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ENEM Aula 8- Cartografia: tipos de mapas - anamorfose, mapa topográfico, croquis, plantas. | Professora Thais Formagio | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: ENEM Aula 8- Cartografia: tipos de mapas - anamorfose, mapa topográfico, croquis, plantas.
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Hello, welcome
to another class of our Enem course on
YouTube, so we can democratize this
teaching, democratize the learning of
geography, and I'm Professor
Formaggio, and I'm here for us to
continue our conversation about
cartography. If you
literally landed here by parachute and
have no idea what I'm talking about, let me
show you my course. We're
talking about cartography. I told you
we would have two
cartography classes, but in fact, I'm going to
need to add one more class and I'm going to
make a change to this schedule. It's
constantly changing as
I feel the need for the topics.
So, we're going to add a new
class. We're going to do class eight on
map types that were already present in the
schedule. And then a class just for
calculation, just for us to talk about scale and
time zones. And why did I feel the
need for us to stop now and talk
about map types? The list is the
same, okay, as the list we already
did in the previous class. Some
exercises. And for those of you who don't remember,
you'll need to go back to class seven. In
fact, it's ideal that you Follow my
entire course, but if you're here to
talk about cartography, I need
you to go back to the previous class where we
said that making a map is very
difficult because you have to take a
geoid, which is the Earth, and pass it to 2D. It
's passing 3D to 2D. So, every map is
always a distortion. It can be a
conformal map when it maintains the
shape of the countries. Equivalent when
it maintains the area. Equidistant when it
maintains the distance. And aphylactic when
this map decides to distort all three. Then
we also saw that to be able to
take the 3D and pass it to 2D, we have
geometric mathematical shapes that can
be a cylinder, a cone, or a
flat and azimuthal projection. We did a series of
exercises. We learned about the
most famous cylindrical projection, which is the
Mercartor projection, and a response to it, which is the
Gal Pets projection. I'm loving receiving
your feedback, as we
talked a lot about this. This is where we
stopped, we stopped on this idea for
you to understand that every map will be
based on a system of
cartographic projections, right? In fact, projection is
what You're going to make the map, but a
coordinate system, every coordinate is a
latitude with a longitude. Okay, we've
started thinking about this so that today I
can go to our next class. I have a
notebook, so let's go. So, officially, for
our eighth class, which I'll call
map types, and then in class 9, we'll
calculate the classroom and time zone. It
could be types of
map. Remember, we talked about how
every cartographic representation will
have a distortion. But not every
cartographic representation is a map.
You can have a model of the
globe, all of this is a representation
of the Earth. But today I want to talk about
map types. Because the
entrance exam loves to ask about sketches,
ask about plants, ask about
anamorphosis, but also
topographic maps. So, in today's class, on a
single sheet of paper, I'd like to make a
quick summary so we can do this
exercise later. I want to talk about
types of maps or types of representation.
Okay, so maps or representations, because
map.
You've heard about
sketches. Those who like drawing do the
sketch, right? Before you draw a
dress, for example, you do a sketch.
Besides the sketch, we have another form of
representation. You noticed that I
always like to make tables, right? I think it's
very clever and quick
because we're in a
strategy course for the Enem (National High School Exam). Besides the sketch,
we have the plants, which I think
everyone has probably seen.
We have the topographic maps, which
will require a little more care
anamorphoses. Maybe many of you didn't
learn this in school, and then when the
Enem puts it in, Oh, what is a sketch? Or what
is the difference between a common map and an anamorphosis?
anamorphosis?
Maybe you don't even know what's being
talked about here. So that's why I
want to help you. It's a sketch, my love. I
even have an image here to show
you. Let's see if this image was
saved. If not, I'll open a
ready-made sketch. That's it. Let's see if
you recognize this drawing from your
childhood. Who were you at school?
Were you Helen, who sat close to the
teacher, or were you Paulo, who
liked to sit in the corner so the
teacher couldn't see you very
well so you could talk to Pedro?
Everyone agrees that this isn't a
map. It has no title. It has no
cartographic convention, it has no
legend, it has no scale, but it has the
people. The kqui is a way of representing
space without much cartographic rigor. Okay,
let's make a brief summary of what
a croquis is. A
croquis is because you agree that it allows you
to locate yourself, but not
necessarily. I will understand. I will be
able to know the size of the teacher's desk
because it is just a form of
representation. So, a
spatial representation without cartographic rigor. So, it is possible
to locate myself. It is not possible, but it does not have
that cartographic rigor. You know, it is conv.
Scale, title,
title,
source, the north. You already took a map, which
the map always has a little arrow
showing where the north of the map is.
Here, you will not have any of that. You
can use, for example, a map of the
room. The movie theater room. I don't know about you, but
I love choosing that map of the movie theater
seats. You know all of this. It is a croquis. It
is a way that allows your orientation,
that allows you to know, but it is not
necessarily a map because then what
projection? How many times has reality
been reduced to fit here? Sometimes
you simply do not
know. Did you notice that this croquis is
made with a level of detail for us to
think only about the room, it is not like If with this
we could draw the world, you're
talking in detail. There's another type of
map, which is this one here, which is the plan. Look
how cool this image I managed to
get for you. Let's zoom in. Plans
are used not only by geographers but
also by engineers. It could be the plan
of a city, for example. This one here
was the plan of Curitiba. I don't remember the
decade of it. Then, I look, I got it from the
city hall website to be able to
show you an old plan. It could be
the plan of an industry. So, we
'll write it down like this: "Plans are types of
representation on a large scale. PR. I do
n't know what a large scale is. Oh, in the
next class, I'll explain to you. What
is the difference between a large scale and a
small scale. A large scale, I'll tell you in
advance, is a large scale in detail.
So, a large scale that has a lot of
details. So, you can't map the
world through a plan. The plan
of the world is impossible, for
example, the plan of a
house, the plan of a neighborhood, the plan of an
industry, the plan of a city.
From that, you can't because
you can see the streets. You see, the
greater the detail, the greater the scale. Record
this because In the next class I'll talk
about large scale and small scale and I'll
teach you how to calculate this. This is a plan,
but for what would a
topographic map be? I see some
images of this in the Enem (National High School Exam). I saw that it's on your
list, and I confess that I don't know how to
interpret it. How can you guys in Geography
just by looking at this and knowing that
here is a peak, here is another peak.
How can you know that here is
the high point and here is inclined? How do I
do this? So, we'll wait just
a little bit and I'll open another
blank page because I wanted to
show you an example. Let's go, each of
these lines on a map. I even wanted to
tell you what each of
these lines means. Okay, I'm going to draw
here the topographic map that I'm
head. If you have
me. Okay. I made it weird like that
in the Enem (National High School Exam) so you know where
the highest point is, where the lowest point is. There
will always be the number of each of
these lines. Each line is a
contour line. We call it isohypses.
Isohypses. contour line, let's say
that here we have 1000
m, here we already have [Music]
[Music]
um, 800
m, and here we have 600 m, so
what is the interval between one
line and another? 200 m, right? And then you
can already think in 3D. It's like
those little cups from childhood you had
to carry in your school backpack, which he
made, then they got tiny, then they
got bigger. Think about it this way, okay, but
here there is a rule. Each line, you can
make a summary for me. Grab a
sheet of paper, that's enough, right? You
learned this content with slides. So, you
will learn to draw with me. Each
line is a contour line. Trust the
process, guys. I'm offering 35
free classes for you who can't afford
a course to
learn geography, or for you who pay for
a course but didn't adapt there,
maybe the explanation and would like to have
another perspective. We will think about the
Enem questions the way they were already
charged: each line is a contour line,
and this contour line has a rule, okay,
rules of a
never
cuts the other, uh, when you're
looking at a contour map and
oh, this is definitely not a
contour line, this is a river. And then you saw
another curve
like this, a road, but already another
contour line, a contour line never
overlaps, and there's another rule, folks,
that I'm going to ask you to put here
for me, which is the following: the
closer one curve is to another, the
greater the slope. Let's write
this down. First
rule: a curve never cuts another. Second
proximity. Okay, I'll leave here so
greater the slope. PR:
I've never been able to understand
this. Do you want to see me do it? Your head is
going to explode now. Oh, come on, let's make a
topographic map live with you,
everyone looking at me. If you've tried to
memorize this your whole life, I'm sorry to
tell you, it's not something you can
memorize. We're going to make a route that
goes from A to B, it could be OH,
B. I want to take this trip with you.
Let's tear out this line,
OH, let's travel plotting each
little piece of the map. Let's do the following:
here's the route, here's the altitude. So
here we have z0
met here I'll put
600 here
800 and up here our highest point
which is 1000 m what is your role
take each one and do here let's go if
you heard a bark it's Lili my
companion who is here I don't know if
you heard So look at the curve in
fact it is at 600 here we
start the first point it will be at
600 m if you want we can make
some lines just to make it easier for you to see
here is the 600 line here is the
800 line here is the 1000 line You understand
what I'm doing I'm going to zoom in
so you can see better look I could
see that this little point the first
point of my trip is passing through the
curve which is at 600 m so I put it
but then right after it look at the next point
that passes through a curve we will draw
so here I will have to drag just a
you you will already understand what I'm going to do
I just need to align I think
you already noticed right Everyone here, just
to be sure, has improved. Let's
make the 1000 M altitude line here, just
so we don't get lost. Now you'll
understand why we can
tell which side is steeper. It makes
perfect sense. Green Line. Try using
the same colors, okay? First
point we're going to
pass, it comes here. At 600, the next
point our route will cut, it's
already passing the curve. At
800, the next furthest point, you're
passing the curve. 1000 continues traveling
each time it passes there, for the
first time on top of a curve, you
pass. Then here it goes back to 1000,
but look how crazy it is. Soon after, it's already
at 800 again. Let's use the color blue. Oh,
I already understand why it will be
steeper. You understand why it's more abrupt
the way it's passing through the
contour lines. So, if we were to
play a game here, it would be "
Connect the dots." Let's connect the dots.
greater
slope, cool, remember what I'm
saying? Here, since the first day I
offered to help you on this
journey, nothing is difficult. We just
need to understand it in a simple and
careful way. So, here I wrote: "Greater
slope." Can I ask you a question? Do you
mind this
question? Put a compass rose.
We learned in rotation class. I
can't read without glasses. Look at this river,
where is it running, guys? The river
runs southeast. And since I'm
sure the river is running
southeast and not going up to the northwest,
why for God's sake, the river doesn't go up,
right? It's going from 1,000 m to 600 m.
Did it really close? Oh, so
that means I can do an
exercise from my list with you. I can
show you something. I want you to
do it with me now. Exercise 17 is an
old Enem exercise, but it's so
good. Let's go, pause. Then you finish
copying and come do exercise 17 on the
list. A certain municipality is
presented on the floor plan. So, a floor plan
is a type of map also divided into
regions from letter A to letter I, with altitudes
and terrains indicated by contour lines.
Each of those lines needs to be
decided where the We're going to build an
industrial park and where we're going to
put a tower, you know, those
reception and transmission telephone towers. And
then you have some elements of this
city that I think are worth it on the
day of the test. I wouldn't do that, I'll just do it
vegetation. Remembering that vegetation, for
example, these spots here, interfere with the
signal from the transmission tower. It's cool for
us to know that. Okay, the
gray line is the river, so I'm going to show it
so you can visualize how
I know it's a river because it's
cutting the contour line. Then it
also says that we have the city here, which is
this crazy shape here, this
is the city.
Remembering that we have to
install an industry and a
transmission tower in the city. And then I'm going to
use a yellow one to show you where the
the
highway is. Look, be a very strategic person,
you need to put number one, an
industrial park, number two, a
transmission tower. Looking at the image, I
can see that here is
really high, you see 40, here it's already lower
near the river, it's already at 10. So I keep
thinking, man, the transmission tower, The
ideal would be to place it at the highest point,
which is 40. So let's put it
here, on the highest line. Let's take the
highest line.
Oh, but there's a problem. If I place the
transmission tower, which is number two,
it's far from the city, near the forest.
So, remembering that you have to
choose one of the letters, which letter
will the number one be in? Surely, for
example, here, Ah, here it's low. Oh, here it's
10 m. The transmission tower has to be
higher than the city. Ah, in B, but it's
far away. In A, it's far away. So, the
transmission tower in my head makes sense to
be in E because it's at the highest point. It's
close to the city. There's no
forest nearby. I liked the industry.
Well, I'm going to avoid the industry because the
statement says that I also need to
take care of the environment. It talks about
environmental impact adequacy. Someone
had told me that in a class. Ah, build the
industry here, Ah, in the middle of the forest.
Industry also needs to be close to the
highway. Ah, do it in letter A. You're going to
build an industry on the slope,
near the river. Hello, environment, I call
Ibama. Ah, let's build near the river.
You have to build in a place that
is flat and close to the Highway
I. So here at I, we're going to build
one, which was the same one, the industry,
transmission tower. You didn't like it at all. I didn't agree. Oh,
my love, I'm sorry. That was the
answer, and the reasons have already been given here
by me. You need to
have the idea. Pay attention to
what I'm
saying about environmental adequacy. I'm not
going to put an industry next to the river,
and I'm not going to put a
transmission tower in the middle of the forest. Use your
sense of the world to be able to answer.
Okay, let's go to one more, folks.
One more question from our list. I want to
do question eight, which talks about
anamorphosis. And then I'll read it and I'll give the
class. Let's go. Anamorphosis. Aná is an anomaly, okay,
my love. If you've never heard of it, look, aná
is an anomaly. Morpho is a form. Anomaly of
form. Anamorphosis is a
spatial cartographic transformation in which the shape of
objects is distorted to highlight
the theme. The areas of the spatial units to which
the theme refers are altered in an
exceptional way by the respective value.
So, let's go. Let's take a
normal map. Let's take a map like this one
we made in the last class.
And then I want to
put cases. of dengue fever and Brazil has
many cases of dengue fever, so Brazil
would be huge while the United States
would be tiny. So you're going to
distort what you want to say. So,
guys, we have to find out which map
represents an anamorphosis.
No, this is a topographic map,
yes, not a plan. So, we'll
mark the letter C here. But to
be honest, I didn't like it. It's a
weird exercise. That's why I'm going to change
screens quickly and show you a website
so you can learn about some
anamorphoses. You'll go to the
IBGE website (IBGE Educa) and enter what
an anamorphosis is. So you'll be able to
visualize it. I want to show
you an anamorphosis in practice. Look, guys,
this map is a little outdated
because it's from 2017, but it shows the
most populous countries in the world. See how
China and India are today. India is the
most populous country after China. It has a
darker color, just like
Brazil and the United States, which are also
populous, also have a dark tone. In the
same way, Nigeria is If we
wanted to make an anamorphosis of this,
we just had to increase China a lot and
increase India a lot to show that
the phenomenon is very strong there. So,
how would this map look if it were
an anamorphosis? It would look like this: look at the
size of China, look at the size of India.
Prom. But since this appears in ENEM and in the entrance
exams, anamorphosis will appear, and then it's
like when in mathematics you don't
have the value to do the calculation. And
you have to go testing in the formula. You've
already done this. Sometimes you don't have the
variables and you have to test the
alternative in the formula. Let's say you do
n't know that this anamorphosis is about
population, and there in ENEM you have five
alternatives. Let's imagine like this,
while I'm talking, look at the alternative. The
anamorphosis represents the GDP,
um, Europe isn't that big. The United
States isn't that big either. China and India aren't the
largest economies, so then you discard it, okay? So,
you'll always take what's
bigger, and you'll write India and China
and test letter B. The anamorphosis
represents the number of
nuclear weapons. You say, "Wow," but the United
States and Russia are
small. North Korea isn't
that big either. are the countries that
have nuclear weapons So you
delete letter C anamorphosis represents
HIV cases then you say Wow but in China and
India it wasn't the African continent that
had the majority of
HIV cases then you delete it too then there's a
next one so that's how
you do it you test the
alternative in
anamorphosis I hope from the bottom of my heart I
gave you a tip this essential for you to
ace any task When someone
asks you about anamorphosis, let's
go back to my summary so you can
finish your success sheet. Here
we do theory, we summarize, we
do exercises. We are strategists.
We know what we're doing, right? To make
your life easier, look,
anomaly, morph is form. Anamorphosis is
shape of the
specific region to highlight information.
Closed, folks, these are the types of maps that are
very famous for your entrance exam, so
Information success. This was our class
on map types. It's a very
quick class, but next week we
'll continue talking and then we'll
talk about time zone scales. I'll take the opportunity to
talk about satellites too, to
close this subject. Okay, you can leave
this class and watch the next one or
wait to watch it within your
schedule. But what matters is that you
finally start acing
cartography. Well, once again, I want to
thank you for this project. Thank you
for being here with me on this project,
helping me to democratize the teaching of
geography. I know that you may not
have editing. Sign up for my course. I'm
here to help you. If you're taking the Enem, you
can learn to be less afraid
of geography or no fear at all, based on
our content. Don't forget to leave your
like, your comment, send this
video to a friend and help me
continue because I'm here weekly, taking
time out of my routine,
preparing this class, recording it for
you and making it available here on YouTube.
A kiss for you. Comment here, a little
heart if you liked this class. Bye
everyone. See you later.
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