05 horn and it can move through the ventral
18:09 root when it goes to the ventral root it
18:11 can go out into the ventral ramus where
18:13 the spinal nerves are eventually form
18:15 right but there's something really cool
18:19 here what can happen is these
18:22 preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons
18:26 can actually move in to this little like
18:30 little sac of cell bodies here it can
18:32 move into this little like sack of cell
18:33 bodies what do they call that wonder
18:34 there's a group of cell bodies and the
18:37 pns it's a ganglia so there's gonna be a
18:38 whole bunch of cell bodies here so it's
18:41 called a ganglia but what is this one here
18:41 here
18:43 that's a ganglia oh what's this one down
18:46 here that's a ganglia what's this one up there
18:46 there
18:48 that's a ganglia all the ganglia are
18:51 connected in like a chain so what do you
18:53 think they call these ganglia they call
18:54 them Chang ganglia
18:57 so this ganglia right here is
18:59 specifically called there's many names
19:01 for these sons of guns you can call this
19:08 one a para vertebral you can also call
19:10 them if you don't want to call them pair
19:11 of vertebral you can also call them a
19:18 chain ganglia so you can call them pair
19:20 of vertebral ganglia or you can call
19:23 them the chain ganglia so whichever one
19:26 you guys prefer but again these
19:28 preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons
19:29 are coming out through the ventral
19:31 root all right and then as they do that
19:33 they go into the ventral ramus they come
19:36 through to this chain ganglia but how
19:37 what's this little tube right here
19:39 called that they move into it through
19:41 it's actually you know these pre
19:42 ganglionic motor neurons are very very
19:44 myelinated so because they're very very
19:46 very myelinated they show up as a white
19:49 matter okay so this is when you look at
19:50 this it's gonna look like a lot of white
19:55 matter so they call this the white ray
20:02 my community cans okay the white ray
20:05 might communicants now that's just the
20:09 actual pre ganglionic sympathetic motor
20:12 neurons their axons myelinated comes
20:13 into this chain ganglia where there's
20:15 gonna be a whole bunch of cell bodies
20:17 let's just draw a bunch of cell bodies
20:18 in here actually she's-- draw one for
20:20 the heck of it there's going to be the
20:22 cell bodies of the postganglionic motor
20:25 neurons now from here we're gonna go
20:26 through the 3 3 scenarios of where they
20:30 can go right if it comes here synapse is
20:32 on that cell body that post ganglionic
20:35 motor neuron that cell body and when it
20:40 does it axes it exits out through this
20:43 next little tube it goes out through
20:47 this other tube and then through the
20:49 ventral Ram is with the spinal nerve so
20:51 it goes with the ventral ramus as a part
20:52 of the spinal nerve and goes to three
20:56 different types of locations okay if it
21:00 does that tube right there this one here
21:07 is called the gray ray my communicants
21:09 now the question is why is it gray it's
21:11 because it's not myelinated so if it's
21:12 not myelinated it's gonna they're not
21:15 gonna have that myelin sheath so that's
21:16 why they call it gray ray might
21:18 communicate because it's unmyelinated
21:21 axons so now if this preganglionic goes
21:23 through the white ray of my community
21:25 can synapses on the cell bodies in this
21:27 chang ganglia or paravertebral ganglia
21:29 goes out through the grey ram i
21:30 communique as it enters into this
21:33 venture ramus with a spinal nerve this
21:35 is going to go to three different types
21:39 of tissues okay so now if it comes out
21:43 and goes to this action
21:46 smooth muscle tissue that's actually
21:47 found within the skin and it can
21:49 contract and pull our hairs up it's
21:56 called the erect or Li muscle so these
21:58 fibers are called pilo motor fibers
22:00 because it's going to the erector pili
22:01 throughout our entire body throughout
22:03 the entire level of the thoracolumbar
22:07 output okay it can also go to other
22:11 different regions it can go to the
22:13 actual blood vessels so we can actually
22:14 go to our blood vessels and cause the
22:17 vasoconstriction of our blood vessels so
22:18 if that's the case they call this
22:21 vasomotor fibers so I can go to our
22:23 blood vessels which are gonna be called
22:27 vasomotor fibers or it could go to
22:29 certain glands like sweat glands
22:31 throughout our entire body so they call
22:33 that pseudo motor okay so we can go to
22:38 sweat glands and this is one of the I
22:40 didn't mention it over there but there
22:41 is a couple exceptions to the
22:43 sympathetic postganglionic motor neurons
22:46 one of them is that sweat glands the
22:48 postganglionic sympathetic they don't
22:49 release norepinephrine they actually
22:51 release acetylcholine which is one of
22:52 the exceptions there's many exceptions
22:55 but this is one of them okay they'll
22:57 talk about another one which is actually
22:59 it doesn't actually act as a chain
23:00 ganglia doesn't act as a collateral
23:03 ganglia it actually goes straight to the
23:04 adrenal medulla which is actually gonna
23:06 be an example of an intramural ganglia
23:07 we'll talk about it as one more
23:10 exception okay so one type of ganglia is
23:12 the Chang ganglia or the pair of
23:14 vertebral ganglia they go through the
23:15 white out through the gray and they go a
23:17 part of a spinal nerve to the pilo motor
23:20 fibers vasomotor fibers or pseudo motor
23:22 fibers okay what's the next example
23:25 let's say that we take again what is
23:27 this over here our intermedia lateral
23:30 gray column right here and again what
23:33 are we gonna have here we're gonna have
23:35 two cell bodies of the preganglionic
23:38 sympathetic motor neurons they can come
23:39 out again these fibers are gonna still
23:40 going to be the same they're going to
23:43 come out through the ventral root when
23:45 they go out through the ventral root the
23:46 only thing it's gonna be a little
23:47 different is they're still gonna go
23:50 through the white ray my communicants
23:51 they're still going to go through this
23:54 white ray my communicants and they can
23:56 go in here and two things can happen right
23:56 right
24:00 so let's say that it decides that these
24:03 fibers when they come in it decides you
24:03 know what
24:05 I'm not gonna actually go through the
24:07 gray rain light communicants I want to
24:10 go down to another level so guess what
24:12 it does it says you know what I'm gonna
24:15 take and just go down another level of
24:17 the spinal cord so it decides to descend
24:20 down and that crazy so I can descend
24:23 down as it descends down it goes into
24:26 another ganglia it didn't synapse here
24:28 it just goes straight through the chain
24:32 ganglia and down to a level below that
24:34 part of the spinal cord when it does
24:38 that it then can go to an actual chain
24:40 ganglia and then it goes to this chain
24:42 ganglia it can synapse and then what can
24:45 happen here is it can actually still
24:46 move out through the gray array my
24:48 community cans and become a part of the
24:50 spinal nerve right and then go to the
24:52 erect or peel I again the the pile of
24:55 motor vasomotor or pseudo motor or you
24:57 know what else can happen it can
25:01 actually directly leave on its own it
25:03 doesn't even have to become a part of
25:04 the spinal nerve it just leaves it's its
25:06 own nerve you know what they call that
25:09 when things leave as their own nerve it
25:12 doesn't even go through any type of
25:16 nerve part it goes through its own this
25:19 right here is called a splanchnic
25:26 splanchnic nerve okay so what have we
25:28 seen here if they can go through the
25:29 white where in my community cans to a
25:32 Chang ganglia at that same level then
25:35 what can happen is it can go a level
25:38 down go to their synapse on these cell
25:39 bodies and maybe go out through the gray
25:41 or in my community cans and go to PI low
25:43 motor sudo motor vasomotor or it can
25:45 synapse on the cell bodies there these
25:47 postganglionic motor neurons and come
25:49 out as its own nerve that is called a
25:50 splanchnic nerve there's going to be a
25:52 good example of the ones in a thoracic
25:54 viscera that go to the heart the lungs
25:59 in the esophagus okay following off at
26:00 this blank Ticknor so I mean you might
26:01 be like oh I thought splain ignores have
26:03 to go to a collateral ganglia they do
26:04 but those are the ones that are going to
26:06 more of your abdominal viscera so for
26:09 example let's say I take
26:10 these fibers here they come through the
26:13 white rain my communicants they go into
26:15 the Chang ganglia they don't synapse
26:16 they're just like the ones that went
26:19 down instead they say you know what I'm
26:22 gonna go through this alternate tunnel
26:25 I'm gonna go down through this alternate
26:28 tunnel here and I'm gonna come here to
26:30 this ganglia that's located in front of
26:32 the vertebral column even in front of
26:34 that actually right around the aorta so
26:36 they actually call these ones because
26:37 they're in front of the aorta they're in
26:39 front of the vertebral column there's so
26:41 many names for these son of the guns if
26:44 you would look at these ones let's write
26:45 down all the different types they can
26:50 call them pre-k or Duke you know what
26:55 else they can call them pre vertebral
26:59 they can even call these guys collateral
27:02 ganglia and then for the last one you
27:03 can even call them because they're
27:05 beneath the diaphragm they're going to a
27:06 lot of the abdominal pelvic viscera
27:15 they're called sub diaphragmatic ganglia
27:17 ain't that crazy so there's so many
27:20 names for all of these darn ganglia here
27:23 ok so these are going to be the ganglia
27:27 of the autonomic nervous system that are
27:28 going to be going to a lot of your
27:30 abdominal pelvic viscera the splanchnic
27:31 nerves down there those are the ones
27:34 that are going down to the full racks so
27:36 if it does do this if it does synapse
27:38 here it can actually go through its own
27:42 little nerve again this little nerve
27:43 that's coming from the collateral
27:45 ganglia and going on its own this is a
27:47 splanchnic nerve but it's the splanchnic
27:49 nerves that are supplying the abdominal
27:53 viscera area so this is still a
27:56 splanchnic nerve and we'll talk about
27:58 the thoracic the lumbar and the sacral
28:02 endings in the sympathetic videos ok so
28:03 what do we have so far we have ones that
28:05 can go out at the level we can have ones
28:08 that descend at a level we have them
28:10 either go if they go down a level they
28:11 can go through the gray Rama or they can
28:15 come out as their own blanket nerve we
28:17 have ones that can actually pass right
28:18 through the Chang ganglia and go to a
28:22 collateral a pre vertebral a pre or DIC
28:23 a sub diaphragmatic
28:25 and go in their own nerve called a
28:28 splanchnic nerve what else well if it
28:30 can go down it can go up
28:33 alright so guess what these fibers let's
28:36 say that we take here this one was at
28:38 this level here it went down let's say
28:40 it goes up so if it goes up it can go in
28:43 ascend to a level and then from that
28:44 level it could either synapse on the
28:47 cell bodies here it might even go up
28:49 another level - sometimes you can go up
28:51 more than one level but it can ascend
28:53 and let's say that it ascends to this
28:55 level here and it synapses on cell
28:57 bodies right in this area what can
28:59 happen it could either go out as its own
29:02 spike Nick nurse it could either do what
29:05 go here out through the gray Ram light
29:07 communicants and become a part of the
29:09 pylon motor pseudo motor vasomotor
29:11 fibers so many different things that can
29:14 happen here okay so what we know about
29:17 the sympathetic ganglia is we have
29:19 paravertebral or chain they're the same
29:22 thing they're these trunks basically all
29:23 the way up and down and this can allow
29:26 for them to ascend descend or go out at
29:30 the same level pria aortic pre vertebral
29:33 collateral sub diaphragmatic means that
29:34 they go through the Y tre my
29:37 communicants they pass straight through
29:40 the Chang ganglia and go to another
29:42 ganglia these collateral preordered
29:44 subdiaphragmatic or pre vertebral and
29:46 then go out as their own splanchnic
29:48 nerve and then the last exception was
29:50 the one that supplies the thorax which
29:52 is going to be for acts and even some
29:55 parts of the head in the neck is it can
29:57 actually come through the Y train my
29:59 communicants right like if it happened
30:01 at this level I didn't show it here but
30:03 it could - so for example if I come down
30:05 here to this last part let's say here is
30:09 the intermediate lateral grey column it
30:11 comes over here comes out through the
30:14 ventral route through the ventral ramus
30:17 comes through the Y train like community
30:21 cans and synapses on the cell bodies
30:23 here the cell bodies could either go out
30:24 at that level or they could come as
30:27 their own splanchnic nerve all right so
30:29 I think that pretty much explains what
30:31 we need to know about the chain ganglia
30:33 okay guys so I hope you guys enjoyed
30:34 this video on the intro to the autonomic
30:36 nervous system what we're going to
30:38 in our next couple videos is we're gonna
30:39 talk a little bit more in detail on the
30:41 cranial sacral flow talking a little bit
30:43 more about those ganglia and muscarinic
30:46 and nicotinic receptors and then we'll
30:47 have one more video which is going to
30:48 focus on a little bit more detail on the
30:50 sympathetic nervous system talking about
30:52 those splanchnic nerves the different
30:54 gangland a little bit more detail and
30:55 then talking about the adrenergic
30:58 receptors okay alright engineers till
