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9. Java Memory Management and Garbage Collection in Depth

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hey guys welcome to concept and coding

and this is shreyansh so today we are

going to very very important topic in

Java Java memory management right and

before we start so I want to say that

please excuse my voice I have a little

bit cold so I'm sorry for that so here

if you see that

till now we have covered a Basics like

how to create a class how to create a

primitive data types how to create an

object right how to call a method so

this thing should comes to your mind

right hey shreyansh how do we manage how

do we the memories are allocated to them

right so let's understand this today

because this is very very important

interview questions and plus when you

start working in the company you will

see that how much importance is given to this

this

okay so now let's start this

so there are two types of memory when

I'm saying memory it's I'm talking about Ram

Ram

right so there are two types of memory which

which

Java creates stack and Heap

and when we are talking about the memory

management who manage this memory jvm

jvm is the one which managed this memory

right and it creates it divides the

memory into two part stack and he and it

stores different type of data inside it

so let's see first what kind of data

stored in a stack and what kind of data

stored in Heap

so let's say this this is your stack

now here if you see that I am creating

multiple copies of it I'll tell you why

and let's say this is your HEAP so

generally Heap has more memory than a step

step

okay and it's only have one copy

now what kind of data is stored inside a stack

stack

so first of all it is stored temporary

variables right so let's say you have

created a method inside a block and you

created a variable in t equals to 10. so

its life is very temporary with the

within this Open Bracket and closing

bracket after that it got destroyed

so this is known as temporary variables

right so all temporary variables are

okay then

then

separate memory block for method so

whenever a method has been created so

let's say this is inside of one

particular method public

public

get something

so for each method there is a block

memory frame you can say that stores

and inside that

method whatever the variables whatever

the difference it's created it will

store inside this memory frame

okay so we will I will tell you an

example with this one but first let's go

through this what kind of data is stored

and we will see the example it will

clarify you more okay but let's see this

store primitive data type so this is

also nothing but a primitive data type

so primitive data type is stored within

a stack

store reference of the Heap object

whenever you create an object like new

with the new keyword whenever you create

an object it is stored inside a heap

its memory but its reference reference

reference of

of object

object

so this type of reference I will tell

you later but first understand what kind

of data is stored so but there are

different type of reference a strong

reference weak reference soft reference

pantham references right so I will tell

you uh later but first understand what

kind of data we stored

each thread has its own stack memory so

now you know that is why I have created

multiple copies of Stack because is

thread so this is let's say thread one

has its own stack memory this is thread

two has its own stack memory thread

three has own stack memory third phone

has its own

but if you see that all the threads

Shear is common Heap memory okay

okay

variables within a scope is only visible

and as soon as variables goes out of the

scope it gets deleted from the stack in

the lifo order so what I mean to say is

that everything is here in the stack is

within a scope everything has a scope I

will tell you how so just waited for it

for an example you will get to know how

this Leaf order is performed and what is

mean by the scope

when the stack memories goes full you

will get this error stack Overflow error

okay now let's understand this with the

example right this is very simple class

if you see

I have created a class memory management

and I have one public static void main

so it's one method

okay so this method has one primitive

data type

one object

one string literal

right one object I created to invoke this

this

another method and I'm doing an invoking

of this method

and then you can say that this has

invoked this

and inside this I have another reference

to an object

another string literal and another

string object this is not a string

literal so this is string object using

new keyword

so it's a very very simple class we have

covered methods variables right so you

should be easily understanding this what

I have written

but now let's understand this how memory

is stored for this one

Heap memory Heap memory is always larger

than a stack and

so here let's see this

first of all main method is invoked

whenever the main method is invoke I

told you for each method a block of

memory is

stored so let's say I have stored this

block memory this is for

for Main

so this is one scope for the main

this Frame you can call this as one

frame of memory

for which method mean and all the

variables which are created inside this

main method it would be stored in its block

block okay

okay

so now let's say main method is called

we have created its memory

memory

now I have created a

primitive variable primitive variable

primitive variable

variable

10. so as you know that primitive

variable does not hold any reference it

stored the value itself so it is stored

into the

this memory of this scope

the second is

I am creating a new object new person so

this is your object

person object

and this percent object has a reference

who is storing the difference person obj

so it has one

person obj so this holds a reference to

this memory okay

okay

now I am creating one string literal so

as you already know from the previous

variable class that string literals

stores the data into the string pool and

where does the string pull stores string

pool is saved inside

the Heap only so there is something called

called

string pool

so whenever you are creating a literal

string literal so it would be stored

here 24 okay and what is the difference

string literal so it will create a

reference variable string

string literal

literal

and it is storing a reference to this 24.

24.

okay now the third line is new memory

management so see I am creating one more

object now so let's create one more

object here

I have created one more object what is

the object

memory management memory

memory

management object and its references

inside mem obj in the same main one

So currently if you see that all are

within a scope so scope is still going

on scope is not yet finished

okay so within a scope you can access

all the variables

right within a scope so this is a scope

within a scope you have access to all

so now ma'am obj is storing a reference

to memory or memory management object

now I am invoking a method memory

management test and passing this

reference so now you see that I am

creating an another method so for each

method it will create a new reference

so I am creating an another frame

which method memory management test method

method

so this scope

is for

memory management test method

this is kovis for Main and now this is for

for

this one so this is its oh

this method frame memory frame

so first of all

it has this

person obj

and what reference it has

so we pass the reference of this one new

person so new person is here so this is

okay now

now

see I have created uh another reference

which is pointing to Which object

whatever the person object is pointing

to so I have created another reference

person obj2

person obj 2

and it is pointing to the same memory

which person obj was pointing person obj

was pointing to this so it was also

same okay

okay now

now

I have created one more string literal

24 so whenever I as you know from the

previous class whenever you created a

string literal first it will check into

the string pool so is this literal

present 24 is present if yes it will not

create new it will use the same so it

will create

string literal 2 reference string

literal 2 and it point to the same from

then its create a string literal 3 and

it's a not a little it's a new object

because I'm using a new keyword so it

create a new object which is string object

object

and has the value 24 but it is inside a

new this one a string

literal 3 and it's storing this

reference here

now if you see that

I have got a closing bracket whenever

you get a closing bracket means scope is

finished whenever the scope is finished

you have to delete all the variables or

references created within that scope so now

now

this scope is finished for the memory

management test when the memory

management scope is finished it will

delete this scope

it will delete this scope right so now

if you see that it's going in the le4

manner last and first out so this one

was the added last after main but it is

the first one to get deleted when this

scope is get deleted so all this will

also get removed so now

this is removed

so this reference

after that

this get removed

okay now after that

this will get removed inside this this

will get removed right so this reference

after that

this will get also removed

so its reference will also be removed

so now you see that

it has done

remove this

memory management test method frame and

all the variables we have created we

have removed in a lifo manner we have

cleaned up okay

okay

now it moved to here now the control

come backs to here this method is

completed now main method closing

bracket has been reached now main method

closing bracket has been reached means

main method scope is also finished so we

are removing

this also when we are removing this so

what we are doing is we have to remove

this memo BJ

when memo widget is removed we have to

delete this reference so this reference

is removed

then we remove string literal and this

reference will be deleted

okay then person obj reference is deleted

deleted

its reference will also be deleted then

then

this value will be deleted so now if you

see that the method execution is completed

completed

right stack is empty

and everything is done but now you have

noticed one thing here

what we have deleted the references

which was pointing but what about this

objects which now created in the Heap

how we will delete those because they

are reference when their references was

deleted so whatever was pointing that we

have deleted that reference

but now these objects are left in the

Heap who will clean this up

that's where the garbage collector comes

into the picture garbage collector is

used to delete the unreferenced object

from the Heap

so now for this object is there any reference

reference

from the stack no there is no reference

so garbage collector will remove this

now it will check hey is there any

reference is anybody referencing no

nobody is referencing this will also be

freed up

hey for person object is there anybody

referencing no nobody is referencing

this will also be freedom

okay similarly for the string pull if it

is not used afterward it would be removed

removed

right so this all will be done by

garbage collector garbage collector runs

periodically right jvm controls jvm

controls when to run the garbage

collector so see

so in your application code if you write

this command you are telling that hey

run the garbage collector and garbage

collector will try to scan the Heap hey

what all object there is no reference if

you find any object for which there is

no reference it will delete it but jvm

says that

there is no guarantee that even if you

type this I will run the GC so running

the garbage collector is totally depend

upon jvm

so jvm has full control over garbage

collector whether I should run it or

when to run it okay so even though you

write it there is no guarantee that

garbage collector will run and that's

why it is called as automatic

memory management

right so you don't have to worry about

freeing up the memory jvm takes care of

it automatically it periodically it

keeps on checking the Heap memory and if

it seems that okay Heap memory is

filling up fast so it will run the

garbage collector more periodically more

faster if it see that okay we have I

have sufficient space no need to worry

jvm may run a garbage collector very less

less

okay so you understand that

so now you have understood this

stack memory how it stores the block how

it store the variable how it is stored

the primitive data type how it is stored

the references now I'll tell you about this

this

strong reference week reference

okay and also you have already know

about how each threaded's own stack memory

memory

variables within a scope is only visible

and as soon as the variable goes out of

the scope it gets deleted in leaf order

I think you get it by the scope right

so this variable is not visible inside

this scope

right so each variable is visible within

and when the stack memory goes full it

shows stack Overflow error okay so now

let's understand this what are the

so now in a simple way I have told you

this way that

for a stack

this is a stack

this is he

AP stores the object

this stores the reference

of object

so now let's say this example I have

created here person

person obj equals to new person

okay so I've created an object of person

and P object is the reference to it so

this is p o b j it's a reference to this

this is known as strong reference

right so this is known as the strong

reference like how we are using it as of

today mostly this is known as a strong

reference so when garbage collector

invokes now garbage collector runs now

we see that hey is there anyone who is

referencing to this object it will see

that yes there is a strong reference so

it will not delete this it will survive okay

okay

weak reference how you create a weak

reference there is a class called weak reference

reference

you want to create a weak reference of person

now you are saying that okay this is weak

weak

p o b j

of person

and you are creating a new object new

okay now see this

whenever you create an object like this

so you are creating a new person object

let's say you are creating another new

person object

okay so this is another P person object

but you are making a weak reference

right you are creating it a weak

reference so now here you are creating a

weak

p o b j so there is a reference

but it's a week

what does it weak means weak means that

as soon as the garbage collector runs as

soon as garbage collector get invoked it

will freed up this space

right so it's not like a strong strong

says that hate garbage collector don't

delete my object because I have a strong

reference somebody is using it

but weak reference is that till garbage

collector is not run I am able to access

it but let's say garbage collector runs

it is not mandating the garbage

character that you cannot freed up a if

you run free it up right and if we try

to access what object what value it will

get null

okay so that's the difference between

strong and weak strong tells the garbage

collector that do not delete this I have

a reference

but week says that I have a reference I

can access the value but if you runs you

can feed it up right as soon as you turn

you can feed him you can make it free

and if I try to access it after that I

might get null value so that's weak

and there is something called Soft reference

reference

soft reference is a type of weak

reference right what it tells is hey

garbage collector you are allowed to

feed it up even though I have a soft

reference but only do it when it is very

very very urgent very very urgent means

that there is no more space and you have

to create a space then go ahead you can

remove it no problem okay

okay

so only difference between a weak and

soft is like weak is like as soon as

garbage collector will run it will feed this

this

it will remove this object

soft reference tells that that yes

garbage collector you are allowed to

free this

but do it if it is very very urgent and

you need the space very urgent okay so

okay so generally we hardly use this in

the company we are mostly using a strong

reference part okay but it's good to

know this we have this type of

references also weak reference soft

reference a strong reference if there is

a strong reference present to an object

this object will never get deleted till

a strong reference is present

a weak reference is present as soon as

garbage collector will run it will

remove this no matter weak reference is

present or not and if we try to access

it it will get null value

if it is a soft reference GC might

decide that okay I have sufficient space

let's keep it alive so it's upon GC

totally it is allowed to remove it if it

want but GC will say that okay I have

sufficient display let it live for some

more time right so soft is just this

but totally GC is allowed to feed it up

but only do if there is a very shortage

of space okay

okay

understood this one references different

now before we jump into the Heap very

very important I just want to tell you

that how the reference can be changed so

this is a stack

let's say I created this one

a person

obj equals to Nu

person so what will happen in this case

a person object will be created

obj reference will be there in the stack

it will pointing to this

so first if I do this obj equals to null

means what I am doing is

I am making this removing this reference

and storing obj null value

so now garbage collector can invoke and

okay

another way is let's say I so this is

one object and currently

okay so currently it is pointing to this one

one

now I am getting another object person

obj 2 equals to new person

person

okay so what I'm doing is I'm getting

another object so this is uh percent

object one

this is person object two I am creating

a new object and obj 2 is the one so

this is obj one let's say this is obj2

this is storing reference to this one

if I do this

obj1 or this is let's say one obj one

equals to obj2

so means what I am doing is obj1 is now

storing the reference of

this one one

obj1 equals to obj2

so this one

so now here if you see that garbage

Collective and garbage collector invokes

it will freed up this because there is

no reference to this one

so there are different ways like garbage

collector can get info right so there is

no reference to this one it get invokes

and you can manage the references

through which and if Heap is getting

full also then garbage collector got

also involved okay

okay

so whenever object is not present no

reference is present it is allowed to

freed up the memory by the garbage collector

collector

okay so now we know how the what kind of

data stack store what kind of data Heap

stores now get little bit more into the

Heap memory right

now let's go into the Heap memory

I hope you are finding this topic very

so Heap memory is divided into two parts

and there is one more part which is

okay in the previous version of java I

think before Java 7 it is called Prime

Jam Prime Jam but now it is no more use

it is use the meta space it is called as

meta space

okay so this is not a part of Heap

memory so Heap is generally so this is

your HEAP memory

which is divided into two part Young

Generation and old generation

So Young Generation is further divided

Eden s0

s0 S1

this is known as survivors Survivor

Survivor

Survivor space

and this is Eden okay

now let's understand this very very

simple right but very very interesting

how when you create an object

where it restores first

Young Generation

this is your Eden

Eden

this is your s0 Survivor one

Survivor sir s0 S1

okay now I am creating an object one

I am creating a new object one so first

of all whenever you created a new object

it goes inside Edon okay

this is your object one I am writing o1

to save a space

so it is object one

let's say I created another object

object two object 3 object 4 object five

so I have created Five object So

currently everything was empty so I have

created Five object

object to

object 3

object 4

object 5. so five objects are created

inside a Eden now

now

let's say after a periodic time after

some time garbage collector got invoked

so first time garbage collector invokes

now garbage collector do two things so

there is a something called an algorithm

called Mark and sweep algorithm

Narcan sweep I'll go so what it will do

is as a part of First Step mark it will

Mark all the objects which is no more

reference and it is allowed to delete so

let's say object 2 and object 5 is

something there is no reference there is

no reference like this and it is allowed

to be deleted there is no reference

let's say object to so it's market like okay

okay

object to

and object 5

are allowed to be deleted there is no

reference then there is something called

sweep algo now what this sweep algo will

do is it do two things

it will first remove this

it remove this

from the memory

and what it will do is it will sweep

this other the surviving objects into

one of this Survivor extract uh you can

this o1

o1 O3

o4 will come into s0 okay and it will be

removed from here

and this 2 will get deleted

and it will age will be added so age is

its one its age is one its age is one

age is one so means their age is increasing

increasing

right so this process is called minor GC

minor GC minor garbage collector because

it's very fast it happen very periodically

periodically

now let's say second time now let's say

uh another objects created before any

garbage collector runs another object

created let's say obj6 obj7 so where

does obj six and obj7 will be created

let's say here obj6 obj7

obj7 okay

okay

because every time a new object is

created it is created inside the Eden only

only

now let's say

garbage collector got invoked after this

so first it will do Mark so now it will

do a mark into all Eden h0 S1 like

whatever the objects hey which one there

is no reference so let's say

obj7 there is no reference so it's

marking it

obj4 there is no reference it is marking

it now they are eligible for deleting

now sweep will happen so what sweep will

do is it will delete this

remove from the memory and

and

what it will do is that

in the other

so alternatively first it put into s09

now it will put it to S1 so obj6

so object 6 is put here now it's ages 1.

object 1 is put here its age was one now

it's got age increase to 2 ob3

ob3

its age was one now its ages

2 again Plus 1.

and this will get removed obj object 6

is already there with age one so this is

you don't get freedom

this got removed

and this got freedom so if you see that

at a point

Eden would be free after the garbage

collector and one of the s0 and S1 would

be free okay and alternatively we put

the data into s0 as one and we increase

the range

now let's say I have set my threshold

threshold value has like age three

whenever H3 is reached I have to promote them

them

I will tell you what does it mean so now

let's see I have created one more object

let's say object eight so in which

memory object will be created newly here

here

object 8.

okay I have created let's say object nine

nine

now third time garbage collector runs

now garbage collector runs what it will do

Mark the objects which there is no

reference so now let's say it's marking

that okay I have to delete this one

I have to delete this one

one

okay now the sweep will happen and what

sweep will do is it will delete this

it will delete this feed of the space

and what it will do is

it will put

object 9 from Eden to this age one

and from S2 it will bring

object 6 Edge is one here then it will two

two

object one

age was two now age will become 3.

now here if you see that one thing

so let's first clean up this object nine

is there object six has been moved to s0

this freedom

and object one has been moved to s0

now here if you see that I have defined

a threshold age of three and after three

I have to do promotion so what does it

so now here if you see that object 1 has

reached its age it has survived this

much time so whenever it survive a

particular threshold it has to do a

promotion and what promotion means is

this object has will be now moved to Old

generation this object one

Okay so now in the old generation only

difference is that

here it is called minor GC here it is

called major GC whenever GC does why

because it first of all whenever the GC

doesn't say here it don't run too periodically

periodically

right maybe let's say here it is run

every one time in 10 second let's say

I'm just saying it right but let's say

in Old generation it might be running a

one time only in half an hour I am just

saying that theoretically that here the

GC runs very less periodically very very

less as compared to the young and also

whatever the objects are present into

Old generation there is kind of a big

objects right they are used too frequently

frequently

right so it takes a lot of time uh so

these are like faster as your Young

Generation right so you can say that

objects created deleted created deleted

so it's very fast but old generation

generally happen is like there are a lot

of references because they are alive

from so long they are alive

from so long so there could be so many

references pointing to them and all

right and they might also have a further

references to them so generally this

process is uh garbage collection is

little bit time taking then

Young Generation but it's uh it has it

do the same thing it first do Mark if

there is no reference and then delete it

but here the garbage collection process

is called major GC here it was called

minor GC

you understood that

young how Heap memory is divided into

Young Generation and old generation and

generation we have Eden and Survivor space

space

now there is something called meta space

right so this is a outside of the heave

and what data it is stored your class variables

variables

I think you have seen the variable uh

topic right you have know what is class

variables every object which you create

through static that is class variables

so it is stored class variables it

store information about the class from

which objects can be created right it

create store constants

right uh you can Define right static

final so these are constant so all this

kind of data metadata information

constant class variables

are stored into the meta space right so

as soon as like Java jvm need need to

load certain class it will load it here

as soon as jvm doesn't need any class so

it will remove it from here right

now we have understood about the Heap right

right

Young Eden Survivor old old generation

is also known as tanion

permanent generation so that is uh PRM

jam it is used to be earlier one now we

call this meta space

I have already told you right so this

was in the old

old Java versions

I think before uh before Java 7 I think

you can check it once I think it is

before Java 7 it is a prime jam and the

major difference between prime jam and

meta space meta space I think from uh

from java 7 or Java 8 we are using metaspace

metaspace

right but here the major difference

between them is like uh

was a part of so you have young you have

old then you have Prime gem so it's a

part of a heap memory and it is not

Expendable so as soon as it will get

filled up

you will get out of memory error

but here meta space is

out of this Heap is now only young and

old and meta space is separate that's

why it is called as non-heap and it is

expanded Expendable as you required okay

okay

so that's the major difference but the

now let's understand about the garbage

collector algorithm which is we are kind

of uh

garbage collector so I think you already

know by here what is garbage collector

or how it get invoked like what is the

purpose of using the garbage collector

and one of the algorithm I have already

so as a part of first phase mark it will

identify water objects need to be

deleted and the sweep it will just

remove those objects from the memory

right so there is something called Mark

and sweep

with compaction compact memory

memory

so what is the difference here is simple

nothing much so here if you see that

uh let's say this space memory space Heap

Heap

so here you have one object which is

identified that it can be deleted there

are objects here let's say

and during the Mark I have identified

what all object need to be deleted let's

say I have identified this identify this

identify this and as part of sweep I

deleted it so I have deleted this

now here if you see that however memory

is generally would be like this so one

data is here one data is here one data

is here but there are certain memory

segments which are freed up here

there are certain memory segments which

are freed up here so with compaction

what happen is it will bring the objects

right it compacted so that we have a

memories fragment in a sequential form

later so that it any new object it can

be added later otherwise it would be

very difficult to put an object in this

fragments right so what it will do is it compact

compact

the remaining objects which survived and

so that we have a feed free of space at

the last and it would be used to put an

object there

okay this is known as Mark and sweep

with compaction

now there are different versions

of GC

first is serial GC

second is

parallel GC

concurrent mark

mark

and sweep

default version of garbage collector in

Java 8.

okay now I'll tell you this is very very

important understand this serial GC now

you know that garbage collector is used

to remove up the memory from the Heap

from young and old both

right so serial GC is that only one thread

thread

only one thread is used and this thread

will work let's say garbage collector initiated

initiated

and this will work and freed up the

space only one thread one thread let's

say so this is called minor GC

and it is called major GC so in when the

minor GC will get invoked only one

thread would be working when major GC

will invoke only one thread would be

working only one GC thread so what are

the disadvantages first of all whenever

you are only one thread is working it

definitely work would be slow say it

would be little bit slow

second thing is GC is very very expensive

expensive

why this is very expensive because

whenever the GC work start whenever the

GC work start all application

application threads

threads

will get paused

so that's why we call that the world

stop when the garbage collector runs so

let's say your application is running

as soon as the garbage collector runs

your application will become pause now

garbage collector will complete its work

and after that it will resume

so if GC is slow then definitely your

application would become slow because

they are pausing too many times

so that's why GC is very expensive task

because when the GC work start all

application thread will pause so this is

one of the disadvantage of Serial GC

that only one thread doing the work of cleanup

cleanup

so in the Java Aid the parallel GC is

used in this depending upon the core

let's say if you have two core CPU four

core so this many threads got initiated

for the garbage collector and they work

parallely right so when there are more

threats definitely it would be little

bit fast and there would be less pause

time but still there is a pause time

right but only thing is multiple threads

are working to freed up the space so you

will get a little bit less pause time

because the far the work of cleanup

would be done little bit faster

but still this is you can say that in

the latest uh j17 and all

there has been work has been done to

further improve this through concurrent

Mark and sweep

concurrent Mark and sweeper says that okay

okay

while your application threads are

working this is your application thread

concurrently GC threads are also working

so it's a concurrent GC thread so your

application thread is working and in

parallel GC thread is also working no

one is stopping

so application threads are not stopping

because of GC threads right but it's not

100 guarantee

right jvm doesn't guarantee that your

application thread will not stop only it

says that I will try my best that your

application threads will not stop I will

try to do concurrent Mark and sweep

concurrent cleanup I will try to do but

I don't guarantee hundred percent and

also there is no memory compaction

happens so whatever the memory got freed

up so let's say there is some segment

Freedom there is certain memory segment

so no compaction happens in this

so then there is a further Improvement

is like G1 so G1 you can say that the

better version of this where it says

that okay

try to give you a hundred percent that

okay your application thread will not

stop and also it brings a compaction

that all the memory is bring together

and all the freedom memories added at

last so that they can be used

so you got it currently Java 8 is using

parallel GC and there is a further in

the latest version of java there is a

further chance that the pause time can

be reduced

to a very minimal so that your throughput

throughput increase

increase

and latency decrease when your

throughput increase means earlier your

application can process 1000 requests

per minute let's say

now because there is less pause time you

can process let's say 1500 requests per

minute so your throughput will increase definitely

definitely

when what will happen is when your

throughput increases means you have uh

threats are not pausing so pause time

has been removed so definitely your

latency will go down you will see the advantage

advantage okay

okay

so that's pretty much I have for you in

memory management and garbage collector

very very important topic please go

through one more time you will

understand it better right and yeah I

think that's it if any doubt please feel

free to ping me in the comment section I

will try to resolve your doubt as soon

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9. Java Memory Management and Garbage Collection in Depth