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25 3 White South Goes Republican
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so his malay speech is not remembered
very positively even though there's
some discord over how popular or
unpopular it was at the time
in may of 1977 carter declared his wish
to move away from a foreign policy
spurred by and
quote inordinate fear of communism and
he proposed instead
quote a policy based on constant decency
in its values and on
optimism in our historical vision he
either reduced or eliminated aid to
american supported right-wing dictators
guilty of extreme human rights abuses in
places like south korea
argentina and the philippines where the
united states had subsidized these
authoritarian rulers because they were
against communism
in september of 1977 carter negotiated
the return to panama of the panama canal
although this cost him enormous
political capital at home but he felt it
was the right thing to do
in his biggest foreign policy victory
the biggest policy victory of his entire presidency
presidency
make sure you get this in september of
1978 carter negotiated a
peace treaty between israel and egypt
the camp david accords were the very
first time an arab state
recognized the nation of israel so they
recognize the legitimacy
of the nation of israel and it's the
first time that israel
promised palestine self-government that
they wouldn't just be
kind of second-class citizens within
israel that they should have their own nation
nation
so this is a major foreign policy coup
for carter to have an arab nation recognizing
recognizing
the nation of israel as a legitimate
nation that deserve to be a nation and
be recognized
on at least part of that territory
however the us continued to provide
military and financial support for
dictatorial regimes vital to u.s
interests like the oil-rich state of
iran so if you remember
we talked about this before with
eisenhower that iran had a
democratically elected government
that was moving to seize control of its
oil fields which were largely owned by
american and british
businesses and the nation of iran wasn't
benefiting very much from its own oil
to stop that from happening british and
american governments got together
and helped overthrow that government and
they installed the shah
of iran basically a king but in november
of 1979 the shah was deposed in the
iranian revolution as revolutionary
storm to the u.s embassy taking
52 americans hostage americans
experienced another oil crisis as iran's
oil fields shut down
and news programs covered the hostage
crisis for 444 days
straight carter ordered a rescue mission
which failed after two military
helicopters crashed into each other
resulting in the deaths of american servicemen
servicemen
carter was blamed for the incident and
took responsibility for it because at
the end of the day the buck stops with
the president
even if it wasn't his personal mistake
it's still on his watch it is still his
fault or responsibility and we'll be
talking about this again when we talk
about the mission to get osama bin laden
because the reasons this mission
failed changed how they planned for that
future mission
in december of 1979 the soviet union invaded
invaded
afghanistan to support a communist
government there that was in danger of
being overthrown
in response carter banned agricultural
exports to russia
but this just angered american farmers
who were already hurting and now had one
of their markets taken away
carter also boycotted the 1980 olympics
which the soviet union hosted saying
that the united states could not
participate in the olympics if they were
happening inside the soviet union while
the soviet union was invading afghanistan
afghanistan
but that wasn't popular either if you
had worked your whole life to go to the
olympics and represent your country just
to have your president say we're not going
going
that's not popular most americans wanted
to watch the olympics and they wanted to
cheer for the american participants who
weren't allowed to participate
one month later a beleaguered carter
declared that quote an assault on u.s
interest would be repelled by any means
necessary including military force
the so-called carter doctrine testified
to his increasingly
desperate presidency it's just not very effective
effective
by 1980 many americans especially white
middle and upper class americans felt a
nostalgic desire for simpler times
they wanted simpler answers to the
frustratingly complex geopolitical
social and economic problems crippling
the nation
carter's opponent in the general
election was ronald reagan a former
hollywood actor and the two-term
governor of california
reagan ran as a staunch fiscal
conservative and a cold war hawk
vowing to reduce government spending and
to shrink the federal bureaucracy
he accused his opponent of failing to
confront the soviet union
reagan was really charismatic he was a
master of the photo op
he proclaimed quote a recession is when
your neighbor loses his job a depression
is when you lose your job
and a recovery is when jimmy carter
loses his job
although a self-proclaimed born-again
christian and sunday school teacher
carter struggled to court the religious
right they embraced reagan
who was nominally christian but rarely
attended church was open about the fact
that he didn't like it
but he had denounced abortion and he had
endorsed teacher-led prayer in school
regardless of the student's religious affiliation
affiliation
baptist minister and religious
broadcaster jerry falwell led the moral
majority his political organization
dedicated to a quote pro-life
pro-family pro-morality and pro-american agenda
agenda
to register two million new reagan
voters in 1980.
reagan also used the southern strategy
his campaign appealed subtly but
unmistakably to the racial hostilities
of white voters most notably at a
convention rally near philadelphia mississippi
mississippi
in neshoba county where three civil
rights workers cheney goodman and
shorter had been murdered by the klan in 1964.
1964.
so if you remember this is the case that
hugh hefner actually secretly gave the
reward money
for any tips leading to them finding
those bodies which of course happened
reagan goes to neshoba county and
championed the doctrine of states
rights there which had been the rallying
cry of segregationists in the 50s and 60s
60s
so the so-called dog whistle appeal was unmistakable
unmistakable
and segregationist angry at the irs
ruling supported reagan so we call this
a dog whistle
because if you didn't understand the
history of racism in the united states
if you didn't understand these larger
battles or what had happened to the
mississippi three then you could have
listened to the speech and not heard
anything racist in it
and yet if you knew any of that history
then it was
unmistakable so like a dog whistle if
you blow it only
dogs can hear it people can't right if you're
you're
up on this history of racism and you're
familiar with these events then it makes
perfect sense but if you don't
if you don't know that history then it
just sounds like another speech
reagan asked the american people at the
conclusion of the debate with jimmy
carter quote
are you better off than you were four
years ago and the answer was no
reagan won the election with 51 percent
of the popular vote but a decisive
489 electoral votes take a look at that map
map
to carter's 41 and 49 votes
republicans gained control of the senate
they picked up 33 house seats in the
lower chamber
but democrats still had control of the
house of representatives
reagan's election signaled the rise of
the new right which we've discussed
and they're named in contrast to the
more moderate brand of conservatism
popular after world war
ii so we see the republican party really
shift here
from being that more moderate brand of
conservatism post-world war ii
very eisenhower-like to reagan and nixon
right very very different than what had
come before
economic changes in the 70s like slowing
wage growth rising prices and growing
tax burdens hurt many working and
middle-class citizens
and so they searched for a new political
solution which they thought they found
in the new right
race also drove the creation of the new
right as we've seen the civil rights
movement pushed white southerners
towards the republican party
at the same time christian conservatives
mobilized to protect what they saw as
the traditional family from a variety of
perceived threats
conservative americans organized to
prevent the equal rights amendment from
being ratified and becoming part of the
constitution in the 1970s
that amendment originally written by
suffragist alice paul reads quote
equality of rights under the law shall
not be denied or abridged by the united
states or by any state on account of
sex the united states has still yet to
put this in
the u.s constitution although we have
added it into the japanese constitution
after world war
ii and into the afghanistan constitution after
after
the invasion after 9 11. by 1977
35 states had ratified the era which had
passed congress in 1972
so anti-era forces organized behind
phyllis schlafly and her
stop era organization which stood for stop
stop
taking our privileges so this is a group
that felt that women had certain
privileges that men didn't have and that
equal rights would take those privileges away
away
schlafly boasted of the value and
advantages of being a homemaker and a
mother even as she publicly led
evangelicals and religious conservatives
to stop the ratification of the era
the amendment needed three more states
to ratify but never got them expiring in
1982 so congress had set an expiration
date for this amendment which they can
do they don't have to do
and it expired in 82. recently
activists have pushed congress to extend
that deadline and began working to get
three more states to ratify
the third state virginia did so earlier
this year leading to an ongoing fight in
congress and the court system as to
whether the amendment has been legally
ratified by the minimum number of states
or not basically it's up to congress can
they enforce that
deadline or can they overturn it and if
they did overturn it would the courts
accept that
in 1968 1969 a california mother's group
protested against
any sexual education in public schools
and beverly lahaye founded concerned
women for america linking groups of
local activists opposed to the era
to abortion to homosexuality and to
no-fault divorces
the 1973 roe v wade ruling outraged many
devout catholics and evangelicals
although evangelicals were not
universally opposed to abortion yet
evangelical pop singer anita bryant you
see here
drew national headlines for her
successful fight to repeal miami's gay
ordinance in 1977
which we talked a little bit about last
lecture so basically they had
an ordinance that said you couldn't
discriminate against people because of
their sexuality and she helps overturn
that so you can discriminate against gay
people again
businesses also joined the right fueled
by federal government's creation
of new regulatory agencies like the
environmental protection agency and the
occupational safety and health
administration or osha they don't like
having to meet all of these regulations
so they they join this movement to try
to limit the power of the federal
government and these groups
finally joining the new right we're also
neo-conservatives these are
disillusioned or cynical intellectuals
who rejected liberalism and the left in
the 1960s
so in the early 60s these people
probably considered themselves to be in somewhat
somewhat
some way liberal and then they become
very disillusioned with liberalism
because of the 1960s
and that's still largely a touch point
for americans today i believe it was
bill clinton who said
if you tell someone how you feel about
the 1960s
it's going to be really easy to tell
from that whether you're a republican or
a democrat today
so in sum there are several streams of
conservative mobilization that converge
in the late 70s to form the new rights
there's lots of different groups that are
are
coming together to make the new right
so what was the southern strategy and
was it successful what were carter's
main policies and who opposed him and
we'll pick up next time
with reagan's main policies but if
you've got all that hit the next button
at the bottom of the page and take the
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