0:00 a new super Earth has been spotted by
0:02 astronomers and it's quite intriguing
0:05 this planet called toi
0:08 715b is about 1 and 1/2 the size of
0:10 Earth which is why it's called the super
0:13 Earth it's also relatively close to us
0:15 in space terms only 137 light years away
0:20 for comparison most exoplanets are
0:22 hundreds of light years away and all the
0:24 interesting stuff like black holes and
0:26 nebulas are usually more than thousands
0:29 of light years away from us so could it
0:31 be
0:34 habitable the habitable zone is an
0:36 estimate of where a planet might have
0:38 the right conditions for liquid water
0:41 this is what we call some distance from
0:42 the Star where the temperatures on the
0:44 planet should be okayish and water
0:47 should stay liquid on its surface it's
0:49 not super precise because it depends on
0:52 a bunch of factors like the type of star
0:55 how reflective the planet is its size
0:57 and so on also just being in this Zone
1:00 isn't enough for water to actually be
1:03 there the planet also needs the right
1:05 kind of atmosphere and a few other
1:07 things so we invented a stricter
1:10 definition in 2014 the conservative
1:13 habitable zone it's a more precise term
1:15 to finding the best candidates that have
1:17 liquid water otherwise we get too many
1:20 potentially habitable planets that are
1:22 not actually habitable at all the chz is
1:26 based on how much energy a planet gets
1:28 from its star compar compared to Earth
1:31 if a rocky planet gets between 40 to
1:34 85% it's considered to be in the chz no
1:38 matter how far away it is from its star
1:40 these planets have a higher chance of
1:42 being habitable and yes toi
1:46 7115b is located
1:50 there this superar orbits the mtype star
1:54 also called Red Dwarf it's a star that's
1:57 much smaller and cooler than our sun
1:59 about a quarter of the sun's size and
2:01 mass but if the planet is located in the
2:04 habitable zone it's actually a better
2:06 option for Life red dwarfs live much
2:09 longer than our son a yellow dwarf this
2:12 also means that they have more time to
2:13 form little creatures on their planets
2:16 and this red dwarf really is older than
2:18 our star our son is 4.6 billion years
2:22 old and this star is 6.6 billion years
2:25 old give or take a few hundred million
2:28 it doesn't have much magnetic AC AC ity
2:30 so it's not dangerous it doesn't flare
2:32 up like younger red dwarves these flares
2:35 can be super strong and might even hurt
2:37 planets by taking away their atmospheres
2:40 although some planets around it do have
2:42 thinner atmospheres it seems like this
2:45 red dwarf has already gone all out these
2:48 red dwarfs are where we're looking for
2:50 planets that could support life right
2:53 now our super Earth is really close to
2:55 its star zooming around it in just 19
2:58 days since the the star is small and the
3:01 planet is so close the planet passing in
3:03 front of its star happens a lot and
3:05 looks really clear this makes it easy
3:08 for telescopes like the James web to
3:10 study its atmosphere without needing too
3:12 much
3:14 time now speaking of the James web Space
3:16 Telescope it's bringing us into a new
3:19 era of understanding distant planets
3:21 beyond our solar system imagine being
3:24 able to see what gases make up the air
3:26 on a planet millions of light years away
3:29 James web will help us to find worlds
3:31 that could support life right now it's
3:34 trying to figure out whether toi
3:37 7115b has an atmosphere if it does its
3:40 atmosphere might be easier to spot
3:43 compared to a planet that's drier and
3:44 denser and then we might get even more
3:47 hyp because it would look like a good
3:49 place for life on top of all that there
3:52 might be another planet in this system
3:55 also in the habitable zone we're not
3:57 sure whether it's really there is just a
4:00 candidate with a crazy name but if it
4:02 turns out to be real it would be about
4:04 the size of Earth also it would be the
4:07 smallest planet in the habitable zone
4:09 ever spotted by the test
4:12 telescope now another cool thing about
4:15 toi
4:16 715b is that it cannot just have water
4:19 on it but be an entire Water World an
4:22 ocean planet is a type of planet that
4:24 has an ocean covering its surface or has
4:27 subsurface oceans they might not have
4:29 much dry land because the water can
4:32 cover everything sometimes the entire
4:34 planet can be covered in other liquids
4:36 like lava or ammonia when it comes to
4:39 planets outside our solar system we
4:42 can't see surface water directly with
4:43 our current technology instead
4:46 scientists look for water vapor in the
4:48 atmosphere as a hint there might be
4:50 liquid water below and of course we
4:53 wonder if these planets can have life
4:55 hopefully not in the form of Leviathan
4:58 likee monsters our models show that
5:00 planets with oceans might be pretty
5:02 common in our galaxy this means there
5:05 could be lots of ocean worlds out there
5:07 waiting to be
5:10 discovered but the most important part
5:13 about toi
5:15 7115b is that it's in the so-called
5:17 small planet radius Gap if we give the
5:20 planets a lineup there will be those
5:23 that are bigger and smaller than Earth
5:25 but there's a sudden Gap in planets that
5:27 are about from 1 and 1/2 to two times
5:30 bigger than ours where are they this Gap
5:33 is interesting to scientists because it
5:35 tells us something about how planets
5:37 form and change over time it's not that
5:40 planets don't form in this size range
5:42 they actually start off larger and then
5:44 lose some of their Mass like a balloon
5:46 gradually deflating perhaps it happens
5:49 because of how they orbit their stars
5:52 with stars blowing away some of their
5:54 mass as they dance around it as our sun
5:56 does with gas from Comet tailes this G
5:59 map holds a lot of mystery and planets
6:02 like our new superar are clues that
6:04 could help us unravel it we aren't sure
6:07 whether it exists around red dwarfs
6:09 maybe it's a gap in how dense these
6:11 planets are rather than in their actual
6:13 size so studying our discovered planet
6:16 is even more interesting it'll help us
6:19 learn more about distant stars and their
6:22 planets now I mentioned test a while
6:24 back NASA's test transiting exoplanet
6:28 survey satellite has been in space for
6:30 six years now and has been incredibly
6:33 successful NASA launched test because we
6:36 already found over 5,000 planets
6:39 orbiting other stars mainly thanks to
6:41 the Kepler Telescope but Kepler mostly
6:44 found large planets not necessarily like
6:46 Earth we decided to focus tests on
6:49 finding smaller earthlike planets around
6:52 nearby Bright Stars making them easier
6:54 to study with future
6:58 telescopes here's how it works the
7:00 camera observes stars and looks for
7:02 changes in their brightness if the
7:04 brightness suddenly drops for a while
7:06 and then gets back it could mean there
7:08 is a planet passing in front of it but
7:11 Stars can dim for other reasons too for
7:13 example flaring up or having dark spots
7:16 on their surface which is why we need to
7:19 be careful with this data Tess shows us
7:22 the size and orbit of these planets then
7:25 ground telescopes help determine their
7:27 Mass with these three parameters we can
7:30 figure out what the planets are made of
7:32 and if they're Rocky like Earth or gassy
7:34 like Jupiter yeah you want to avoid
7:37 Jupiter after taco
7:40 night one example of Tessa's discoveries
7:43 was the toi 700 system there it
7:46 discovered its first ever earthlike
7:48 Planet toi700d
7:50 this exoplanet also orbited a red dwarf
7:54 and it's even closer to us about 100
7:57 Lighty years away unfortunately it's
7:59 unlikely to be habitable because the
8:02 temperatures there are crazy another big
8:05 Discovery was made in the Au microscopy
8:07 system Tess discovered a planet about
8:10 four times the size of Earth and another
8:12 nearly three times earth size this
8:15 system has become a key area for
8:17 studying how stars and planets form and
8:19 change over time Tess has also spotted a
8:22 variety of other exciting finds
8:24 including Supernova hot worlds and so on
8:28 and as it enters its sixth year we can
8:30 only expect more exciting findings to
8:35 come so Mars has several faces no really
8:39 back in 1976 when the Viking one Orbiter
8:42 was checking out the red planet it
8:45 spotted something interesting a big
8:47 structure that looked like a human face
8:49 it was in the region called Sidonia it
8:52 soon became very popular a bit later we
8:55 also discovered the so-called Crown face
8:57 in Libya Mones Mars and General has a
9:00 lot of strange structures on it in 2022
9:03 we spotted a door-like structure there
9:06 NASA's Curiosity Rover snap some
9:08 pictures of a rocky Mound called East
9:10 Cliffs on Mount sharp this mound has
9:13 natural cracks in it and one of them is
9:15 about the size of a dog door like
9:17 something from an ancient Egyptian tomb
9:20 a lot of people hyped that story up the
9:22 image was shared widely on social media
9:24 making the crack look bigger than it
9:26 really is some people think that it's
9:28 hinting at extraterrestrial life but
9:31 after looking closely NASA found out
9:34 that it was just a narrow crack in the
9:36 Rocky terrain these cracks and gaps are
9:38 pretty normal in Rocky areas both on
9:41 Earth and Mars the crack form naturally
9:43 over time maybe from wind erosion or
9:46 Mars
9:47 Quakes Mars is a gold mine of mysterious
9:50 structures recently we found some
9:52 strange spiral shapes there these are
9:54 giant coils made of lava and they look
9:56 like big springs or loops for years we
10:00 weren't sure whether Martian valleys
10:01 were formed by lava or ice these lava
10:04 coils are shedding light on that mystery
10:06 now thanks to higher resolution images
10:09 from NASA's Mars reconnaissance Orbiter
10:11 researchers have spotted 269 lava
10:14 spirals that can't be explained by Ice
10:17 related activities what's fascinating is
10:20 these lava coils are like the ones we
10:21 see on earth like those formed by
10:23 Hawaiian lava flows these spirals are so
10:26 well preserved that they were easily
10:28 overlooked before they range from 16 to
10:31 almost 100 ft wide and are subtle
10:34 blending into the dusty Martian
10:36 landscape these coils can teach us a lot
10:38 about Mars's composition especially its
10:40 crust and mantle we still don't know
10:42 much about those but Mars isn't the only
10:45 planet with strange structures on it for
10:47 example Saturn the gas giant of our
10:49 solar system has a fascinating feature
10:52 at its North Pole a huge hexagon this is
10:55 a hexagon shaped cloud pattern it's
10:57 about 9,000 m long making it larger than
11:00 the diameter of Earth is thought to be a
11:03 jet stream made of gases moving very
11:05 fast at about 200 m per hour this
11:08 hexagon was first spotted by the Voyager
11:10 mission in the80s and later seen up
11:12 close by the Cassini mission in 2006 the
11:16 Cassini Mission noticed a change in its
11:18 color from Blue to Golden over time
11:20 there are different ideas about why
11:22 Saturn has this thing one Theory
11:25 suggests it forms because of the way
11:27 winds move at different speeds near
11:28 Saturn poles similar shapes were created
11:31 in lab experiments when liquids were
11:34 rotated at different speeds another idea
11:37 suggest that a slow spinning stream of
11:39 air along with Saturn's special weather
11:41 patterns might be responsible in 2020 we
11:44 found that When Storms are surrounded by
11:46 winds swirling in the opposite direction
11:49 they can create a steady hexagon shape
11:51 so far this is the most likely
11:54 explanation Saturn also got lucky with
11:57 the bizarre moons one of them is called
11:59 Lapidus this Moon has a weird feature a
12:02 huge Ridge that wraps around its middle
12:05 like a giant belt this basically makes
12:07 it look like a giant Walnut where's my
12:09 Nutcracker this Ridge is incredibly tall
12:12 by our standards around 8 up to 12 M
12:15 high and stretching 124 Mi wide it
12:19 covers more than 3/4 of the moon's
12:20 surface and is considered the third
12:22 largest mountain range in the entire
12:24 solar system now we don't have a clue
12:27 about how this enormous Ridge formed
12:29 it's unlike anything seen on other
12:31 planets or moons there's one idea though
12:34 the ridge might be the remnants of a
12:36 dead Moon but's say billions of years
12:38 ago a colossal impact shattered chunks
12:41 of material off Lapidus these pieces
12:44 circled around the Moon forming a mini
12:46 moon or subsatellite and over time the
12:49 gravitational pull of Lapidus tore this
12:52 mini moon apart creating a ring of
12:54 debris around it as the debris from this
12:57 ring fell back onto Lapidus it built up
12:59 the massive Ridge we see today they
13:02 think this process happened quickly
13:04 maybe over centuries Saturn's gravity
13:06 didn't interfere because luckily Lapidus
13:09 was quite far away from it if Lapidus
13:11 was closer to Saturn its Moon might have
13:14 been pulled away but we do need more
13:16 simulations to see if this theory is
13:19 true Titan another one of Saturn's moons
13:22 also has some weird stuff going on in
13:24 its methane Seas scientists have spotted
13:27 these strange bright spot spots called
13:30 Magic islands that seem to pop up and
13:32 disappear over time we have no idea what
13:35 they are Titan's atmosphere is packed
13:37 with complex organic molecules that
13:40 Clump together and fall to its surface
13:42 like snow these magic eyland might be
13:45 snow clumps that soak up methane and
13:47 sink very slowly but there's a problem
13:50 in water molecules stick together which
13:53 is why stuff can float on top of it but
13:55 methane is different it likes to grab
13:57 onto other molecules so it makes any
13:59 solid thing sink immediately yet these
14:03 magic Islands don't sink there's a
14:05 theory that these islands might be like
14:07 sponges made of ice with lots of holes
14:10 when pieces of this holy Ice come loose
14:13 from the edge of the lake they can float
14:15 on tighten Seas for a bit before going
14:17 down under there are also other ideas
14:20 like bubbles of nitrogen gas or waves
14:23 caused by wind we need more research to
14:25 know for sure moons like to be weird
14:29 just look at our own one in 1971 we
14:32 found a patch with missing soil on our
14:34 moon and it looks like a Blue Lake they
14:37 call this mysterious spot AA we first
14:40 spotted it during the Apollo 15 mission
14:42 in 1971 later the Apollo 17 Mission took
14:46 clearer pictures of it this spot shaped
14:49 like a bluish d letter is one of the
14:51 weirdest things on the moon the color
14:53 comes from special rocks rich in
14:55 titanium called basalts these rocks
14:58 cover I this floor and make it look blue
15:01 there are also bluish areas near the
15:03 edges of the Mounds inside aa aa is
15:06 unique and probably has a long history
15:08 it might have had volcanic activity with
15:11 Mounds that are about 3.5 billion years
15:13 old and similar to the surface age of
15:16 the volcanic field that surrounds
15:18 in now our moon has its own fat just
15:21 like those on Mars there's an area near
15:24 the moon's South Pole that looks like a
15:26 face but it's just a bunch of craters
15:28 and ship Shadows that happen to make an
15:30 image resembling a face when seen from
15:32 far away these craters have been there
15:35 for billions of years and cover about
15:37 16% of the moon's surface some of these
15:39 craters might even have water and ice
15:42 inside of them you might be wondering
15:45 why there are so many faces in our solar
15:47 system well that's because our brains
15:49 are wired to recognize faces even when
15:52 there aren't any it's a phenomenon
15:54 called peridia our brains try to make
15:56 sense of shapes so when we see something
15:59 that looks a bit like a human our brain
16:01 turns it into one because it's familiar
16:03 like when you see a shadow figure on a
16:05 chair with clothes or even on Mercury
16:08 some people see shapes like Mickey Mouse
16:11 so don't worry it's not extraterrestrial
16:13 life it's our brains that play tricks on
16:16 us making us see familiar shapes like
16:18 faces even where they don't really
16:22 exist this planet yeah the one right
16:25 here shouldn't exist but it does a newly
16:28 discovered CED planet rotates around a
16:30 star that's much smaller and dimmer than
16:32 our sun the planet however is enormous
16:36 such a tiny star couldn't create it so
16:39 it's like finding an ostrich egg in a
16:40 chicken
16:41 [Music]
16:42 coop a team at Penn State build a
16:45 special tool called the habitable zone
16:47 Planet finder it's an instrument that's
16:49 supposed to find planets around dim cool
16:52 Stars it's connected to a big telescope
16:54 in Texas the tool looks at the light
16:56 from these Stars which is mostly in the
16:58 near infrared beyond what our eyes can
17:01 see this gadget can spot changes in a
17:04 star speed caused by a planet if a star
17:06 movement slightly changes that means
17:09 there must be a gravitational pool
17:10 nearby years ago this technique helped
17:13 find the first known exoplanet around a
17:15 star like our sun today we've improved
17:18 this method to make more precise
17:20 measurements our main goal is to find
17:22 earthlike planets they should be Rocky
17:24 and located in habitable zones areas
17:27 around Stars where liquid water could
17:29 exist the Doppler technique isn't that
17:31 great at finding earthlike worlds yet
17:34 but works well for cool dim stars and
17:37 that's how we discovered the impossible
17:39 LHS 3154
17:43 B planets usually form in discs made of
17:46 gas and dust in space picture a flat
17:49 spinning cloud of tiny particles these
17:52 particles come together and stick to
17:54 each other creating a flat rotating disc
17:57 over time these tiny bits combined to
17:59 form a solid core this is the starting
18:02 point for a planet once the core is
18:04 there it attracts more dust and even gas
18:07 like hydrogen and helium but making a
18:10 planet this way isn't easy they need a
18:12 lot of stuff mass and materials this
18:15 process is called core accretion stars
18:18 are a huge help in that process usually
18:21 big stars have more gravity so they can
18:23 gather more stuff to form planets but
18:26 the star we discovered recently isn't
18:28 very big it's nine times smaller than
18:31 our side a star this small shouldn't
18:33 have a big enough disc to make a heavy
18:35 planet to do that its disc should have
18:38 been at least 10 times bigger but this
18:41 heavy Planet LHS 3154 B
18:46 exists now this mysterious planet is 13
18:49 times heavier than our Earth it's
18:51 similar in size to Neptune it's about 50
18:54 light years away from us in the Hercules
18:56 constellation which in space terms is
18:58 very very close the planet is also super
19:01 close to its star completing one year in
19:04 almost 4 days this discovery is making
19:07 scientists rethink their ideas about how
19:09 planets and stars come into existence
19:12 there are new theories coming around for
19:14 example a theory called gravitational
19:17 instability it says that instead of the
19:19 pieces coming together bit by bit the
19:22 material in the disc collapses all at
19:24 once directly creating a planet but even
19:28 with this the Theory it's hard to
19:29 explain how such a heavy Planet could
19:31 form without a really massive disc it'll
19:34 take us some time to figure out the
19:38 truth this isn't the first planet that
19:40 makes us doubt our theories recently
19:43 scientists found another planet called
19:44 Hala this planet is orbiting a star
19:47 called baked and just like the previous
19:49 one it shouldn't really exist it's way
19:52 too close to a star Stars change a lot
19:54 during their lives normally when a star
19:57 becomes big and prepares to leave this
19:59 world it's called the red giant stage a
20:02 star like that tends to destroy or push
20:04 away any nearby planets creating a huge
20:07 mass Hala rotates around a red giant and
20:11 it should have been swallowed or
20:12 destroyed by the expanding star a long
20:14 time ago but it's still hanging there
20:18 even though Baku has already started
20:20 burning helium and shrunk to a smaller
20:22 size than expected Hala isn't bothered
20:24 in the slightest scientists called Hala
20:27 The Forbidden Planet ooh this discovery
20:30 challenges what we thought about how
20:32 planets survive near aging Stars it
20:35 raises two theories one suggests that
20:37 baked was once two stars a white door
20:40 and a red giant Hala orbited them both
20:43 and they merged before the red giant
20:45 fully expanded this allowed holla to
20:48 survive because the extra helium from
20:50 the white dwarf prevented the red giant
20:52 from growing too much the second theory
20:55 says that H form from the debris created
20:57 when the two stars mered merged in this
20:59 scenario Hollow would be a very young
21:02 Planet orbiting an elderly star
21:05 astronomers plan to continue studing
21:06 Hala and look for more planets like
21:10 that another odd ball besides me is
21:14 called LT
21:15 9779 B this one scares us too because
21:19 it's too shiny the planet reflects 80%
21:22 of the light from its star regular
21:25 mirrors reflect from 85 to Almost 100%
21:28 of light
21:29 which means that this mysterious planet
21:31 should look like a rough mirror with
21:32 aluminum or silver likee Reflections
21:35 this is another Neptune siiz planet it's
21:38 located 268 light years from us and was
21:42 discovered by NASA's T spacecraft it
21:44 completes a full rotation around its
21:46 star in just 19 hours it's so close to
21:49 its star that it's scorching hot
21:52 reaching temp temperatures over 3,600 de
21:55 F normally planets this close lose their
21:58 atmosphere spere and turn into bare
21:59 rocks but this one Breaks the Rules
22:04 again now this time we know the secret
22:07 of its survival it's because of the
22:09 planet's shiny metallic clouds which are
22:11 made of glass and titanium salt these
22:14 clouds rain titanium onto its hot
22:16 surface they also reflect a lot of the
22:19 light preventing the planet from getting
22:21 too hot and losing its atmosphere it's
22:23 like having a mirror Shield this planet
22:26 size also surprised scientists if is way
22:29 bigger than Earth other planets this
22:31 close to their stars are either much
22:33 bigger gas giants or small rocky planets
22:36 this planet is a smaller gas giant and
22:39 scientists didn't expect it to exist so
22:41 close to its star this is the shiniest
22:44 planet ever found even shinier than
22:46 Venus but despite its cool appearance
22:49 it's probably not a friendly place for
22:51 life because of its extreme temperatures
22:54 in strange metallic rain
22:58 and our final rule breaker is a planet
23:01 called was
23:03 107b scientists discovered it using the
23:05 James web Space Telescope it's located
23:08 around 208 light years from us in the
23:11 Virgo constellation it's also fast and
23:14 completes an orbit arounded star in just
23:16 6 days this is a super Neptune exoplanet
23:20 it's similar to Jupiter in some ways
23:23 including the same size and scorching
23:25 hot temperatures but the main difference
23:27 is that it's much lighter weaker and
23:29 less dense this is the least dense
23:31 Planet we've discovered so far after
23:34 researching some more we also found that
23:36 it has a tail the helium on the planet
23:39 extends beyond the transit egress the
23:42 planet is slowly losing its atmosphere
23:44 due to extreme ultraviolet radiation
23:46 from the Star this creates a comet-like
23:49 tail so it looks like a fluffy
23:54 Comet but that was just the beginning
23:57 the planet's low density or fluffiness
23:59 allowed astronomers to study its
24:01 atmosphere in detail they found some
24:04 surprising things like water vapor and
24:06 clouds made of fine silicate particles
24:09 which are like really fine grained sand
24:12 the planet's hostar doesn't emit a lot
24:14 of high energy light but since wasp 107b
24:18 is so loose the light can penetrate deep
24:20 into its atmosphere this creates sulfur
24:23 dioxide that smell when you light a
24:25 match in other words it's a fluffy plet
24:28 that rains sand and smells like matches
24:31 the researchers think the sand clouds in
24:33 the atmosphere form in a similar way to
24:35 clouds on Earth they just have droplets
24:37 of sand instead of water these sand
24:40 droplets condense fall turn into
24:42 silicate vapor in hot layers within the
24:44 planet and then rise again to form
24:47 clouds once more and once again this
24:50 planet couldn't have formed in its
24:51 current spot astronomers say that it
24:54 likely moved closer to its star from a
24:56 birth orbit because it was a attracted
24:58 by some heavier neighbor it also follows
25:01 a retrograde orbit meaning it orbits in
25:04 the opposite direction to its Stars
25:06 rotation all these discoveries are
25:08 changing how we understand planets and
25:10 their atmospheres giving us new insights
25:13 into the mysteries of our own solar
25:16 system this planet is as light as that
25:18 piece of fluff stuck to your sweater in
25:21 the scientific world it's called wasp
25:24 193b but let's call it the cotton candy
25:27 planet
25:29 it's located around 12200 Lighty years
25:31 away from us sure thing we'll never see
25:34 it with our own eyes but scientists say
25:36 the cotton candy planet is pretty much
25:39 Jupiter's bigger bouncier cousin 50%
25:43 more massive it has an extremely low
25:46 density combined with other factors such
25:48 as high temperatures and the infrared
25:51 brightness of its host star that make it
25:53 look special may I have a closeup here
25:56 please thank you see how fluffy it is
25:59 right now you understand that it would
26:01 be impossible to stand on its surface
26:04 anyways it's not often that you meet
26:06 something like wasp 193b at a planetary
26:09 party such planets might be fluffy
26:11 because they're getting cooked by their
26:13 parent Stars puffing up like a
26:15 marshmallow that seen too much campfire
26:17 action but the thing is if you're that
26:20 close to your star and mostly made of a
26:22 hydrogen helium cocktail you're not
26:25 going to keep your puffiness for long
26:27 it's like trying to hold on to a balloon
26:29 during a
26:30 hurricane exoplanets like this fluffy
26:33 guy here are pretty rare but there's
26:35 also wasp
26:37 1007b and it looks squishy too this one
26:41 kicks back 200 Lighty years from us and
26:43 it shows the constellation of Virgo as
26:45 its official residence from some
26:48 perspective you might say that this
26:50 planet is a copycat of Earth it has
26:52 helium and its atmosphere contains
26:54 sulfur dioxide there's some resemblance
26:57 for sure but wasp 1007b has the density
27:01 of a marshmallow it means we can snoop
27:03 through its atmosphere easier than we
27:05 could with a heavyweight like Jupiter
27:08 scientists were Beyond surprised when
27:10 they peered through their super space
27:11 goggles the James web space telescopes
27:14 Miry cam they spotted clouds made of the
27:17 stuff that builds beaches silicate or as
27:20 you might know it sand imagine Sand
27:23 Castles in the
27:25 Sky those sound clouds are way up there
27:28 in the penthouse suite of wasp 1007 B's
27:31 atmosphere where the thermostat reads a
27:33 breezy 932 de Fahrenheit normally You'
27:38 need
27:39 1,832 de F to cook up this kind of cloud
27:42 so scientists are scratching their heads
27:45 how did those grainy Puffs get all the
27:47 way up there turns out wasp 1007b might
27:52 be running its own Sandy water cycle but
27:55 with scorching silicates instead of H2O
27:58 silicate particles get whooshed up from
28:00 the sizzling lower levels by some sort
28:03 of cosmic elevator and then they cool
28:05 off party together as clouds and
28:07 sprinkle down a silicate drizzle
28:10 nobody's packing sunscreen for this kind
28:12 of Sandstorm
28:13 though now look at this Kepler Planet
28:16 family located in the Kepler 51 star
28:19 system this Cosmic thre pack hangs
28:22 around 2400 Lightyear away looking huge
28:26 but having the same density as as your
28:28 favorite snack and it's cotton candy yet
28:31 again scientists have been digging into
28:34 what these space treats are made of they
28:36 now believe these puffball planets are
28:39 big hydrogen helium gas Balloons with a
28:42 generous smearing of methane Haze it
28:45 also turns out these planets might be
28:47 going through a cosmic
28:50 downsize now let's talk about a planet
28:52 called mascara 5B nope it doesn't look
28:56 like one of those cosmetic tubes from
28:57 your your mom's drawer scientists say
29:00 it's one of the hottest planets ever
29:02 discovered they call it an ultra hot
29:04 Jupiter showing off its impressive size
29:08 almost twice as big as our very own
29:10 Jupiter the day side temperature is
29:13 around a scorching
29:15 4,892 de F while the night side hits
29:20 4,172 de fhe no chance for any sort of
29:24 Life To Survive out there actually it's
29:27 the second hot Nightside temperature
29:29 ever recorded to put it in perspective
29:32 the temperature of molten lava sits
29:34 between 1,2 92° F and
29:38 2,282 de F so the planet is a whole lot
29:43 hotter than this scorching liquid rock
29:46 its temperatures even surpass the
29:47 melting point of most metals which is
29:50 around
29:52 3,632 F scientists mention that the
29:56 insane heat on this planet is comparable
29:58 to the exhaust of a rocket
30:01 engine back in 2005 one famous star
30:05 called wait is that a name or a phone
30:08 number whatever so turns out this star
30:12 has a hot sister and they have very
30:14 similar names this hot sister has B at
30:17 the end well this place looks like
30:20 something from a sci-fi movie as it
30:22 rocks a mesmerizing Blue Marble Vibe
30:24 according to NASA such an appearance
30:27 results from an atmosphere packed with
30:29 hazy clouds laced with glass the rain on
30:32 this planet is glass filled
30:34 precipitation that likes to fall
30:36 sideways thanks to Fierce winds blowing
30:38 at a speed of 5400
30:41 mph and yeah it's the hot sister for a
30:44 reason scientists have measured the
30:46 daytime temperatures in this nightmarish
30:49 world it's around 1,700 de F so when it
30:53 rains on this planet it's more like
30:55 molten glass pouring down inad of your
30:58 typical
31:00 Waterworks you may not know it but space
31:02 is swarming with wasps I'm talking about
31:06 planets called wasp meet wasp
31:09 76b this sizzling hot jupiter-like
31:11 planet is so out of this world it rains
31:15 iron at night there the daytime side is
31:18 no less of a fiery nightmare the
31:21 temperature there is about 4,300 de F
31:25 wasp 76b may be slight slightly smaller
31:28 than Jupiter but don't underestimate its
31:30 Grandeur this Fireball is located 640
31:34 Lighty years away from earth and its
31:36 terrifying climate is the result of one
31:39 seriously extreme orbit you see these
31:43 gas giants are fittingly known as hot
31:45 Jupiters they like to keep it hot so
31:49 they orbit way too close to their
31:50 scorching host stars in this case wasp
31:55 76b is nearly 10 times closer to to its
31:58 star than Mercury is to our sun that's
32:01 way too close for comfort leaving this
32:03 rebellious Planet tily locked to the
32:06 star so while one side basks in Eternal
32:09 Light the other is trapped In Perpetual
32:13 Darkness 55 cancre e is a total gem it's
32:17 the ratest super Earth ever spotted
32:20 scientists initially believed it was
32:23 packed with so much carbon that its
32:24 insides were blinged out with diamonds
32:27 thanks to sane pressure and sizzling
32:29 temperatures of
32:31 4,892 De F but researchers put a dent in
32:36 the diamond hype showing there was
32:38 actually less carbon than we had
32:39 originally thought well diamonds aren't
32:42 actually that rare and expensive after
32:45 all they're just well
32:47 marketed the last destination for today
32:50 is
32:51 gj1214b
32:53 located 40 light years away from Earth
32:56 this planet is like a super sized earth
32:59 almost three times bigger in diameter
33:01 and a whopping seven times heavier it
33:04 orbits around its red dwarf star faster
33:06 than you can finish a pizza finishing a
33:09 complete Loop every 38 hours but it's
33:12 not just the planet size or orbit that's
33:14 out of this world it's pretty hot out
33:16 there with mind melting
33:18 450° F but the coolest thing is that
33:22 this planet is practically drowning in
33:25 water the sizzling temperatures and
33:27 crazy high pressures on
33:30 gj1214b
33:31 create some super cool materials like
33:34 hot ice and super fluid water super
33:37 fluidity is something that happens in
33:39 liquid helium when it's almost as cold
33:41 as it can get on earth water totally
33:44 missed the memo on being superf fluid
33:47 because it needs ridiculously low
33:49 temperatures and off thee chart
33:51 pressures to pull off that trick still
33:53 there's not much use in superf fluid
33:55 water even if you try it you'll just get
34:01 dehydrated have you ever wondered why
34:03 all planets are perfectly Round And what
34:06 if these celestial bodies decided to
34:07 break the rules and change their shape
34:10 would we end up with square planets
34:12 triangular moons or maybe even
34:14 Intergalactic shapes we can't even
34:16 imagine well let's find out so how do
34:20 planets form in the first place the
34:22 universe is filled with swirling clouds
34:24 of dust and gas these clouds called
34:26 molecular clouds consist of various
34:28 elements and compounds such as hydrogen
34:30 helium carbon oxygen and so on they're
34:33 like a cosmic kitchen filled with the
34:35 ingredients needed to cook up some brand
34:36 new
34:39 planets the first step in the recipe for
34:41 planetary formation is called the
34:43 accretion theory let's say that
34:46 something happens that causes
34:47 gravitational instability like a
34:49 supernova goes off nearby or something
34:52 this pushes the gas and dust in the
34:54 cloud and causes them to come together
34:58 because of gravity these particles start
35:01 falling toward a central point they
35:03 become more tightly packed together like
35:06 when you squeeze a ball in your hand and
35:08 eventually they squeeze so hard that the
35:11 cloud starts to flatten into a disc
35:13 shape kind of like when you mix flour
35:15 and water to make pizza
35:17 dough this disc is called a
35:19 protoplanetary disc it's also spinning
35:22 because the Cloud's particles had some
35:24 rotation to begin with now imagine these
35:27 tiny dust particles and gas molecules
35:30 dancing around in the disc sometimes
35:33 they bump into each other and when they
35:35 do they stick together like
35:37 velcro these little clumps of dust and
35:39 gas are called planetesimals they're the
35:42 building blocks of planets and as the
35:44 planetesimals continued to collide and
35:46 merge they grew larger and larger
35:48 forming
35:50 protoplanets the protoplanets were
35:52 getting serious about their size and
35:54 their gravity became stronger some of
35:56 them got so massive that they became the
35:58 grand masters of their Cosmic
36:00 neighborhoods the planets we know and
36:02 love each planet had its own unique
36:05 recipe of gases rocks and sometimes even
36:07 water but why do the planets look like
36:09 spheres well it's all because of
36:12 gravity let's go back to our
36:14 protoplanets imagine you're squeezing a
36:16 balloon with your hands the air inside
36:19 of the balloon pushes back creating
36:21 pressure something similar happens with
36:23 planets gravity squeezes its material
36:26 inward pull pull in towards the center
36:29 and since gravity acts equally in all
36:31 directions it pulls material from all
36:33 sides toward the center of mass
36:35 resulting in a sphere-like
36:37 shape and that material pushes back with
36:40 pressure resisting the force of gravity
36:43 in the end they both find a sweet spot
36:45 where they balance each other out it's
36:47 called hydrostatic equilibrium a fancy
36:51 term that means everything inside a
36:52 planet is in Balance but that's not all
36:55 another thing that makes the planet
36:56 spherical is their rotation think about
36:59 a ball of PlayDoh or something like that
37:01 imagine you spin it rapidly the material
37:04 starts to push outward making the
37:06 Playdoh bulge at the equator and flatten
37:08 at the
37:09 poles the same thing happens to planets
37:12 as they spin on their axis the
37:14 combination of gravity and rotation
37:16 pushes the material outward making the
37:18 planet bulge at the equator they lowkey
37:21 want to become discs again however
37:23 gravity doesn't want any lumpy planets
37:26 it wants them to be nice nice and round
37:28 so it keeps pulling on the material
37:30 trying to make everything as compact as
37:32 possible eventually gravity wins and the
37:36 planet settles into a spherical
37:38 shape let's take some examples from our
37:40 planetary playlist Jupiter the giant of
37:43 the solar system loves to show off its
37:46 oblateness it spins so fast that it
37:48 becomes noticeably squished at the poles
37:50 and chubby in the middle it's like a
37:52 spinning top with a cute belly Saturn
37:54 the ringed Wonder also joins the oblate
37:57 party it spins around with its beautiful
37:59 rings and its oblateness is even more
38:01 pronounced than
38:02 Jupiter's these examples show how
38:04 rotation can give planets a unique shape
38:07 they go from being perfectly round to
38:09 having a delightful bulge around the
38:11 middle it's like Cosmic Pottery where
38:13 the spinning motion creates a playful
38:15 and distinct shape so now you know why
38:17 the planets are round but what's more
38:19 interesting is what if they weren't what
38:21 if they were let's say cubicle or even
38:24 triangular well let's see
38:27 a cube-shaped or a triangle-shaped
38:29 planet would have its mass spread out in
38:31 a completely different way than a sphere
38:34 and you know what that means gravity
38:36 would be All Shook Up Too on a spherical
38:38 Planet gravity pulls everything towards
38:41 the center because the mass is evenly
38:42 distributed around that Center but when
38:44 we introduce a cube-shaped or
38:46 triangle-shaped Planet things get
38:49 interesting if you're standing at the
38:51 center of one of those faces you'd feel
38:53 the strongest pull of gravity that's
38:55 because the faces are the Clos closest
38:57 to the center of gravity and as you
39:00 venture away from the center and start
39:01 walking towards the edges gravity starts
39:04 playing tricks on you you would feel the
39:06 struggle against the Steep angled
39:08 gravity walking on those edges would
39:10 feel just like climbing a mountain or
39:13 walking on a super steep slope all
39:16 because gravity wants you right in the
39:17 middle of the face and nowhere
39:20 else now imagine the terrain along the
39:22 edges and Corners it's a Barren Rocky
39:26 and dry landscape
39:27 why well all the water would pull in at
39:30 the center of each face leaving the
39:32 edges high and dry and the air quality
39:35 well it's either non-existent or so thin
39:37 that it can't support life not the
39:39 coziest place to set up camp that's for
39:41 sure and don't forget your warm clothes
39:43 lunch and hiking boots you'll need them
39:45 because of the crazy
39:47 climate the type of climate you'll
39:49 encounter on our Cube or triangle shaped
39:51 Earth depends on how it spins if it
39:53 rotates at its Corners each side would
39:55 enjoy a mild temperate clim climate
39:58 however if it rotates on an axis through
40:00 two of its faces things get intense
40:03 picture a roller coaster version of our
40:05 current climate some faces would be
40:07 polar wonderlands icy and chilly the top
40:10 and bottom faces for the cube and the
40:12 bottom face for the triangle meanwhile
40:15 the other sides would be completely
40:17 different in a cube they would be
40:19 scorching hot with an equatorial climate
40:21 that would make you break a sweat
40:23 instead of sunlight gently curving along
40:25 the surface it would directly beam onto
40:28 these faces talk about feeling the
40:31 Heat and on a triangular Planet the
40:34 sunlight would strike the faces at an
40:35 angle this angled sunlight would create
40:38 fascinating temperature variations
40:40 across the
40:41 planet imagine this as you move from the
40:44 base of the triangle towards the tip the
40:46 temperatures would gradually decrease
40:48 the base where the sunlight hits most
40:50 directly would be the hottest region
40:53 just like the equatorial climate we're
40:54 familiar with on our spherical Earth but
40:57 as Venture towards the tip the angle of
40:59 sunlight would be less direct leading to
41:01 cooler temperatures but the base is
41:03 still super cold and dark since the
41:05 sunlight doesn't directly reach it so
41:07 the triangle would be absolutely crazy
41:09 in terms of temperature changes in
41:11 climate
41:12 zones by the way you know that cozy
41:14 blanket of air we call the atmosphere
41:16 well on our angular Earth things would
41:19 get a little Topsy Turvy gravity would
41:21 be pulling stronger from the center of
41:23 each face the result the atmosphere
41:26 would go through some crazy Chang es
41:28 picture this at the center of each face
41:30 where gravity is strongest the
41:32 atmosphere would gather and thicken it
41:34 would be like a bustling City full of
41:36 air molecules but as you venture towards
41:38 the edges things would start to thin out
41:40 the atmosphere would become scarce and
41:42 very thin so breathing along the edges
41:45 would be quite a challenge and the edges
41:47 would be a tough neighborhood for life
41:48 to thrive moreover a thinner atmosphere
41:51 means less protection from the sun's
41:53 radiation and solar winds so corners and
41:56 edges would be extreme extr dangerous
41:57 for humans of course this is all just a
42:00 playful exploration of what could be our
42:02 Earth loves its spherical shape and
42:04 that's a good thing but there's no harm
42:06 in imagining wild and wonderful
42:08 possibilities so keep your imagination
42:10 soaring and continue to Marvel at the
42:12 marvels of our amazing planet however it
42:14 may be shaped now space missions used to
42:16 be this big deal but now they're
42:19 starting to feel like a walk in the park
42:21 but there's a catch our bodies aren't
42:23 exactly built for surviving on other
42:25 planets now I know what you're thinking
42:28 our bodies will eventually adapt and
42:30 evolve right well yeah evolution is
42:33 always on the clock but let's be real
42:35 here it's not going to happen overnight
42:38 we're not talking about a cool million
42:40 years for some changes to kick in and
42:42 honestly who's got the time for that so
42:45 how about tweaking our genes just a
42:48 little bit to make living on other
42:50 planets easier genetic modifications are
42:52 all about changing an organism's genetic
42:55 material like its DNA to give it some
42:57 cool new traits or characteristics now
43:00 picture this scientists could totally
43:03 mess around with our genes to make us
43:04 more resistant to Crazy temperature you
43:07 know like the temperature fluctuations
43:09 of the Moon minus
43:10 298° F at night to 224° F daytime wow
43:17 they might even figure out a way to make
43:18 us super tough against radiation which
43:21 is a huge deal in space or on planets
43:23 with weak atmospheres we definitely
43:25 don't want to get fried out out there oh
43:28 and here's another thing they could do
43:30 tackle the effects of low gravity
43:32 spending too much time in Low Gravity
43:34 can really mess up our muscles bones and
43:37 even our heart but if they tweak those
43:39 genes related to muscle and bone growth
43:42 we could become super strong and
43:44 resistant to all those nasty effects
43:47 however it's not as simple as it might
43:49 seem the technology for safe and precise
43:52 genetic modifications is still in its
43:54 early stages so it might even take as
43:57 much time as it would for our bodies to
43:59 naturally evolve and adapt to other
44:01 planets there are a couple of nice
44:03 exoplanets where Humanity might
44:05 potentially live I'm talking about gley
44:08 667 CC Kepler 442b Kepler 62e Kepler
44:15 452b gley 837 you name it in fact I'm
44:20 sure you can do a better job of naming
44:22 than these now consider gley
44:25 667cc um in fact let's nickname this one
44:28 Gary for short turns out that Gary gets
44:31 about 90% of the light that Earth does
44:33 but instead of regular visible light
44:36 this planet mostly gets infrared light
44:38 to put it simpler Gary is rocking only
44:40 20% of the visible light that Earth gets
44:43 yep it's a bit darker over there so do
44:46 we need really warm clothes and night
44:48 vision goggles to thrive on this planet
44:51 nah not really in addition to Darkness
44:54 Gary is estimated to have a higher mass
44:56 than Earth meaning it likely has a
44:58 stronger gravitational pull to adapt
45:01 humans would need to hit the gym at
45:03 least twice a day translation humans
45:06 would need to develop stronger muscles
45:07 and Bones to withstand the increased
45:10 gravity over Generations natural
45:12 selection might favor individuals with
45:14 these adaptations we still know too
45:17 little about these exoplanets to move
45:19 there anytime soon hey how about some
45:22 planets in our solar system let's
45:25 discover our top picks this way we can
45:27 easily figure out what changes we need
45:29 to make so first things first let's
45:31 eliminate the two ice giants in our
45:33 solar system and their friends yep
45:36 Neptune Uranus and the two gas giants
45:39 Saturn and Jupiter sorry guys but
45:41 terraforming you is just not going to
45:44 happen even so we still have four super
45:47 cool candidates right here in our solar
45:49 system you all know them well Venus and
45:52 Mars the popular Kids on the Block and
45:54 then we have Jupiter's moon Kalisto and
45:57 Saturn's moon Titan they might not be as
46:00 famous but they've got some serious
46:02 potential to become Earth 2.0 so it
46:05 turns out some of Jupiter's moons are
46:07 super cool for terraforming they're
46:09 packed with water which is a big plus
46:11 but here's the catch only Kalisto is far
46:14 enough from Jupiter's radiation belts
46:17 you see on Earth we get hit with about
46:19 .24 Rems of radiation per year but for
46:23 instance ganim another of Jupiter's
46:26 moons gives away a whopping eight Rams
46:28 per day just to make it clear
46:31 professional workers here on Earth can
46:33 have more than five Ram per year Kalisto
46:35 is different though we don't need to
46:37 tweak our genes as it only gets about
46:40 0.01 RMS per day which we humans can
46:43 totally handle now let's not get too
46:46 carried away with the idea that life on
46:48 Kalisto is all sunshine and beaches like
46:51 in California nope it's more like an icy
46:54 Wonderland out there so if you ever find
46:56 yourself on Kalisto make sure to pack
46:58 your snazziest protective clothing and
47:00 some high-tech heating systems honestly
47:03 at this point we might as well wish for
47:05 evolution to take us back to our furry
47:07 animal days I mean think about it our
47:10 ancestors were rocking some serious fur
47:12 game just like those cool chimps and
47:14 gorillas But as time went on and we got
47:17 all fancy with our Evolution we decided
47:20 to ditch the fur coat and go for a more
47:22 minimalist look now why did we lose our
47:25 fur that's a question that has puzzled
47:27 scientists for ages Darwin thought it
47:30 was about finding less hairy mates While
47:33 others believed it was to keep those
47:34 pesky lice away but these days most
47:37 researchers think it all comes down to
47:39 staying cool picture this our ancestors
47:42 were string their stuff on open dry
47:45 lands after they learned to walk on two
47:47 legs think of a patchy forest or a sunny
47:50 Savannah instead of a lush rainforest in
47:53 that kind of environment overheating was
47:55 a real threat so we evolve to have less
47:58 body hair and more sweat glands to help
48:01 us cool down by sweating like crazy now
48:04 Titan the moon of Saturn is like a
48:07 treasure chest of resources just waiting
48:09 to be cracked open we're talking
48:11 hydrocarbon reserves that make Earths
48:13 look like a kids play with petroleum for
48:16 days plus it's got all sorts of organic
48:19 compounds like methane ammonia and water
48:22 and don't forget its atmosphere is a
48:24 nitrogen party just like early herbs
48:27 here's where it gets really interesting
48:29 if Titan's atmosphere is similar to what
48:31 Earth used to be we could totally
48:34 transform it into a modern earthlike
48:36 atmosphere picture this giant mirrors in
48:39 space beaming sunlight onto Titan
48:41 surface heating things up and releasing
48:43 water vapor oxygenated atmosphere coming
48:46 right up and to top it off Titan hangs
48:49 out within Saturn's magnetosphere so it
48:52 shielded from those pesky solar winds
48:55 now Titan's gravity is about 17th that
48:57 of Earth which could lead to muscle and
49:00 bone deterioration over time to
49:02 counteract that our bodies would need to
49:04 develop stronger muscles and denser
49:06 bones to withstand the lower gravity
49:09 seems like Earth is the only place where
49:11 we can't skip gym without gravitational
49:13 consequences now when it comes to being
49:16 the hottest planet Mercury may be the
49:18 Sun's next door neighbor but Venus takes
49:21 the crown the temperature there is a
49:22 scorching 870 de F on average it's like
49:27 trying to survive in a pot of boiling
49:28 water or in the fiery depths of Venus
49:31 itself I guess the richest people out
49:33 there would be those selling sunscreens
49:35 and ice cream sorry folks no amount of
49:38 evolution can turn us into superhumans
49:40 who can handle Venus's extreme
49:42 conditions the only beings that
49:44 theoretically could possibly Thrive
49:46 there are tardigrades these tiny cute
49:49 little critters that look like
49:50 caterpillars and have some seriously
49:52 impressive toughness they can survive
49:55 boiling water the darkest depths of the
49:57 ocean and even the freezing airless
49:59 emptiness of space in fact they were
50:01 part of a scientific study on a
50:03 spacecraft that unfortunately crashed on
50:06 the moon still Recent research proves
50:08 that even these guys won't survive on
50:10 Venus now look at this guy he's been
50:13 kicking it on Mars for ages which
50:15 explains why he's rocking the wrong
50:17 shade of self-tan turns out all those
50:20 carrot loving catenoids in his diet like
50:23 sweet potatoes bell peppers tomatoes and
50:25 pumpkins are the es up his sleeve
50:28 protecting him against UV rays the more
50:30 he munches on those the more he turns
50:32 into a walking orange and let me tell
50:35 you the strength it's all about that
50:37 Martian gravity my friend the gravity
50:39 there messes with our perception of
50:41 weight so if you want to be a boss on
50:43 Mars you got to Chow Down big time like
50:46 if you weigh 150 lbs on Earth it feels
50:49 like you're carrying no more than 55 lbs
50:52 on Mars so overindulging in food can
50:55 totally help bridge that Gap between
50:57 gravity and weight o time to Feast like
51:00 a martian have you ever thought about
51:02 Earth itself as an intelligent well not
51:06 creature but maybe an entity like it has
51:09 a mind and some survival instincts of
51:12 its own when said like this it sounds
51:15 like you're about to watch a fantasy
51:16 movie where the planet we walk and live
51:19 our daily lives on will suddenly wake up
51:21 realize it doesn't like us that much
51:23 after all and just go crazy hope not but
51:28 we're not actually talking about such
51:30 scenarios more of the idea that the
51:32 collective activity of life like
51:34 microbes and plants can change a planet
51:37 and give it a life of its own it's like
51:39 the planet has a green
51:42 mind the metaphor of Earth as a living
51:45 planet makes sense creatures across the
51:48 globe crawl swim walk and fly through
51:51 the uppermost layers of Our Land Ocean
51:53 and Sky plants cover much of our work
51:56 world plus there are viruses and
51:58 bacteria in the water soil and even
52:03 atmosphere now imagine all the living
52:05 things on earth like plants animals and
52:08 microbes as a giant team working
52:10 together they have different jobs but
52:13 they all do their thing to make the
52:14 planet a better place to live for
52:16 example plants make oxygen that we
52:19 breathe and animals help pollinate
52:21 flowers together they form the biosphere
52:25 which is like the Earth's team of
52:28 life that's where the idea of planetary
52:31 intelligence comes in just like
52:34 individuals and groups can be
52:35 intelligent so can an entire planet
52:39 researchers believe we should measure
52:40 the planet's intelligence by its ability
52:42 to keep itself going forever and just
52:45 like how humans need to work together to
52:47 survive a planet's collective
52:49 intelligence is measured by the capacity
52:51 of all the life on it to work together
52:54 towards this same goal it's like the
52:57 planet is a complex system that knows
52:59 how to take care of itself like forests
53:02 they can share nutrients through their
53:04 secret underground networks of fungi
53:07 this helps all the trees stay healthy we
53:09 can obviously learn a lot from
53:12 forests if we jump into the fantasy
53:14 Universe while looking for intelligent
53:16 conscious planets we definitely choose
53:19 MoGo from Green Lantern it's a specific
53:22 planetary entity that can do things like
53:24 changing its weather and altering
53:26 gravity plant growth or some other
53:28 surface conditions or how about the
53:31 stunning Pandora from Avatar do you
53:34 remember the fascinating scenes of Flora
53:36 and Fauna there with organs that might
53:39 remind you of tentacles they enable
53:41 creatures to Interlink with each other
53:43 on a neural level it's like the entire
53:46 planet is like one giant brain with many
53:49 smaller trees creatures and its other
53:51 pieces as its
53:54 cells we're far from from that but it's
53:57 still nice to imagine at the moment our
54:00 civilization is in the stage scientists
54:02 named an immature technosphere that
54:05 means we're still too focused on using
54:07 technology that doesn't always do good
54:10 for our planet we don't have a planetary
54:13 intelligence or a collective
54:15 understanding of what needs to be done
54:16 to do better for our planet instead
54:19 we're all just doing our own thing I
54:22 mean we're not at the worst stage
54:25 researchers have come up with four
54:27 stages of Earth's past and future to
54:29 explain how planetary intelligence could
54:32 impact the long-term future of humanity
54:35 the first stage is what we call the
54:36 immature biosphere it's when life first
54:39 started on Earth billions of years ago
54:42 only microbes were there on the bare
54:44 land without any vegetation there wasn't
54:47 any Global feedback which means these
54:49 microbes couldn't yet affect Earth its
54:52 atmosphere or other systems in any way
54:55 the second stage is the mature biosphere
54:58 which was 2.5 billion to 540 million
55:01 years ago when stable continents formed
55:04 and the biosphere started to have a
55:06 strong influence on the earth the third
55:09 stage known as immature technosphere is
55:13 where we are now with interl systems of
55:15 communication technology Transportation
55:18 electricity and computers that draw
55:21 resources from Earth's systems and
55:23 affect the biosphere the fourth stage
55:26 also known as the mature technosphere is
55:29 where Earth should aim to be in the
55:31 future it means technology will benefit
55:34 the entire planet we'll use sustainable
55:36 forms of energy like solar power
55:39 planetary intelligence is the sign of a
55:41 mature planet and researchers are trying
55:44 to figure out how we can move towards
55:47 it so things we do on an individual
55:51 level do matter the collective activity
55:53 of life like microbes or plants can
55:56 change a planet and make it more than
55:59 just a lifeless rock floating in
56:01 space through the biosphere our home
56:04 planet kind of figured out how to host
56:06 Life by itself billions of years ago and
56:09 it's still going now we need to figure
56:11 out how to have a similar kind of
56:12 self-maintaining system but this time
56:15 with the
56:17 technosphere it's hard to imagine
56:19 planets could generally become sensient
56:21 like Pandora or some other imaginary
56:24 conscious world out there there are a
56:26 few reasons for that first planets form
56:30 based on how different materials like
56:32 rocks gases and liquids gather around a
56:34 new star it's like you have a big family
56:37 gathering where everyone brings
56:39 different ingredients to make a
56:40 delicious dish and just like how these
56:43 ingredients won't suddenly turn into a
56:45 living being the materials that make up
56:47 a planet won't just turn into self-aware
56:50 creatures on Earth after billions of
56:53 years of complex chemical reactions some
56:56 molecules started to replicate
56:57 themselves and carry information that's
57:00 how life on our planet began and Earth
57:03 is the only such example we
57:05 have here's the second reason imagine
57:08 you have a big Garden where you plant a
57:10 lot of mushrooms or bacteria hoping
57:13 they'll become really smart and help you
57:15 take care of the garden but mushrooms
57:17 and bacteria don't have brains like we
57:20 do eh it's not like they need it
57:23 anyway having a big brain is really
57:26 expensive for animals too it takes a lot
57:28 of energy to keep it running so animals
57:31 only become as smart as they need to be
57:33 to survive and thrive in their
57:35 environment dogs and cats are pretty
57:37 smart because they need to be able to
57:40 avoid danger and find food they don't
57:42 need human kind of intelligence for
57:44 things like building houses creating art
57:47 or inventing new technologies so it
57:50 would be hard to bring all living beings
57:52 and plants to the same level of
57:54 intelligence the third reason why it
57:57 would be difficult for a planet to
57:58 become sensient is the main rule of the
58:00 animal kingdom life is all about
58:03 survival of the fittest every creature
58:06 is competing for resources like water
58:08 food and space but not only do different
58:11 species compete against each other but
58:13 individuals within the same species also
58:15 fight just think of how fiddler crabs
58:18 fight for territory on the beach or how
58:20 wolf packs fight over prey or me when I
58:24 see an empty spot on a crowd Ed Beach
58:27 this kind of competition is not a good
58:29 base for Global
58:32 cooperation there are a couple of
58:34 exceptions to this rule for example ants
58:37 they may not be the brightest creatures
58:39 on the planet but when they come
58:41 together in colonies they can achieve
58:43 amazing things like Gathering food
58:46 that's way bigger than them building
58:47 nests raising Young And even farming in
58:51 fact they act like a super organism
58:53 called a hive mind where every ant works
58:56 together towards a common
58:58 goal insects like bees and ants are very
59:02 altruistic and work together to ensure
59:04 their Queen reproduces if one large ant
59:07 colony took over our whole planet it
59:10 could act as a single mind and work
59:12 towards the colonies and planets
59:14 interests until they run out of
59:16 resources but in reality it's hard to
59:19 imagine any organism even a
59:21 superorganism could reach such a level
59:23 of self-awareness and consciousness
59:28 number five how could we keep in
59:30 contact when it comes to communication
59:33 ants use pheromones and humans use
59:36 nerves both of these methods work well
59:38 for small organisms but when it comes to
59:40 a giant planet sized entity it would be
59:43 hard to make such communication fast and
59:46 efficient so communication within a
59:48 planet-sized entity would be much slower
59:50 than what we have in our homes like our
59:53 computers or
59:54 smartphones oh well we'll just continue
59:57 dreaming about
60:01 Pandora ah consider the Rogue Planet the
60:04 cosmic Wanderer that nobody wants to
60:07 take home basically a rogue planet is a
60:09 planet that has been ejected from its
60:11 own star system and is now floating
60:14 aimlessly through space like a cosmic
60:17 loner these planets aren't just a theory
60:20 scientists have actually detected some
60:21 in our galaxy in fact estimates suggest
60:25 that there may be l lots of these Cosmic
60:27 Nomads floating around the Milky Way and
60:30 they aren't just small rocky worlds like
60:32 Earth some of them are actually massive
60:34 gas giants many times larger than
60:37 Jupiter these behemoths could
60:39 potentially have their own moons and
60:41 even their own Min systems orbiting
60:44 around them for example one of the most
60:47 famous rogue planets we know of has a
60:49 complicated name here you read it for
60:51 yourself it's located about 80 light
60:54 years away from Earth and it was
60:56 discovered in
60:57 2013 this Rogue planet is estimated to
61:00 be around six times the mass of Jupiter
61:03 and is believed to be around 12 million
61:05 years old and yes just because these
61:08 Cosmic loners don't have a star it
61:10 doesn't mean they're super cold they can
61:13 still generate heat and light from their
61:15 own internal processes some may even
61:18 have magnetic fields and auroras just
61:20 like Earth in other words rogue planets
61:23 could potentially be habitable if they
61:26 have the right conditions so what would
61:28 life on such a planet look like and
61:31 could we potentially live in such a
61:33 world well living on a rogue planet can
61:36 be a lonely existence they have no warm
61:39 sun to bask in no cozy atmosphere to
61:42 cuddle up in and no Cosmic neighbors to
61:44 have barbecue with that's why we'd have
61:47 to get creative let's start with the
61:49 most obvious problem we'd have a hard
61:52 time without light and heat so how do we
61:54 fix this Well we'd probably have to
61:57 invest in some really fancy space
61:59 heaters and wear fashionable superwarm
62:02 space suits or we could invent a whole
62:05 new way to generate electricity without
62:07 relying on solar power for example how
62:10 about using geothermal energy now that's
62:13 hot stuff each planet has an internal
62:16 source of heat without it they would all
62:18 be nothing more than cold lifeless rocks
62:21 floating through space this internal
62:24 heat can be harnessed and used to power
62:26 everything from homes to factories to
62:29 spaceships it's like having a hot tub
62:32 big enough to power an entire city and
62:34 that City most likely will be located
62:37 underground closer to the heat source
62:40 and as for light Well we'd probably have
62:43 to build some really bright flashlights
62:45 or maybe even learn to genetically
62:47 engineer some bioluminescent organisms
62:50 to light up our homes just imagine space
62:53 bases overgrown with neon mushrooms and
62:56 plants by the way speaking of plants
62:59 plant life would be pretty hard to come
63:00 by without a star so what would we eat
63:04 well we could use the same geothermal
63:06 vents that we talked about or some
63:08 chemical reactions to sustain ourselves
63:11 and hey maybe we'd develop a taste for
63:14 sulfur rich foods or we'd start
63:16 fermenting our own drinks from the
63:18 bubbling volcanic mud yum but besides
63:22 food we have a more important problem
63:25 living on Rogue Planet would be
63:27 breathtaking literally we'd have no air
63:30 you see not all rogue planets have good
63:32 stable atmospheres it all depends on
63:35 their size composition and other things
63:38 but even if our new home does have an
63:40 atmosphere it may be incredibly thin and
63:43 unstable we'd have no pretty blue skies
63:46 or dramatic sunsets to admire instead
63:49 we'd be staring out into the infinite
63:51 void of space where the stars would be
63:54 brighter than ever before
63:56 and forget about weather patterns
63:58 without an atmosphere to create them
64:00 we'd have no rain no snow and no
64:03 thunderstorms and that's just some minor
64:05 problems what's worse the temperature on
64:07 the planet would be wildly fluctuating
64:10 swinging from unbearable heat to
64:12 unbearable cold it would be like living
64:14 in an oven that's always being turned on
64:16 and off and finally we'd be exposed to
64:20 all kinds of space debris and Cosmic
64:22 radiation so if you don't want to get
64:25 crispy you might want to invest in some
64:27 serious
64:28 SPF so how do we fix it Well we'd have
64:32 to find a way to generate our own oxygen
64:35 and probably create something like a
64:36 space age biosphere for example we could
64:40 grow some plants that could produce
64:42 oxygen or we'd learn to filter the air
64:44 like a high-tech air
64:46 purifier finally we have the last most
64:49 important problem finding water and
64:52 here's where the underwater oceans come
64:54 to our Aid now we're really diving deep
64:56 into the possibilities yuu but seriously
65:01 scientists suggest that some of these
65:02 planets May indeed have underwater
65:04 oceans it would be like living on a
65:07 giant water balloon that's been buried
65:09 underground with the ground beneath your
65:11 feet made of ice and rock in other words
65:14 we could just tap into these underground
65:16 oceans they could provide us with a
65:18 source of water for drinking farming and
65:21 Manufacturing maybe even with some other
65:23 resources and materials we've never seen
65:25 for and by the way who knows what kind
65:28 of strange creatures might be lurking in
65:31 those underground Seas but don't worry
65:34 even if we don't have any underground
65:36 Oasis there are also other options we
65:39 could get some water from comets ice
65:42 Mining and even from the atmosphere the
65:44 one we just created before finally we
65:47 need to find and mine some resources to
65:50 build our homes and other stuff and a
65:52 rogue Planet might not have the same
65:54 kinds of resources as a planet that
65:56 orbits a star it's like trying to find
65:59 some Treasures in a desert not exactly a
66:02 sure thing we may have to rely on
66:04 resources from nearby asteroids and
66:07 things like that and if we want to
66:09 extract resources from the planet itself
66:12 we might need to drill down through
66:13 miles of ice and rock but hey if you're
66:16 up for the challenge there'll always be
66:18 a chance you'll strike it rich on a
66:20 rogue planet and who knows maybe you'll
66:23 discover some new resources that are
66:25 even more valuable than gold or diamonds
66:28 Great Looks like we've solved the most
66:30 important problems now there may be
66:32 other small difficulties for example
66:35 we'd also have to deal with some
66:37 seriously long days and nights depending
66:39 on how fast our planet was rotating and
66:42 we wouldn't have a normal regular day
66:44 night cycle the rotation of our planet
66:47 could be wildly unpredictable maybe we'd
66:49 have weeks long nights followed by weeks
66:52 long days which could really mess with
66:54 our sleep schedule
66:56 we might have to develop some really
66:57 strong coffee to keep us going through
66:59 those long dark nights but
67:02 hypothetically we can adapt to all these
67:04 things and overcome all the challenges
67:07 and now finally welcome to the Rogue
67:10 planet where the Sun never Rises but the
67:12 adventures Never End thanks to our
67:15 advanced technology we've managed to
67:17 create a comfortable and habitable
67:19 environment in this once Barren world
67:22 the sky above us is now a beautiful
67:24 shade of blue filled with fluffy white
67:26 clouds and the occasional flock of
67:28 flying creatures don't ask as we venture
67:32 out from our underground habitats we're
67:34 greeted by a world that's full of
67:36 surprises strange plants and animals
67:39 have adapted to the unique conditions of
67:41 this planet some with bioluminescent
67:43 features that glow in the dark and be
67:46 careful if you want to go swimming in
67:48 the underground ocean they might be home
67:50 to some bizarre creatures who want to
67:52 Feast on well we'll come back to that H
67:56 maybe as you can see we've created
67:58 sprawling cities and thriving
68:00 communities powered by the planet's
68:02 geothermal energy we also created a
68:05 bunch of artificial light sources that
68:07 keep things bright throughout the dark
68:09 chilly nights of course we still have
68:12 some problems with navigation and
68:13 timekeeping but things aren't as dull as
68:16 they used to be are they overall living
68:19 on a rogue Planet would definitely have
68:21 its challenges but it could also be a
68:23 pretty exciting way to experience the
68:25 universe and who knows maybe someday
68:29 we'll find such a planet and actually
68:31 turn it into a bustling Intergalactic
68:33 Metropolis someday but until then let's
68:36 enjoy and tidy up our dear
68:40 Earth have you ever wondered what it
68:42 would be like if every planet in our
68:45 solar system was the size of Earth well
68:48 it's time to dive into this mindboggling
68:51 scenario let's imagine what each planet
68:53 would look like if they were as big as
68:55 our beloved blue planet with the barren
68:58 red landscape of Mars suddenly become a
69:01 lush green Oasis with the massive
69:03 swirling gas giant Jupiter just
69:06 disappear and how would it affect our
69:08 solar system as a whole are we all
69:10 doomed buckle up and let's find
69:14 out the first planet on our list is
69:16 Mercury the smallest planet in our solar
69:19 system but now forget about the moonlike
69:22 Mercury instead picture yourself on the
69:25 surface of a super dnamic incandescent
69:28 Inferno there are a lot of craters and
69:31 active volcanoes around you and right in
69:33 front of you is a huge blinding bright
69:35 Sun what a nightmare but let's break
69:39 these changes down well along with the
69:41 size of mercury both its mass and
69:44 gravity would increase in that case it's
69:47 possible that mercury would have more
69:49 atmosphere temperatures on Mercury are
69:52 extreme not only because it's very close
69:54 to the Sun
69:55 but also because of its very thin
69:58 atmosphere so during the day the
70:00 temperatures there reach 800° F and at
70:04 night it becomes terrifyingly cold down
70:06 to -
70:08 290°
70:09 F but now when the gravity is stronger
70:13 Mercury could have a denser atmosphere
70:15 so the heat would be better distributed
70:17 across the
70:19 planet and the atmosphere isn't the only
70:21 thing that could make it hotter if
70:23 Mercury became bigger it it would likely
70:26 experience increased internal heating
70:28 due to gravitational compression and
70:31 hypothetically its tectonic activity
70:33 could increase in other words more
70:36 interesting landscape more Mountains and
70:38 more scary active
70:40 volcanoes congratulations you've turned
70:43 mercury into Venus 2.0 for us all these
70:46 changes wouldn't be very pleasant now it
70:49 would become much harder to send our
70:51 spacecraft there so it's better for
70:53 Mercury to stay as it is small calm and
70:58 boring basically the complete opposite
71:00 of our next planet
71:02 Venus so what would happen to Venus if
71:05 it was
71:06 earth-sized actually nothing it wouldn't
71:09 change at all all because Venus is
71:11 already almost the size of Earth it's
71:14 even called the Earth's twin although
71:16 twin is a big word of course in reality
71:19 we couldn't be more different Venus is
71:22 often called The Morning Star because
71:24 it's so bright and visible in the sky
71:27 but don't let its beauty fool you this
71:29 planet is one of the most inhospitable
71:32 places in our solar system its surface
71:35 is hotter than a freshly baked pizza
71:37 around 900° F and it's covered in thick
71:40 clouds of sulfuric acid that would
71:42 dissolve any human who tried to visit so
71:46 unfortunately you won't be planning any
71:48 trips there anytime soon so let's move
71:51 on to a planet that unlike Venus could
71:53 potentially become a new home for us
71:56 Mars picture yourself standing on Mars's
71:59 surface watching the blue Sunset and
72:01 breathing in a refreshing Breeze of air
72:05 yes you read that right air moreover you
72:08 could be surrounded by plants animals
72:10 and basically feel like you're on Earth
72:13 but how is that possible bigger Mars
72:16 would have a stronger magnetic field and
72:18 gravity this would lead to a richer and
72:21 denser atmosphere it would likely have a
72:24 wider range of gases including oxygen
72:27 wouldn't that be
72:28 cool also a denser atmosphere could
72:31 distribute heat across the planet so
72:33 Mars would become much warmer and Cozier
72:37 and here comes the most important change
72:39 liquid water Mars actually has some
72:41 frozen water at its poles and in
72:44 subsurface reservoirs but with a
72:46 stronger gravitational pull it could
72:48 potentially stabilize liquid water on
72:50 its surface
72:52 hooray however it's not all fun and
72:55 games new Mars would also have a
72:57 volcanic personality it's already
73:00 geologically active but now its internal
73:02 heat and pressure would
73:04 Skyrocket that means more frequent and
73:07 more crazy volcanic eruptions imagine
73:10 how exciting it would be to witness such
73:12 eruptions on another planet if you
73:14 manage to escape the
73:16 consequences in general the planet could
73:18 become Greener and Lusher but not safer
73:22 although it would still be great to see
73:24 it
73:25 but it's time to move on to the Giants
73:27 of our solar system and if we're
73:29 enlarging the planets before now it's
73:32 time to squeeze them really really hard
73:36 if Jupiter became 11 times smaller oh
73:39 boy what a disaster that would be the
73:42 first thing we'd notice is a change in
73:44 gravity and I say we'd notice because
73:46 now we'd have no choice but to move
73:48 somewhere Jupiter experiences from 30 to
73:52 100 collisions with large asteroids per
73:54 year
73:55 no big deal all because of its strongest
73:58 gravity which attracts them all and
74:00 protects us but now our big protective
74:03 brother has turned into a small baby say
74:06 hi to a bunch of
74:07 asteroids oh and say bye-bye to Jupiter
74:10 this planet is known for its thick
74:12 swirling atmosphere but with a weaker
74:15 gravitational pull Jupiter would
74:17 probably have a hard time holding onto
74:19 it so over time it would slowly Escape
74:22 into space leaving behind a thin
74:24 atmosphere composed mainly of nitrogen
74:26 and
74:28 oxygen we'll also have to bid farewell
74:31 to the iconic appearance of another
74:33 giant Saturn the most noticeable
74:36 difference would be The Disappearance of
74:38 its famous rings made up of small
74:41 particles of ice and rock the Rings are
74:43 a unique feature of Saturn but with
74:46 Earth's gravity they would either fall
74:48 onto the planet or scatter into space
74:52 bummer Saturn is also a gas giant just
74:55 like Jupiter its atmosphere is made up
74:58 of mostly hydrogen and helium but if it
75:00 were earth-sized its gases would be
75:03 compressed due to the increased gravity
75:05 this would make it much denser that
75:08 means Saturn's overall size and shape
75:11 would change theoretically if we squeeze
75:14 Saturn hard it could potentially become
75:16 a brown dwarf it's a type of failed star
75:20 that lacks the mass to sustain nuclear
75:22 fusion but emits heat and light so
75:26 Saturn could stop being a planet
75:28 altogether the weather on it would
75:30 probably have changed too all its crazy
75:33 storms such as the famous hexagonal
75:35 storm at its North Pole would have
75:37 become weaker and
75:39 calmer the next giant is Uranus let's
75:43 try to compress this Pella first off the
75:46 surface gravity on Uranus would be much
75:48 weaker than it is now its atmosphere
75:51 might also change if Uranus was smaller
75:54 it could have a thinner atmosphere and
75:56 different gases Al together this planet
75:59 is pretty chilly with an average
76:01 temperature of -3 53°
76:05 F but if it was the size of Earth it
76:08 might actually warm up a bit due to its
76:10 reduced volume to surface area ratio
76:13 don't get too excited though it would
76:15 still be way colder than the coldest
76:17 spots on Earth as you can see gas giants
76:20 don't easily go through all this
76:22 shrinking except perhaps one of them
76:25 surprisingly small Neptune would become
76:28 much friendlier for starters it would
76:30 probably be a rocky planet with a tiny
76:32 atmosphere that means no more gas giant
76:35 but instead a planet that's easier for
76:37 humans and critters alike to live and
76:39 move around on speaking of movement
76:42 because of the smaller size the gravity
76:44 on this new Neptune would be almost the
76:47 same as Earth's making it a heck of a
76:49 lot easier to walk and jump around no
76:51 more floating away into space now now
76:55 the atmosphere of the original Neptune
76:57 is so thick you could barely see your
76:59 hand in front of your face and the
77:01 surface pressure is about 100 times that
77:04 of Earth's atmosphere but our new
77:06 Neptune would be much different with a
77:08 much thinner and less dense atmosphere
77:10 it would still have some methane water
77:13 and ammonia in it but nowhere near as
77:14 much as before finally the
77:18 temperature the current Neptune is
77:20 freezing with an average temperature of
77:23 about3
77:24 70° F but if it was the same size as
77:28 Earth it would likely be much warmer
77:30 just like Uranus Ah that's more like it
77:33 what a planet that would be that's it
77:36 for the changes in the planets but what
77:38 would happen to the entire solar system
77:40 if we made all the planets so small it's
77:43 hard to predict but it's clear that
77:45 their gravity and orbits could change a
77:47 lot it's unlikely that any of them would
77:49 have flown into outer space or crashed
77:52 into each other or something like that
77:54 but many many of their orbits would
77:55 probably become quite unstable and the
77:58 number of collisions with asteroids
78:00 would have increased
78:01 significantly of course all this is
78:04 purely speculation it's not like we can
78:06 actually test all this but it's still a
78:08 pretty interesting thought experiment
78:10 and it makes you appreciate just how
78:12 unique and special our solar system
78:14 really is as scientists continue to
78:17 explore the vast expans of the universe
78:20 they've made some incredible discoveries
78:22 that have left them with more questions
78:23 and answers from a scorching superar to
78:27 a football-shaped world the exoplanet
78:30 discoveries of 2022 are truly out of
78:33 this world so hold on tight the future
78:35 of exoplanet discoveries is looking
78:38 brighter than ever number one new type
78:41 of exoplanets red dwarfs make up over
78:44 70% of all stars in space so in
78:47 September of 20202 scientists decided to
78:50 take a closer look at the small worlds
78:53 orbiting them what they found was
78:55 amazing new type of exoplanets that were
78:58 made of half Rock and half water either
79:01 in liquid or ice form the researchers
79:03 suggested that these planets likely
79:06 arose from Icy material and were born
79:08 far away from their Stars past the ice
79:11 line where surface temperatures are
79:13 freezing but they later migrated closer
79:16 in to where the astronomers detected
79:18 them this discovery could have huge
79:20 implications in the search for life in
79:22 the cosmos though these planets are are
79:24 loaded with water they might not be
79:27 covered in oceans who knows maybe one of
79:29 them will be the next Earth
79:31 2.0 number two Jupiter siiz World
79:35 Imagine a planet so massive and
79:37 mysterious it's like a hidden Jupiter in
79:40 our galaxy well we just discovered one
79:43 of those orbiting a star just 379 Lighty
79:47 years away just we've named it the toi
79:51 280b and it's got everyone talking why
79:55 well for starters this planet takes a
79:57 whopping 261 days to orbit its star
80:00 which is much longer than most distant
80:02 gas giants we've come across so far but
80:05 that's not all the temperature on this
80:07 world is surprisingly mild averaging at
80:10 a b 170° f for comparison the
80:14 temperature on Jupiter and Saturn is
80:16 aroundus
80:18 280° it's like a bridge between the
80:20 giant exoplanets we found and our
80:22 Jupiter but the question remains how did
80:26 this planet get to be so different
80:28 scientists are still trying to figure
80:30 that out let's hope that we get some
80:31 answers soon number three the Hulk
80:35 Planet this world is a place where the
80:37 surface is covered in molten magma and
80:40 the year lasts just half a day welcome
80:43 to toi
80:45 1075b an exoplanet that's been dubbed
80:48 the planet Hulk by scientists located
80:51 200 light years away this super Earth is
80:53 one of the most massive massive ever
80:55 discovered its proximity to its parent
80:57 star causes its surface to reach
81:00 scorching temperatures of 19 122° it's
81:04 so hot that any form of water would
81:06 evaporate instantly and the air would be
81:08 filled with vaporized Rock but it's not
81:11 just the heat that's impressive it's
81:13 also its size toi
81:16 1075b is nearly 10 times the mass of
81:19 Earth making it one of the most massive
81:21 super Earths ever discovered but the
81:24 mystery doesn't stop there the planet's
81:26 orbit takes just 14 1/2 hours making it
81:30 one of the shortest orbital periods ever
81:32 recorded for a planet of its on what an
81:35 exciting addition to our catalog number
81:38 four three doomed planets astronomers
81:42 made a shocking discovery of three
81:43 planets that are circling in a dangerous
81:46 dance next to the slowly fading Stars
81:49 just a decade ago scientists never even
81:52 imagined such planets could exist these
81:55 gas giant planets similar in size to
81:57 Jupiter orbit way too close to their
81:59 slowly fading Stars they're basically
82:02 Walking On The Edge take one of them for
82:05 example dub toi 2337 B its orbit will
82:09 likely send it hurling straight into the
82:11 fiery arms of its host star in less than
82:14 a million years well I won't be around
82:16 that as these Stars enter their final
82:19 days they're pulling in nearby planets
82:22 like a black hole altering their orbit
82:24 and potentially causing catastrophic
82:26 collisions and as these planets get
82:29 closer to their Stars their atmospheres
82:31 heat up and swell leading to some
82:34 mindboggling differences in density but
82:37 despite the Doom and Gloom studying
82:39 these worlds could give us valuable
82:40 insights into the evolution of our own
82:43 solar system number five planet with a
82:46 bariums atmosphere these are two hot
82:49 blazing planets each with an atmosphere
82:52 made of the heaviest element ever found
82:54 in an exoplanet barium these planets
82:57 known as ws 76b and wa 121b are Ultra
83:02 hot gas giants called super Jupiters
83:05 that orbit incredibly close to their
83:07 Stars these planets are basically like
83:10 giant balls of fire with one side facing
83:13 the star cooking at temperatures hot
83:15 enough to vaporize iron and other metals
83:17 but as the hot iron vapor is blown into
83:20 the planet's cooler night side it turns
83:22 into liquid and falls as iron rain and
83:26 these planets held a special surprise
83:28 for us barium is a heavy metal about 2
83:31 and 1/2 times as heavy as iron and yet
83:34 scientists were able to detect it in the
83:36 upper layers of these planets
83:38 atmospheres this is truly a mystery and
83:41 a puzzle we're still trying to solve
83:43 imagine landing on a planet like this
83:46 and looking at this rain of iron and the
83:48 heavy barium in its Skies that would be
83:51 awesomely
83:52 horrifying number six the foot football
83:55 Planet get ready to have your mind blown
83:57 space enthusiasts because we've just
84:00 discovered the ultimate football shaped
84:02 planet and it's unlike anything we've
84:04 ever seen before meet wasp 103b the
84:08 ultra hot exoplanet that's more than a
84:11 thousand light years away from Earth
84:13 this gas giant is so close to its parent
84:15 star that its shape is being stretched
84:18 by the intense gravitational forces but
84:21 this isn't just a fun Shape Shifter it's
84:23 also a valuable scientific discovery by
84:27 studying the planet's passes across its
84:29 star we were able to measure its
84:31 deformation for the first time ever it's
84:33 like taking a snapshot of a planet in
84:35 motion and it's giving us insights into
84:38 the extreme conditions that these
84:40 planets can endure this is truly a great
84:43 discovery number seven a zodiacal light
84:47 are you ready for a cosmic ghost story
84:50 scientists and high school students in
84:52 China have uncovered a spooky phenomenon
84:55 on three distant exoplanets it's called
84:58 zodiacal life a glow that's similar to
85:00 the one seen here on Earth during sunset
85:03 but this isn't just some Eerie light
85:05 show it could hold clues about the
85:07 makeup of these potentially habitable
85:09 worlds imagine watching the sunset from
85:12 a dark spot on earth and instead of
85:14 Darkness a triangle of light appears
85:17 that's zodial light it's caused by
85:20 sunlight reflecting off dust particles
85:22 that fill the solar system the remain
85:24 CHS of asteroids and comets a team of
85:27 researchers analyzed 47 potential
85:29 habitable exoplanets named Kepler 69c
85:33 Kepler 1229b and Kepler
85:36 395c all super Earths had signs of this
85:39 L this discovery is more than just a
85:42 spooky phenomenon it could reveal
85:44 information about the presence of
85:46 asteroids and comets in these exoplanet
85:49 systems which could be difficult to
85:51 detect otherwise so that's pretty neat
85:54 number eight a planet with silicate
85:57 clouds introducing VHS
86:00 129b not a home video recording system
86:03 but a strange and exotic World shrouded
86:06 in mystery and wonder a place where the
86:09 clouds are made of sand and the sky is
86:11 forever red this isn't the stuff of
86:14 Science Fiction but a real life
86:16 discovery made by the Brilliant Minds at
86:18 Nasa this is a brown dwarf exoplanet
86:21 that's making waves in the astronomical
86:23 community
86:24 it's way too massive for a planet nearly
86:27 20 times the size of Jupiter but it's
86:30 not quite a star it's something in
86:32 between a cosmic Enigma that defies
86:35 definition but what's really crazy about
86:37 VHS 1256b is its atmosphere scientists
86:42 have discovered that the strange world
86:44 is cloaked in thick clouds of silicate
86:46 grains similar to sand it's the first
86:49 time this kind of cloud has ever been
86:52 detected on an exoplanet and it's a
86:54 discovery that's sure to change the way
86:56 we think about the universe and the
86:58 possibilities of life beyond our world
87:01 and there you have it folks the year
87:03 2022 was filled with Incredible
87:06 discoveries and groundbreaking findings
87:08 in the world of exoplanets but this is
87:11 just the beginning as scientists and
87:13 researchers continue to explore the vast
87:16 expanse of space we can only imagine
87:18 what other wonders await us so let's
87:21 keep looking who knows what Secrets the
87:23 star hold for us
87:27 next okay here you are in the middle of
87:30 the ocean it's endless but you can't see
87:32 it because there's a thick fog all
87:34 around you dense clouds hide the huge
87:37 but dim sun is it day or night you don't
87:41 know there's only a gray haze around you
87:44 you're alone even if you try to swim
87:46 down after several hours you still won't
87:49 be able to see the bottom of the ocean
87:51 and that's a typical water planet for
87:53 you
87:54 I know sounded kind of dark but it's not
87:57 that bad these water worlds are more
87:59 interesting than they may seem so let's
88:02 take a look at them the ocean planet is
88:04 a planet that consists as you might have
88:07 guessed mainly of water ice and maybe
88:09 some rocks think of the Earth's oceans
88:12 its horrifying depths the Mariana Trench
88:14 and all that and now can you guess how
88:17 much space all the water on Earth takes
88:20 up
88:22 0.025% exactly now just try to imagine a
88:25 world of 40 to 60% water if you dive in
88:29 there the depth can exceed 60 miles
88:32 compared to that the 6m depth of our
88:35 Mariana Trench sounds like nothing and
88:38 yeah the pressure there will be enormous
88:40 it can reach up to 20,000 Earth
88:42 atmospheres very crushing now it may
88:45 sound scary but it still would be great
88:47 to find out more about these planets
88:50 fortunately according to scientist
88:52 calculations there may be a lot of such
88:54 planets in our galaxy alone well you
88:57 don't have to go far you can find these
88:59 water guys even in our solar system not
89:02 planets of course but moons Jupiter has
89:05 ganim and Kalisto and Saturn has Titan
89:08 and Enceladus the ocean can reach up to
89:10 30% of the mass of these moons although
89:13 it isn't clear whether these oceans are
89:15 covered with a thick crust of ice but
89:18 we've discovered quite a few
89:19 full-fledged ocean planets this is
89:22 because the conditions in which these
89:24 planets may exist are very specific for
89:27 example this planet should be somewhere
89:29 6 to 8 times larger than the earth if
89:32 it's smaller it'll have a rocky surface
89:34 but if it's bigger it'll turn into a gas
89:37 giant at the same time it must be in the
89:40 habitable zone of its star a little
89:42 further and the planet immediately turns
89:44 into an icy giant or a cold superar so
89:47 yeah these guys are very picky we first
89:50 started exploring these planets back in
89:52 the 1970s
89:54 however since then we found only a
89:56 couple of them but they're still very
89:58 interesting the first planet is galise
90:02 1214b it was the very first ocean planet
90:05 that we discovered initially the
90:07 scientists noticed only a small dim dot
90:10 this dot turned out to be the red dwarf
90:12 star galise 1214 an unremarkable
90:16 completely ordinary star that's five
90:18 times smaller than our sun and 300 times
90:21 dimmer scientists wouldn't worry about
90:23 it at all but back in 2009 they noticed
90:27 that this star had one single planet and
90:29 this planet turned out to be quite
90:32 strange this super Earth was 2 and 1/2
90:35 times bigger than our Earth and 6 and
90:37 1/2 times heavier but at the same time
90:40 it had a very very small density and
90:42 about the same gravity as our planet in
90:44 other words there were almost no rocks
90:47 and metals on it but it wasn't a gas
90:49 giant either so there was only one
90:51 option left it was covered in water and
90:54 ice and that's how we discovered the
90:56 first ocean planet well actually we can
91:00 only assume that it consists of water
91:02 that's what the mathematical
91:03 calculations say in reality this planet
91:06 is quite confusing it's difficult to
91:09 explore and so far scientists haven't
91:11 been able to find anything there no
91:13 hydrogen no helium no water n that's
91:17 because the outer layer of the
91:18 atmosphere of this planet is very dense
91:21 and it perfectly hides its composition
91:23 but even even so it's probably a water
91:26 world galise 1214b is very close to its
91:29 star it's only
91:31 0.014 astronomical units away which is
91:35 less than the distance between the Moon
91:36 and us the year there lasts about 36
91:39 hours and the temperatures to put it
91:42 mildly are just wild scientists suggest
91:45 that the average temperature there can
91:46 reach 250 to 535 de F woo that's hot
91:52 remember the creepy description from the
91:54 beginning well actually spending time on
91:57 gley 1214b would be a little different
92:00 more like swimming in a steam boiler
92:03 because of such gigantic temperatures
92:05 the ocean on the surface will be
92:07 constantly in a state close to Boiling
92:09 without actually reaching it so imagine
92:12 that you're descending to the surface of
92:14 this planet flying through clouds of
92:16 steam and then you suddenly find
92:19 yourself in the water what but when did
92:21 it happen well that's because the
92:24 boundary between Steam and water on gley
92:27 1214b will be very blurred of course you
92:30 won't be able to swim to the bottom of
92:32 this ocean but most likely this bottom
92:35 is covered with a very thick layer of
92:37 so-called hot ice it's like regular I
92:40 but it doesn't really care about the
92:42 laws of physics so it just doesn't melt
92:44 even at gigantic temperatures and the
92:47 thickness of this ice can reach as much
92:49 as 3,000 mil so that's it for the creepy
92:53 gley 12 1214b and not an Airbnb in sight
92:57 now although we can't 100% guarantee
93:00 that it's a water world we still have
93:03 another candidate for this position a
93:05 newly discovered planet called toi
93:08 452b this planet located in the dragon
93:11 constellation is almost 100 light years
93:14 away from us it was discovered using the
93:16 test telescope by a group of researchers
93:19 from the University of Montreal this
93:21 planet also belongs to the class of
93:23 super Earth's it's seven times larger
93:26 than our planet but 48 times heavier
93:29 again all this is at a very low density
93:32 because of this scientists have
93:34 suggested that almost the entire planet
93:36 consists of a giant ocean here we were a
93:39 little luck here this world won't be
93:41 just a giant puddle in some thick ice on
93:44 this planet there's probably a rocky
93:46 surface deep under the water just like
93:48 in a typical ocean don't get too excited
93:51 though this ocean will certainly be very
93:53 very different from what we're used to
93:56 toi 452b also orbits a small red dwarf
94:00 and not even one but two at once at the
94:03 same time if the previous planet was
94:05 close to its Sun then this one on the
94:08 contrary is very very far away it's 2
94:11 and 1/2 times farther from its Stars
94:13 than Pluto is from the sun and it moves
94:16 at great speed a year there lasts only
94:18 11 days but we still don't know many
94:21 things about this planet well probably
94:24 get some new information when scientists
94:26 observe it from the James web telescope
94:29 well that's it wait did you expect
94:31 something else all right all right I
94:33 know the question that bothers you the
94:35 most can there be life well this is a
94:39 difficult question we all know that
94:40 water means life and besides these
94:43 planets are in the habitable zones of
94:45 Their Stars so potentially yes there
94:48 might be life not some full-fledged
94:50 civilizations of course but bacteria
94:53 fish and some creepy giant monsters I
94:56 mean you know why not however this is
94:59 very unlikely water alone isn't enough
95:02 to create life even though it's very
95:04 important there should also be some
95:06 microelements and some minerals and
95:08 unfortunately for most water planets the
95:11 composition will only consist of water
95:13 and very thick ice there won't be any
95:15 minerals there but don't give up there's
95:19 still some probability first of all
95:21 there are meteorites and comets they can
95:24 bring the necessary minerals to the
95:25 planet the more often they crash into it
95:28 the higher the probability that they'll
95:30 bring something like this into the ocean
95:32 and thus create life secondly toi
95:36 452b actually has these minerals yes we
95:40 don't know how deep the rocky bottom is
95:42 located there but if it exists then
95:45 surely something could have originated
95:47 there let's hope that new research with
95:49 powerful telescopes will allow us to
95:52 find out the truth and and who knows
95:54 maybe one day we'll be able to visit
95:56 such a planet
96:00 ourselves we've discovered Kepler 22b a
96:03 small exoplanet in the signis
96:05 constellation seems like nothing
96:07 important right but it's actually a big
96:09 deal this is the first planet located in
96:12 the habitable zone that was found by the
96:14 Kepler
96:16 telescope in other words there may be
96:18 water on this planet and if there's
96:20 water there may be life Kepler 22b can
96:24 become our new potential home so let's
96:27 take a closer look at
96:29 it actually discovering new planets is
96:32 not easy at all not all of them can be
96:34 seen through our super cool telescopes
96:37 even the almighty Hubble sometimes the
96:39 stars are so small and dim that it's
96:42 really hard to find them on a
96:44 map the same thing happened with Kepler
96:47 22 in such cases scientists have to use
96:50 a special method first they take a bunch
96:53 of photos of the star in different
96:55 periods of time then they look at them
96:58 and think hm are there any dark dots on
97:01 this star somewhere and if they find one
97:04 that might be a
97:06 planet these photos actually help us to
97:09 discover some very important stuff like
97:12 first of all this planet exists secondly
97:15 here is its size radius and proximity to
97:18 the star and finally will we be able to
97:21 live there
97:24 now we know that Kepler 22b is very
97:26 similar to our planet and could
97:28 potentially become a second Earth it's
97:31 also very close to us only 635 Lighty
97:34 years away yeah it's about 3 quadrillion
97:37 miles but this is one of the closest
97:41 options Kepler 22 the star of Kepler 22b
97:45 is a yellow dwarf it's very very similar
97:48 to our sun the same size the same radius
97:52 even the age is almost the same
97:54 4 billion years the difference is only
97:56 in Luminosity it's about 20% dimmer than
98:00 the Sun so no matter how much you strain
98:03 your eyes you won't see this star in the
98:05 night
98:06 sky the Planet Kepler 22b is about 2.4
98:10 times larger than our Earth and that's
98:13 pretty good more radius means more
98:16 potential water and space to live
98:19 although going from one city to another
98:21 would take a while it's scary to even
98:23 can imagine a 3-day long plane
98:26 flight we don't know the exact mass of
98:29 this planet but scientists think it's
98:31 bigger than Earth's actually the mass of
98:34 Kepler 22b can be up to 36 times greater
98:37 than that of our planet what does it
98:39 mean vigorous gravity if the planet is
98:42 36 times heavier than Earth then gravity
98:45 there will be about six times stronger
98:48 can you barely lift 20 lbs of potatoes
98:51 try 120
98:54 not to mention that you yourself can
98:56 become much heavier on that planet
98:58 you'll have to get incredibly pumped up
99:00 just to walk there you have to literally
99:03 turn yourself into a bodybuilder just to
99:05 get to
99:07 work the worst thing is that with such
99:09 gravity it'd be incredibly difficult for
99:12 plants to survive there they'd need at
99:14 least a little freedom to Rise Up from
99:16 the ground and animals our dogs and cats
99:20 would have to turn into little balls of
99:21 muscle to survive there
99:24 but if this planet has its own animals
99:27 or other inhabitants we can roughly
99:29 imagine what they may look like they
99:31 probably have a lot of legs to make
99:33 moving easier they aren't really tall
99:35 but they're very massive and extremely
99:38 strong H muscular giant spiders could be
99:41 worse I
99:44 guess the good news is that this is all
99:46 unconfirmed information if we're very
99:49 lucky and gravity there turns out to be
99:51 just a bit stronger than Earth's then of
99:53 course it'll be much easier to live
99:56 there the next thing we know about
99:58 Kepler 22b is that it's about 15% closer
100:02 to its star than we are to the sun if
100:05 Kepler 22b existed in our solar system
100:08 it would be located somewhere between
100:09 Earth and
100:11 Venus does that mean we're all going to
100:14 burn no silly as I mentioned before the
100:17 star Kepler 22 is pretty cold just some
100:20 10,000 de F and that's why we can assume
100:24 that the temperatures on Kepler 22b will
100:26 be about the same as we have on Earth if
100:29 the planet orbits its star the same way
100:31 Earth orbits the sun which we don't
100:34 actually know Kepler 22b can rotate
100:36 around its star on its side like for
100:39 example
100:41 Uranus what didn't you know Uranus is
100:44 actually lying on its side also look at
100:47 its rings yes Uranus also has rings like
100:50 Saturn but they're vertical the UN is
100:53 truly a mysterious
100:56 place so if Kepler 22b is really
101:00 something like that then the weather on
101:02 the planet will be to put it mildly not
101:05 very good incredibly cold Winters will
101:07 be regularly followed by hot summers and
101:10 just like with tidy locked planets we'd
101:13 be able to live more or less comfortably
101:15 only on the narrow piece of land between
101:18 these two crazy sides let's hope that
101:20 this is not the case and the planet
101:22 rotates
101:24 normally but it's not all that bad
101:27 studies show that there may be an ocean
101:29 on Kepler 22b you already know that
101:32 water means life but in this case it's
101:35 also a big plus because a planet covered
101:38 by an ocean always has more stable
101:40 temperatures the water absorbs some of
101:42 the Heat and distributes it evenly
101:44 across the planet the hot Parts cool
101:47 down and the icy ones warm
101:50 up by the way that's exactly what
101:52 happened to Earth Earth billions of
101:53 years ago when our planet started
101:55 getting its first little puddles our
101:58 beloved Moon helped these puddles to
102:00 spread all over the planet thanks to
102:02 this a burning horror that used to be
102:05 our Earth turned into a cute little ball
102:07 full of
102:09 life so if Kepler 22b has water but no
102:12 atmosphere scientists think that the
102:14 average temperature there could be
102:16 around 12° F but if there's also an
102:20 earthlike atmosphere then the
102:22 temperature can reach 72° F that would
102:25 be
102:26 nice and finally one year there is equal
102:29 to 290 Earth days about 9 months the
102:33 planet has no natural satellites so
102:35 unfortunately we'd have to say goodbye
102:37 to a beautiful view of the moon on the
102:40 bright side we'd probably be able to see
102:42 the Sun as a distant Little Star we
102:44 could admire it in the night sky
102:46 remembering our home well not hiding
102:49 from giant
102:51 spiders and this is all that we know at
102:54 the moment unfortunately it's quite
102:56 difficult to explore such planets so
102:58 there's a lot of very important data
103:00 that we don't know for example what kind
103:03 of planet is this
103:05 anyway yep we're missing the most
103:08 important information about Kepler 22b
103:10 we don't know if it's a rocky planet or
103:12 not and if not then all the previously
103:16 mentioned information means
103:18 nothing it may turn out to be a gas
103:21 planet or a planet covered with gas but
103:24 with a solid core like Neptune or a
103:27 water world covered with a giant
103:30 ocean in this case it better be a water
103:33 Planet then at least we could build some
103:35 kind of underwater city there we could
103:37 filter the water and eat fish until we
103:40 evolve into an amphibious species does
103:42 it even count as Evolution if we go back
103:44 to Our
103:46 Roots scientists however think that
103:48 Kepler 22b may turn out to be a neptun
103:51 likee planet some astronomers have even
103:53 assigned the planet to a category of
103:56 many Neptunes yes this is a real
103:58 planetary category but this hasn't been
104:01 proven
104:03 yet but even if fortunately for us
104:06 Kepler 22b turns out to be a rocky
104:08 planet we still don't know what the
104:10 atmosphere is like there does it exist
104:13 at all what if it turns out to be
104:15 something like the atmosphere of Venus
104:17 which is more toxic than your ex then
104:20 we'd have to dig deep underground to
104:22 somehow survive on this planet and then
104:24 we'd have to come up with a heat Source
104:26 because it's pretty cold underground
104:28 yeah let's hope this won't be the
104:31 case there are many possibilities with
104:34 Kepler 22b so far we don't have a clear
104:37 answer but let's hope that scientists
104:40 will find it before we load the first
104:41 people into shuttles and send them to
104:44 conquer Kepler 22b that would be awkward
104:46 if it turns out to be a gas planet or
104:49 something like
104:51 that the only line that we are certain
104:54 about so far in the entire universe is
104:56 on planet Earth whether that life is
104:59 intelligent is let's say arguable but
105:02 anyway it's not surprising that we're
105:04 tirelessly searching for life on other
105:06 planets so far they've discovered more
105:08 than 4,000 of them but what's even
105:11 cooler NASA has compiled a new list of
105:15 24 planets that aren't just earthlike
105:17 they're better the conditions on them
105:20 are so good that they're more
105:21 comfortable than on our Planet so let's
105:24 examine some of them koi
105:52 orange dwarf orange dwarfs are stars
105:55 slightly smaller than our sun and have a
105:58 little lower Luminosity uh did you like
106:00 the alliteration there anyway don't
106:03 worry it doesn't mean we're going to
106:04 live in complete darkness in fact if the
106:07 planet is found closer to the sun and it
106:10 has a thicker atmosphere it may even be
106:12 lighter and more colorful than on earth
106:15 now our sun has a very short lifespan
106:18 right now it has 7 to 8 billion years
106:21 left to live a little longer than than
106:23 Earth's age but orange dwarfs can live
106:25 from 45 to 70 billion years this is
106:29 great not only because we'll be able to
106:31 hang out on this planet longer but also
106:34 because the planets around these stars
106:36 have more time to form life now ideally
106:39 we would need to find a planet next to
106:41 an orange dwarf that is about 7 billion
106:44 years old it's very likely there will be
106:46 at least some organisms there koi
106:50 57151 is about 5 5 billion years old
106:54 yeah it may not seem mature enough but
106:57 that's okay neither do I our Earth is a
106:59 billion years younger and that didn't
107:01 stop us the planet is quite close to its
107:04 star and is in a habitable zone when
107:07 you're there last 190 days imagine going
107:11 to elementary school and already getting
107:13 a driver's
107:14 license it's almost two times larger
107:17 than the earth the average temperature
107:19 there is 52° f which is slightly less
107:22 than ours
107:23 57 but it mostly feels warmer there
107:27 because strong gravity helps it hold on
107:29 to heat in the atmosphere longer it's a
107:31 little too far away though like 3,000
107:34 Lighty years from Earth which is about
107:36 18 quadrillion miles yep better bring a
107:40 really big lunch with you koi
107:44 3101 this planet is found next to the
107:46 star koi
107:48 2010 this planet sounds like a very
107:51 pleasant world the average temperature
107:53 on this planet is 67° so a little warmer
107:56 than ours but that's a good thing
107:59 scientists believe that on a perfect
108:01 Planet the temperature should be just
108:03 about 10° hotter than on Earth the more
108:06 heat there is on the planet the more
108:08 comfortable it is to live there also the
108:10 higher chances of developing life the
108:13 radius of this planet is nearly 1 and 1
108:15 half times larger than Earth there's
108:17 some atmosphere although we're not yet
108:19 sure about its composition but it's
108:22 probably like the earth scientists think
108:24 that we'll find an ocean there and it
108:26 can cover up to 60% of the surface which
108:29 is also cool in a perfect world water
108:32 and land should be distributed more
108:34 evenly than on our planet a little more
108:36 land means a little more territory and
108:39 resources right but listen this planet
108:42 is actually very similar to the Earth
108:44 the semblance is so striking that
108:46 scientists believe we have an 84% chance
108:49 to find life there of course not
108:51 necessarily an intelligent life but at
108:54 least some animals wouldn't that be cool
108:57 now what do you think they could look
108:58 like H very earthlike Planet but with
109:01 stronger gravity well if someone lives
109:04 there they're probably big but have a
109:06 small height and strong little legs
109:08 sounds adorable and scary but we won't
109:11 be able to find out the truth anytime
109:13 soon so far for us these planets are
109:16 microscopic dots in space we only have
109:19 some dry boring data about them and
109:22 don't even know know what they look like
109:24 we'll have to wait until we can find a
109:25 way to get closer to these planets
109:28 Kepler
109:30 186f this is also one of the best
109:32 candidates for having life this rather
109:34 acute planet was nicknamed the Earth's
109:37 cousin because it does have a strong
109:39 resemblance anyway these two planets are
109:41 like sisters not twins Kepler 186f
109:45 rotates near a red dwarf red dwarfs are
109:49 stars even dimmer and smaller than
109:51 orange Dwarfs yeah they'll also live for
109:54 a very very long time but their
109:56 Luminosity is also quite low however
109:59 Kepler 186f is closer to its star than
110:02 we're to our sun so it shouldn't be too
110:05 dark there well at least not nlike dark
110:08 the sky on this planet is sure to be an
110:11 unusual shade of red like sunsets on
110:13 Earth what do you think would you like
110:16 to live on a planet with an eternal
110:18 Sunset the size of this planet is about
110:20 the same as Earth not bad not perfect
110:23 why so because the coolest planets are
110:26 those that are bigger than Earth and
110:28 have stronger gravity now you'll
110:30 probably say but wouldn't it be harder
110:32 to walk there and even harder to get out
110:34 of bed on Monday of course but on the
110:38 other hand this planet will pull the
110:40 atmosphere better the atmosphere will be
110:42 thicker and denser this means more
110:44 protection from the scary space stuff
110:46 more oxygen and more heat not to mention
110:50 the fact that the bigger planets have
110:51 more space to fettle awesome right but
110:55 of course the earth size is also an
110:57 excellent choice another cool fact is
110:59 that the tilt of Kepler 186f is about
111:03 the same as ours it means that there
111:05 should be stable seasons and a normal
111:08 day night cycle do you know how
111:10 important the tilt of the planet is
111:12 let's look at Mars Mars is also in fact
111:15 found in the habitable zone of our sun
111:18 but its tilt is very unstable and as a
111:21 result the entire ocean that could have
111:23 been on it once now completely dried up
111:26 today it's just a red desert and there's
111:29 no life there at least not as far as we
111:31 know but you see how important these
111:34 tiny details are this planet is also
111:37 quite far away from us 490 light years
111:40 that's about 3 quadrillion miles so yeah
111:43 we're just going to keep waiting for
111:45 Intergalactic
111:46 travel Kepler 62e and
111:50 62f these planets were called the most
111:53 earthlike before we discovered Kepler
111:55 186f they're very comparable to our home
111:59 Kepler 62e is about 1 and 1/2 times
112:02 larger than Earth and Kepler 62f is just
112:06 slightly smaller than that they're
112:08 located in the constellation Lyra which
112:10 is about 12200 light years away from us
112:13 they both also orbit a red dwarf one
112:16 year on Kepler 62e lasts about 122 days
112:21 even less than on that that first planet
112:23 we talked about scientists believe that
112:26 both 62e and 62f are sort of water
112:30 worlds warm places mostly or even
112:33 completely covered with water if there
112:35 is land there it's probably just some
112:37 islands h a world consisting entirely of
112:41 islands a fantasy dream for some think
112:44 Hawaii and a nightmare for others think
112:48 Megalodon but if you're a fan of ancient
112:50 marine animals just imagine and how
112:52 gigantic they could be there still there
112:56 are many things we don't know about this
112:58 planet does it have a surface what about
113:00 its composition density one day maybe
113:03 we'll be able to answer these questions
113:06 and so that's it for the super Earths of
113:09 course the original list is much longer
113:11 and you can go check it out on the
113:12 internet now the best thing about all
113:15 this is that these are planets that are
113:17 better than the earth but we also know
113:20 thousands of other exoplanets that are
113:23 just close enough to ours and the odds
113:26 are a few of them have at least some
113:28 form of life but they're very very far
113:31 away so we have no way to check it out
113:34 right now perhaps down the road we'll
113:37 find some cool creatures on many of
113:40 them I hope you feel well rested because
113:43 I've got a tough task for you don't
113:45 worry it's fun you're going to visit
113:47 different planets of our solar system
113:49 and try to run on each of them let's
113:52 figure out rout where you can run the
113:53 fastest and where you can barely
113:56 walk the fastest man on earth Usain Bolt
114:00 can run with an average speed of about
114:02 23 mph but his top speed is higher up to
114:06 27 mph sadly we can't all be Usain bolts
114:11 the average person runs at a speed of 6
114:13 to 8 mph but maybe there's a planet out
114:16 there where you can beat the famous
114:18 Jamaican sprinters
114:20 records but first things first
114:22 what will affect your speed when you run
114:24 on other planets for one thing gravity
114:27 depending on how strong it is on the
114:29 planet you visit it'll influence your
114:31 weight and in most cases the heavier you
114:34 are the more slowly you run Plus on all
114:37 other planets in our solar system except
114:39 Earth you'll have to wear a bulky space
114:42 suit without it your chances of survival
114:44 there are non-existent and don't forget
114:47 about extreme weather conditions on most
114:49 planets it's either freezing cold or
114:51 boiling hot hot or very and I mean it
114:56 windy anyway your amazing journey is
114:59 about to begin buckle your seat belt the
115:02 first planet on your itinerary is
115:04 mercury as you sneak a peek at this
115:06 world through the window of your
115:07 spaceship you notice that the planet
115:09 looks eerily similar to The Good Old
115:11 moon but just a few moments later you
115:14 realize it's just an illusion all over
115:17 the surface of mercury you see craters
115:19 left by space rocks
115:22 H this may make your task of running on
115:24 this planet way harder this and your
115:27 bulky spacit duh but you wouldn't
115:30 survive on Mercury without this
115:31 protection the temperatures on the
115:33 planet are extreme 800° F during the day
115:37 and netive 290° F at
115:41 night hey but there's one thing that can
115:43 work in your favor on this unfriendly
115:45 Planet let's say you weigh 155 lb on
115:48 Earth then on Mercury you'd weigh around
115:51 50 8 lb which means that despite your
115:54 bulky spacit you can move way faster
115:57 than you do on Earth and maybe your
115:59 speed will even reach 13 mph if you try
116:02 really
116:03 hard the next planet on your itinerary
116:06 is Venus also called The Morning Star
116:10 while coming closer you see a world very
116:12 different from the bluish Planet you
116:14 might have seen in books before landing
116:16 you have to get through a super dense
116:18 atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide and
116:21 while your spacecraft is desc ending
116:22 you're watching thick clouds of sulfuric
116:25 acid pass
116:26 by Venus is often called Earth's twin
116:30 because these two planets are of similar
116:32 size and density no wonder that on Venus
116:35 you weigh almost as much as you do on
116:37 Earth 140 lb so your weight is a bit
116:40 smaller here but don't forget about your
116:42 space
116:44 suit and still because of almost the
116:46 same conditions on the two planets you'd
116:49 be able to run a bit faster than on
116:50 Earth at around 8 .5
116:54 mph your first impression of Mars is
116:57 that it's freezing cold the average
116:59 temperature here is about 80° F even
117:03 from afar the planet looks reddish once
117:06 you make your first step on the Martian
117:07 surface you understand why the ground's
117:10 covered with Rusty colored dust the same
117:13 fine dust is floating in the air around
117:16 you wherever you look you see golden
117:19 brown tan and even greenish hue
117:22 they depend on the minerals that make up
117:24 the soil the size of the Dust layer
117:26 varies from area to area but in most
117:29 places it's around 7 ft thick H that can
117:33 make running much more
117:35 difficult on Mars your weight would be
117:38 much smaller than on earth a mere 58 lb
117:42 this will help you achieve an impressive
117:44 speed of 12 mph aren't you a
117:48 champ what's that on the horizon it
117:50 looks like a tornado is it a dust storm
117:54 then it's time to make a run for it dust
117:56 storms sometimes cover the entire planet
117:58 and you can even see the largest ones
118:00 from
118:02 Earth and now you're facing a problem
118:05 you see Jupiter as well as Saturn is a
118:08 gas giant this means that the largest
118:11 planet in the solar system and Jupiter
118:13 is so large it could swallow 1300 Earths
118:16 doesn't have any solid surface well
118:19 you'll just have to imagine what your
118:21 running workout would look like like if
118:22 you could run on Jupiter this planet has
118:25 an atmosphere that consists of hydrogen
118:27 and helium gas during your descent you
118:30 admire thick brown yellow red and white
118:33 clouds they make the planet look
118:35 colorful and beautifully
118:37 striped on Jupiter you'd weigh 390 lb
118:41 you'd have to break a sweat to simply
118:43 walk there wearing your clumsy spacit if
118:46 you could step on the planet's surface
118:48 that is if you tried to run there your
118:50 best result would probably be a speed of
118:52 1 or 2
118:55 mph to make matters worse it's extremely
118:58 windy on Jupiter with the wind speeds
119:00 ranging from 200 to 400 mph do you see
119:04 those Rings that's Saturn another gas
119:07 giant with no solid surface this
119:09 planet's made up of mostly hydrogen and
119:11 helium and its temperature and density
119:13 change the deeper you go if you decided
119:16 to leave your spacecraft and step on
119:18 Saturn's surface you'd just fall into
119:21 the planet
119:23 but from above it looks as if Saturn
119:26 does have a surface the seemingly solid
119:28 yellowish Brown sphere is surrounded by
119:30 several layers of clouds the visible
119:33 outer layer is made up of ammonia clouds
119:36 under them there are hydr sulfi clouds
119:39 and the innermost layer is made up of
119:41 clouds of
119:42 water even though Saturn is a gas giant
119:45 your weight wouldn't be very different
119:47 here around 165 lb that's because the
119:51 planet's gravity is similar to that of
119:53 Earth but because of the conditions on
119:55 the planet and your bulky bulky spacit
119:58 you'd run a bit more slowly there at a
120:01 speed of about 4
120:03 mph before leaving you admire Saturn's
120:07 most famous feature awesome gray beige
120:10 and tan Rings these groups of tiny
120:12 ringlets are made of chunks of rock and
120:15 Ice you also spot several of the 53
120:17 moons of Saturn oh that's Titan an icy
120:21 world bigger than our moon and even
120:23 Mercury it's the second largest moon in
120:25 the solar
120:27 system the next planet on your way is a
120:30 blue green ball of ice and gas that's
120:33 ice giant Uranus it has this beautiful
120:36 Hue because the light from the sun gets
120:38 reflected off the planet's
120:40 surface Uranus isn't solid hit the
120:43 brakes if your spacecraft doesn't manage
120:45 to stop in time it'll fly through the
120:48 upper atmosphere and sink into the icy
120:50 liquid center of the planet
120:52 H I doubt you'll be able to conduct your
120:55 running experiment here so let's just
120:58 imagine what it looked
121:00 like on Uranus your weight would be
121:03 around 138 lb and Against All Odds you
121:07 could actually reach a good speed here
121:09 at least 8 mph if you didn't get caught
121:12 in a hurricane of course extreme storms
121:15 occur on the planet in the summer when
121:17 Uranus is heated the most then
121:19 hurricanes can spread for more than 6,00
121:21 ,000
121:23 miles the furthest planet from the sun
121:26 Neptune is four times the size of Earth
121:29 but 17 times as heavy the blue surface
121:32 you see When approaching Neptune is
121:34 actually a layer of swirling gas and
121:37 permanent
121:38 clouds the planet's mantle is made up of
121:41 water ammonia and methane ices it's the
121:44 closest thing Neptune has to a surface
121:47 and still there isn't Solid Ground for
121:49 you to walk on so once again try to use
121:52 your
121:54 imagination on Neptune you'd weigh a bit
121:56 more than you do on Earth 174 lb but
122:00 your running speed would be just a bit
122:02 lower than on Earth around 5
122:06 mph that's the end of your active
122:08 Adventure which planet did you like
122:10 running on the most
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