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20 1 2022 Domestic Dreams
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hello and welcome to our lecture largely
hello and welcome to our lecture largely on the 1950s domestic dreams and atomic
on the 1950s domestic dreams and atomic
on the 1950s domestic dreams and atomic nightmares because of course this is
nightmares because of course this is
nightmares because of course this is during the cold war we'll be looking at
during the cold war we'll be looking at
during the cold war we'll be looking at how the housing market became segregated
how the housing market became segregated
how the housing market became segregated which we kind of ended with on the last
which we kind of ended with on the last
which we kind of ended with on the last lecture
lecture
lecture how did americans deal with the threat
how did americans deal with the threat
how did americans deal with the threat of nuclear war what did they turn to for
of nuclear war what did they turn to for
of nuclear war what did they turn to for comfort and what facts undermine the
comfort and what facts undermine the
comfort and what facts undermine the narrative of conformity people think of
narrative of conformity people think of
narrative of conformity people think of the 1950s as being very cookie cutter
the 1950s as being very cookie cutter
the 1950s as being very cookie cutter and everybody kind of doing the same
and everybody kind of doing the same
and everybody kind of doing the same thing
thing
thing and lastly how did ike steer the gop
and lastly how did ike steer the gop
and lastly how did ike steer the gop which is the grand old party the
which is the grand old party the
which is the grand old party the republican party post world war ii so
republican party post world war ii so
republican party post world war ii so where did he want that party to go
where did he want that party to go
where did he want that party to go after world war ii the nation faced a
after world war ii the nation faced a
after world war ii the nation faced a severe housing shortage so the federal
severe housing shortage so the federal
severe housing shortage so the federal government gave developers financial
government gave developers financial
government gave developers financial subsidies that is just cash money to
subsidies that is just cash money to
subsidies that is just cash money to build affordable single-family homes
build affordable single-family homes
build affordable single-family homes they also offered federal housing
they also offered federal housing
they also offered federal housing administration or fha loans and income
administration or fha loans and income
administration or fha loans and income tax deductions to home buyers right to
tax deductions to home buyers right to
tax deductions to home buyers right to encourage and make it easier for people
encourage and make it easier for people
encourage and make it easier for people to buy homes
to buy homes
to buy homes these federal policies enabled white
these federal policies enabled white
these federal policies enabled white working and middle class families to
working and middle class families to
working and middle class families to purchase homes but they also produced a
purchase homes but they also produced a
purchase homes but they also produced a segregated housing market in a way that
segregated housing market in a way that
segregated housing market in a way that was different from earlier in the
was different from earlier in the
was different from earlier in the century
century
century now redlining is when a bank or
now redlining is when a bank or
now redlining is when a bank or financial institution uses a red line on
financial institution uses a red line on
financial institution uses a red line on a map like the ones you see here on the
a map like the ones you see here on the
a map like the ones you see here on the slide to mark areas where they will not
slide to mark areas where they will not
slide to mark areas where they will not invest
invest
invest they consider them to be bad investments
they consider them to be bad investments
they consider them to be bad investments so they're not going to do
so they're not going to do
so they're not going to do home improvement loans or home mortgages
home improvement loans or home mortgages
home improvement loans or home mortgages to allow people to buy in those areas
to allow people to buy in those areas
to allow people to buy in those areas because they don't think they're going
because they don't think they're going
because they don't think they're going to make their money back bad investment
to make their money back bad investment
to make their money back bad investment now both the fha and the veterans
now both the fha and the veterans
now both the fha and the veterans administration the va which administered
administration the va which administered
administration the va which administered those gi bill-backed mortgages refused
those gi bill-backed mortgages refused
those gi bill-backed mortgages refused to back mortgages or home improvement
to back mortgages or home improvement
to back mortgages or home improvement loans in these redlined neighborhoods
loans in these redlined neighborhoods
loans in these redlined neighborhoods the fha the va and private banks
the fha the va and private banks
the fha the va and private banks redlined areas based on race and
redlined areas based on race and
redlined areas based on race and ethnicity
ethnicity
ethnicity fha publications argued that different
fha publications argued that different
fha publications argued that different races should not share the same
races should not share the same
races should not share the same neighborhoods and they listed
neighborhoods and they listed
neighborhoods and they listed neighborhood characteristics like
neighborhood characteristics like
neighborhood characteristics like inharmonious racial or nationality
inharmonious racial or nationality
inharmonious racial or nationality groups alongside descriptions like
groups alongside descriptions like
groups alongside descriptions like pollution smoke odors and fog things
pollution smoke odors and fog things
pollution smoke odors and fog things that would actually make the resale
that would actually make the resale
that would actually make the resale value of a home lower
value of a home lower
value of a home lower racial minorities then could not get
racial minorities then could not get
racial minorities then could not get loans for improving property they owned
loans for improving property they owned
loans for improving property they owned in black neighborhoods because the area
in black neighborhoods because the area
in black neighborhoods because the area was seen as a credit risk it was
was seen as a credit risk it was
was seen as a credit risk it was redlined like you see on these maps
redlined like you see on these maps
redlined like you see on these maps and they were also denied mortgages to
and they were also denied mortgages to
and they were also denied mortgages to purchase property in other areas for
purchase property in other areas for
purchase property in other areas for fear that their not white presence would
fear that their not white presence would
fear that their not white presence would extend the red line into a new community
extend the red line into a new community
extend the red line into a new community so most of these new suburban
so most of these new suburban
so most of these new suburban developments we talked about only
developments we talked about only
developments we talked about only accepted white people
accepted white people
accepted white people financing was available to white people
financing was available to white people
financing was available to white people moving into the suburbs but it was not
moving into the suburbs but it was not
moving into the suburbs but it was not available to inner city neighborhoods or
available to inner city neighborhoods or
available to inner city neighborhoods or predominantly black neighborhoods and
predominantly black neighborhoods and
predominantly black neighborhoods and this stripped the inner city of its
this stripped the inner city of its
this stripped the inner city of its white and middle class inhabitants they
white and middle class inhabitants they
white and middle class inhabitants they could only get loans out in suburbia
could only get loans out in suburbia
could only get loans out in suburbia basically the government's policies here
basically the government's policies here
basically the government's policies here created inner city ghettos
created inner city ghettos
created inner city ghettos in the late 1930s for example as detroit
in the late 1930s for example as detroit
in the late 1930s for example as detroit grew white families settled near a black
grew white families settled near a black
grew white families settled near a black neighborhood near 8 mile road by 1940
neighborhood near 8 mile road by 1940
neighborhood near 8 mile road by 1940 the black neighborhoods was surrounded
the black neighborhoods was surrounded
the black neighborhoods was surrounded but neither they nor those white
but neither they nor those white
but neither they nor those white neighborhoods could get fha insurance
neighborhoods could get fha insurance
neighborhoods could get fha insurance because of the proximity of a quote in
because of the proximity of a quote in
because of the proximity of a quote in harmonious racial group right so black
harmonious racial group right so black
harmonious racial group right so black and white people are living too close
and white people are living too close
and white people are living too close together the fha says
together the fha says
together the fha says in 1941
in 1941
in 1941 a white developer built a concrete wall
a white developer built a concrete wall
a white developer built a concrete wall between the white and black areas so the
between the white and black areas so the
between the white and black areas so the fha appraisers took another look and
fha appraisers took another look and
fha appraisers took another look and approved mortgages on white properties
approved mortgages on white properties
approved mortgages on white properties at that point but of course not the
at that point but of course not the
at that point but of course not the black properties
black properties
black properties now a february 2017 year-long report for
now a february 2017 year-long report for
now a february 2017 year-long report for the center for investigative reporting
the center for investigative reporting
the center for investigative reporting based on 31 million records showed that
based on 31 million records showed that
based on 31 million records showed that despite the fact that redlining is
despite the fact that redlining is
despite the fact that redlining is illegal today
illegal today
illegal today it persists in 61 metro areas including
it persists in 61 metro areas including
it persists in 61 metro areas including san antonio texas
san antonio texas
san antonio texas the analysis showed that black
the analysis showed that black
the analysis showed that black applicants are still turned away at
applicants are still turned away at
applicants are still turned away at significantly higher rates than whites
significantly higher rates than whites
significantly higher rates than whites in 48 cities latinos and 25
in 48 cities latinos and 25
in 48 cities latinos and 25 asians in nine and native americans in
asians in nine and native americans in
asians in nine and native americans in three the greater number of blacks and
three the greater number of blacks and
three the greater number of blacks and latinos in a particular neighborhood the
latinos in a particular neighborhood the
latinos in a particular neighborhood the more likely a loan application would be
more likely a loan application would be
more likely a loan application would be denied there even after accounting for
denied there even after accounting for
denied there even after accounting for income and other factors
income and other factors
income and other factors so even though this is illegal today we
so even though this is illegal today we
so even though this is illegal today we still kind of have this hangover from
still kind of have this hangover from
still kind of have this hangover from redlining that persists
redlining that persists
redlining that persists nice town a neighborhood in philadelphia
nice town a neighborhood in philadelphia
nice town a neighborhood in philadelphia was redlined in the 1930s you can see it
was redlined in the 1930s you can see it
was redlined in the 1930s you can see it here on the map as d6 so they would not
here on the map as d6 so they would not
here on the map as d6 so they would not invest in this area
invest in this area
invest in this area looking at that same area from 2012 to
looking at that same area from 2012 to
looking at that same area from 2012 to 2016 lenders made 67 home improvement
2016 lenders made 67 home improvement
2016 lenders made 67 home improvement loans
loans
loans but denied 315 so people who live there
but denied 315 so people who live there
but denied 315 so people who live there who want to improve their homes and
who want to improve their homes and
who want to improve their homes and improve their properties increase their
improve their properties increase their
improve their properties increase their value are being denied the ability to do
value are being denied the ability to do
value are being denied the ability to do that and this creates a cycle of
that and this creates a cycle of
that and this creates a cycle of dilapidation
dilapidation
dilapidation among banks that receive more than 10
among banks that receive more than 10
among banks that receive more than 10 000 conventional loan applications in
000 conventional loan applications in
000 conventional loan applications in 2015 and 2016 the two most likely to say
2015 and 2016 the two most likely to say
2015 and 2016 the two most likely to say no to people of color were td bank and
no to people of color were td bank and
no to people of color were td bank and capital one
capital one
capital one they turned down 54 of black and 45
they turned down 54 of black and 45
they turned down 54 of black and 45 percent of latino home buyers that is
percent of latino home buyers that is
percent of latino home buyers that is three times the industry average
three times the industry average
three times the industry average now the housing acts of 1949 and 1954
now the housing acts of 1949 and 1954
now the housing acts of 1949 and 1954 granted funds to municipalities for
granted funds to municipalities for
granted funds to municipalities for urban renewal because they can see
urban renewal because they can see
urban renewal because they can see what's happening to the inner city right
what's happening to the inner city right
what's happening to the inner city right these dilapidated houses
these dilapidated houses
these dilapidated houses you know people with money are moving
you know people with money are moving
you know people with money are moving out people can't get any money into
out people can't get any money into
out people can't get any money into these areas to fix them up and so the
these areas to fix them up and so the
these areas to fix them up and so the government sets aside money to do this
government sets aside money to do this
government sets aside money to do this but instead of actually getting that to
but instead of actually getting that to
but instead of actually getting that to people who would like to live there
people who would like to live there
people who would like to live there mayor's bankers and real estate
mayor's bankers and real estate
mayor's bankers and real estate interests use the money to bulldoze
interests use the money to bulldoze
interests use the money to bulldoze those slums instead of fixing them and
those slums instead of fixing them and
those slums instead of fixing them and built gleaming office towers and
built gleaming office towers and
built gleaming office towers and apartment complexes for affluent
apartment complexes for affluent
apartment complexes for affluent citizens
citizens
citizens so there's still no affordable housing
so there's still no affordable housing
so there's still no affordable housing there that's in any decent condition
there that's in any decent condition
there that's in any decent condition the poor and racial minorities were left
the poor and racial minorities were left
the poor and racial minorities were left to fend for themselves in the remaining
to fend for themselves in the remaining
to fend for themselves in the remaining dilapidated corners of the cities
dilapidated corners of the cities
dilapidated corners of the cities additionally federally funded projects
additionally federally funded projects
additionally federally funded projects often disrupted and destroyed the ethnic
often disrupted and destroyed the ethnic
often disrupted and destroyed the ethnic communities that were left after this
communities that were left after this
communities that were left after this process
process
process for example in los angeles the dodgers 5
for example in los angeles the dodgers 5
for example in los angeles the dodgers 5 million stadium demolished 900 homes in
million stadium demolished 900 homes in
million stadium demolished 900 homes in a historically mexican-american
a historically mexican-american
a historically mexican-american neighborhood and displaced 7 500 people
now the sun belt of the south the
now the sun belt of the south the southwest all the way over to california
southwest all the way over to california
southwest all the way over to california grew rapidly after the war more people
grew rapidly after the war more people
grew rapidly after the war more people are moving there whereas the older
are moving there whereas the older
are moving there whereas the older so-called rust belt cities of the
so-called rust belt cities of the
so-called rust belt cities of the northeast and the midwest lost a lot of
northeast and the midwest lost a lot of
northeast and the midwest lost a lot of their manufacturing jobs and people
their manufacturing jobs and people
their manufacturing jobs and people which is why it's going to be known as
which is why it's going to be known as
which is why it's going to be known as the rust belt in this period
the rust belt in this period
the rust belt in this period two industries in particular stimulated
two industries in particular stimulated
two industries in particular stimulated the sun belt and all this growth to the
the sun belt and all this growth to the
the sun belt and all this growth to the south and the southwest
south and the southwest
south and the southwest cars
cars
cars and air conditioning because who wants
and air conditioning because who wants
and air conditioning because who wants to live in texas without air
to live in texas without air
to live in texas without air conditioning right
conditioning right
conditioning right air conditioning became widely available
air conditioning became widely available
air conditioning became widely available after world war ii and more than one
after world war ii and more than one
after world war ii and more than one million window units were sold in 1953.
million window units were sold in 1953.
million window units were sold in 1953. central air won't become standard until
central air won't become standard until
central air won't become standard until the 1970s
the 1970s
the 1970s new car sales shot up from 70 000 in
new car sales shot up from 70 000 in
new car sales shot up from 70 000 in 1945 to 7.9 million in 1955.
1945 to 7.9 million in 1955.
1945 to 7.9 million in 1955. and automobile exhaust pipes replaced
and automobile exhaust pipes replaced
and automobile exhaust pipes replaced industrial smoke stacks as the primary
industrial smoke stacks as the primary
industrial smoke stacks as the primary source of air pollution
source of air pollution
source of air pollution now sometimes students find that a
now sometimes students find that a
now sometimes students find that a little difficult to believe but think
little difficult to believe but think
little difficult to believe but think about when you're on the freeway today
about when you're on the freeway today
about when you're on the freeway today and you come upon a classic car and how
and you come upon a classic car and how
and you come upon a classic car and how its exhaust smells
its exhaust smells
its exhaust smells now imagine every single car on the
now imagine every single car on the
now imagine every single car on the freeway having that level of exhaust
freeway having that level of exhaust
freeway having that level of exhaust it was bad right people with asthma
it was bad right people with asthma
it was bad right people with asthma couldn't stay in traffic jams they'd
couldn't stay in traffic jams they'd
couldn't stay in traffic jams they'd have to pull off to the side of the road
have to pull off to the side of the road
have to pull off to the side of the road right and off the freeway so they could
right and off the freeway so they could
right and off the freeway so they could breathe
breathe
breathe it was bad
it was bad
it was bad highways expanded to meet demand texas
highways expanded to meet demand texas
highways expanded to meet demand texas first freeway was interstate 45 which
first freeway was interstate 45 which
first freeway was interstate 45 which opened in 1952 you may be familiar with
opened in 1952 you may be familiar with
opened in 1952 you may be familiar with interstate 75 which is the northern
interstate 75 which is the northern
interstate 75 which is the northern connection to 45. if you get on 75 south
connection to 45. if you get on 75 south
connection to 45. if you get on 75 south it will eventually turn into 45 south
it will eventually turn into 45 south
it will eventually turn into 45 south which is the original highway in the
which is the original highway in the
which is the original highway in the state of texas congress passed the
state of texas congress passed the
state of texas congress passed the federal aid highway act of 1956
federal aid highway act of 1956
federal aid highway act of 1956 providing 100 billion dollars for
providing 100 billion dollars for
providing 100 billion dollars for building 41 000 miles of national
building 41 000 miles of national
building 41 000 miles of national highways
highways
highways when republican president eisenhower
when republican president eisenhower
when republican president eisenhower signed the bill he stated one of the
signed the bill he stated one of the
signed the bill he stated one of the major reasons for it
major reasons for it
major reasons for it in case of atomic attack on our key
in case of atomic attack on our key
in case of atomic attack on our key cities the road now must permit quick
cities the road now must permit quick
cities the road now must permit quick evacuation of target areas
evacuation of target areas
evacuation of target areas so again this investment in resources
so again this investment in resources
so again this investment in resources and internal improvements and roads in
and internal improvements and roads in
and internal improvements and roads in the united states is linked back to this
the united states is linked back to this
the united states is linked back to this cold war threat
cold war threat
cold war threat the highway act though was the largest
the highway act though was the largest
the highway act though was the largest public works project the nation had ever
public works project the nation had ever
public works project the nation had ever mounted and in our day we're beginning
mounted and in our day we're beginning
mounted and in our day we're beginning to see that some of these projects are
to see that some of these projects are
to see that some of these projects are becoming dilapidated and need more work
becoming dilapidated and need more work
becoming dilapidated and need more work and that is something you may hear
and that is something you may hear
and that is something you may hear people in congress arguing about
people in congress arguing about
people in congress arguing about suburban life sharpened gender roles
suburban life sharpened gender roles
suburban life sharpened gender roles amongst the middle class men were
amongst the middle class men were
amongst the middle class men were supposed to commute to work while women
supposed to commute to work while women
supposed to commute to work while women were expected to stay at home and be
were expected to stay at home and be
were expected to stay at home and be responsible for a nearly full-time job
responsible for a nearly full-time job
responsible for a nearly full-time job of unpaid housework and child care but
of unpaid housework and child care but
of unpaid housework and child care but one-third of american women continued to
one-third of american women continued to
one-third of american women continued to work for pay outside the home
work for pay outside the home
work for pay outside the home family was really important in the 1950s
family was really important in the 1950s
family was really important in the 1950s americans of all racial ethnic and
americans of all racial ethnic and
americans of all racial ethnic and religious groups all sociology economic
religious groups all sociology economic
religious groups all sociology economic classes and education levels brought the
classes and education levels brought the
classes and education levels brought the marriage and birth rates up and the
marriage and birth rates up and the
marriage and birth rates up and the divorce rates down women married younger
divorce rates down women married younger
divorce rates down women married younger and american culture celebrated the
and american culture celebrated the
and american culture celebrated the ideal of a large insular family from
ideal of a large insular family from
ideal of a large insular family from 1946 to 1964 a century of declining
1946 to 1964 a century of declining
1946 to 1964 a century of declining birth rates abruptly reversed in the
birth rates abruptly reversed in the
birth rates abruptly reversed in the baby boom and we still refer to those
baby boom and we still refer to those
baby boom and we still refer to those born in these years as baby boomers or
born in these years as baby boomers or
born in these years as baby boomers or boomers
boomers
boomers after years of economic depression
after years of economic depression
after years of economic depression families were now wealthy enough to
families were now wealthy enough to
families were now wealthy enough to support larger families and had homes
support larger families and had homes
support larger families and had homes large enough to accommodate them
large enough to accommodate them
large enough to accommodate them americans wanted security and they saw
americans wanted security and they saw
americans wanted security and they saw family stability as they safeguard a
family stability as they safeguard a
family stability as they safeguard a bulwark against the cold war
bulwark against the cold war
bulwark against the cold war one historian summarized this view in
one historian summarized this view in
one historian summarized this view in the phrase cold war
the phrase cold war
the phrase cold war warm hearth the hearth is kind of the
warm hearth the hearth is kind of the
warm hearth the hearth is kind of the fireplace in the living room that we all
fireplace in the living room that we all
fireplace in the living room that we all gather around for warmth and safety so
gather around for warmth and safety so
gather around for warmth and safety so in the midst of the cold war americans
in the midst of the cold war americans
in the midst of the cold war americans put all of this focus on the family and
put all of this focus on the family and
put all of this focus on the family and the home
the home
the home and that being kind of the source of
and that being kind of the source of
and that being kind of the source of security and all the good feelings
security and all the good feelings
security and all the good feelings fatherhood increasingly became a badge
fatherhood increasingly became a badge
fatherhood increasingly became a badge of masculinity and marrying mothers were
of masculinity and marrying mothers were
of masculinity and marrying mothers were celebrated but they walked a fine line
celebrated but they walked a fine line
celebrated but they walked a fine line they were harshly criticized if they did
they were harshly criticized if they did
they were harshly criticized if they did not give enough of their time to the
not give enough of their time to the
not give enough of their time to the children especially if it was because of
children especially if it was because of
children especially if it was because of a career
a career
a career but they were also heavily criticized if
but they were also heavily criticized if
but they were also heavily criticized if they spent too much time with their kids
they spent too much time with their kids
they spent too much time with their kids american society warned that mom-ism
american society warned that mom-ism
american society warned that mom-ism right being too much of a mama's boy
right being too much of a mama's boy
right being too much of a mama's boy produced boys who would be
produced boys who would be
produced boys who would be susceptible to the communist threat
susceptible to the communist threat
susceptible to the communist threat so again moms had a very tricky line
so again moms had a very tricky line
so again moms had a very tricky line here they couldn't do too much they
here they couldn't do too much they
here they couldn't do too much they couldn't do too little they had to get
couldn't do too little they had to get
couldn't do too little they had to get it just right for society to be happy
it just right for society to be happy
it just right for society to be happy with them
with them
with them in the 1950s sexual values were both
in the 1950s sexual values were both
in the 1950s sexual values were both rigid
rigid
rigid and widely violated they have all these
and widely violated they have all these
and widely violated they have all these rules but not a lot of people are
rules but not a lot of people are
rules but not a lot of people are following them a double standard
following them a double standard
following them a double standard encouraged men to pursue sexual conquest
encouraged men to pursue sexual conquest
encouraged men to pursue sexual conquest but tarnish the reputation of women who
but tarnish the reputation of women who
but tarnish the reputation of women who had sex before marriage
had sex before marriage
had sex before marriage single pregnant women face disgrace
single pregnant women face disgrace
single pregnant women face disgrace unless they married quickly and many did
unless they married quickly and many did
unless they married quickly and many did one half of all brides in the 1950s were
one half of all brides in the 1950s were
one half of all brides in the 1950s were teenagers and one half of them were
teenagers and one half of them were
teenagers and one half of them were pregnant when they got married be
pregnant when they got married be
pregnant when they got married be careful if you start writing these
careful if you start writing these
careful if you start writing these numbers in your own family
numbers in your own family
numbers in your own family dr alfred kinsey of indiana university
dr alfred kinsey of indiana university
dr alfred kinsey of indiana university published two shocking studies on
published two shocking studies on
published two shocking studies on american sexual behavior in 1948-1953
american sexual behavior in 1948-1953
american sexual behavior in 1948-1953 that sold more than three-quarters of a
that sold more than three-quarters of a
that sold more than three-quarters of a million copies and changed the way
million copies and changed the way
million copies and changed the way americans thought about their sexual
americans thought about their sexual
americans thought about their sexual habits let's take a closer look at the
habits let's take a closer look at the
habits let's take a closer look at the kinsey reports
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