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The Wonderful World of Wireless Redstone

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g'day ladies and gents cubic meter here

welcome to the wonderful world of

wireless redstone i am of course talking

about the process in which two redstone

machines can communicate with each other

over some arbitrarily long distance

without any physical connection between

the machines for example if i hit this

button right here

we can see

this lamp will light up even though

there's no physical connection

going from this button to that lamp this

form of wireless redstone is based upon

a very specific property of item

entities which was discovered by none

other than to know to name be sure to

check out his video on the topic to

learn exactly how he discovered this

extremely ambiguous mechanic in fact

when he made his original discovery i

was extremely privileged to be able to

work with him on some of the very first

wireless redstone prototypes he taught me

how to assign communication channels

using repeaters and comparators and i

taught him how to make compact and

modular wiring however these early

prototypes tended to come with a lot of

issues such as interference and

unintended behaviors and so i finally

decided to sit down and develop a

rigorous foundation for the field of

wireless redstone in this video we will

go over the mechanic and different

terminologies to both understand and

apply walls redstone or useful

contraptions the field of wilds redstone

is a very complicated topic the

establishing names of things is a great

start allowing people to communicate and

collaborate as they build upon the

foundations set in this video in order

to begin understanding wild's redstone

we first need to understand subtic

mechanics in minecraft events such as

this piston extending

and each one of these steps is known as

a game tick exactly equal to 1 20th of a

second this means that one game tick is

equal to 50 milliseconds

making the free game tick extension of

this piston exactly equal to

milliseconds events that happen in

different game ticks are very easy to

visualize because you can physically see

the difference in time between

things like these pistons extending

however what then happens if two

mutually exclusive events occur in the

exact same game tick if we look at these

observers right here

each observer has two game ticks of delay

delay

meaning we have one two

three four game ticks before

this piston starts extending

but notice that we have the same delay

for both of these pistons meaning both

of these pistons will start extending in

the same game tick this can easily be

visualized by pulling the pistons

upwards and powering them at exactly the

same time

but then what happens if both of these

pistons try to extend in the same game tick

tick

well if one piston extends

then the other piston cannot extend how

on earth does the game decide which

piston should extend well if we power

this redstone wire with some observers

we can clearly see that the first piston

to extend

is also the one that's closest to our

power source however i should note that

with redstone wire this is not always

the case redstone wire can be quite

random in the way in which it orders

block updates such as pistons extending

but with this simple case of a straight wire

wire

you can clearly see that the closest

piston is the one that gets chosen to

extend on this channel i've already

introduced how rails will in fact

reverse this order so if i power this side

side

the farthest piston will extend first so

what we can infer from these two tests

is that the game has a specific order in

which it processes block events from

different redstone components let's then

have a look at a circuit like this

where we have repeaters and comparators

after our power sources both of these

tile sets have exactly the same amount

of delay so we have two game ticks in

the comparator and two game ticks from

the repeater meaning we get four game

ticks for this tile set and four game

ticks for this tile set the order of

these observers will be dependent on

this rail however if we go ahead and

power both of the observers in the same

game tick

we will see

that is the piston that is entirely

first this is because

this tile set completely resets the order

order

from these observers this is because in

order to keep track of what things need

to happen with redstone

the game will make a list of everything

that needs to happen and the amount of

time before that event happens this

repeater and this comparator are

scheduled to power two game ticks later

by these observers in any situation

the game will schedule updates for a

repeater before they schedule the

updates for a comparator this means our

tiles set with repeaters

always has priority over our tile set

with a comparator this is known as tile tick

tick

and it even applies to repeaters with

different delays if we have a look at

these tile sets we can clearly see that

we have one two three four game dicks

before this piston

and one two three four gain ticks before

this piston once again

no matter which way that we power this

we always see

that piston powering first this is

because when the game is creating the

list of components that need the power

this repeater is scheduled to power four

game ticks after this observer however

this repeater is only scheduled to power

two game ticks after the observer

meaning after two gametes have gone by

we then add another repeater to the list

which goes in behind this repeater that

has already been scheduled the result

is that the longer delay repeater always

has a higher priority this allows the

creation of something known as a tile

set here are the two combinations of

tile set that we can get for two

repeaters of two game ticks and four

gametex delay no matter how i power this

rail here

we will always see

these two lamps turning on in the same

game deck however

the order in the same game tick is

dependent on the tile set and this tile

set will always be scheduled to power

before this tile set adding in more components

components

gives us more combinations of tile sets

and the amount of different tile sets

that you can have scheduled in the same

game tick

goes by the factorial of the number of

different components you can compose

that tileset from the factorial is

simply a mathematical expression

in which the factorial of any number

is the multiplication of every number

that precedes it including that number

so with three different redstone components

components

we are able to obtain three factorial

combinations which is equal to exactly

six different combinations making use of

all four variants of a repeater we can

get four factorial combinations or 24

different tick phases within

the same game tick we can take this even

further adding in a comparator as a

resident component so that we now have 120

120

different combinations so how do all

these tile sets correlate to wireless

redstone by using these tile sets we can

obtain an extremely precise ordering for

any type of event that we want to happen

inside the game what i've got here

is a bunch of redstone components to

demonstrate how we create item entities

in a specific order if i trigger this

entire system

what it will do

it will tick freeze at the moment that

it's about to remove these blocks below

the items now this is where the item

entity comes into our redstone

every single one of these item entities

has been created in a very precise order

defined by these tile sets but what's

important to remember is that all of

these items were created in the exact

same game tick if i go ahead

what you'll see

is some items will begin falling immediately

here you can see a very clean modular

force separation

of the items falling

looking from a distance as i unfreeze

this modular full separation becomes

extremely evident this separation that

we can see between the items is based

upon an important optimization that

merging has added to item entities

sitting on the floor

instead of checking whether there is a

block underneath them and whether they

can start falling every single game tick

an item will only check for this

every fourth game tick in order to

create the illusion of continuous

falling between item entities

what they will do

is separate the phase in which they

check for the block underneath them

meaning that every fourth item will

start falling in the same game tick

which you can clearly see

when i start untick freezing so by using

unique tile sets

we can very precisely control

the order in which we create item

entities in the world and this process

is done globally for an entire dimension

this means if you have a one

configuration of tiles in one location

and another configuration of tiles in

another location

or defining

the phase in which items are dispensed

into the world

these machines can communicate to each

other by the order in which items are falling

falling

so what we are literally doing is

shooting the items out of droppers on

top of these trapdoors

and then opening both of the trapdoors

at the same moment and then seeing which

phase the item entities start falling

at which point they'll merely be picked

up by the hopper

and then be detected by the comparator

and that way we can very precisely

compare the phase in which the items

begin to fall so how do we actually

translate the order of item entities

being shot out of droppers

into a message which can be sent to

another machine somewhere on the server

but what you need to do is develop a protocol

protocol

these resource blocks

represent the phase which repeats every

fourth game tick each one of these wall

blocks represents an item being shot out

of a dropper for each wall that sticks

up a block we have an item that is being

measured so what we have is the tile set

for orange like so

this one will have the highest priority

and then we have it powering this rail

right here we have the dropper which is

in different positions of the rail we

can also have filler items

that can change the phase of other items

that get dispensed down the line so we

have the item being measured and then

two filler items giving us

the phase diagram

for our orange the magenta

is given

a tile set with a priority

after our orange our magenta will have

two filler items dispensed before the

item that we measure

and then another two filler items

dispensed afterwards giving us the phase

diagram for our magenta somewhere else

in the world we also have the module

which is represented by this blue and

yellow wall this particular machine

features a clock which will

self-synchronize over any distance

because in order to actually communicate

first we need to actually make sure

that our tiles are being powered in the

same game tick if our modules are not

synchronized as in they are not being

powered in the same game tick

their phases will look like these two sets

sets

and what you can clearly see

is that the item that we measure for

orange is going to start falling in a

different game tick to the item that we

measure for magenta the same is also true

true

for blue and yellow

what this actually means

is that we have given orange the highest

pearly tile set

we then give blue

the next highest priority tile set

then we give it to magenta

and then we give it

to yellow if these modules happen to

power in exactly the same game tick

our phase will look like this

where we have the orange always power first

first

on top of the netherright block

it will push over the blue they have its

item measured on top of the netherite block

block

the magenta would be pushed over to the

netherright block

and also the yellow

this means

if they happen to align

all of the items will start falling in

exactly the same game tick that allows

these machines to actually detect if

they randomly coincide

so if i was to disrupt their clock like so

there we go

the modules have now desynchronized

and this one will run on a 32 gauge

clock while this module will run on a 31

game tick clock sooner or later these

modules will happen to randomly coincide

and at that point they will know that

they have synchronized and all of a sudden

sudden

they both switch over to the same 32

gauge clock

and now they are perfectly synchronized

and with both modules perfectly synchronized

synchronized

i am now able to send a message by

activating this system right here

there we go the message is sent almost

instantly and here's the really cool thing

thing

you can experiment with different

protocols for sending messages for example

example

this other part of the module is

actually what sends the message

this system is simply to synchronize

both sides of the telemetry i need to

use this protocol for the

self-synchronizing modules because i

want to make sure that their clocks are

all synchronized meaning the items that

we need to detect all need to fall in

the same phase when i'm sending the

message however

i don't need them to be falling in the

same game tick meaning

meaning

that i can use a different protocol that

uses less items this protocol is very

similar but only uses two items in each

of the modules and the coolest thing

about this protocol is that not only

does it send the message

it also sends a confirmation signal back

to the transmitter to confirm that the

message was sent

over here i have a different system

which uses a different protocol to only

transmit signals now in order to get

around this whole complicated

synchronizing fiasco

if we are transmitting signals in the overworld

overworld

we can develop a very simple clock which

can synchronize over any distance in the

overworld daylight sensors will update

in the same game tick everywhere meaning

if i go ahead and activate all of these receivers

all these daylight sensors will be in

sync with each other

and so i can go over to the transmitter

select any one of the colors

because i'm not receiving a confirmation

signal i can use a much simpler protocol

here in the modules i simply dispense

two items and they start falling in

different game ticks these two items in

the receivers can be represented on our

phase diagram by these two blocks right

here when i trigger the transmitter

it will then shove three filler items in

between them

forcing the items in the receivers to

align in the same phase this is how we

are able to transmit a signal

so what we do is we grab our ordered

tile set

our receivers will have

the tile sets on the outside

then our transmitter will have the tile

set on the inside so that means

that our receivers will have the items

on the outside

transmitter will then shove the filler

items on the inside these phase diagrams

can be very useful for defining

properties about different protocols

for example

what if i was to add another white

receiver somewhere else in the world

well this means that the protocol would have

have

an item like this

then another item like this

and then two more items representing

our two modules if i was to then

activate the transmitter in between these

these

we would see

one two like this

the free filler items from our transmitter

transmitter then

then

the two reference items from our

receiver you can clearly see now that if

i was to add another white receiver

somewhere in the world our protocol

breaks down because now

this first item from the first receiver

receiver

is no longer aligning with the second

item from the first receiver

and the same for the second receiver

so i've just got a schematic ready for a

second receiver

we can check to see that with only one receiver

receiver

it works perfectly

fine if i however go ahead and add

the second receiver like so

now if i try and send a signal on the

it won't work at all from this example

you can clearly see how the protocol

defines what you can actually do with a

particular wireless redstone machine

this makes designing the protocol one of

the most important steps before you

start with some really clever wireless

redstone we can make some really

powerful tech such as this binary

encoded enderpearl stasis chamber i had

some help from a player named jawabro

who designed this amazing protocol with

some redstone trickery in the receivers

jabro managed to turn the modulo 4 that

we get by default into a modular 2

making this perfect for sending binary

signals in the receiver

we have six different channels

representing our bits

as well as a single reference channel at

all times every one of our bits is

constantly being compared to our

reference channel as you can clearly see

lies on the diamond block

while everything else sits on the nether

right block by default however if we

want to target a particular channel such

as the red

what we can do is from our transmitter

dispense an item

after the red has fired and this will

shift all the other colors across as

well as our reference item at the end

which now lands in the same phase as our

red channel if we want to select a

different channel such as the blue what

we need to do is dispense the channel

before it such as the red

as well as the channel for blue

meaning everything gets shifted across

such that the reference item now lands

in the same phase as our blue channel

the best part about this protocol is

that you can add as many receivers as

you want on the same network and they

can all receive the same signals from

any transmitter and so this is what i

have right here i have three different

receivers as well as three different transmitters

transmitters

all with their own enderpearl stasis

chambers if we have a look at our tile

sets we can see we have

the tartic priority being set by these repeaters

repeaters

and then the network is then set by all

of these repeaters so for all receivers

that you want to be on the same network

you want these repeaters to be exactly

the same and if you want a receiver to

be on a different network

all you need to do is change these

repeaters slightly

and then you have a new network inside

the binary decoders i have assigned this receiver

receiver

to a binary value of 1 right here

then over here we have two bits

dedicated to the particular slice of

enderpeal stasis chamber so with this

particular network we are capable of storing

storing

15 different locations

and on each location we can have

one to four ender pearl stasis chambers

i just go ahead and activate the clocks

for all of these receivers

i can go down to the interface

i can select location one

i can select status chamber two

it should now take me straight there

there we go

we're in the second stasis chamber of

our first location

i can now go to this interface

hit this note block and we should be

perfect

so clearly you can see how powerful wild

western can become with some clever

mechanics if you want to have a play

around with wiles redstone yourself i

will be living a world download of this

world down the description however a

note of warning in single player the

whilst redstone can be unreliable this

is because for some reason in single player

player

the client being present and actually

loading an area

can cause items to randomly be

reassigned in the entity list this means

if you're trying to use wireless

redstone in singleplayer and you see

some unexpected behavior it is likely

because your client is causing items to

get rehashed on the multiplayer server

however the wireless telemetry should be

perfectly reliable

for now that will be all from the

wonderful world of wireless redstone

there should be plenty of new protocols

and uses to discover for this emerging

field of redstone and if you like

technical content like this feel free to

subscribe it will notify you about any

future videos i post and show youtube

that people do in fact enjoy the

technical side of minecraft thank you

all very much for watching and i will

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YouTube Transcript:
The Wonderful World of Wireless Redstone