This content introduces the critical role of embedded controllers in electric vehicles (EVs), detailing their necessity, diverse functions, and the technical aspects involved in their implementation, from sensor input to actuator output.
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Good afternoon and uh welcome all of you
So this week we are going to have just a
a discussion on the embedded controllers
part. embedded controllers focused on
electric vehicles. So we will be
touching up the necessity for it, the
motivation behind it, certain uh survey
based uh information, then we'll be
looking into some technical aspects and
once these kinds of theory things are
done, then we will be jumping on into
implementational aspects starting from
the input side that is sensor side all
the way to actuator side. So we'll be
seeing step by step and in the meanwhile
we will also get introduced to some of
the commercial controllers which are
being employed in electric vehicles for
a wide range of control aspects. We will
be covering touching up STDM32
controllers. We will be covering TA
Texas instrument C2000 controllers and
so on. And in the process we will also
get introduced to certain EDA tools,
electronic design automation tools. So
these things should give you a kickstart
if at all you want to start developing
your own embedded controllers based uh projects.
So I would like to show you a small information.
So typically
a passenger car
so it has way far number of chips than
we have we have thought about. So even
though it is a gasoline car even though
it is a patrol or a diesel car we can
expect anywhere in the range of th00and
to 3,000 chips IC's inside these cars
doing lots of functions. Not like the
olden day cars where everything were
kind of analog or mechanical. You can
see lots of these kinds of chips. And
when we move to electric vehicles from
diesel or petrol cars, you can obviously
imagine the number of chips, the number
of electronic components, parts which
are used inside it is going to only
increase. So this is a basis or this is
going to be the motivation for us. It is
this is going to be the motivation for
us to understand why it is specifically
important for us to focus on the
So it performs a wide range of
functions. We will try to look into the
major functions which are
which are uh making a
making way into these electric vehicles.
And by the way my name is Kumaran. Some
of you have asked by my name.
Yes. So we will try to understand what
are the broad categories under which
these chips will be performing its
functions. Then we will be trying to see
in what way the general microcontrollers
which you have been using all the while
those things can play a role in
So you may be wondering why there are so
many chips, many many chips, thousands
and thousands of them. Because the
number of functions which are being
performed by these chips, they have
increased. Each and every single
function nowadays it is being given to
these kinds of controllers, embedded
controllers. It might start from
controlling your engine all the way up
to your sliding doors, sliding windows.
So some of those things in the broad
category are depicted in this particular
picture. So you can have an idea about
the amount of functions performed by
these chips electronic chips.
Even the simplest of simple functions
nowadays are being performed by these
things. And precisely this is where our
embedded controllers fits in. Every
individual functions like this small,
big, important, primary, secondary,
tertiary, all of these things now are
being performed by these electronic
chips. So obviously you will understand
So I'll give you a couple of seconds to
go through the information on the slide.
And each and every one of those segments
which are represented on this slide, it
is a potential area for us to bring our
own solutions. Our own the solution
solutions in the sense our own country
solutions. Many of these aspects
especially the ones related to battery
management systems. It is outsourced. It
is being brought from somewhere else and
brought to our country. So naturally if
you are able to mimic these systems in
our own country the amount of foreign
exchange which we are giving it is going
to reduce and thereby we are going to
make a significant contribution to our
country's economy. So this is also one
of the primary reason why everyone is
behind EVs or everybody is encouraged to
So hope you have gone through these
slides. We will talk about these things
a little while later in elaborate manner
in the forthcoming days. So this is just
a glimpse of the amount of functions
performed by these chips.
Now coming to the next interesting part
this is a survey rupate the result of a
survey report produced by verified
market reports. So if you just look into
that you can assess the amount of money
involved in these electronic chips. So
last year last to last year in 2024 it
is $6.5 billion it is in dollars because
the survey agency had performed the
survey in those areas but we can get an
idea about the amount of money involved
in that and going further this
particular amount is only going to
increase so a conservative estimate they
have put it as 10.2%age 2 percentage
caggr compounded annual growth rate. So
So having digested this information now
we are little bit more motivated to put
our footprint on this particular domain.
Even if you get a small chunk into this
particular area it is a very good decent
Now coming to where we can focus upon or
where we can add our values in this
particular embedded systems chain.
Battery management six system is one of
the one of the major areas where we
should be focusing upon
because obviously electric vehicles
until now majority it is using batteries
electrochemical sources batteries as its
primary energy source. Fuel cells are
employed but still they're little bit
long way to go or perhaps they are used
only in heavy vehicles and still we can
say that they are kind of in
experimental phase. So we have to look
for or we have to be dependent upon
batteries for some more amount of time.
So that makes these kinds of battery
management systems one of the important
point in fact it is one of the critical
component in our electric vehicle. So
when it comes to battery management
systems, these systems they perform a
wide range of functions. So I hope you
would have got introduced to these kinds
of functions in the previous uh
sessions. So things like different kinds
of electrochemistry, how these battery
packs are managed or how they are placed
strategically so that it avoids any kind
of mechanical instability starting from
there all the way to going into pack
management, energy management, every
single aspect you may have got it
covered theoretically. Now only thing we
are going to do is build on this
particular knowledge in order to
understand how B embedded controllers
can play a very important role in these
battery management systems. Each and
every single function what you have
learned in the previous sessions
something like voltage control or
current monitoring, charge control,
discharge control, energy control, power
control, every single thing it has to be
controlled by somebody and that is where
our embedded controllers fix fix
embedded controllers fits in. So we need
a battery management solution homegrown
battery management solutions.
So probably whatever discussions we are
going to have in the forthcoming
sessions may motivate you into venturing
So can you just try to figure out some
of the functions performed by battery
management systems probably if you can
put it on your chat box.
We have batteries which are supplying
power to the prime mover that is
electric motor in this particular case.
What are the probable yes protection is
Okay, I see a couple of answers. Fair enough.
enough.
Cell balancing one of the one of the
important one. Yes. Right. Yes.
Protection aspects cut out in a way it
Yes. Power power power flow control. So
uh when it comes to electric vehicles,
power flows from both the sides, the
energy side to the load side and the
load side back to the energy side that
is a source side. So power flow is
birectional. So that is supposed to be
controlled. So that also will be
performed by management system BMS in
addition to the protection aspects,
charging control, discharging control,
temperature monitoring and control every
every single thing. It might start from
the cell level and it might go to the
pack level all the way. Yes. Yes, you
have got it right. Every one of your
answer it is right. Absolutely right. So
all these functions are supposed to be
managed by our battery management
system. So now you can see where we are
or where our focus is going to be and
how important our battery management
systems are are supposed to be. So these
controllers which are performing these
functions they have to be very well very
well resourceful in the sense that you
need to constantly monitor the input parameters.
parameters.
Then you need to process these input
parameters in order to take a decision
about what kind of control is needed.
Then you have to use this decision to do
something. So starting from input side
all the way to actuation side everything
will be managed by these embedded
controllers. So this is just one part of
it the critical component battery
management system. How our embedded
controllers fits in. This is just one
portion of the embedded controllers used
in EVs. Apart from that we have many
other functions performed by that which
we will be seeing
in the forthcoming discussions. Now when
it comes to developing these uh embedded
controller based solutions there are a
couple of challenges which we commonly
face. One thing major thing is the
technological change. A solution which
is proposed today it may be having a
lifespan of maybe four to five years. So
these kinds of solutions they change at
a rapid pace
as technology improves. For instance in
power electronics those who are
interested in power electronics. You may
have heard that the silicon devices are
now being replaced by wideband gap
devices like silicon carbide or gallium
nitrate devices. So these kinds of
technological advances will definitely
be there. This puts one of the major
challenge. The technology will be
rapidly evolving and obviously anyone
who is into this EV domain will be
required to cope up with these kinds of
changes and that gives us edge. EV
engineers it gives us a edge. You will
be here as long as the EVs are there.
You won't be outdated. Only thing which
will be required is an EV engineer to
upskill himself to the current
technology. That is the only thing that
will be required. The second foremost
thing when it comes to the challenging
aspect is the cyber security part more
and more cars we are moving towards ADAS
of higher levels. So when this happens
wider then obviously we will have these
security issues. So this is another
aspect which is going to be very good
for the engineering graduates arrow. So
these two aspects are kind of
Now let us look into the second information.
So we have different types of embedded
systems in our electric vehicles which
are performing functions related to
powertrain control,
advanced driver assist system control,
battery management control, infotainment
system control.
Apart from other types of controls
available similar auxiliary system
controls are also available. So the
first and foremost is the delivery of
the power from the power source to the
motor. So this part is being done by the
powertrain control system. So based upon
the acceleration input provided by the
user, the controller decides what amount
of power should be delivered to the
motor. So this is entirely done by our
embedded controllers. Small
microcontrollers which you have come
across. These kinds of controllers are
perfectly doing these jobs in a
wonderful way. Apart from this, you also
have certain other functions related to
the ADA systems. In our country, it is
it to pick up. So, we only have kind of
widely adopted level one based functions
performed by these ADA systems, advanced
driver assistance systems. And then we
have the most critical emboded system
which is coming as a part of the battery
management systems. So which performs
once again to repeat once again to
repeat functions like uh over voltage
short circuit protection sense like
controlling the charging controlling the
deep discharge these kinds of input in
including temperature control these
kinds of aspects. Then obviously comes
the auxilary functions like infotainment
and vehicle control units. So these are
the major types of embedded systems
which we'll be looking into and we will
be seeing what peripherals of our
microcontrollers can be used to control
this some kind of algorithms which are
being employed in these kinds of
embedded systems. So typically for
implementing these embedded controllers
one might end up using microcontrollers
or a microprocessor or a combination of
both of these things two things called
as a digital signal controllers and
apart from that you may have see seen
sophisticated controllers also. So all
of these things do the jobs which are
listed above. Starting from powertrain
controller to the auxiliary functions.
These things are performed by these
controlling devices. The electronic
and on the right right side you have
Just take a second to go through it.
steering systems, braking systems,
recovery systems, energy recovery systems,
systems,
thermal management system and the last
one, the vehicle to grid systems which
are it to pick up in our particular region.
region.
Whatever functions which are being
currently performed by the companies,
they orient along in the major way. They
orient along the first four functions
listed there, first four applications
listed there.
And naturally when it comes to ADAS
functions we have different levels out
of these things level one and level two
we are seeing most of the cars and some
of the high-end cars are going to level
two and level three. We will talk about
these things in Thursday's session or
Friday's session about these kinds of uh
ADAS levels and how emboders play a
significant role in these kinds of ADAS
So next thing we are going to look into
is the key attributes that one needs to
consider while we are moving into
embedded controllers for electric vehicles.
There is a little bit of lag in the uh
screen. So the contents what I'm trying
to explain and what you're seeing on the
screen there will be a little bit of lag
3 4 seconds may be there. Yes it has
been projected. So the functions if you
look into it there are a wide range of
things which are being listed here wide
range of functions which are supposed to
be considered when it comes to
developing embedded systems for our
electric vehicles. that once again
starts from controlling the power from
our energy source to the motor all the
way to the auxiliary functions. So many
of these functions we may not have come
across in our regular textbook unless
and otherwise we have been studying or
going through the white papers published
on the important newsletter sites or
from the manufacturers websites. We may
not have gone through these things in
detail. So we will be primarily talking
about the power delivery in the
forthcoming sessions. Of course we'll be
talking about the power delivery part.
Then we will be little bit talking about
the different kinds of uh
bus protocols which are being employed
in order to carry information all over
the vehicle. Then we will be talking
about the type of controllers which are
Now all these functions which we have
listed here all these things we will
group it into comfortable categories and
we will call these with different names.
Uh just give me a second until it uh the
So the wide variety of the functions
what you have been seeing in the
previous slide they have been listed in
primary categories. So we will start
with the traction control. So as we were
talking earlier the amount of torque
which need to be imported on the moving
wheels the amount of torque which we
want to import upon the moving wheels in
order to control the motion of the
electric vehicle that is supposed to be
controlled that is one of the primary
requirement for a embedded controller.
So this requires to get the input from
the user. For instance, how much
pressure the user is putting on the
throttle. What acceleration he prefers
reading the data from this throttle
giving this particular signal to the
drivetrain and transferring the required
amount of power to the wheels. So this
part even though we say it very simply
within 1 minute in couple of sentences,
it is enormously difficult. complex.
We have to compute the amount of speed
in which our motor vehicle is traveling.
We have to be aware of the controller
should be aware of the energy of the
vehicle. Then it has to look into the
amount of available power in the energy
source. Then it has to take a decision
how much power should be absorbed and
provided to the wheels. All of these
things are done within a split second.
So you can understand what amount of
important functions are being performed
by our embedded controllers. So this is
just one way of power flow. Power flow
from the energy side I mean source side
to the load side that is a motor side.
So when we are trying to slow down this
electric vehicle for some reason maybe
to stop it or to break it the mechanical
energy available on the wheels that
kinetic energy it gets wasted in the
normal internal combustion engines. So
when it comes to electric vehicles we
have an option to tap on this energy
which is getting wasted on the brake
drums in the form of heat. we can
actually absorb this energy and then we
can give it back to the source. We can
store it back to the source. This
particular function is called as
regeneration control. And once again in
order to decide whether the power should
be flowing from the source side to the
motor side or from the motor side to the
source side, our emblem controllers will
be continuously monitoring upon the
vehicle parameters.
then it'll be taking a decision whether
the power is flowing from source side to
the motor side or motor side to the
source side. So these things are
performed by our typical embedded
controllers of course with the help of
inputs from the sensors starting from
the brake pedal all the way up to the
energy source which are available. And
here we will be talking a little bit
about power electronics. In the next
week we will be having these topics.
We'll be talking about the different
kinds of motors. How these motors are
employed, their speed tire
characteristics and where these kinds of
motors are employed. Then we will be
little bit talking about power
electronics and typical topologies which
are employed in these electric vehicles.
So this is about the traction control.
So the next one is about the charger
control which you can say it becomes a
part of the battery management system.
Fine. Fine. But still we will call this
function and we will group it as a
separate category. So now we can have
probably you may have studied about the
onboard charges and offboard charges. So
when you have the entire infrastructure
for charging the battery present on the
vehicle itself then it is called as a
onboard charger isn't it? So these kinds
of onboard charges will have just the
wires coming out of it and it'll get
plugged into our supply outlets. So
everything else everything else
conversion of AC to DC processing this
AC and providing it in a controlled
manner to the battery every such logic
it will be present on our vehicle that's
why it is called as a onboard charge
controller. On the other hand, in
offboard charges, every one of these
single conversion circuits, the power
electronic circuits, it'll be present on
the charger which are present outside
the vehicle. These are typically present
in charging stations. So in these
charging stations, you will be seeing
kind of cables running from the charging
station and these you have to just take
it and hook it to the outlet on your
vehicle. So every other processing
circuit the conversion circuit
everything is present on our charging
stations. So battery only battery is
present inside our vehicle. So that is
why it is called as offboard charger. So
naturally both of these have their own
advantages and disadvantages. So when it
comes to high-owered vehicles you will
be typically seeing offboard charges. So
cost might be reduced. Not only that the
weight of these kinds of extra circuitry
that can be reduced. So small powered
vehicles though for those kinds of
things you may see onboard charges. So
this depends entirely upon the
manufacturer and the kind of vehicle you
are dealing with. Now here once again in
order to decide how much amount of
charge should be glowing into it whether
it is a fast charge or normal charge.
These kinds of functions are typically
controlled by our emboded controllers.
So this is where our emboded controllers
fits in the second category of control.
And the third one is your battery
management systems. So typically in this
battery management systems the
parameters like cell wtage, the amount
of current flowing into the cell or
perhaps out of the cell. Then the
temperature of the battery. These things
are primarily monitored. So these
primary monitored parameters are then
used to control the way in which the
battery discharge or perhaps charges.
then the amount of power which is
delivered to the wheels
and of course how safe the battery is.
These are the primary functions
performed by our battery management
systems. So in this is a major uh kind
of control which we will be discussing
for three or four sessions fully. We'll
be seeing what kind of sensors are
required to perform these measurements.
Battery related measurements starting
from voltage all the way to computation
of temperature. SO estimation of state
of charge computation estimation of
state of health. Every single aspect we
will try to look into it and then we
will see some of those commonly used
algorithms which are employed in these
battery management systems.
And then comes our auxiliary power
systems. then communication interface
control. Then of course controls
required for safety compliance. So
safety ISO standards which are based I
mean the safety compliance based upon
the ISO standards those things are
outside the perview of our discussions
but still it will be a good idea to look
into the ISO standards 26262 for
instance and typically one will be
required to be aware of the different
communication protocols which are
employed inside vehicles.
So as of now you would have heard about
CAN protocol and the link protocol which
are widely employed in our electric
vehicles. So we will be spending one
session in understanding the bus
protocols related to the EV EV
infrastructure and then we will be
looking into how we can program our
embedded controllers to handle data into
that. We will have a small demo session
also on this the one which helps us to
transfer data or receive data. We will
have a small demonstration on that using
Okay. And now we will look into a small
as block diagram which helps you to
understand the enormous amount of
computations which are going inside the
electric vehicle embedded systems.
Plenty of functions are there.
Most of the majority of them they are
listed here. So once again these can be
grouped in the groups as we have seen in
the previous slide starting from our
traction control all the way to the
auxilary functions.
So this is just for our information
whatever information we have seen in the
previous slide we are seeing in the form
And by the way, when you start working
in a EV company, each and every single
aspect of this will be allotted to a
team and one single team will be dealing
with one particular aspect. For
instance, one single block will be
handled by one single team. It won't be
like the regular thing what we see in
academia. Yeah, it'll be entirely a
Now I'll show you the block diagram of a
typical hybrid electric vehicle.
So this particular architecture as the
name says it uses two sources. It is
hybrid in nature. One obviously is going
to be your regular internal combustion
engine. The other energy source
obviously is going to be the electrical
one that is a battery.
So in hybrid electric vehicles once
again you have two types the regular
theory part you have the regular hybrid
electric vehicles and plug plugged in
hybrid electric vehicles. So plugged in
is just variant of HEV in the manner
that the batteries inside the hybrid
electric vehicles can be charged by
using outlets the cables. Now look into
each and every one of these blocks. Just
let us focus of our attention to the
electrical aspects. So apart from the
combustion engine, you do have certain
other blocks. Now in some of these
places you see the description
microcontroller MU C.
Now we are getting into the actual crux
of these embedded controllers and how
important these embedded controllers are
in electric vehicles. So this is about
hybrid electric vehicles. For instance,
when we focus upon focus the attention
into our bladder packs. So you have wide
number of cells, lots of cells which are
arranged in the form of modules. Modules
connected in the form of a full battery
pack and these battery packs are spaced
strategically so that the center of mass
doesn't affect the stability of the
system. So once these battery packs are
installed, the next thing comes into picture,
picture,
managing these battery packs, managing
the cells inside these battery packs.
So the control which is supposed to be
done obviously should be done by your
digital controllers. A simple
microcontroller will be sufficed to do
these kind of jobs.
So whatever block you see still we are
paying attention into the battery pack
block. So we have our microcontroller
block just next to next to that you see
a set of cells connected in series. Of
course you would have learned from the
last week discussions that the cells are
connected in series and parallel to take
care of the voltage requirement and the
power requirement. So connect it in
series you will be able to take care of
the current requirement. Connect them in
parallel you will be able to take care
of the voltage requirement.
And most of the vehicles heavy vehicles
they operate upon 400 volt DC bus. So
naturally your lithium ion is rated
approximately for 4 volts 3.7 nominal.
It goes up to 44.1. So you can do the
math and figure out how many number of
such cells will be connected in series
to provide this bus wtage and in order
to give the amount of power plus of
course the energy how these things are
supposed to be connected in parallel
these things we can do a math to assess
it. Anyway that is not our focus of the
discussion. We will look into the block
which says CM. CM is nothing but cell
monitor. Now you will be having cell
monitors for each and every cells.
Sometimes when the number of cells are
lot many in number when there are
hundreds and hundreds of cells it is
little bit impossible for us to monitor
each and every cell. So in those
particular cases we'll be mod monitoring
it module by module. You will be just
monitoring one single particular module
a set of combination of cells whether it
is 40 50 these kinds of modules you will
be monitoring it. So these kinds of
functions are performed by these
monitors. So these cell monitors they
absolutely take care of measuring the
voltage across the cell or per perhaps
the module and the amount of charge
present in this particular module. What
is the temperature? Current temperature
and it is running. All these
informations are lively relayed to our
microcontroller. Now it is the
microcontroller's decision, your
embedded controller's decision duty to
take appropriate actions. Starting from
controlling the amount of power which is
being discharged all the way to
maintaining the safety by controlling
the temperature. you will be having
coolants which are circulating through
these battery packs to keep the battery under
under
permissible temperatures. So not only
that you do have the embedded
So this particular block diagram gives
the information only about the power train.
Okay. Now uh maybe if you have any
questions I see in the chat box somebody
has raised some queries. If you have any
questions you can type it in the chat box.
So till now we have been just looking
into the theoretical things the overview
of electric vehicles especially the
electric domain the embedded controller domain.
domain.
So we have not gone into the main
aspects main aspects related to what
kind of controllers are used how these
controllers function.
Still we have not gone to it. We are
just uh we can say it is something like
a review of the concepts you have
Okay, if you have any queries, please
Fine. So, we can always take the
questions later also. Now, we will move on.
on.
So the flow in which our uh embedded
controller is supposed to function. So
we will have a small discussion on this
So the very first thing which is
required for our embedded controller is
the data the data
coming from throughout the vehicles. So
you can call these as vehicle
parameters. So these vehicle parameters
might be related to the battery packs or
it might be related to the engine
related aspects the vehicle at what
speed it is traveling what dark it is
requiring these kinds of things. In
addition to that it might be related to
simple aspects like controlling the
headlights or controlling the
infotainment systems or perhaps even it
is controlling your window shields these
kinds of things. So these things are
collectively referred as data collection
process. So obviously these data
collection processes they have to be
happen with the help of sensors. There
are a wide range of sensors which are
being employed. These are rugged. These
sensors they have a requirement to be
rugged. So you know the electric
vehicles they operate in a very rugged
environment. We cannot rely on the
normal sensors which are commercially
used for hobby projects or something
like that. It has to be rugged. So these
kinds of sensors helps the controller to
get an idea about the operation
operating conditions of a electric
vehicle. So it will be ranging from
these sensors. They can range from the
voltage sensors, current sensors,
temperature sensors, speed sensor,
torque sensor,
basic important vehicle parameters to
the the auxiliary functions like for
instance if at all there is obstacle
when you are taking reverse of the
vehicle. You would have seen in some
vehicles that it gives a kind of
feedback to the user. What is the uh
distance of the obstacle which is
present whether they have to stop or it
gives some more additional information
in the form of a display also. So all of
these things comes under this particular
category where you have the data being
collected. Now once the data is
collected it has to be processed. They
have to be processed. Now this is the
part where we will be focusing upon the
peripheral section of our controllers
embedded controllers. So some of these
datas are processed are obtained by
using digital sensors. Some of the data
are collected by analog sensors. So
naturally digital sensors we won't have
much of a problem. A very simple example
is that if at all the door is not
locked, it is either door is locked or
not locked. we just have two status
which means that a simple digital sensor
is more than sufficient. So this
particular information can be directly
given to your microcontroller or some
sort of embedded controllers whichever
which are suitable for that particular
situation. So it just takes a decision
if the door is locked then don't put on
the warning. If the door is not locked
then switch on the alarm. Give a audio
indicator or a visual indicator of some
sort. This is very simple. But when it
comes to measurement of say a voltage or
a current or the speed or the target
with which the motor is running. So
these kinds of things are analog in
nature. So obviously the analog data has
to be converted into a form which our
controller can understand. So our
controller is a digital controller. So
naturally the requirement of a
conversion mechanism is required. The
analog data needs to be converted into a
digital data. And this digital data only
can be processed by the emboded
controller. And this is where the use of
analog to digital converters comes into picture.
picture.
Now when we talk about analog to digital
converters briefly called as simply
called as ADCs. We have a wide variety
of these kinds of analog to digital
controllers. Now some of the control
actions which are being taken they can
have a time delay of up to 1 second
which means that the conversion time of
these ADCs can be slow enough but
certain other functions has to be
typically in the order of just hundreds
of microsconds which means that the
conversion rate should be very fast. So
when we are selecting our embedded
controller once should be the embedded
systems engineer will be focusing upon
these aspects the aspects which are
written in the document the
specification document these kinds of
parameters are supposed to be looked
into and based upon that a selection of
the embedded controller with the which
is suiting the requirement will be done.
So this is of the data collection part.
So we will be talking about ADCs in
probably tomorrow's class. At that time
probably you'll be getting some more
clear idea about that what we are
referring to. Then we will be looking
into the data processing part. Obviously
once data is collected a decision has to
be taken which means that this data has
to be processed. So every single data it
has to be passing through a control
algorithm. And once again this control
algorithm is entirely decided by the
kind of control function which is
incorporated in the electrical. In the
previous to previous slide we saw around
six functions. So under those categories
whatever we have. So those kinds of
functions are going to determine what
kind of control algorithms are going to
be employed for processing this data. So
you can just assume that these
controllers which are operating on the
control algorithms will be taking the
required amount of I mean required
control actions and once these control
actions are decided they have to be
communicated in order to perform these
actions. This is where the actuators
comes into picture.
Actuators are the ones which actually
gives the output provides the output and
gets the job done. It might be simple
wiper control or it might be the motor
control which is delivering the power to
the wheels. So a combination of all
these functions are supposed to be kept
in mind while one is implementing these
things with embedded controllers.
The next part even though it is doesn't
look important it is one of the
Yes. Coming to the communication part.
The information which is traveling
through the vehicle
from and to the controller, they will be
passing through a very disturbing
environment. There will be lot of noises
around the electric vehicle. Especially
when we are talking about uh EVs which
are having power conversion stages which
operate at a very high frequency you
will be ending up getting the
electromagnetic induction noise EMI
noises. So these kinds of noises when
propagates into the buses the electrical
wires which are carrying the information
that significantly distorts the
information. So these kinds of things
are also kept in mind while the embedded
controllers are being designed. This is
where the CAN protocol especially comes
into picture. So we take care of these
kinds of issues while we are deciding
the cables. We make sure the cable is
sheath properly. It is partially it is
distorting these kinds of noises. It is
keeping away these noises and in another
part it is being taken care of by the
bus protocols. So in a way communication
protocols are another important aspect
for a communication engineer to be
focusing on when it comes to embedded
Fine. There is a question in the recent
chat which I'm seeing where huge data is
getting stored. Obviously u we we don't
say that we have huge amount of data here.
It is not like a big data or something.
It is just related to vehicle
operational parameters. So you want your
typical memories which are present on
your controllers that is more than
sufficient. For instance your
microcontroller in general you talk you
you have megabytes of memory. These
kinds of megabytes of memories are more
interference. Uh the interference which
I was referring to is electromagnetic interference
in the sense that whenever a conductor
is carrying current it produces magnetic
field. We all know that we have studied
it in our basic electrical in the first
year. So that kind of interference is
what we are talking about. So the buses
the buses the signal wires which are
carrying the signals in the form of
electrical uh pulses. So these kinds of
things produces uh these kinds of things
are susceptible to these electromagnetic
noises. So that is influence I was
talking about
Yes, we do we do have a lot of sensors.
But in order to store the status or the
information about these sensors,
whatever memory which we have in our
controllers are more than sufficient. We
always have a provision to add on to the
memory. So it won't be like we will be
requiring like a gigabytes of memory or
So in one of the forthcoming sessions we
do have a a small discussion about the
typical senses we will come across in a
environment. So probably at that time
this particular doubt will be cleared.
So if you still have doubt we will
discuss take it up in that uh next uh
discussion forthcoming discussion. Now
coming to the next set of uh points
which are going to be discussed.
So key applications embedded system
which the embedded systems uh I mean for
the embedded systems in electric
vehicles once again we have summed it up
here that's all battery management. So
here as usual I told you as far as
embedded engineer is concerned you will
be focusing upon sensing data collection
then processing and then actuation. So
these kinds of things requires us to
monitor things like voltage current and
temperature. These are the primary three
things which need to be uh monitored and
then based upon that operations like
charge discharge or cell balancing or
power delivery these thing things will
be controlled. So when it comes to
powertrain control it will be performing
the operation of delivering the power to
the motors the amount of torque which is
supposed to be produced by the motor.
This particular information will be
coming from the controller. It'll be
going to the power converters, power
electronic converters to say precisely.
And the power electronic converter will
be taking care of delivering the amount
of precise amount of torque and speed
and of course thermal management. So
this is primarily related to the battery
packs. So we all know that how sensitive
our lithium ion cells are to thermal
disturbances. So this is another
important task which will be performed
by our by our embedded controllers.
Typically even till date physical sensor
are being employed in order to monitor
and manage the thermal aspects
temperature related things. uh
temperature sensor will be fixed
physically to the battery pack and then
this battery man thermal temperature
will be monitored in order to take a
decision how much amount of cooling is
required how much amount of heat
supposed to be dissipated these kinds of
aspects are done this and this is one
potential area for a person to uh pursue
researches so all this while we have
been using non-cont type and to a
certain extent ML related algorithms or
have also creeped in in this thermal
management prediction of the the uh uh
battery pack temperature based upon its
charge discharge cycle the current and
the past uh discharge information. It is
used to do uh determine or predict the
uh temperature at the future instance.
So this is one potential area for
research. We will limit it limit it to
that. Whatever we are going to discuss
in the forthcoming class, it will be
based upon the existing solutions.
>> All right. Next, we have the user
interface and uh infotainment is another
thing. This typically is of less
importance even though it increases the
customer uh comfort. This also can be
given suitable weightage. In most of the
cars nowadays, you would have seen a
wonderful monitor with the different
interfaces. So this also is one area
where where uh embedded controllers play
a significant role. And uh the next one,
fifth and sixth one, it is also a
potential area for coming up with your
own IP products. For instance, ADAS
still we are uh in commercially to say
we are in level one and the level two
majorly. We can focus upon level two,
level three, four or five and six. So
this is one area where these uh
IP related things can be focused upon.
We are not elaborating on this. So we
will be sticking on to the first four only.
only.
I mean we will be sticking on to the
first four in the forthcoming sessions
discussion in that way. So if you like
to have a discussion on five and six in
the forthcoming sessions maybe on
Friday's session or Thursday's session
you can let me know later.
So I'll just allow you to go through the
contents of 416. Then we will move on to
So it is uh 2:50. Maybe we will take a
couple of minutes break. Maybe 5 minutes
break. We will take it. We will once
again come back at uh 3:00. We'll
I made it full screen again. Just it'll take four or 5 seconds. That is a delay
take four or 5 seconds. That is a delay of four or 5 seconds. You will be seeing
of four or 5 seconds. You will be seeing the slides shortly.
So the remaining part of today's discussion it is just once again going
discussion it is just once again going through the uh sum summarizing of uh the
through the uh sum summarizing of uh the things what we have seen and I'm just
things what we have seen and I'm just going to give you overview of what you
going to give you overview of what you can expect in the forthcoming sessions.
can expect in the forthcoming sessions. So quickly I'll finish up these three
So quickly I'll finish up these three things and then we will have a
things and then we will have a discussion about uh what we can you can
discussion about uh what we can you can expect in the forthcoming sessions.
expect in the forthcoming sessions. Perhaps if you have any suggestions we
Perhaps if you have any suggestions we can always uh take into account and we
can always uh take into account and we can incorporate in the forthcoming
can incorporate in the forthcoming sessions also.
sessions also. Right now we are we have been discussing
Right now we are we have been discussing about the uh functions which are
about the uh functions which are performed by these embedded controllers.
performed by these embedded controllers. So right now we are looking into the
So right now we are looking into the slide which uh uh uh says something
slide which uh uh uh says something about the management of energy and uh
about the management of energy and uh management of the performance.
management of the performance. So uh naturally as this is a
So uh naturally as this is a continuation of the discussions we had
continuation of the discussions we had in the previous slides. So in order to
in the previous slides. So in order to ma manage energy you need to have an
ma manage energy you need to have an idea about how much energy is left out
idea about how much energy is left out on the energy source side and on the
on the energy source side and on the load side you need to know uh what
load side you need to know uh what amount of energy is required by the
amount of energy is required by the load. in this case the motor. So
load. in this case the motor. So naturally these informations once they
naturally these informations once they are available to the embedded controller
are available to the embedded controller your embedded controller takes the
your embedded controller takes the decision about how to route this energy
decision about how to route this energy to the motor. So that is entirely done
to the motor. So that is entirely done in these energy management systems. So
in these energy management systems. So these are energy management systems. So
these are energy management systems. So when it comes to battery based uh uh uh
when it comes to battery based uh uh uh battery based applications primarily we
battery based applications primarily we talk both about power and energy even
talk both about power and energy even though both of them are kind of
though both of them are kind of synonymous both of them have a whole lot
synonymous both of them have a whole lot of different meaning when it comes to
of different meaning when it comes to electric vehicles. So if you are looking
electric vehicles. So if you are looking at acceleration or deceleration then
at acceleration or deceleration then power is the go-to parameter which you
power is the go-to parameter which you will be focusing upon and if you are
will be focusing upon and if you are looking into the amount of distance
looking into the amount of distance traveled the uh duration for which you
traveled the uh duration for which you are going to have a steady coasting ride
are going to have a steady coasting ride then you will be looking into the energy
then you will be looking into the energy parameter. So we have to obviously
parameter. So we have to obviously manage both of these power and energy.
manage both of these power and energy. So in that context these two words
So in that context these two words becomes two different things when it
becomes two different things when it comes to EVs embedded controllers
comes to EVs embedded controllers right uh this regenerative braking is a
right uh this regenerative braking is a whole important topic when it comes to
whole important topic when it comes to the uh powertrain. So whenever as I
the uh powertrain. So whenever as I quoted earlier when we are trying to
quoted earlier when we are trying to slow down the vehicle either to stop or
slow down the vehicle either to stop or to break. So the kinetic energy which
to break. So the kinetic energy which are available on the wheels usually goes
are available on the wheels usually goes waste in the form of heat in the brake
waste in the form of heat in the brake drums in conventional vehicles. Whereas
drums in conventional vehicles. Whereas on the electric vehicles we have a very
on the electric vehicles we have a very wonderful concept of retrieving this
wonderful concept of retrieving this energy back. So this concept is called
energy back. So this concept is called as regeneration. It is regeneration. So
as regeneration. It is regeneration. So we will be absorbing the kinetic energy
we will be absorbing the kinetic energy converting it back to electrical energy
converting it back to electrical energy and then it will be stored in the energy
and then it will be stored in the energy source. So this wonderful concept helps
source. So this wonderful concept helps to improve the overall efficiency. Once
to improve the overall efficiency. Once again embedded controllers are the go-to
again embedded controllers are the go-to ones which are going to perform these
ones which are going to perform these operations. Wonderful energy efficiency
operations. Wonderful energy efficiency based uh operations those are being
based uh operations those are being performed by your controllers. So simply
performed by your controllers. So simply you can assume by now how important your
you can assume by now how important your embedded controllers are or how
embedded controllers are or how important uh EV engineer will be working
important uh EV engineer will be working with these kinds of embedded controllers
and naturally things related to safety and reli reliability those are also
and reli reliability those are also managed by your embedded controllers. So
managed by your embedded controllers. So with this note I will not uh spend too
with this note I will not uh spend too much time on theory and bore you just a
much time on theory and bore you just a minute I'll look into the chat screen
minute I'll look into the chat screen is only regenerative used for dynamic we
is only regenerative used for dynamic we do have we do have it is regenerative
do have we do have it is regenerative braking alone is not sufficient in the
braking alone is not sufficient in the case of EVs most often when we are
case of EVs most often when we are trying to slow down the vehicle or stop
trying to slow down the vehicle or stop the vehicle abruptly this regenerative
the vehicle abruptly this regenerative braking will not be helpful so that is
braking will not be helpful so that is when we go for hybrid braking a
when we go for hybrid braking a combination of regeneration plus even
combination of regeneration plus even you will be having a mechanical break
you will be having a mechanical break drum count of assembly. So it is all
drum count of assembly. So it is all these things are increasing the
these things are increasing the reliability. So that is what you are
reliability. So that is what you are kind of looking in this slide aspects
kind of looking in this slide aspects related to safety and reliability. So
related to safety and reliability. So that is uh the answer for the braking.
that is uh the answer for the braking. So in addition to regenerative braking
So in addition to regenerative braking you will have other modes of braking
you will have other modes of braking also. It always will be hybrid when it
also. It always will be hybrid when it comes to electric vehicles.
comes to electric vehicles. Yes, PPT let me try to share I'll check
Yes, PPT let me try to share I'll check with the people vision
with the people vision people and then I'll try to share it.
people and then I'll try to share it. Fine. We'll move on to forthcoming I
Fine. We'll move on to forthcoming I mean uh further discussions
mean uh further discussions uh this is uh just for additional
uh this is uh just for additional information the future potential the
information the future potential the future potential as buing engineers one
future potential as buing engineers one can always look into doing wonderful
can always look into doing wonderful things related to autonomous driving. So
things related to autonomous driving. So naturally all the important aspects of
naturally all the important aspects of machine learning artificial intelligence
machine learning artificial intelligence it comes in this particular topic of
it comes in this particular topic of autonomous driving and in fact some of
autonomous driving and in fact some of you would have had the opportunity of
you would have had the opportunity of looking into the videos of the
looking into the videos of the autonomous vehicles in uh China which
autonomous vehicles in uh China which are being used for delivering goods. So
are being used for delivering goods. So and you would have seen the shortfalls
and you would have seen the shortfalls of those kinds of vehicles. So all those
of those kinds of vehicles. So all those things are potential avenues for you to
things are potential avenues for you to give in your wonderful efforts in order
give in your wonderful efforts in order to bring up with a wonderful system. So
to bring up with a wonderful system. So just uh this is just for information.
just uh this is just for information. Right now what you can expect in the
Right now what you can expect in the forthcoming sessions is a in-depth
forthcoming sessions is a in-depth discussion about the embedded controls
discussion about the embedded controls starting from a brief discussion about
starting from a brief discussion about the architecture of the embedded
the architecture of the embedded controllers. The kind of peripheral
controllers. The kind of peripheral functions which are required for
functions which are required for instance if at all you are willing to
instance if at all you are willing to measure analog parameter in order to
measure analog parameter in order to take a control decision. So these kinds
take a control decision. So these kinds of things the so-called unlocked digital
of things the so-called unlocked digital converters if they are present as a
converters if they are present as a peripheral as a part of the
peripheral as a part of the microcontroller unit itself it is much
microcontroller unit itself it is much more beneficial rather than having this
more beneficial rather than having this as a external peripheral. So these kinds
as a external peripheral. So these kinds of aspects is what we will be focusing
of aspects is what we will be focusing upon and in addition to that we will
upon and in addition to that we will also be seeing the different kinds of
also be seeing the different kinds of sensors which are used for measuring the
sensors which are used for measuring the voltage, current and temperature and how
voltage, current and temperature and how these things are used. Primarily we will
these things are used. Primarily we will be looking into the battery management
be looking into the battery management aspects and how these parameters are
aspects and how these parameters are used to control the over voltage over
used to control the over voltage over charging deep discharging avoiding deep
charging deep discharging avoiding deep discharging preventing the battery into
discharging preventing the battery into go to which are which might go into
go to which are which might go into thermal runaways and controlling the
thermal runaways and controlling the amount of uh uh power which is delivered
amount of uh uh power which is delivered power and of course energy estimating
power and of course energy estimating the state of charges or estimating the
the state of charges or estimating the state of health. How to use these
state of health. How to use these informations protectively for increasing
informations protectively for increasing the life of the battery and enhancing
the life of the battery and enhancing the range of the vehicle, the distance
the range of the vehicle, the distance in which it travels. Every single aspect
in which it travels. Every single aspect of these things are based upon the
of these things are based upon the sensing data collection of these
sensing data collection of these parameters. So we'll be looking at
parameters. So we'll be looking at different kinds of sensors. So in the
different kinds of sensors. So in the meanwhile apart from these basic sensors
meanwhile apart from these basic sensors you might get a brief overview of
you might get a brief overview of interesting sensors something like time
interesting sensors something like time of flight sensors or
of flight sensors or similar things similar to LAR the ones
similar things similar to LAR the ones which helps you to detect the distance
which helps you to detect the distance of the obstacle these kinds of
of the obstacle these kinds of interesting things also we'll be looking
interesting things also we'll be looking into it and after having an idea about
into it and after having an idea about these things and the practical issues
these things and the practical issues which you can possibly come across when
which you can possibly come across when you are using these sensors with
you are using these sensors with embedded controllers we will be looking
embedded controllers we will be looking into some demos and uh your favorite
into some demos and uh your favorite Arduino controller will also be a part
Arduino controller will also be a part of it. But these kinds of controllers
of it. But these kinds of controllers are not widely widely used in
are not widely widely used in industries. So we will limit our time
industries. So we will limit our time with Ardino controllers. We will have
with Ardino controllers. We will have hands-on sessions also using the
hands-on sessions also using the open-source platforms available. We will
open-source platforms available. We will be moving on from Ardino controllers to
be moving on from Ardino controllers to the industrial grade controllers
the industrial grade controllers primarily related to SD micro
primarily related to SD micro electronics STDM32 series. Then we will
electronics STDM32 series. Then we will be looking into Texas instruments C2000
be looking into Texas instruments C2000 controllers which are primarily used for
controllers which are primarily used for motor control power electronics control
motor control power electronics control and a little bit into Infinion
and a little bit into Infinion controllers if we have time. So these
controllers if we have time. So these are the things which you can expect in
are the things which you can expect in the forthcoming sensors I mean
the forthcoming sensors I mean forthcoming classes. Yes. Yes. Of course
forthcoming classes. Yes. Yes. Of course Hall effect sensors too. So when we are
Hall effect sensors too. So when we are talking about motors especially BLC
talking about motors especially BLC motors, PMSM and SRM at that time we are
motors, PMSM and SRM at that time we are going to look into hall sensors. So
going to look into hall sensors. So these kinds of things are related to
these kinds of things are related to power electronic drives and that will be
power electronic drives and that will be uh I think it will be for the next week.
uh I think it will be for the next week. This week is wholly meant for embedded
This week is wholly meant for embedded controllers. So by the time you have a
controllers. So by the time you have a get a hang of it, you will be able to
get a hang of it, you will be able to develop your own embroidered controller
develop your own embroidered controller based system to control one of the
based system to control one of the functions which we have listed earlier.
functions which we have listed earlier. It might be the core function related to
It might be the core function related to the power train or it might be related
the power train or it might be related to the auxilary thing. A very simplest
to the auxilary thing. A very simplest of example you can have it in the
of example you can have it in the infotainment systems you can add a time
infotainment systems you can add a time of flight sensor. So when you wave your
of flight sensor. So when you wave your hand from left side to right side when
hand from left side to right side when the music is playing it can go to the
the music is playing it can go to the next track or when you wave from left
next track or when you wave from left side right side to left side the
side right side to left side the opposite side the music can go to the
opposite side the music can go to the previous one things like this smaller
previous one things like this smaller things you can try it or you can go to
things you can try it or you can go to the really uh the important ones which
the really uh the important ones which matter related to battery management
matter related to battery management systems in our simplest case we will be
systems in our simplest case we will be seeing SOC estimation using counting
seeing SOC estimation using counting method those kinds of things you can try
method those kinds of things you can try to actually implement it and you will
to actually implement it and you will see it. But as far as the classes of
see it. But as far as the classes of this week is concerned, we will be
this week is concerned, we will be seeing everything in the simulation
seeing everything in the simulation environment and to a certain extent in
environment and to a certain extent in the uh uh open-source uh platforms.
So with this uh we will conclude today's session. So we will have any discussions
session. So we will have any discussions if we are uh having any questions or
if we are uh having any questions or else we will continue. I'll just wait
else we will continue. I'll just wait for another five 10 minutes. So if you
for another five 10 minutes. So if you have any queries we can have a
have any queries we can have a discussion about that.
Yes. Are we using MATLAB? No. MATLAB is a proprietary software. Not everyone may
a proprietary software. Not everyone may have access to it.
Yeah. My name is Kumaran as I told you in the beginning.
So what to upload in VTO diary? I think uh the people from Vishnastra they will
uh the people from Vishnastra they will answer the question. I'm not sure what
answer the question. I'm not sure what this uh diary video diary is.
No, Linux once again it requires uh lots of time embedded Linux the ones which
of time embedded Linux the ones which can run something like uh portable Linux
can run something like uh portable Linux those kinds of things are the once again
those kinds of things are the once again the crux of uh automotive embedded
the crux of uh automotive embedded systems but we won't be venturing into
systems but we won't be venturing into that we simply won't have time for that
that we simply won't have time for that that is
okay so open source thing you will be just using Tinkercad for a while that's
just using Tinkercad for a while that's all
and this is only for hands-on sessions with Ardino and as I told you Ardo it
with Ardino and as I told you Ardo it might be useful for hobby projects but
might be useful for hobby projects but uh real things still I think they are I
uh real things still I think they are I mean they have not uh gained that much
mean they have not uh gained that much footprint so we will be just limiting to
footprint so we will be just limiting to the extent that we get an idea about
the extent that we get an idea about these embedded controllers and their
these embedded controllers and their applications but you will be exposed to
applications but you will be exposed to STDM32 environment starting from how to
STDM32 environment starting from how to use STDM cube IDE in order to develop
use STDM cube IDE in order to develop your embedded algorithms and then how to
your embedded algorithms and then how to use this STM cube IDE in order to
use this STM cube IDE in order to program your uh STDM controllers. In the
program your uh STDM controllers. In the same way, we will be looking into uh
same way, we will be looking into uh Altier's tool, Alta's embedded tool in
Altier's tool, Alta's embedded tool in order to program C2000 controls. This we
order to program C2000 controls. This we will be doing it using graphical
will be doing it using graphical language. We won't be using text coding.
language. We won't be using text coding. So you will be exposed to both uh
So you will be exposed to both uh textual based programming methods and
textual based programming methods and then you will be exposed to graphical
then you will be exposed to graphical language based uh uh programming
language based uh uh programming language based environment. So this
language based environment. So this graphical language based environment is
graphical language based environment is from altermed and once again this is
from altermed and once again this is proprietary but still I'll just show a
proprietary but still I'll just show a demo so that those of you who have
demo so that those of you who have access you can try exploring that and
access you can try exploring that and this is something like a similink you
this is something like a similink you just drag drop the block connect the
just drag drop the block connect the blocks to develop the logic and then
blocks to develop the logic and then program your microcontroller. So this is
program your microcontroller. So this is the opposite of text based coding
the opposite of text based coding methods.
These vehicle design related things you will be actually coming to uh the lab
will be actually coming to uh the lab physical physically you will be doing
physical physically you will be doing these kinds of things. You will be shown
these kinds of things. You will be shown the actual vehicle the uh different
the actual vehicle the uh different parts of the vehicle and how they
parts of the vehicle and how they contribute to the overall vehicle's
contribute to the overall vehicle's performance. Every single thing you will
performance. Every single thing you will be shown in the physical classes. So in
be shown in the physical classes. So in the arlay classes we will be just
the arlay classes we will be just getting introduced to theoretical
getting introduced to theoretical aspects and to a certain extent about
aspects and to a certain extent about the practical things in the form of
the practical things in the form of demo.
So I'll stay here for another five minutes and then uh
minutes and then uh we'll wind up today's session. So
we'll wind up today's session. So regarding that V2 diary, you have to
regarding that V2 diary, you have to check with uh those people. Maybe I can
check with uh those people. Maybe I can put a word to them.
Yes, PPD. I'll just discuss with them and then I'll send it to them so that
and then I'll send it to them so that they can share it with you people. Maybe
they can share it with you people. Maybe at the end of the week I can send
at the end of the week I can send everything Again,
So if you have any specific things that you need to learn, you can just give it
you need to learn, you can just give it as a feedback. Let us see we whether we
as a feedback. Let us see we whether we can accommodate it uh in this week's
can accommodate it uh in this week's sessions.
Online and offline classes are see different offline classes will be in
different offline classes will be in line with online discussions what we had
No, no installations will be required. But however, uh for using Tinkercad,
But however, uh for using Tinkercad, your Gmail account will be more than
your Gmail account will be more than enough.
Uh board we are going to use. I presume you're asking which development board
you're asking which development board we will be using STDM microcontrollers
we will be using STDM microcontrollers STDM32 based uh boards and then we will
STDM32 based uh boards and then we will be using briefly Arduino boards your
be using briefly Arduino boards your favorite ONO and then C2000 Delph
favorite ONO and then C2000 Delph architectured uh uh development boards.
We have dedicated development boards for developing embedded systems related to
developing embedded systems related to automative industry but we won't be
automative industry but we won't be using those kinds of things. We will be
using those kinds of things. We will be keeping it simple so that you will have
keeping it simple so that you will have uh opportunity to access these kinds of
uh opportunity to access these kinds of uh small hardes.
uh small hardes. No no no no purchase is required. You
No no no no purchase is required. You don't have to purchase anything unless
don't have to purchase anything unless and otherwise you have entrepreneurial
and otherwise you have entrepreneurial dream and you want to take it further in
dream and you want to take it further in the uh further. Next,
the uh further. Next, the typical operating frequency of these
the typical operating frequency of these microcontrollers will range in tens of
microcontrollers will range in tens of mahertz,
mahertz, 40, 50, 60. Depending upon the board,
40, 50, 60. Depending upon the board, depending upon the manufacturer, it will
depending upon the manufacturer, it will be tens of megahertz
and projects regarding that that once again uh vishra they have to answer
again uh vishra they have to answer regarding this what kind of projects
regarding this what kind of projects will be assigned maybe from my side I'll
will be assigned maybe from my side I'll just give you on Thursday or Friday I'll
just give you on Thursday or Friday I'll just give you a couple of tasks I list
just give you a couple of tasks I list it in the form of uh statements problems
it in the form of uh statements problems statements which you can try approaching
statements which you can try approaching it and if you need any further help
it and if you need any further help definitely you can get back to me
definitely you can get back to me through uh vision
projects I think uh they will be giving instructions I'm just one of the
instructions I'm just one of the resource person so I'm not sure what
resource person so I'm not sure what they are planning
Yeah, just now I spoke with the vision Astra team. Uh better contact them
Astra team. Uh better contact them WhatsApp group related information they
WhatsApp group related information they will be passing on to you. Yes, you can
will be passing on to you. Yes, you can contact Nicl also.
contact Nicl also. So we will conclude today's session. We
So we will conclude today's session. We will meet in tomorrow's session. Thank
will meet in tomorrow's session. Thank you all of you.
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