The Industrial Revolution brought about significant global changes, leading to both detrimental effects like poor working conditions and pollution, and positive advancements such as improved transportation and increased access to education, which in turn spurred the development of distinct economic and political philosophies: capitalism, socialism, and communism.
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hello and welcome to another flipped
classroom lesson from students of
history today we're going to be looking
at the effects both short and long term
of the Industrial Revolution across the
world in England then in America and
then three economic and political
philosophies that came out of it and
compare those there is a interactive
notebook foldable cut and fold paste
option that you can use to follow along
or a graphic organizer both of which
will work well for this presentation
let's start with a warm-up because we do
this lesson after kind of looking at the
major inventions that really help spark
some of the Industrial Revolution so you
have here some of those inventors and
like James Watt Thomas Edison of course
pictured there one of the most famous
inventors in American history and some
of the developments that they came up
with over on the right hand side you
could pause this and match those up to
kind of get started but we're going to
be looking at is the major impact of
industrialization and for this we're
going to be looking at a few of them and
I want you as we go to think about
whether this is a positive impact on
society as a whole
or more negative impact on society as a
whole so we'll divide if you're doing it
on notebook paper you can divide it with
positive and negative or if you're using
the graphic organizer it's already done
there for you so we'll go through each
one of these we'll look at them we'll
talk about them describe some of the
things and how they came about and then
how is this going to impact society is
it gonna impact society in a positive
way or a negative way and some of them
are up for debate some of them are kind
of obvious and some of them are a little
more nuanced
this is a factory of like the Magnolia
cotton mills in Magnolia Mississippi
this pictures in 1911 there are some you
can see young children in the picture
there so one of our first major impacts
of the Industrial Revolution our poor
working conditions especially for the
very lower classes factory owners at the
time could really set the terms of their
working conditions there was no
interference there were no laws about
safety there were no inspections of the
factories that was really nothing to
prevent them from having incredibly
unsafe factories that were dark and
dingy sometimes people were locked into
the factory when they couldn't leave
until the day was over that famously
resulted in a horrific fire in that
known as the Triangle Shirtwaist fire
that killed over a hundred people mostly
women who were locked into this factory
when a fire started and they couldn't
get out because what happened was early
in the Industrial Revolution there were
more labor more workers available than
there were jobs you know as these
factories opened they were brand new
there were lots of people to work in
them but not enough positions so they
could really treat their workers like
garbage you know sorry to say but they
would they always had more workers
available willing to work people were
poor there was no government assistance
in England the enclosure movement had
dislocated many people are displaced
them off their farms into these cities
and there were no laws really to
regulate working conditions in terms of
hours in terms of making sure the
factories were safe child labor there
were no laws about how old or young
people could be to be hired so in these
pictures you see there's very very young
people working there
this is in Alexandria Virginia
this is a picture of boys coming off the
nightshift working in a glass factory
the Old Dominion glass factory this
pictures from 1911 and you can kind of
guess at some of their ages
it doesn't say and this is from the
Library of Congress their ages you I
would guess most of these are between 8
and 12 some of those guys in the back
might be a little older than 12 but
especially over there on the left but
really no laws about you know in the
early days of the Industrial Revolution
about this so a factories abuse them
there sometimes children you know their
families were desperate they would have
them work because everyone you support
the family and you know before the does
revolution children worked on a farm
with their family so it was kind of
natural to go into that but really I
think about your childhood being taken
away from you and forced to work at such
a young age some of the most horrific
working conditions were in the coal
mines where you'd be crawling deep into
these coal mines and children were
preferred by these coal mine owners
because they could fit into some of
these smaller passageways of this coal
underground so these are boys at the
turkey Knob coal mine in West Virginia
about 1907 and they would emerge from
these coal mines their face black with
soot they'd be breathing in this dark
this black poisonous coal for you know
hours and hours and hours every day so
obviously you know we're talking about
these positive or negative you know it's
the first one I think it's fairly
obvious you'd probably put this on the
negative side these terrible working
conditions of these factories being you
know one of the negative aspects of the
however as time went by you know as the
industrial evolution progressed it's
going to lead to improved education and
greater access to education this is a
school in Pocahontas County West
Virginia and as the Industrial
Revolution kind of grew and the growth
of kind of standardization assembly line
manufacturing you know it sometimes
required a lot of skilled workers and
and more workers and eventually laws
were put in place to prevent child labor
abuses especially you know there were
laws put in place eventually in England
at first and then in America but this
standardization kind of came about and
they took that kind of process and
applied at the schooling you know
thinking of you know grades and moving
on and that that workers for these
factories and for these industries
needed a certain basic level of
schooling they would likely need to read
directions that they were given they
would need to you know interact with
these this machinery and it was decided
that they look educated workforce is a
better workforce so a lot of that
assembly line process was applied to
schooling and you have like the bells to
end the workday to begin the workday
putting that in place in schools
starting the period ending the period
standardized textbooks standardized
content curriculum design you know a
mass education coming from you know mass
industrialization an efficiency of mass
production and industrialization
applying that to education came about so
you know eventually this is going to you
know be a positive thing coming out of
the Industrial Revolution greater access
to education it's also as you know
people are very spread out before the
Industrial Revolution working on farms
that were large and it was very hard to
have you know a centralized schooling
system there'll be these tiny little
one-room schoolhouses
here's one of them this is a one-room
schoolhouse in South Carolina about 1905
this the caption for this one is a
students posing with their school marm
their school bomb in they believe it's
in South Carolina so you know you'd have
these tiny one-room schoolhouses that
would serve kids from different grade
levels different ages because there was
people were so spread out but as the
Industrial Revolution grew people moved
into cities and there were more students
close by and the education of women
increased the classical curriculum sort
of design and schools gained you know
influence in you know studying math and
science and social studies and things
like that
and they could have larger schools could
be developed and eventually that will
lead to a more educated workforce a more
educated populace more educated
political electorate which will
influence the progressive movement later
on in American history just a fuel your
nightmare is this photo this is the
Pepperwood school in Humboldt County
California in the early 1900s you know
these schools increased and the rewards
of getting an education led to greater
you know a more improved communities
more well paid workers those workers who
are earning more money can now afford to
buy my faith by my buy more things like
homes and new Model T automobiles new
electronic developments and of course
that's going to reward the economy so
governments realized it was in their
best interest to promote education to
provide education because educated
workforce is a better workforce a better
workforce is a better economy a better
economy is better for everybody so all
of that kind of took a little while but
next here we see some steam ships or an
example of better forms of
transportation of course before the
Industrial Revolution it would all be
horse back like that guy in the end
wagon there in the bottom left but the
early steam engine
eventually approved by James Watt James
Watt steam engine how would be further
improved and the first kind of examples
were these steam ships that could you
know travel up and down rivers much more
efficiently than the old sails sailboats
and then of course that would eventually
turn into other forms of transportation
I just love this picture of this old
automobiles from the early 1900's 1909
that was actually President William
Howard Taft's model M steam-powered car
this is outside actually the White House
you can still see that executive office
building behind the trees on the left
that's still there but probably the most
important invention for early
transportation will be the locomotive
the railroad that would eventually
crisscross the United States it would
criss cross england and the railroad
would have such a dramatic impact on
travel that people could really leave
their villages their towns their cities
for the first time in many cases and
travel far beyond where they might
otherwise have been which have a huge
impact on society and the positive way
or having people travel and see more
areas of the country and see more the
world traveling to different cities that
has an economic impact so a lot of that
comes from the Industrial Revolution as well
next a higher standard of living this I
love this you know picture it's sort of
burned out it must have caught fire this
old negative this probably family at a
wedding perhaps but a higher standard of
living it's not just meaning that people
are wealthier but it's even like the
middle classes and other people a higher
standard of living is just you know what
kind of things you have access to and
new inventions of the Dutch Revolution
will really improve your standard of
living you know where everything had to
be done by hand before
now there's appliances are gonna come
out of the Industrial Revolution
refrigeration irons vacuums the kind of
basic simple inventions electricity you
know having light in your house that are
going to improve your life on a daily
basis that higher standard of living its
first for really the upper wealthy
classes when things are first invented
it still comes out now when things are
first invented they're very expensive
but then as time goes by that price
comes down as they figure things out and
more things are improved and that higher
standard of living will affect lots of
people you can have picnics you can have
enjoy your life you have you know new
things to help improve society the your
eventually workers are more efficient
these machines that are invented will
make work more efficient so you don't
have to work as much as you might have
earlier and that's going to improve your
daily life and this family is having a
however we also you know when you think
about the Industrial Revolution one of
the things like when I close my mind and
pictured I picture these factories
spewing out smoke like this picture from
the Chicago a Chicago River in 1905 when
the Industrial Aleutian was brand-new
there were no laws to regulate new
industries you know there was no reason
that they wouldn't just burn their trash
from burn things out of the yard I have
all that pollutions flying up into the
sky you know no laws to regulate what
they did with their waste and whether it
was biohazard waste toxic waste could
just be dumped into a river there were
no laws against that
a free-market capitalism there was no
government interference whatsoever
governments also didn't feel like they
had the right to interfere there's
nothing in the constitution in the
United States or in other laws about
governments interfering with industry
and the environment - pollution would be
rampant there will be cities just
covered in like an inch of black soot it
may be not an inch but like a black soot
covering everything you know from these
smokestacks that spewed out and then the
steam ships would be spewing it out like
these into the rivers you also had as
these cities grew and before they moved
away from horse power in the early years
in Industrial Revolution there were
people were still being transported by
horse and even when cars were invented
it took a while for you know coerced
cars to be affordable by everybody
eventually Henry Ford's model-t provided
that but you would have horses in these
cities and these cities are growing
overcrowded so there's more horses sois
horses die this horse was overcome by
the heat in New York City about 1910 and
dies and sometimes the horses are just
left there to die until it takes a long
time for a city services to come pick
them up and you know if you live in a
more rural area you might see a dead
deer on the side of the road but usually
that's picked up within a day or so by
local governments but in these cities
took a long time for that to happen and
you might have dead rotting horses on
the side of the road of course there's
horse poop in the roads as well that
could kind of factor into when we're
talking about kind of environmental
hazards and pollution fit in there here
again these would be a lot of industrial
towns were built around the factories
for workers to live in so they're living
right next to the factory where this
smoke is spewing out of these
smokestacks on a daily basis leading to
you know very harsh working conditions
and living conditions have been living
your mind they're breathing in that that
suit all day long next one is a
population increase look at this crowd
here's the boardwalk in Atlantic City
New Jersey in the early nineteen
hundred's for a long time the population
the global population of the world grew
at a very very very slow pace it
decreased during the Black Plague the
Black Death in the Middle Ages but then
it would went back to kind of a very
very slow increase but when the
Industrial Revolution hit and factory
farming increased and food could be
grown at a much quicker rate at a much
larger mass scale the population grew
exponentially it grew by about fifty
seven percent to seven hundred million
around the early eighteen seventeen
hundreds and that finally reached 1
billion in the year 1800 of course these
are estimates but we believe the
population hit 1 billion in the year
1800 today it's at about six six and a
half billion and the population is
increasing much more quickly due to
factory farming industrial mass
production of food as well
here is a Italian neighborhood in
Mulberry Street in New York City is a
colorized photo but it's you know a
great look at kind of a food that would
be available in the market there's that
you still see the horses being used
they're carrying the wagon in the city
but this population increases very
rapidly people are living in the cities
they're moving to the cities which will
be another one of our impacts here going forward
huh-huh so that is rapid urbanization so
the population is increasing that's one
you could think about is that positive
or negative you know in different ways
that's one that you can kind of open to
your perspective so think about it and
add that one but this one rapid
urbanization so cities are growing but
cities are growing very very quickly and
they're growing faster than the city can
really handle the population so there's
going to be really really hard for these
cities to provide the kind of services needed
needed
so at first very very poorly built
apartment buildings are built called
tenements tenements are very kind of
quickly built they're not always very
safe they're not very big
the famous model was the dumbbell
tenement because if you know what a
dumbbell looks like you hold the middle
there's like a and then there's the big
fat parts on the outside so that
provided some kind of air in the middle
of these tenements and some windows in
the middle but these cities were growing
faster than they could really handle the
city so the cities were overcrowded
there was sometimes unsafe drinking
water and holes populations would get
sick from the drinking water because it
was unsafe dat how many people were
crowded around and it didn't provide
enough there would be a fire would catch
fire on a building it would spread so
rapidly because they were packed so
close together and there weren't
efficient fire prevention here's a
little an image of some a row of
tenement buildings in New York City it's
about 1912 a Elizabeth Street in New
York City you can still are still it's
still using the horse-drawn carriages
there in early New York but you know
people hanging out their clothes to dry
they're somebody's I'm gonna catch fire
and would spread very rapidly inside
these tenant buildings families would be
packed together and very dark you know
dimly lit unclean apartment buildings
and there was such a demand for housing
that there really wasn't and there was
no laws about the safety of you know
buildings whether it's getting a fire
escape route or sprinkler systems were
not invented yet so in this sense this
rapid urbanization we're looking at the
kind of a negative side you know
urbanization itself is not bad people
moving to cities is not bad there's
great things available in cities but
when it when it occurs so rapidly before
the city can handle it that's kind of
why we're looking at a more negative aspect
aspect
here is a look inside one of those
tenement buildings this is a family of
six crowded into obviously not all in
the picture they're crowded into this
one tiny apartment they have their bed
and kitchen kind of all in that same
room imagine living with your whole
family in a one room like this it it's
unsafe it's unclean it's it's not it's
the fact that apartment building the
tenement building itself does not have
kind of the safety features that you
would have of today which really made
things very difficult back then however
eventually there's going to be a growth
of the middle class and a strong middle
class that's going to develop this is a
beautiful picture kind of looks like a
idealistic Disneyworld street this is
Saratoga Springs New York about 1915 so
eventually the Dust Revolution
encouraged a middle class not people who
are not abundantly wealthy but people
who are not unskilled factory laborers
living in a tenement building just
barely getting by these are merchants
mid-level workers laborers who's you
know had worked in a factory for a
number of years and maybe were able to
you know gain some special skills where
they become the manager they lead
another group maybe someone buys a
business and they own a factory own
their own businesses as these people
move into cities services or needed
stores or needed like the drugstore back
there restaurants back there people are
gonna be able to own these and make a
decent living and eventually there's
going to be this growth of a
middle-class that's in society where you
know you're doing fairly well you're not
incredibly wealthy but you're
comfortable you're not living in squalor
squalid conditions and this growth the
middle class is gonna have a big impact
on the world you know here's a you know
probably middle-class family they're in
Dillon South Carolina they worked in a
maple a maple mill and some of the
family members have been working
together and they you know able to
cobble together some money and build a
nice home for themselves and they're not
you know very poor they're not very rich either
either
but eventually a middle-class develops
and that is gonna lead to our next one
more leisure time for the upper and
middle classes so now you're doing a
little bit well you're in the middle
class or maybe you're in the wealthier
upper classes you don't have to be
working incredibly long hours all the
time either on a farm or in a factory
and you have some time for leisure to go
to the beach like here at the Jersey
Shore about 1905 in New Jersey in
Atlantic City they've got their horses
or donkeys I think more more likely to
describe those to visit the beach to
enjoy it sure to enjoy the weather to do
some things that are going to provide
you some enjoyment of course in the
early 1900's in America sports explode
you know you have your sports stars like
Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb and your boxing
that's incredibly popular football
begins you know college football and
eventually a professional sports leagues
because people have a little bit more
time for leisure times to enjoy
themselves and they get into things like
art and eventually new inventions like
movies and music that are going to
provide some leisure time for the middle
and upper classes this is actually in
Waterford and Ireland you know enjoy
your some some coffee and tea you know
hang out in the green and you know talk
with with folks and you know enjoy some
time and some leisure as we're as available
all right so that takes us through all
those who have some positive effects we
have some negative impacts this is how I
listed them with the poor working
conditions the pollution and that rapid
organization beam of negatives so
leisure time some transportation
improved education and a middle class
being the positives now some of those as
I mentioned it could be a little nuanced
if you think urbanization is a great
thing to you know defend that as being a
positive thing as well so thinking about
those those are just some of the impact
so it obviously much more impact than we
could go through in just a short lesson
like this you could look into some of
those and because the Industrial
Revolution really impact every aspect of
society however has this happened
different philosophies developed around
them about how the government should
respond to these changes the whole world
is massively changing every aspect of
society is changing how does the
government going to respond well there
are three philosophies that develop
especially in response to
industrialization three major economic
and sort of political philosophies but
predominantly they're there in regards
to the economics the government's
response to industry to jobs to
promoting the economy and getting
involved in the economy or not and we're
gonna look at those three and see what
they did
ah here we are Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
looking at the Monongahela River first
one capitalism next is socialism and
finally communism are the three dominant
economic philosophies that develop from
the Industrial Revolution capitalism
socialism and communism surely you've
heard about all of these before we will
give it will give a definition of each
we'll look at a quote from one of the
founders of each and then we'll kind of
capitalism is an economic system in
which the industry factories jobs
wherever works trade is privately held
without government interference and it's
all done for profit so in a capitalistic
system at a capital under capitalism the
government doesn't get involved at all
in terms of the factories the workplaces
the industry the farms the cities where
you know businesses are owned they don't
it's called a famously laissez faire
laissez faire is a French word meaning
like hands off hands you know don't get
involved in it and everything will work
out for its for itself if a factory
wants to pay people a dollar an hour you
know they can offer that someone you
might not see I'm not gonna work for
dollar an hour nope and if they can't
get enough people to work they'll raise
to two dollars an hour or three dollars
an hour or they'll keep raising it until
they get the work workers that they need
no one's gonna force you to work in a
certain place or not prices are set
privately every business decides what
price they want to set they can offer
you know a television for five thousand
dollars but nobody's gonna buy that TV
for five thousand they gotta lower that
price until eventually someone does it
and think about it's all you know
competition is what fuels capitalism
competing think about all the different
cellphone companies there's 18 T and
there's Verizon there's t-mobile and
there's boost and each one is trying to
compete to get your business and they're
they're lowering their prices or
offering better services and the
government in theory doesn't have to
interfere or get involved because
capitalism that laissez faire that
hands-off will kind of figure things out
famous philosopher who wrote about this
is named Adam Smith the book he famously
wrote it's known as The Wealth of
Nations and he talked about how there's
an unseen hand that will really guide
capitalism famous quote of his it is not
from the benevolence of the butcher all
the Baker that we expect our dinner but
their regard to their own
self-interest that's from The Wealth of
Nations and you know think about what he
means by that you know butcher or bakers
you know if you go to the bakery they're
not just build making doughnuts and
muffins you know because they like you
and they want to give you a you know a
nice treat they're baking it to make a
living because they want to sell it to
you and they want to make money but it
benefits you when there's a nice bakery
in your neighborhood that you can go to
or there's a butcher to provide you know
you know nice cuts of meat so it's their
own self-interest and if every one to
him acts out of their own self-interest
every one in theory benefits because you
can decide where you want to go and that
competition will fuel things so he's
kind of looking at the most positive
aspects of the Industrial Revolution
these factories can provide jobs and
people can you know decide to work for
them or not they'll provide goods and
people will buy them and if people act
out their own self-interest it will
benefit everyone next it's gonna have an
opposing and this is going to be the
theory of communism communism is an
economic system in which property
businesses are publicly owned or owned
by the government and everyone works and
is really paid according to their
ability and needs or pay the same or
paid equally or receives the government
controls the factories the government
controls the power plants the government
controls the industries the government
controls everything and people are
either all paid equally or they're
certain pay for certain jobs it's an all
theorized thing but this kind of comes
out of the abuses of the Industrial
Revolution Karl Marx at Friedrich Engels
some of the founders of this and the
Philosopher's behind it you know saw how
factory owners were the unsafe working
conditions and people were dying in
there in these factories and kids were
slaving away in these factories and
they're dark and they were dingy and
they were unsafe and the government
wasn't doing anything about it and he
thought the government should own these
and make sure everyone's paid equally he
also didn't like the in equal or unequal
wealth how there are people
so desperately poor but there are other
people who are so incredibly rich I
thought this is not fair so unfair
system and he called them the
proletariat and the proletariat is this
working classes and they're being
exploited by the bourgeoisie this ruling
class and this ruling class of the
wealthy controls all the means of
production and extracts all this wealth
you know by abusing and taking advantage
of the working class the proletariat and
this class struggle to him has existed
for so long and he thinks the
proletariat the poor the working class
should overthrow the bourgeoisie
overthrow the wealthy ruling classes you
know and divide things up equally and
everyone should have an equal share and
everyone should be conquered be paid the
same be treated the same he's all about
this equality or equal system last sorry
I quote here to kind of get get to the
heart of this this is Friedrich angles
on the left and Karl Marx on the right
Karl Marx is really kind of you know
where the ideas are most famously from
Marxism is what communism is often known
as and here's a quote the oppressed are
allowed once every few years to decide
which particular representatives of the
oppressing class to represent them and
repress them you know thinking about
elections you know and you know we get a
nominal say in it but really it's just
someone else to repress them and
represent them and Marxism will be a
philosophy for a long time until the
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia is when
it's finally actually attempted to be
a sort of combination or between the two
or sort of compromise in some way in
theory is socialism socialism is an
economic system again in which the major
factors of production are either owned
by the government or at least subject to
government or social control so it's not
everything it's not communism where the
abolishment of private property under
communism if the government owns
everything controls everything in a
socialist system in theory the major
industries are subject to government
control so maybe it's the railroad here
like you see in the background this
Mexican central railway station maybe
it's the power company or the electric
company or the hydroelectric dams or
maybe it's just the major systems are
subject to government control but
there's private property if you want to
open up a business you can if you want
to move you can if you want to choose
your job you can but this socialist
system is seen as a kind of compromise
where the major systems that are
controlled by the government or maybe
just the government set certain laws you
know to protect workers like labor laws
minimum wage laws with the government
will kind of have a greater control over
the economy and you know be more
involved in it talk now is like
socialist health care and whether the
government should control health care
and the health care industry because of
abuses that are happening with insurance
and the price of health care and things
like that that's kind of where a
government will take over a certain
industry or control or certain industry
is that a socialist theory one of the
early founders or political philosophers
economic philosophers behind socialism
this guy named Charles Fourier
specifically Francois Marie Charles for
yeah and if you could tell by his name
he is a French philosopher early
socialist thinker specifically utopian socialism
socialism
and here's a quote from him he said the
peoples of the civilization see their
wretchedness increase in direct
proportion to the advance of Industry so
he would be against the Industrial
Revolution he's thinking you know as
industry increases you know our
wretchedness increases our miserable
increases above our life can work gets
worse with the advance of Industry so
that's why he's thinking of ways that
the government can control things the
government could get involved and
stopped these abuses of factory owners
and things like that he had some you
know and utopian socialism he thought
people should kind of live together in
harmony and these different apartment
buildings and work together this utopian
socialism was put in place in a few
different communities they attempted them
them
he also sidenote is credited with having
originated the word feminism supposedly
Charles Fourier invented the word
feminism in about 1837 so your major
economic philosophies capitalism hands
off government lets industry do it needs
do communism the government controls
everything socialism government controls
aspects so little look more how those
are gonna impact the world later on but
an exit ticket here to kind of close
things out we looked at the positive
aspects of the Industrial Revolution and
the negative aspects of the Industrial
Revolution how did those help lead to
these three dominant economic theories
which aspects of the Industrial
Revolution led to you know ideas on
capitalism socialism and communism how
did these ideas come out of the
Industrial Revolution that's an exit
ticket think about write that down can
learn to talk more about that later
but I want to thank you for following
along with this flipped classroom lesson
from students of history stay tuned for
more classroom lessons going forward and
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