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Gluconeogenesis Pathway Made Simple - BIOCHEMISTERY
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In this video we will study about the gluconneogenesis.
gluconneogenesis.
Let's split this term which will help us
to remember about this process just from
the name. The word glucco means glucose.
Neo means new and the word genesis
refers to the production.
Under normal circumstances the
carbohydrates are broken down in the
human body by various enzymes into
glucose. But this is just a breakdown.
Under special circumstances, substances
like fat, amino acids, pyrovate are
converted into glucose.
Thus, the production of glucose from new sources.
sources.
Thus, gluconioenesis can be defined as
the synthesis of glucose from
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suggestions and much more. Now let's
talk about the concept of gluconioenesis
in a bit detail. The average person
consumes food many times in a day which
ultimately gets converted into glucose
and this maintains a blood glucose
levels between 100 to 200 mg per
deciliter throughout the day. The excess
of the glucose gets converted to
glycogen which is stored in the liver
and this is used later when the blood
Under a fasting state the blood glucose
levels start falling and excess of the
glycogen which is about 100 g gets
converted into glucose which maintains a
blood glucose level. But this glycogen
reserve soon gets depleted and the blood
glucose levels start falling. But some
tissues in the human body like the
nervous tissue and the red blood cells
can only utilize glucose as a source of
energy. So substances like fat, amino
acids and pyrovate get converted into
glucose by gluconneogenesis
which maintains the blood glucose levels.
levels.
About 50 to 60% of the gluconneogenesis
takes place in the liver. 40% of this
process takes place in the kidneys and
some minor amount of gluconioenesis also
takes place in the intestines.
The metabolic reaction involved in the
process of gluconioenesis involved
glycolysis, crep cycle and some other
reactions. So it is very very important
to understand about the process of
glycolysis and crep cycle in detail. So
before progressing any further make sure
to watch the videos on glycolysis and
crep cycle on our channel.
So we consume food in a lot of complex
carbohydrate forms throughout the day
which through our intestines gets
converted to glucose.
Glucose is a sixcarbon compound. And if
you have studied the video on
glycolysis, you know that the glucose is
converted to two molecules of pyrovate
which is a threecarbon compound. This
happens through a series of 10 reactions
known as glycolysis. Out of this three
reactions are irreversible. It is very
important to understand the significance
of these three irreversible reactions.
These reactions are catalyzed by
specific enzymes which are upregulated
only when the concentration of glucose
is high so that the excess of glucose
gets converted to pyroate. This prevents
excess concentration of blood glucose.
But these three irreversible reactions
can be reversed using specific enzymes
which are upregulated only when there is
a deficiency of glucose in the blood.
These reactions are upregulated during
special circumstances like fasting.
During fasting, this pathway can run in
complete opposite direction so that the
pyrovate gets converted to glucose.
Other substances like propionate are
first converted to intermediates of KB
cycle which then get converted to
pyroate and substances like lactate are
first converted to pyroate directly
which convert to glucose later. So here
is an overview about the process of glycolysis.
glycolysis.
Glucose is converted to glucose 6
phosphate by the enzyme gluccoinace.
The glucose 6 phosphate is then
isomerized to fructose 6 phosphate.
Then the enzyme phosphoprructokinise
adds another phosphate at the first
position and converts it into fructose
16 bisphosphate. And through a series of
reversible reactions fructose 16 bis
phosphate is converted to phosphenol
pyrovate. And through a last
irreversible reaction phosphenol pyroate
is converted to pyrovate by the enzyme phosphoprructokin.
phosphoprructokin.
So the first reaction which is
irreversible and we have to talk about
is the conversion of pyroate back to
phosphoenol pyroate. For this pyrovate
first travels to the mitochondria
through specific carrier proteins. In
the mitochondria, pyrovate is converted
to oxyloacetate by the enzyme pyroate
caroxilase. The enzymes in the green are
the gluconneogenic enzymes which are
expressed during fasting. In this
reaction, carbon dioxide is used and ATP
is also used.
Oxyloacetate is then transferred back to
the cytoplasm which through the help of
the enzyme phosphoinol pyroate caroxyase
gets converted to phosphoinol pyroate.
In this reaction GTP acts as the
electron donor and carbon dioxide is
liberated back. Phosphinol pyroate then
is converted to fructose 16 plus
phosphate. Since these reactions are reversible,
reversible,
the next irreversible reaction is the
conversion of fructose 16 bis phosphate
to fructose 6 phosphate. This is brought
about by the enzyme fructose 16 bis
phosphatase. And the last irreversible
reaction is the conversion of glucose 6
phosphate back to glucose which is
brought about by the enzyme glucose 6
phosphatase. Phosphotases are the
enzymes which break the phosphate bond.
Now other substances like propionate,
lactate and glycerol also are converted
to glucose through specific pathways.
Propionate is first converted to suenile
COA. And if you have watched the video
on crab cycle, you know that the suenile
COA is an intermediate in the crab cycle
which get converted to oxyloacetate and
then oxyloacetate is converted to
Substance like lactate is converted
directly into pyrovate by the enzyme
lactate dehydrogenase
and glycerol which is derived through
the fat tissue
is first converted to glycerol 3 phosphate
phosphate
which is then converted to dihydroxy
acetone phosphate and dihydroxy acetone
phosphate can be converted to fructose
16 bis phosphate through the reactions
of glycolysis. So this was all about the gluconneogenesis.
gluconneogenesis.
I hope you find this video helpful. Make
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