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Strangest planets | Space documentary 2025

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a new super Earth has been spotted by

astronomers and it's quite intriguing

this planet called toi

715b is about 1 and 1/2 the size of

Earth which is why it's called the super

Earth it's also relatively close to us

in space terms only 137 light years away

for comparison most exoplanets are

hundreds of light years away and all the

interesting stuff like black holes and

nebulas are usually more than thousands

of light years away from us so could it

habitable the habitable zone is an

estimate of where a planet might have

the right conditions for liquid water

this is what we call some distance from

the Star where the temperatures on the

planet should be okayish and water

should stay liquid on its surface it's

not super precise because it depends on

a bunch of factors like the type of star

how reflective the planet is its size

and so on also just being in this Zone

isn't enough for water to actually be

there the planet also needs the right

kind of atmosphere and a few other

things so we invented a stricter

definition in 2014 the conservative

habitable zone it's a more precise term

to finding the best candidates that have

liquid water otherwise we get too many

potentially habitable planets that are

not actually habitable at all the chz is

based on how much energy a planet gets

from its star compar compared to Earth

if a rocky planet gets between 40 to

85% it's considered to be in the chz no

matter how far away it is from its star

these planets have a higher chance of

being habitable and yes toi

7115b is located

there this superar orbits the mtype star

also called Red Dwarf it's a star that's

much smaller and cooler than our sun

about a quarter of the sun's size and

mass but if the planet is located in the

habitable zone it's actually a better

option for Life red dwarfs live much

longer than our son a yellow dwarf this

also means that they have more time to

form little creatures on their planets

and this red dwarf really is older than

our star our son is 4.6 billion years

old and this star is 6.6 billion years

old give or take a few hundred million

it doesn't have much magnetic AC AC ity

so it's not dangerous it doesn't flare

up like younger red dwarves these flares

can be super strong and might even hurt

planets by taking away their atmospheres

although some planets around it do have

thinner atmospheres it seems like this

red dwarf has already gone all out these

red dwarfs are where we're looking for

planets that could support life right

now our super Earth is really close to

its star zooming around it in just 19

days since the the star is small and the

planet is so close the planet passing in

front of its star happens a lot and

looks really clear this makes it easy

for telescopes like the James web to

study its atmosphere without needing too

much

time now speaking of the James web Space

Telescope it's bringing us into a new

era of understanding distant planets

beyond our solar system imagine being

able to see what gases make up the air

on a planet millions of light years away

James web will help us to find worlds

that could support life right now it's

trying to figure out whether toi

7115b has an atmosphere if it does its

atmosphere might be easier to spot

compared to a planet that's drier and

denser and then we might get even more

hyp because it would look like a good

place for life on top of all that there

might be another planet in this system

also in the habitable zone we're not

sure whether it's really there is just a

candidate with a crazy name but if it

turns out to be real it would be about

the size of Earth also it would be the

smallest planet in the habitable zone

ever spotted by the test

telescope now another cool thing about

toi

715b is that it cannot just have water

on it but be an entire Water World an

ocean planet is a type of planet that

has an ocean covering its surface or has

subsurface oceans they might not have

much dry land because the water can

cover everything sometimes the entire

planet can be covered in other liquids

like lava or ammonia when it comes to

planets outside our solar system we

can't see surface water directly with

our current technology instead

scientists look for water vapor in the

atmosphere as a hint there might be

liquid water below and of course we

wonder if these planets can have life

hopefully not in the form of Leviathan

likee monsters our models show that

planets with oceans might be pretty

common in our galaxy this means there

could be lots of ocean worlds out there

waiting to be

discovered but the most important part

about toi

7115b is that it's in the so-called

small planet radius Gap if we give the

planets a lineup there will be those

that are bigger and smaller than Earth

but there's a sudden Gap in planets that

are about from 1 and 1/2 to two times

bigger than ours where are they this Gap

is interesting to scientists because it

tells us something about how planets

form and change over time it's not that

planets don't form in this size range

they actually start off larger and then

lose some of their Mass like a balloon

gradually deflating perhaps it happens

because of how they orbit their stars

with stars blowing away some of their

mass as they dance around it as our sun

does with gas from Comet tailes this G

map holds a lot of mystery and planets

like our new superar are clues that

could help us unravel it we aren't sure

whether it exists around red dwarfs

maybe it's a gap in how dense these

planets are rather than in their actual

size so studying our discovered planet

is even more interesting it'll help us

learn more about distant stars and their

planets now I mentioned test a while

back NASA's test transiting exoplanet

survey satellite has been in space for

six years now and has been incredibly

successful NASA launched test because we

already found over 5,000 planets

orbiting other stars mainly thanks to

the Kepler Telescope but Kepler mostly

found large planets not necessarily like

Earth we decided to focus tests on

finding smaller earthlike planets around

nearby Bright Stars making them easier

to study with future

telescopes here's how it works the

camera observes stars and looks for

changes in their brightness if the

brightness suddenly drops for a while

and then gets back it could mean there

is a planet passing in front of it but

Stars can dim for other reasons too for

example flaring up or having dark spots

on their surface which is why we need to

be careful with this data Tess shows us

the size and orbit of these planets then

ground telescopes help determine their

Mass with these three parameters we can

figure out what the planets are made of

and if they're Rocky like Earth or gassy

like Jupiter yeah you want to avoid

Jupiter after taco

night one example of Tessa's discoveries

was the toi 700 system there it

discovered its first ever earthlike

Planet toi700d

this exoplanet also orbited a red dwarf

and it's even closer to us about 100

Lighty years away unfortunately it's

unlikely to be habitable because the

temperatures there are crazy another big

Discovery was made in the Au microscopy

system Tess discovered a planet about

four times the size of Earth and another

nearly three times earth size this

system has become a key area for

studying how stars and planets form and

change over time Tess has also spotted a

variety of other exciting finds

including Supernova hot worlds and so on

and as it enters its sixth year we can

only expect more exciting findings to

come so Mars has several faces no really

back in 1976 when the Viking one Orbiter

was checking out the red planet it

spotted something interesting a big

structure that looked like a human face

it was in the region called Sidonia it

soon became very popular a bit later we

also discovered the so-called Crown face

in Libya Mones Mars and General has a

lot of strange structures on it in 2022

we spotted a door-like structure there

NASA's Curiosity Rover snap some

pictures of a rocky Mound called East

Cliffs on Mount sharp this mound has

natural cracks in it and one of them is

about the size of a dog door like

something from an ancient Egyptian tomb

a lot of people hyped that story up the

image was shared widely on social media

making the crack look bigger than it

really is some people think that it's

hinting at extraterrestrial life but

after looking closely NASA found out

that it was just a narrow crack in the

Rocky terrain these cracks and gaps are

pretty normal in Rocky areas both on

Earth and Mars the crack form naturally

over time maybe from wind erosion or

Mars

Quakes Mars is a gold mine of mysterious

structures recently we found some

strange spiral shapes there these are

giant coils made of lava and they look

like big springs or loops for years we

weren't sure whether Martian valleys

were formed by lava or ice these lava

coils are shedding light on that mystery

now thanks to higher resolution images

from NASA's Mars reconnaissance Orbiter

researchers have spotted 269 lava

spirals that can't be explained by Ice

related activities what's fascinating is

these lava coils are like the ones we

see on earth like those formed by

Hawaiian lava flows these spirals are so

well preserved that they were easily

overlooked before they range from 16 to

almost 100 ft wide and are subtle

blending into the dusty Martian

landscape these coils can teach us a lot

about Mars's composition especially its

crust and mantle we still don't know

much about those but Mars isn't the only

planet with strange structures on it for

example Saturn the gas giant of our

solar system has a fascinating feature

at its North Pole a huge hexagon this is

a hexagon shaped cloud pattern it's

about 9,000 m long making it larger than

the diameter of Earth is thought to be a

jet stream made of gases moving very

fast at about 200 m per hour this

hexagon was first spotted by the Voyager

mission in the80s and later seen up

close by the Cassini mission in 2006 the

Cassini Mission noticed a change in its

color from Blue to Golden over time

there are different ideas about why

Saturn has this thing one Theory

suggests it forms because of the way

winds move at different speeds near

Saturn poles similar shapes were created

in lab experiments when liquids were

rotated at different speeds another idea

suggest that a slow spinning stream of

air along with Saturn's special weather

patterns might be responsible in 2020 we

found that When Storms are surrounded by

winds swirling in the opposite direction

they can create a steady hexagon shape

so far this is the most likely

explanation Saturn also got lucky with

the bizarre moons one of them is called

Lapidus this Moon has a weird feature a

huge Ridge that wraps around its middle

like a giant belt this basically makes

it look like a giant Walnut where's my

Nutcracker this Ridge is incredibly tall

by our standards around 8 up to 12 M

high and stretching 124 Mi wide it

covers more than 3/4 of the moon's

surface and is considered the third

largest mountain range in the entire

solar system now we don't have a clue

about how this enormous Ridge formed

it's unlike anything seen on other

planets or moons there's one idea though

the ridge might be the remnants of a

dead Moon but's say billions of years

ago a colossal impact shattered chunks

of material off Lapidus these pieces

circled around the Moon forming a mini

moon or subsatellite and over time the

gravitational pull of Lapidus tore this

mini moon apart creating a ring of

debris around it as the debris from this

ring fell back onto Lapidus it built up

the massive Ridge we see today they

think this process happened quickly

maybe over centuries Saturn's gravity

didn't interfere because luckily Lapidus

was quite far away from it if Lapidus

was closer to Saturn its Moon might have

been pulled away but we do need more

simulations to see if this theory is

true Titan another one of Saturn's moons

also has some weird stuff going on in

its methane Seas scientists have spotted

these strange bright spot spots called

Magic islands that seem to pop up and

disappear over time we have no idea what

they are Titan's atmosphere is packed

with complex organic molecules that

Clump together and fall to its surface

like snow these magic eyland might be

snow clumps that soak up methane and

sink very slowly but there's a problem

in water molecules stick together which

is why stuff can float on top of it but

methane is different it likes to grab

onto other molecules so it makes any

solid thing sink immediately yet these

magic Islands don't sink there's a

theory that these islands might be like

sponges made of ice with lots of holes

when pieces of this holy Ice come loose

from the edge of the lake they can float

on tighten Seas for a bit before going

down under there are also other ideas

like bubbles of nitrogen gas or waves

caused by wind we need more research to

know for sure moons like to be weird

just look at our own one in 1971 we

found a patch with missing soil on our

moon and it looks like a Blue Lake they

call this mysterious spot AA we first

spotted it during the Apollo 15 mission

in 1971 later the Apollo 17 Mission took

clearer pictures of it this spot shaped

like a bluish d letter is one of the

weirdest things on the moon the color

comes from special rocks rich in

titanium called basalts these rocks

cover I this floor and make it look blue

there are also bluish areas near the

edges of the Mounds inside aa aa is

unique and probably has a long history

it might have had volcanic activity with

Mounds that are about 3.5 billion years

old and similar to the surface age of

the volcanic field that surrounds

in now our moon has its own fat just

like those on Mars there's an area near

the moon's South Pole that looks like a

face but it's just a bunch of craters

and ship Shadows that happen to make an

image resembling a face when seen from

far away these craters have been there

for billions of years and cover about

16% of the moon's surface some of these

craters might even have water and ice

inside of them you might be wondering

why there are so many faces in our solar

system well that's because our brains

are wired to recognize faces even when

there aren't any it's a phenomenon

called peridia our brains try to make

sense of shapes so when we see something

that looks a bit like a human our brain

turns it into one because it's familiar

like when you see a shadow figure on a

chair with clothes or even on Mercury

some people see shapes like Mickey Mouse

so don't worry it's not extraterrestrial

life it's our brains that play tricks on

us making us see familiar shapes like

faces even where they don't really

exist this planet yeah the one right

here shouldn't exist but it does a newly

discovered CED planet rotates around a

star that's much smaller and dimmer than

our sun the planet however is enormous

such a tiny star couldn't create it so

it's like finding an ostrich egg in a

chicken

[Music]

coop a team at Penn State build a

special tool called the habitable zone

Planet finder it's an instrument that's

supposed to find planets around dim cool

Stars it's connected to a big telescope

in Texas the tool looks at the light

from these Stars which is mostly in the

near infrared beyond what our eyes can

see this gadget can spot changes in a

star speed caused by a planet if a star

movement slightly changes that means

there must be a gravitational pool

nearby years ago this technique helped

find the first known exoplanet around a

star like our sun today we've improved

this method to make more precise

measurements our main goal is to find

earthlike planets they should be Rocky

and located in habitable zones areas

around Stars where liquid water could

exist the Doppler technique isn't that

great at finding earthlike worlds yet

but works well for cool dim stars and

that's how we discovered the impossible

LHS 3154

B planets usually form in discs made of

gas and dust in space picture a flat

spinning cloud of tiny particles these

particles come together and stick to

each other creating a flat rotating disc

over time these tiny bits combined to

form a solid core this is the starting

point for a planet once the core is

there it attracts more dust and even gas

like hydrogen and helium but making a

planet this way isn't easy they need a

lot of stuff mass and materials this

process is called core accretion stars

are a huge help in that process usually

big stars have more gravity so they can

gather more stuff to form planets but

the star we discovered recently isn't

very big it's nine times smaller than

our side a star this small shouldn't

have a big enough disc to make a heavy

planet to do that its disc should have

been at least 10 times bigger but this

heavy Planet LHS 3154 B

exists now this mysterious planet is 13

times heavier than our Earth it's

similar in size to Neptune it's about 50

light years away from us in the Hercules

constellation which in space terms is

very very close the planet is also super

close to its star completing one year in

almost 4 days this discovery is making

scientists rethink their ideas about how

planets and stars come into existence

there are new theories coming around for

example a theory called gravitational

instability it says that instead of the

pieces coming together bit by bit the

material in the disc collapses all at

once directly creating a planet but even

with this the Theory it's hard to

explain how such a heavy Planet could

form without a really massive disc it'll

take us some time to figure out the

truth this isn't the first planet that

makes us doubt our theories recently

scientists found another planet called

Hala this planet is orbiting a star

called baked and just like the previous

one it shouldn't really exist it's way

too close to a star Stars change a lot

during their lives normally when a star

becomes big and prepares to leave this

world it's called the red giant stage a

star like that tends to destroy or push

away any nearby planets creating a huge

mass Hala rotates around a red giant and

it should have been swallowed or

destroyed by the expanding star a long

time ago but it's still hanging there

even though Baku has already started

burning helium and shrunk to a smaller

size than expected Hala isn't bothered

in the slightest scientists called Hala

The Forbidden Planet ooh this discovery

challenges what we thought about how

planets survive near aging Stars it

raises two theories one suggests that

baked was once two stars a white door

and a red giant Hala orbited them both

and they merged before the red giant

fully expanded this allowed holla to

survive because the extra helium from

the white dwarf prevented the red giant

from growing too much the second theory

says that H form from the debris created

when the two stars mered merged in this

scenario Hollow would be a very young

Planet orbiting an elderly star

astronomers plan to continue studing

Hala and look for more planets like

that another odd ball besides me is

called LT

9779 B this one scares us too because

it's too shiny the planet reflects 80%

of the light from its star regular

mirrors reflect from 85 to Almost 100%

of light

which means that this mysterious planet

should look like a rough mirror with

aluminum or silver likee Reflections

this is another Neptune siiz planet it's

located 268 light years from us and was

discovered by NASA's T spacecraft it

completes a full rotation around its

star in just 19 hours it's so close to

its star that it's scorching hot

reaching temp temperatures over 3,600 de

F normally planets this close lose their

atmosphere spere and turn into bare

rocks but this one Breaks the Rules

again now this time we know the secret

of its survival it's because of the

planet's shiny metallic clouds which are

made of glass and titanium salt these

clouds rain titanium onto its hot

surface they also reflect a lot of the

light preventing the planet from getting

too hot and losing its atmosphere it's

like having a mirror Shield this planet

size also surprised scientists if is way

bigger than Earth other planets this

close to their stars are either much

bigger gas giants or small rocky planets

this planet is a smaller gas giant and

scientists didn't expect it to exist so

close to its star this is the shiniest

planet ever found even shinier than

Venus but despite its cool appearance

it's probably not a friendly place for

life because of its extreme temperatures

in strange metallic rain

and our final rule breaker is a planet

called was

107b scientists discovered it using the

James web Space Telescope it's located

around 208 light years from us in the

Virgo constellation it's also fast and

completes an orbit arounded star in just

6 days this is a super Neptune exoplanet

it's similar to Jupiter in some ways

including the same size and scorching

hot temperatures but the main difference

is that it's much lighter weaker and

less dense this is the least dense

Planet we've discovered so far after

researching some more we also found that

it has a tail the helium on the planet

extends beyond the transit egress the

planet is slowly losing its atmosphere

due to extreme ultraviolet radiation

from the Star this creates a comet-like

tail so it looks like a fluffy

Comet but that was just the beginning

the planet's low density or fluffiness

allowed astronomers to study its

atmosphere in detail they found some

surprising things like water vapor and

clouds made of fine silicate particles

which are like really fine grained sand

the planet's hostar doesn't emit a lot

of high energy light but since wasp 107b

is so loose the light can penetrate deep

into its atmosphere this creates sulfur

dioxide that smell when you light a

match in other words it's a fluffy plet

that rains sand and smells like matches

the researchers think the sand clouds in

the atmosphere form in a similar way to

clouds on Earth they just have droplets

of sand instead of water these sand

droplets condense fall turn into

silicate vapor in hot layers within the

planet and then rise again to form

clouds once more and once again this

planet couldn't have formed in its

current spot astronomers say that it

likely moved closer to its star from a

birth orbit because it was a attracted

by some heavier neighbor it also follows

a retrograde orbit meaning it orbits in

the opposite direction to its Stars

rotation all these discoveries are

changing how we understand planets and

their atmospheres giving us new insights

into the mysteries of our own solar

system this planet is as light as that

piece of fluff stuck to your sweater in

the scientific world it's called wasp

193b but let's call it the cotton candy

planet

it's located around 12200 Lighty years

away from us sure thing we'll never see

it with our own eyes but scientists say

the cotton candy planet is pretty much

Jupiter's bigger bouncier cousin 50%

more massive it has an extremely low

density combined with other factors such

as high temperatures and the infrared

brightness of its host star that make it

look special may I have a closeup here

please thank you see how fluffy it is

right now you understand that it would

be impossible to stand on its surface

anyways it's not often that you meet

something like wasp 193b at a planetary

party such planets might be fluffy

because they're getting cooked by their

parent Stars puffing up like a

marshmallow that seen too much campfire

action but the thing is if you're that

close to your star and mostly made of a

hydrogen helium cocktail you're not

going to keep your puffiness for long

it's like trying to hold on to a balloon

during a

hurricane exoplanets like this fluffy

guy here are pretty rare but there's

also wasp

1007b and it looks squishy too this one

kicks back 200 Lighty years from us and

it shows the constellation of Virgo as

its official residence from some

perspective you might say that this

planet is a copycat of Earth it has

helium and its atmosphere contains

sulfur dioxide there's some resemblance

for sure but wasp 1007b has the density

of a marshmallow it means we can snoop

through its atmosphere easier than we

could with a heavyweight like Jupiter

scientists were Beyond surprised when

they peered through their super space

goggles the James web space telescopes

Miry cam they spotted clouds made of the

stuff that builds beaches silicate or as

you might know it sand imagine Sand

Castles in the

Sky those sound clouds are way up there

in the penthouse suite of wasp 1007 B's

atmosphere where the thermostat reads a

breezy 932 de Fahrenheit normally You'

need

1,832 de F to cook up this kind of cloud

so scientists are scratching their heads

how did those grainy Puffs get all the

way up there turns out wasp 1007b might

be running its own Sandy water cycle but

with scorching silicates instead of H2O

silicate particles get whooshed up from

the sizzling lower levels by some sort

of cosmic elevator and then they cool

off party together as clouds and

sprinkle down a silicate drizzle

nobody's packing sunscreen for this kind

of Sandstorm

though now look at this Kepler Planet

family located in the Kepler 51 star

system this Cosmic thre pack hangs

around 2400 Lightyear away looking huge

but having the same density as as your

favorite snack and it's cotton candy yet

again scientists have been digging into

what these space treats are made of they

now believe these puffball planets are

big hydrogen helium gas Balloons with a

generous smearing of methane Haze it

also turns out these planets might be

going through a cosmic

downsize now let's talk about a planet

called mascara 5B nope it doesn't look

like one of those cosmetic tubes from

your your mom's drawer scientists say

it's one of the hottest planets ever

discovered they call it an ultra hot

Jupiter showing off its impressive size

almost twice as big as our very own

Jupiter the day side temperature is

around a scorching

4,892 de F while the night side hits

4,172 de fhe no chance for any sort of

Life To Survive out there actually it's

the second hot Nightside temperature

ever recorded to put it in perspective

the temperature of molten lava sits

between 1,2 92° F and

2,282 de F so the planet is a whole lot

hotter than this scorching liquid rock

its temperatures even surpass the

melting point of most metals which is

around

3,632 F scientists mention that the

insane heat on this planet is comparable

to the exhaust of a rocket

engine back in 2005 one famous star

called wait is that a name or a phone

number whatever so turns out this star

has a hot sister and they have very

similar names this hot sister has B at

the end well this place looks like

something from a sci-fi movie as it

rocks a mesmerizing Blue Marble Vibe

according to NASA such an appearance

results from an atmosphere packed with

hazy clouds laced with glass the rain on

this planet is glass filled

precipitation that likes to fall

sideways thanks to Fierce winds blowing

at a speed of 5400

mph and yeah it's the hot sister for a

reason scientists have measured the

daytime temperatures in this nightmarish

world it's around 1,700 de F so when it

rains on this planet it's more like

molten glass pouring down inad of your

typical

Waterworks you may not know it but space

is swarming with wasps I'm talking about

planets called wasp meet wasp

76b this sizzling hot jupiter-like

planet is so out of this world it rains

iron at night there the daytime side is

no less of a fiery nightmare the

temperature there is about 4,300 de F

wasp 76b may be slight slightly smaller

than Jupiter but don't underestimate its

Grandeur this Fireball is located 640

Lighty years away from earth and its

terrifying climate is the result of one

seriously extreme orbit you see these

gas giants are fittingly known as hot

Jupiters they like to keep it hot so

they orbit way too close to their

scorching host stars in this case wasp

76b is nearly 10 times closer to to its

star than Mercury is to our sun that's

way too close for comfort leaving this

rebellious Planet tily locked to the

star so while one side basks in Eternal

Light the other is trapped In Perpetual

Darkness 55 cancre e is a total gem it's

the ratest super Earth ever spotted

scientists initially believed it was

packed with so much carbon that its

insides were blinged out with diamonds

thanks to sane pressure and sizzling

temperatures of

4,892 De F but researchers put a dent in

the diamond hype showing there was

actually less carbon than we had

originally thought well diamonds aren't

actually that rare and expensive after

all they're just well

marketed the last destination for today

gj1214b

located 40 light years away from Earth

this planet is like a super sized earth

almost three times bigger in diameter

and a whopping seven times heavier it

orbits around its red dwarf star faster

than you can finish a pizza finishing a

complete Loop every 38 hours but it's

not just the planet size or orbit that's

out of this world it's pretty hot out

there with mind melting

450° F but the coolest thing is that

this planet is practically drowning in

water the sizzling temperatures and

crazy high pressures on

gj1214b

create some super cool materials like

hot ice and super fluid water super

fluidity is something that happens in

liquid helium when it's almost as cold

as it can get on earth water totally

missed the memo on being superf fluid

because it needs ridiculously low

temperatures and off thee chart

pressures to pull off that trick still

there's not much use in superf fluid

water even if you try it you'll just get

dehydrated have you ever wondered why

all planets are perfectly Round And what

if these celestial bodies decided to

break the rules and change their shape

would we end up with square planets

triangular moons or maybe even

Intergalactic shapes we can't even

imagine well let's find out so how do

planets form in the first place the

universe is filled with swirling clouds

of dust and gas these clouds called

molecular clouds consist of various

elements and compounds such as hydrogen

helium carbon oxygen and so on they're

like a cosmic kitchen filled with the

ingredients needed to cook up some brand

new

planets the first step in the recipe for

planetary formation is called the

accretion theory let's say that

something happens that causes

gravitational instability like a

supernova goes off nearby or something

this pushes the gas and dust in the

cloud and causes them to come together

because of gravity these particles start

falling toward a central point they

become more tightly packed together like

when you squeeze a ball in your hand and

eventually they squeeze so hard that the

cloud starts to flatten into a disc

shape kind of like when you mix flour

and water to make pizza

dough this disc is called a

protoplanetary disc it's also spinning

because the Cloud's particles had some

rotation to begin with now imagine these

tiny dust particles and gas molecules

dancing around in the disc sometimes

they bump into each other and when they

do they stick together like

velcro these little clumps of dust and

gas are called planetesimals they're the

building blocks of planets and as the

planetesimals continued to collide and

merge they grew larger and larger

forming

protoplanets the protoplanets were

getting serious about their size and

their gravity became stronger some of

them got so massive that they became the

grand masters of their Cosmic

neighborhoods the planets we know and

love each planet had its own unique

recipe of gases rocks and sometimes even

water but why do the planets look like

spheres well it's all because of

gravity let's go back to our

protoplanets imagine you're squeezing a

balloon with your hands the air inside

of the balloon pushes back creating

pressure something similar happens with

planets gravity squeezes its material

inward pull pull in towards the center

and since gravity acts equally in all

directions it pulls material from all

sides toward the center of mass

resulting in a sphere-like

shape and that material pushes back with

pressure resisting the force of gravity

in the end they both find a sweet spot

where they balance each other out it's

called hydrostatic equilibrium a fancy

term that means everything inside a

planet is in Balance but that's not all

another thing that makes the planet

spherical is their rotation think about

a ball of PlayDoh or something like that

imagine you spin it rapidly the material

starts to push outward making the

Playdoh bulge at the equator and flatten

at the

poles the same thing happens to planets

as they spin on their axis the

combination of gravity and rotation

pushes the material outward making the

planet bulge at the equator they lowkey

want to become discs again however

gravity doesn't want any lumpy planets

it wants them to be nice nice and round

so it keeps pulling on the material

trying to make everything as compact as

possible eventually gravity wins and the

planet settles into a spherical

shape let's take some examples from our

planetary playlist Jupiter the giant of

the solar system loves to show off its

oblateness it spins so fast that it

becomes noticeably squished at the poles

and chubby in the middle it's like a

spinning top with a cute belly Saturn

the ringed Wonder also joins the oblate

party it spins around with its beautiful

rings and its oblateness is even more

pronounced than

Jupiter's these examples show how

rotation can give planets a unique shape

they go from being perfectly round to

having a delightful bulge around the

middle it's like Cosmic Pottery where

the spinning motion creates a playful

and distinct shape so now you know why

the planets are round but what's more

interesting is what if they weren't what

if they were let's say cubicle or even

triangular well let's see

a cube-shaped or a triangle-shaped

planet would have its mass spread out in

a completely different way than a sphere

and you know what that means gravity

would be All Shook Up Too on a spherical

Planet gravity pulls everything towards

the center because the mass is evenly

distributed around that Center but when

we introduce a cube-shaped or

triangle-shaped Planet things get

interesting if you're standing at the

center of one of those faces you'd feel

the strongest pull of gravity that's

because the faces are the Clos closest

to the center of gravity and as you

venture away from the center and start

walking towards the edges gravity starts

playing tricks on you you would feel the

struggle against the Steep angled

gravity walking on those edges would

feel just like climbing a mountain or

walking on a super steep slope all

because gravity wants you right in the

middle of the face and nowhere

else now imagine the terrain along the

edges and Corners it's a Barren Rocky

and dry landscape

why well all the water would pull in at

the center of each face leaving the

edges high and dry and the air quality

well it's either non-existent or so thin

that it can't support life not the

coziest place to set up camp that's for

sure and don't forget your warm clothes

lunch and hiking boots you'll need them

because of the crazy

climate the type of climate you'll

encounter on our Cube or triangle shaped

Earth depends on how it spins if it

rotates at its Corners each side would

enjoy a mild temperate clim climate

however if it rotates on an axis through

two of its faces things get intense

picture a roller coaster version of our

current climate some faces would be

polar wonderlands icy and chilly the top

and bottom faces for the cube and the

bottom face for the triangle meanwhile

the other sides would be completely

different in a cube they would be

scorching hot with an equatorial climate

that would make you break a sweat

instead of sunlight gently curving along

the surface it would directly beam onto

these faces talk about feeling the

Heat and on a triangular Planet the

sunlight would strike the faces at an

angle this angled sunlight would create

fascinating temperature variations

across the

planet imagine this as you move from the

base of the triangle towards the tip the

temperatures would gradually decrease

the base where the sunlight hits most

directly would be the hottest region

just like the equatorial climate we're

familiar with on our spherical Earth but

as Venture towards the tip the angle of

sunlight would be less direct leading to

cooler temperatures but the base is

still super cold and dark since the

sunlight doesn't directly reach it so

the triangle would be absolutely crazy

in terms of temperature changes in

climate

zones by the way you know that cozy

blanket of air we call the atmosphere

well on our angular Earth things would

get a little Topsy Turvy gravity would

be pulling stronger from the center of

each face the result the atmosphere

would go through some crazy Chang es

picture this at the center of each face

where gravity is strongest the

atmosphere would gather and thicken it

would be like a bustling City full of

air molecules but as you venture towards

the edges things would start to thin out

the atmosphere would become scarce and

very thin so breathing along the edges

would be quite a challenge and the edges

would be a tough neighborhood for life

to thrive moreover a thinner atmosphere

means less protection from the sun's

radiation and solar winds so corners and

edges would be extreme extr dangerous

for humans of course this is all just a

playful exploration of what could be our

Earth loves its spherical shape and

that's a good thing but there's no harm

in imagining wild and wonderful

possibilities so keep your imagination

soaring and continue to Marvel at the

marvels of our amazing planet however it

may be shaped now space missions used to

be this big deal but now they're

starting to feel like a walk in the park

but there's a catch our bodies aren't

exactly built for surviving on other

planets now I know what you're thinking

our bodies will eventually adapt and

evolve right well yeah evolution is

always on the clock but let's be real

here it's not going to happen overnight

we're not talking about a cool million

years for some changes to kick in and

honestly who's got the time for that so

how about tweaking our genes just a

little bit to make living on other

planets easier genetic modifications are

all about changing an organism's genetic

material like its DNA to give it some

cool new traits or characteristics now

picture this scientists could totally

mess around with our genes to make us

more resistant to Crazy temperature you

know like the temperature fluctuations

of the Moon minus

298° F at night to 224° F daytime wow

they might even figure out a way to make

us super tough against radiation which

is a huge deal in space or on planets

with weak atmospheres we definitely

don't want to get fried out out there oh

and here's another thing they could do

tackle the effects of low gravity

spending too much time in Low Gravity

can really mess up our muscles bones and

even our heart but if they tweak those

genes related to muscle and bone growth

we could become super strong and

resistant to all those nasty effects

however it's not as simple as it might

seem the technology for safe and precise

genetic modifications is still in its

early stages so it might even take as

much time as it would for our bodies to

naturally evolve and adapt to other

planets there are a couple of nice

exoplanets where Humanity might

potentially live I'm talking about gley

667 CC Kepler 442b Kepler 62e Kepler

452b gley 837 you name it in fact I'm

sure you can do a better job of naming

than these now consider gley

667cc um in fact let's nickname this one

Gary for short turns out that Gary gets

about 90% of the light that Earth does

but instead of regular visible light

this planet mostly gets infrared light

to put it simpler Gary is rocking only

20% of the visible light that Earth gets

yep it's a bit darker over there so do

we need really warm clothes and night

vision goggles to thrive on this planet

nah not really in addition to Darkness

Gary is estimated to have a higher mass

than Earth meaning it likely has a

stronger gravitational pull to adapt

humans would need to hit the gym at

least twice a day translation humans

would need to develop stronger muscles

and Bones to withstand the increased

gravity over Generations natural

selection might favor individuals with

these adaptations we still know too

little about these exoplanets to move

there anytime soon hey how about some

planets in our solar system let's

discover our top picks this way we can

easily figure out what changes we need

to make so first things first let's

eliminate the two ice giants in our

solar system and their friends yep

Neptune Uranus and the two gas giants

Saturn and Jupiter sorry guys but

terraforming you is just not going to

happen even so we still have four super

cool candidates right here in our solar

system you all know them well Venus and

Mars the popular Kids on the Block and

then we have Jupiter's moon Kalisto and

Saturn's moon Titan they might not be as

famous but they've got some serious

potential to become Earth 2.0 so it

turns out some of Jupiter's moons are

super cool for terraforming they're

packed with water which is a big plus

but here's the catch only Kalisto is far

enough from Jupiter's radiation belts

you see on Earth we get hit with about

.24 Rems of radiation per year but for

instance ganim another of Jupiter's

moons gives away a whopping eight Rams

per day just to make it clear

professional workers here on Earth can

have more than five Ram per year Kalisto

is different though we don't need to

tweak our genes as it only gets about

0.01 RMS per day which we humans can

totally handle now let's not get too

carried away with the idea that life on

Kalisto is all sunshine and beaches like

in California nope it's more like an icy

Wonderland out there so if you ever find

yourself on Kalisto make sure to pack

your snazziest protective clothing and

some high-tech heating systems honestly

at this point we might as well wish for

evolution to take us back to our furry

animal days I mean think about it our

ancestors were rocking some serious fur

game just like those cool chimps and

gorillas But as time went on and we got

all fancy with our Evolution we decided

to ditch the fur coat and go for a more

minimalist look now why did we lose our

fur that's a question that has puzzled

scientists for ages Darwin thought it

was about finding less hairy mates While

others believed it was to keep those

pesky lice away but these days most

researchers think it all comes down to

staying cool picture this our ancestors

were string their stuff on open dry

lands after they learned to walk on two

legs think of a patchy forest or a sunny

Savannah instead of a lush rainforest in

that kind of environment overheating was

a real threat so we evolve to have less

body hair and more sweat glands to help

us cool down by sweating like crazy now

Titan the moon of Saturn is like a

treasure chest of resources just waiting

to be cracked open we're talking

hydrocarbon reserves that make Earths

look like a kids play with petroleum for

days plus it's got all sorts of organic

compounds like methane ammonia and water

and don't forget its atmosphere is a

nitrogen party just like early herbs

here's where it gets really interesting

if Titan's atmosphere is similar to what

Earth used to be we could totally

transform it into a modern earthlike

atmosphere picture this giant mirrors in

space beaming sunlight onto Titan

surface heating things up and releasing

water vapor oxygenated atmosphere coming

right up and to top it off Titan hangs

out within Saturn's magnetosphere so it

shielded from those pesky solar winds

now Titan's gravity is about 17th that

of Earth which could lead to muscle and

bone deterioration over time to

counteract that our bodies would need to

develop stronger muscles and denser

bones to withstand the lower gravity

seems like Earth is the only place where

we can't skip gym without gravitational

consequences now when it comes to being

the hottest planet Mercury may be the

Sun's next door neighbor but Venus takes

the crown the temperature there is a

scorching 870 de F on average it's like

trying to survive in a pot of boiling

water or in the fiery depths of Venus

itself I guess the richest people out

there would be those selling sunscreens

and ice cream sorry folks no amount of

evolution can turn us into superhumans

who can handle Venus's extreme

conditions the only beings that

theoretically could possibly Thrive

there are tardigrades these tiny cute

little critters that look like

caterpillars and have some seriously

impressive toughness they can survive

boiling water the darkest depths of the

ocean and even the freezing airless

emptiness of space in fact they were

part of a scientific study on a

spacecraft that unfortunately crashed on

the moon still Recent research proves

that even these guys won't survive on

Venus now look at this guy he's been

kicking it on Mars for ages which

explains why he's rocking the wrong

shade of self-tan turns out all those

carrot loving catenoids in his diet like

sweet potatoes bell peppers tomatoes and

pumpkins are the es up his sleeve

protecting him against UV rays the more

he munches on those the more he turns

into a walking orange and let me tell

you the strength it's all about that

Martian gravity my friend the gravity

there messes with our perception of

weight so if you want to be a boss on

Mars you got to Chow Down big time like

if you weigh 150 lbs on Earth it feels

like you're carrying no more than 55 lbs

on Mars so overindulging in food can

totally help bridge that Gap between

gravity and weight o time to Feast like

a martian have you ever thought about

Earth itself as an intelligent well not

creature but maybe an entity like it has

a mind and some survival instincts of

its own when said like this it sounds

like you're about to watch a fantasy

movie where the planet we walk and live

our daily lives on will suddenly wake up

realize it doesn't like us that much

after all and just go crazy hope not but

we're not actually talking about such

scenarios more of the idea that the

collective activity of life like

microbes and plants can change a planet

and give it a life of its own it's like

the planet has a green

mind the metaphor of Earth as a living

planet makes sense creatures across the

globe crawl swim walk and fly through

the uppermost layers of Our Land Ocean

and Sky plants cover much of our work

world plus there are viruses and

bacteria in the water soil and even

atmosphere now imagine all the living

things on earth like plants animals and

microbes as a giant team working

together they have different jobs but

they all do their thing to make the

planet a better place to live for

example plants make oxygen that we

breathe and animals help pollinate

flowers together they form the biosphere

which is like the Earth's team of

life that's where the idea of planetary

intelligence comes in just like

individuals and groups can be

intelligent so can an entire planet

researchers believe we should measure

the planet's intelligence by its ability

to keep itself going forever and just

like how humans need to work together to

survive a planet's collective

intelligence is measured by the capacity

of all the life on it to work together

towards this same goal it's like the

planet is a complex system that knows

how to take care of itself like forests

they can share nutrients through their

secret underground networks of fungi

this helps all the trees stay healthy we

can obviously learn a lot from

forests if we jump into the fantasy

Universe while looking for intelligent

conscious planets we definitely choose

MoGo from Green Lantern it's a specific

planetary entity that can do things like

changing its weather and altering

gravity plant growth or some other

surface conditions or how about the

stunning Pandora from Avatar do you

remember the fascinating scenes of Flora

and Fauna there with organs that might

remind you of tentacles they enable

creatures to Interlink with each other

on a neural level it's like the entire

planet is like one giant brain with many

smaller trees creatures and its other

pieces as its

cells we're far from from that but it's

still nice to imagine at the moment our

civilization is in the stage scientists

named an immature technosphere that

means we're still too focused on using

technology that doesn't always do good

for our planet we don't have a planetary

intelligence or a collective

understanding of what needs to be done

to do better for our planet instead

we're all just doing our own thing I

mean we're not at the worst stage

researchers have come up with four

stages of Earth's past and future to

explain how planetary intelligence could

impact the long-term future of humanity

the first stage is what we call the

immature biosphere it's when life first

started on Earth billions of years ago

only microbes were there on the bare

land without any vegetation there wasn't

any Global feedback which means these

microbes couldn't yet affect Earth its

atmosphere or other systems in any way

the second stage is the mature biosphere

which was 2.5 billion to 540 million

years ago when stable continents formed

and the biosphere started to have a

strong influence on the earth the third

stage known as immature technosphere is

where we are now with interl systems of

communication technology Transportation

electricity and computers that draw

resources from Earth's systems and

affect the biosphere the fourth stage

also known as the mature technosphere is

where Earth should aim to be in the

future it means technology will benefit

the entire planet we'll use sustainable

forms of energy like solar power

planetary intelligence is the sign of a

mature planet and researchers are trying

to figure out how we can move towards

it so things we do on an individual

level do matter the collective activity

of life like microbes or plants can

change a planet and make it more than

just a lifeless rock floating in

space through the biosphere our home

planet kind of figured out how to host

Life by itself billions of years ago and

it's still going now we need to figure

out how to have a similar kind of

self-maintaining system but this time

with the

technosphere it's hard to imagine

planets could generally become sensient

like Pandora or some other imaginary

conscious world out there there are a

few reasons for that first planets form

based on how different materials like

rocks gases and liquids gather around a

new star it's like you have a big family

gathering where everyone brings

different ingredients to make a

delicious dish and just like how these

ingredients won't suddenly turn into a

living being the materials that make up

a planet won't just turn into self-aware

creatures on Earth after billions of

years of complex chemical reactions some

molecules started to replicate

themselves and carry information that's

how life on our planet began and Earth

is the only such example we

have here's the second reason imagine

you have a big Garden where you plant a

lot of mushrooms or bacteria hoping

they'll become really smart and help you

take care of the garden but mushrooms

and bacteria don't have brains like we

do eh it's not like they need it

anyway having a big brain is really

expensive for animals too it takes a lot

of energy to keep it running so animals

only become as smart as they need to be

to survive and thrive in their

environment dogs and cats are pretty

smart because they need to be able to

avoid danger and find food they don't

need human kind of intelligence for

things like building houses creating art

or inventing new technologies so it

would be hard to bring all living beings

and plants to the same level of

intelligence the third reason why it

would be difficult for a planet to

become sensient is the main rule of the

animal kingdom life is all about

survival of the fittest every creature

is competing for resources like water

food and space but not only do different

species compete against each other but

individuals within the same species also

fight just think of how fiddler crabs

fight for territory on the beach or how

wolf packs fight over prey or me when I

see an empty spot on a crowd Ed Beach

this kind of competition is not a good

base for Global

cooperation there are a couple of

exceptions to this rule for example ants

they may not be the brightest creatures

on the planet but when they come

together in colonies they can achieve

amazing things like Gathering food

that's way bigger than them building

nests raising Young And even farming in

fact they act like a super organism

called a hive mind where every ant works

together towards a common

goal insects like bees and ants are very

altruistic and work together to ensure

their Queen reproduces if one large ant

colony took over our whole planet it

could act as a single mind and work

towards the colonies and planets

interests until they run out of

resources but in reality it's hard to

imagine any organism even a

superorganism could reach such a level

of self-awareness and consciousness

number five how could we keep in

contact when it comes to communication

ants use pheromones and humans use

nerves both of these methods work well

for small organisms but when it comes to

a giant planet sized entity it would be

hard to make such communication fast and

efficient so communication within a

planet-sized entity would be much slower

than what we have in our homes like our

computers or

smartphones oh well we'll just continue

dreaming about

Pandora ah consider the Rogue Planet the

cosmic Wanderer that nobody wants to

take home basically a rogue planet is a

planet that has been ejected from its

own star system and is now floating

aimlessly through space like a cosmic

loner these planets aren't just a theory

scientists have actually detected some

in our galaxy in fact estimates suggest

that there may be l lots of these Cosmic

Nomads floating around the Milky Way and

they aren't just small rocky worlds like

Earth some of them are actually massive

gas giants many times larger than

Jupiter these behemoths could

potentially have their own moons and

even their own Min systems orbiting

around them for example one of the most

famous rogue planets we know of has a

complicated name here you read it for

yourself it's located about 80 light

years away from Earth and it was

discovered in

2013 this Rogue planet is estimated to

be around six times the mass of Jupiter

and is believed to be around 12 million

years old and yes just because these

Cosmic loners don't have a star it

doesn't mean they're super cold they can

still generate heat and light from their

own internal processes some may even

have magnetic fields and auroras just

like Earth in other words rogue planets

could potentially be habitable if they

have the right conditions so what would

life on such a planet look like and

could we potentially live in such a

world well living on a rogue planet can

be a lonely existence they have no warm

sun to bask in no cozy atmosphere to

cuddle up in and no Cosmic neighbors to

have barbecue with that's why we'd have

to get creative let's start with the

most obvious problem we'd have a hard

time without light and heat so how do we

fix this Well we'd probably have to

invest in some really fancy space

heaters and wear fashionable superwarm

space suits or we could invent a whole

new way to generate electricity without

relying on solar power for example how

about using geothermal energy now that's

hot stuff each planet has an internal

source of heat without it they would all

be nothing more than cold lifeless rocks

floating through space this internal

heat can be harnessed and used to power

everything from homes to factories to

spaceships it's like having a hot tub

big enough to power an entire city and

that City most likely will be located

underground closer to the heat source

and as for light Well we'd probably have

to build some really bright flashlights

or maybe even learn to genetically

engineer some bioluminescent organisms

to light up our homes just imagine space

bases overgrown with neon mushrooms and

plants by the way speaking of plants

plant life would be pretty hard to come

by without a star so what would we eat

well we could use the same geothermal

vents that we talked about or some

chemical reactions to sustain ourselves

and hey maybe we'd develop a taste for

sulfur rich foods or we'd start

fermenting our own drinks from the

bubbling volcanic mud yum but besides

food we have a more important problem

living on Rogue Planet would be

breathtaking literally we'd have no air

you see not all rogue planets have good

stable atmospheres it all depends on

their size composition and other things

but even if our new home does have an

atmosphere it may be incredibly thin and

unstable we'd have no pretty blue skies

or dramatic sunsets to admire instead

we'd be staring out into the infinite

void of space where the stars would be

brighter than ever before

and forget about weather patterns

without an atmosphere to create them

we'd have no rain no snow and no

thunderstorms and that's just some minor

problems what's worse the temperature on

the planet would be wildly fluctuating

swinging from unbearable heat to

unbearable cold it would be like living

in an oven that's always being turned on

and off and finally we'd be exposed to

all kinds of space debris and Cosmic

radiation so if you don't want to get

crispy you might want to invest in some

serious

SPF so how do we fix it Well we'd have

to find a way to generate our own oxygen

and probably create something like a

space age biosphere for example we could

grow some plants that could produce

oxygen or we'd learn to filter the air

like a high-tech air

purifier finally we have the last most

important problem finding water and

here's where the underwater oceans come

to our Aid now we're really diving deep

into the possibilities yuu but seriously

scientists suggest that some of these

planets May indeed have underwater

oceans it would be like living on a

giant water balloon that's been buried

underground with the ground beneath your

feet made of ice and rock in other words

we could just tap into these underground

oceans they could provide us with a

source of water for drinking farming and

Manufacturing maybe even with some other

resources and materials we've never seen

for and by the way who knows what kind

of strange creatures might be lurking in

those underground Seas but don't worry

even if we don't have any underground

Oasis there are also other options we

could get some water from comets ice

Mining and even from the atmosphere the

one we just created before finally we

need to find and mine some resources to

build our homes and other stuff and a

rogue Planet might not have the same

kinds of resources as a planet that

orbits a star it's like trying to find

some Treasures in a desert not exactly a

sure thing we may have to rely on

resources from nearby asteroids and

things like that and if we want to

extract resources from the planet itself

we might need to drill down through

miles of ice and rock but hey if you're

up for the challenge there'll always be

a chance you'll strike it rich on a

rogue planet and who knows maybe you'll

discover some new resources that are

even more valuable than gold or diamonds

Great Looks like we've solved the most

important problems now there may be

other small difficulties for example

we'd also have to deal with some

seriously long days and nights depending

on how fast our planet was rotating and

we wouldn't have a normal regular day

night cycle the rotation of our planet

could be wildly unpredictable maybe we'd

have weeks long nights followed by weeks

long days which could really mess with

our sleep schedule

we might have to develop some really

strong coffee to keep us going through

those long dark nights but

hypothetically we can adapt to all these

things and overcome all the challenges

and now finally welcome to the Rogue

planet where the Sun never Rises but the

adventures Never End thanks to our

advanced technology we've managed to

create a comfortable and habitable

environment in this once Barren world

the sky above us is now a beautiful

shade of blue filled with fluffy white

clouds and the occasional flock of

flying creatures don't ask as we venture

out from our underground habitats we're

greeted by a world that's full of

surprises strange plants and animals

have adapted to the unique conditions of

this planet some with bioluminescent

features that glow in the dark and be

careful if you want to go swimming in

the underground ocean they might be home

to some bizarre creatures who want to

Feast on well we'll come back to that H

maybe as you can see we've created

sprawling cities and thriving

communities powered by the planet's

geothermal energy we also created a

bunch of artificial light sources that

keep things bright throughout the dark

chilly nights of course we still have

some problems with navigation and

timekeeping but things aren't as dull as

they used to be are they overall living

on a rogue Planet would definitely have

its challenges but it could also be a

pretty exciting way to experience the

universe and who knows maybe someday

we'll find such a planet and actually

turn it into a bustling Intergalactic

Metropolis someday but until then let's

enjoy and tidy up our dear

Earth have you ever wondered what it

would be like if every planet in our

solar system was the size of Earth well

it's time to dive into this mindboggling

scenario let's imagine what each planet

would look like if they were as big as

our beloved blue planet with the barren

red landscape of Mars suddenly become a

lush green Oasis with the massive

swirling gas giant Jupiter just

disappear and how would it affect our

solar system as a whole are we all

doomed buckle up and let's find

out the first planet on our list is

Mercury the smallest planet in our solar

system but now forget about the moonlike

Mercury instead picture yourself on the

surface of a super dnamic incandescent

Inferno there are a lot of craters and

active volcanoes around you and right in

front of you is a huge blinding bright

Sun what a nightmare but let's break

these changes down well along with the

size of mercury both its mass and

gravity would increase in that case it's

possible that mercury would have more

atmosphere temperatures on Mercury are

extreme not only because it's very close

to the Sun

but also because of its very thin

atmosphere so during the day the

temperatures there reach 800° F and at

night it becomes terrifyingly cold down

to -

290°

F but now when the gravity is stronger

Mercury could have a denser atmosphere

so the heat would be better distributed

across the

planet and the atmosphere isn't the only

thing that could make it hotter if

Mercury became bigger it it would likely

experience increased internal heating

due to gravitational compression and

hypothetically its tectonic activity

could increase in other words more

interesting landscape more Mountains and

more scary active

volcanoes congratulations you've turned

mercury into Venus 2.0 for us all these

changes wouldn't be very pleasant now it

would become much harder to send our

spacecraft there so it's better for

Mercury to stay as it is small calm and

boring basically the complete opposite

of our next planet

Venus so what would happen to Venus if

it was

earth-sized actually nothing it wouldn't

change at all all because Venus is

already almost the size of Earth it's

even called the Earth's twin although

twin is a big word of course in reality

we couldn't be more different Venus is

often called The Morning Star because

it's so bright and visible in the sky

but don't let its beauty fool you this

planet is one of the most inhospitable

places in our solar system its surface

is hotter than a freshly baked pizza

around 900° F and it's covered in thick

clouds of sulfuric acid that would

dissolve any human who tried to visit so

unfortunately you won't be planning any

trips there anytime soon so let's move

on to a planet that unlike Venus could

potentially become a new home for us

Mars picture yourself standing on Mars's

surface watching the blue Sunset and

breathing in a refreshing Breeze of air

yes you read that right air moreover you

could be surrounded by plants animals

and basically feel like you're on Earth

but how is that possible bigger Mars

would have a stronger magnetic field and

gravity this would lead to a richer and

denser atmosphere it would likely have a

wider range of gases including oxygen

wouldn't that be

cool also a denser atmosphere could

distribute heat across the planet so

Mars would become much warmer and Cozier

and here comes the most important change

liquid water Mars actually has some

frozen water at its poles and in

subsurface reservoirs but with a

stronger gravitational pull it could

potentially stabilize liquid water on

its surface

hooray however it's not all fun and

games new Mars would also have a

volcanic personality it's already

geologically active but now its internal

heat and pressure would

Skyrocket that means more frequent and

more crazy volcanic eruptions imagine

how exciting it would be to witness such

eruptions on another planet if you

manage to escape the

consequences in general the planet could

become Greener and Lusher but not safer

although it would still be great to see

but it's time to move on to the Giants

of our solar system and if we're

enlarging the planets before now it's

time to squeeze them really really hard

if Jupiter became 11 times smaller oh

boy what a disaster that would be the

first thing we'd notice is a change in

gravity and I say we'd notice because

now we'd have no choice but to move

somewhere Jupiter experiences from 30 to

100 collisions with large asteroids per

year

no big deal all because of its strongest

gravity which attracts them all and

protects us but now our big protective

brother has turned into a small baby say

hi to a bunch of

asteroids oh and say bye-bye to Jupiter

this planet is known for its thick

swirling atmosphere but with a weaker

gravitational pull Jupiter would

probably have a hard time holding onto

it so over time it would slowly Escape

into space leaving behind a thin

atmosphere composed mainly of nitrogen

and

oxygen we'll also have to bid farewell

to the iconic appearance of another

giant Saturn the most noticeable

difference would be The Disappearance of

its famous rings made up of small

particles of ice and rock the Rings are

a unique feature of Saturn but with

Earth's gravity they would either fall

onto the planet or scatter into space

bummer Saturn is also a gas giant just

like Jupiter its atmosphere is made up

of mostly hydrogen and helium but if it

were earth-sized its gases would be

compressed due to the increased gravity

this would make it much denser that

means Saturn's overall size and shape

would change theoretically if we squeeze

Saturn hard it could potentially become

a brown dwarf it's a type of failed star

that lacks the mass to sustain nuclear

fusion but emits heat and light so

Saturn could stop being a planet

altogether the weather on it would

probably have changed too all its crazy

storms such as the famous hexagonal

storm at its North Pole would have

become weaker and

calmer the next giant is Uranus let's

try to compress this Pella first off the

surface gravity on Uranus would be much

weaker than it is now its atmosphere

might also change if Uranus was smaller

it could have a thinner atmosphere and

different gases Al together this planet

is pretty chilly with an average

temperature of -3 53°

F but if it was the size of Earth it

might actually warm up a bit due to its

reduced volume to surface area ratio

don't get too excited though it would

still be way colder than the coldest

spots on Earth as you can see gas giants

don't easily go through all this

shrinking except perhaps one of them

surprisingly small Neptune would become

much friendlier for starters it would

probably be a rocky planet with a tiny

atmosphere that means no more gas giant

but instead a planet that's easier for

humans and critters alike to live and

move around on speaking of movement

because of the smaller size the gravity

on this new Neptune would be almost the

same as Earth's making it a heck of a

lot easier to walk and jump around no

more floating away into space now now

the atmosphere of the original Neptune

is so thick you could barely see your

hand in front of your face and the

surface pressure is about 100 times that

of Earth's atmosphere but our new

Neptune would be much different with a

much thinner and less dense atmosphere

it would still have some methane water

and ammonia in it but nowhere near as

much as before finally the

temperature the current Neptune is

freezing with an average temperature of

about3

70° F but if it was the same size as

Earth it would likely be much warmer

just like Uranus Ah that's more like it

what a planet that would be that's it

for the changes in the planets but what

would happen to the entire solar system

if we made all the planets so small it's

hard to predict but it's clear that

their gravity and orbits could change a

lot it's unlikely that any of them would

have flown into outer space or crashed

into each other or something like that

but many many of their orbits would

probably become quite unstable and the

number of collisions with asteroids

would have increased

significantly of course all this is

purely speculation it's not like we can

actually test all this but it's still a

pretty interesting thought experiment

and it makes you appreciate just how

unique and special our solar system

really is as scientists continue to

explore the vast expans of the universe

they've made some incredible discoveries

that have left them with more questions

and answers from a scorching superar to

a football-shaped world the exoplanet

discoveries of 2022 are truly out of

this world so hold on tight the future

of exoplanet discoveries is looking

brighter than ever number one new type

of exoplanets red dwarfs make up over

70% of all stars in space so in

September of 20202 scientists decided to

take a closer look at the small worlds

orbiting them what they found was

amazing new type of exoplanets that were

made of half Rock and half water either

in liquid or ice form the researchers

suggested that these planets likely

arose from Icy material and were born

far away from their Stars past the ice

line where surface temperatures are

freezing but they later migrated closer

in to where the astronomers detected

them this discovery could have huge

implications in the search for life in

the cosmos though these planets are are

loaded with water they might not be

covered in oceans who knows maybe one of

them will be the next Earth

2.0 number two Jupiter siiz World

Imagine a planet so massive and

mysterious it's like a hidden Jupiter in

our galaxy well we just discovered one

of those orbiting a star just 379 Lighty

years away just we've named it the toi

280b and it's got everyone talking why

well for starters this planet takes a

whopping 261 days to orbit its star

which is much longer than most distant

gas giants we've come across so far but

that's not all the temperature on this

world is surprisingly mild averaging at

a b 170° f for comparison the

temperature on Jupiter and Saturn is

aroundus

280° it's like a bridge between the

giant exoplanets we found and our

Jupiter but the question remains how did

this planet get to be so different

scientists are still trying to figure

that out let's hope that we get some

answers soon number three the Hulk

Planet this world is a place where the

surface is covered in molten magma and

the year lasts just half a day welcome

to toi

1075b an exoplanet that's been dubbed

the planet Hulk by scientists located

200 light years away this super Earth is

one of the most massive massive ever

discovered its proximity to its parent

star causes its surface to reach

scorching temperatures of 19 122° it's

so hot that any form of water would

evaporate instantly and the air would be

filled with vaporized Rock but it's not

just the heat that's impressive it's

also its size toi

1075b is nearly 10 times the mass of

Earth making it one of the most massive

super Earths ever discovered but the

mystery doesn't stop there the planet's

orbit takes just 14 1/2 hours making it

one of the shortest orbital periods ever

recorded for a planet of its on what an

exciting addition to our catalog number

four three doomed planets astronomers

made a shocking discovery of three

planets that are circling in a dangerous

dance next to the slowly fading Stars

just a decade ago scientists never even

imagined such planets could exist these

gas giant planets similar in size to

Jupiter orbit way too close to their

slowly fading Stars they're basically

Walking On The Edge take one of them for

example dub toi 2337 B its orbit will

likely send it hurling straight into the

fiery arms of its host star in less than

a million years well I won't be around

that as these Stars enter their final

days they're pulling in nearby planets

like a black hole altering their orbit

and potentially causing catastrophic

collisions and as these planets get

closer to their Stars their atmospheres

heat up and swell leading to some

mindboggling differences in density but

despite the Doom and Gloom studying

these worlds could give us valuable

insights into the evolution of our own

solar system number five planet with a

bariums atmosphere these are two hot

blazing planets each with an atmosphere

made of the heaviest element ever found

in an exoplanet barium these planets

known as ws 76b and wa 121b are Ultra

hot gas giants called super Jupiters

that orbit incredibly close to their

Stars these planets are basically like

giant balls of fire with one side facing

the star cooking at temperatures hot

enough to vaporize iron and other metals

but as the hot iron vapor is blown into

the planet's cooler night side it turns

into liquid and falls as iron rain and

these planets held a special surprise

for us barium is a heavy metal about 2

and 1/2 times as heavy as iron and yet

scientists were able to detect it in the

upper layers of these planets

atmospheres this is truly a mystery and

a puzzle we're still trying to solve

imagine landing on a planet like this

and looking at this rain of iron and the

heavy barium in its Skies that would be

awesomely

horrifying number six the foot football

Planet get ready to have your mind blown

space enthusiasts because we've just

discovered the ultimate football shaped

planet and it's unlike anything we've

ever seen before meet wasp 103b the

ultra hot exoplanet that's more than a

thousand light years away from Earth

this gas giant is so close to its parent

star that its shape is being stretched

by the intense gravitational forces but

this isn't just a fun Shape Shifter it's

also a valuable scientific discovery by

studying the planet's passes across its

star we were able to measure its

deformation for the first time ever it's

like taking a snapshot of a planet in

motion and it's giving us insights into

the extreme conditions that these

planets can endure this is truly a great

discovery number seven a zodiacal light

are you ready for a cosmic ghost story

scientists and high school students in

China have uncovered a spooky phenomenon

on three distant exoplanets it's called

zodiacal life a glow that's similar to

the one seen here on Earth during sunset

but this isn't just some Eerie light

show it could hold clues about the

makeup of these potentially habitable

worlds imagine watching the sunset from

a dark spot on earth and instead of

Darkness a triangle of light appears

that's zodial light it's caused by

sunlight reflecting off dust particles

that fill the solar system the remain

CHS of asteroids and comets a team of

researchers analyzed 47 potential

habitable exoplanets named Kepler 69c

Kepler 1229b and Kepler

395c all super Earths had signs of this

L this discovery is more than just a

spooky phenomenon it could reveal

information about the presence of

asteroids and comets in these exoplanet

systems which could be difficult to

detect otherwise so that's pretty neat

number eight a planet with silicate

clouds introducing VHS

129b not a home video recording system

but a strange and exotic World shrouded

in mystery and wonder a place where the

clouds are made of sand and the sky is

forever red this isn't the stuff of

Science Fiction but a real life

discovery made by the Brilliant Minds at

Nasa this is a brown dwarf exoplanet

that's making waves in the astronomical

community

it's way too massive for a planet nearly

20 times the size of Jupiter but it's

not quite a star it's something in

between a cosmic Enigma that defies

definition but what's really crazy about

VHS 1256b is its atmosphere scientists

have discovered that the strange world

is cloaked in thick clouds of silicate

grains similar to sand it's the first

time this kind of cloud has ever been

detected on an exoplanet and it's a

discovery that's sure to change the way

we think about the universe and the

possibilities of life beyond our world

and there you have it folks the year

2022 was filled with Incredible

discoveries and groundbreaking findings

in the world of exoplanets but this is

just the beginning as scientists and

researchers continue to explore the vast

expanse of space we can only imagine

what other wonders await us so let's

keep looking who knows what Secrets the

star hold for us

next okay here you are in the middle of

the ocean it's endless but you can't see

it because there's a thick fog all

around you dense clouds hide the huge

but dim sun is it day or night you don't

know there's only a gray haze around you

you're alone even if you try to swim

down after several hours you still won't

be able to see the bottom of the ocean

and that's a typical water planet for

you

I know sounded kind of dark but it's not

that bad these water worlds are more

interesting than they may seem so let's

take a look at them the ocean planet is

a planet that consists as you might have

guessed mainly of water ice and maybe

some rocks think of the Earth's oceans

its horrifying depths the Mariana Trench

and all that and now can you guess how

much space all the water on Earth takes

0.025% exactly now just try to imagine a

world of 40 to 60% water if you dive in

there the depth can exceed 60 miles

compared to that the 6m depth of our

Mariana Trench sounds like nothing and

yeah the pressure there will be enormous

it can reach up to 20,000 Earth

atmospheres very crushing now it may

sound scary but it still would be great

to find out more about these planets

fortunately according to scientist

calculations there may be a lot of such

planets in our galaxy alone well you

don't have to go far you can find these

water guys even in our solar system not

planets of course but moons Jupiter has

ganim and Kalisto and Saturn has Titan

and Enceladus the ocean can reach up to

30% of the mass of these moons although

it isn't clear whether these oceans are

covered with a thick crust of ice but

we've discovered quite a few

full-fledged ocean planets this is

because the conditions in which these

planets may exist are very specific for

example this planet should be somewhere

6 to 8 times larger than the earth if

it's smaller it'll have a rocky surface

but if it's bigger it'll turn into a gas

giant at the same time it must be in the

habitable zone of its star a little

further and the planet immediately turns

into an icy giant or a cold superar so

yeah these guys are very picky we first

started exploring these planets back in

the 1970s

however since then we found only a

couple of them but they're still very

interesting the first planet is galise

1214b it was the very first ocean planet

that we discovered initially the

scientists noticed only a small dim dot

this dot turned out to be the red dwarf

star galise 1214 an unremarkable

completely ordinary star that's five

times smaller than our sun and 300 times

dimmer scientists wouldn't worry about

it at all but back in 2009 they noticed

that this star had one single planet and

this planet turned out to be quite

strange this super Earth was 2 and 1/2

times bigger than our Earth and 6 and

1/2 times heavier but at the same time

it had a very very small density and

about the same gravity as our planet in

other words there were almost no rocks

and metals on it but it wasn't a gas

giant either so there was only one

option left it was covered in water and

ice and that's how we discovered the

first ocean planet well actually we can

only assume that it consists of water

that's what the mathematical

calculations say in reality this planet

is quite confusing it's difficult to

explore and so far scientists haven't

been able to find anything there no

hydrogen no helium no water n that's

because the outer layer of the

atmosphere of this planet is very dense

and it perfectly hides its composition

but even even so it's probably a water

world galise 1214b is very close to its

star it's only

0.014 astronomical units away which is

less than the distance between the Moon

and us the year there lasts about 36

hours and the temperatures to put it

mildly are just wild scientists suggest

that the average temperature there can

reach 250 to 535 de F woo that's hot

remember the creepy description from the

beginning well actually spending time on

gley 1214b would be a little different

more like swimming in a steam boiler

because of such gigantic temperatures

the ocean on the surface will be

constantly in a state close to Boiling

without actually reaching it so imagine

that you're descending to the surface of

this planet flying through clouds of

steam and then you suddenly find

yourself in the water what but when did

it happen well that's because the

boundary between Steam and water on gley

1214b will be very blurred of course you

won't be able to swim to the bottom of

this ocean but most likely this bottom

is covered with a very thick layer of

so-called hot ice it's like regular I

but it doesn't really care about the

laws of physics so it just doesn't melt

even at gigantic temperatures and the

thickness of this ice can reach as much

as 3,000 mil so that's it for the creepy

gley 12 1214b and not an Airbnb in sight

now although we can't 100% guarantee

that it's a water world we still have

another candidate for this position a

newly discovered planet called toi

452b this planet located in the dragon

constellation is almost 100 light years

away from us it was discovered using the

test telescope by a group of researchers

from the University of Montreal this

planet also belongs to the class of

super Earth's it's seven times larger

than our planet but 48 times heavier

again all this is at a very low density

because of this scientists have

suggested that almost the entire planet

consists of a giant ocean here we were a

little luck here this world won't be

just a giant puddle in some thick ice on

this planet there's probably a rocky

surface deep under the water just like

in a typical ocean don't get too excited

though this ocean will certainly be very

very different from what we're used to

toi 452b also orbits a small red dwarf

and not even one but two at once at the

same time if the previous planet was

close to its Sun then this one on the

contrary is very very far away it's 2

and 1/2 times farther from its Stars

than Pluto is from the sun and it moves

at great speed a year there lasts only

11 days but we still don't know many

things about this planet well probably

get some new information when scientists

observe it from the James web telescope

well that's it wait did you expect

something else all right all right I

know the question that bothers you the

most can there be life well this is a

difficult question we all know that

water means life and besides these

planets are in the habitable zones of

Their Stars so potentially yes there

might be life not some full-fledged

civilizations of course but bacteria

fish and some creepy giant monsters I

mean you know why not however this is

very unlikely water alone isn't enough

to create life even though it's very

important there should also be some

microelements and some minerals and

unfortunately for most water planets the

composition will only consist of water

and very thick ice there won't be any

minerals there but don't give up there's

still some probability first of all

there are meteorites and comets they can

bring the necessary minerals to the

planet the more often they crash into it

the higher the probability that they'll

bring something like this into the ocean

and thus create life secondly toi

452b actually has these minerals yes we

don't know how deep the rocky bottom is

located there but if it exists then

surely something could have originated

there let's hope that new research with

powerful telescopes will allow us to

find out the truth and and who knows

maybe one day we'll be able to visit

such a planet

ourselves we've discovered Kepler 22b a

small exoplanet in the signis

constellation seems like nothing

important right but it's actually a big

deal this is the first planet located in

the habitable zone that was found by the

Kepler

telescope in other words there may be

water on this planet and if there's

water there may be life Kepler 22b can

become our new potential home so let's

take a closer look at

it actually discovering new planets is

not easy at all not all of them can be

seen through our super cool telescopes

even the almighty Hubble sometimes the

stars are so small and dim that it's

really hard to find them on a

map the same thing happened with Kepler

22 in such cases scientists have to use

a special method first they take a bunch

of photos of the star in different

periods of time then they look at them

and think hm are there any dark dots on

this star somewhere and if they find one

that might be a

planet these photos actually help us to

discover some very important stuff like

first of all this planet exists secondly

here is its size radius and proximity to

the star and finally will we be able to

live there

now we know that Kepler 22b is very

similar to our planet and could

potentially become a second Earth it's

also very close to us only 635 Lighty

years away yeah it's about 3 quadrillion

miles but this is one of the closest

options Kepler 22 the star of Kepler 22b

is a yellow dwarf it's very very similar

to our sun the same size the same radius

even the age is almost the same

4 billion years the difference is only

in Luminosity it's about 20% dimmer than

the Sun so no matter how much you strain

your eyes you won't see this star in the

night

sky the Planet Kepler 22b is about 2.4

times larger than our Earth and that's

pretty good more radius means more

potential water and space to live

although going from one city to another

would take a while it's scary to even

can imagine a 3-day long plane

flight we don't know the exact mass of

this planet but scientists think it's

bigger than Earth's actually the mass of

Kepler 22b can be up to 36 times greater

than that of our planet what does it

mean vigorous gravity if the planet is

36 times heavier than Earth then gravity

there will be about six times stronger

can you barely lift 20 lbs of potatoes

try 120

not to mention that you yourself can

become much heavier on that planet

you'll have to get incredibly pumped up

just to walk there you have to literally

turn yourself into a bodybuilder just to

get to

work the worst thing is that with such

gravity it'd be incredibly difficult for

plants to survive there they'd need at

least a little freedom to Rise Up from

the ground and animals our dogs and cats

would have to turn into little balls of

muscle to survive there

but if this planet has its own animals

or other inhabitants we can roughly

imagine what they may look like they

probably have a lot of legs to make

moving easier they aren't really tall

but they're very massive and extremely

strong H muscular giant spiders could be

worse I

guess the good news is that this is all

unconfirmed information if we're very

lucky and gravity there turns out to be

just a bit stronger than Earth's then of

course it'll be much easier to live

there the next thing we know about

Kepler 22b is that it's about 15% closer

to its star than we are to the sun if

Kepler 22b existed in our solar system

it would be located somewhere between

Earth and

Venus does that mean we're all going to

burn no silly as I mentioned before the

star Kepler 22 is pretty cold just some

10,000 de F and that's why we can assume

that the temperatures on Kepler 22b will

be about the same as we have on Earth if

the planet orbits its star the same way

Earth orbits the sun which we don't

actually know Kepler 22b can rotate

around its star on its side like for

example

Uranus what didn't you know Uranus is

actually lying on its side also look at

its rings yes Uranus also has rings like

Saturn but they're vertical the UN is

truly a mysterious

place so if Kepler 22b is really

something like that then the weather on

the planet will be to put it mildly not

very good incredibly cold Winters will

be regularly followed by hot summers and

just like with tidy locked planets we'd

be able to live more or less comfortably

only on the narrow piece of land between

these two crazy sides let's hope that

this is not the case and the planet

rotates

normally but it's not all that bad

studies show that there may be an ocean

on Kepler 22b you already know that

water means life but in this case it's

also a big plus because a planet covered

by an ocean always has more stable

temperatures the water absorbs some of

the Heat and distributes it evenly

across the planet the hot Parts cool

down and the icy ones warm

up by the way that's exactly what

happened to Earth Earth billions of

years ago when our planet started

getting its first little puddles our

beloved Moon helped these puddles to

spread all over the planet thanks to

this a burning horror that used to be

our Earth turned into a cute little ball

full of

life so if Kepler 22b has water but no

atmosphere scientists think that the

average temperature there could be

around 12° F but if there's also an

earthlike atmosphere then the

temperature can reach 72° F that would

nice and finally one year there is equal

to 290 Earth days about 9 months the

planet has no natural satellites so

unfortunately we'd have to say goodbye

to a beautiful view of the moon on the

bright side we'd probably be able to see

the Sun as a distant Little Star we

could admire it in the night sky

remembering our home well not hiding

from giant

spiders and this is all that we know at

the moment unfortunately it's quite

difficult to explore such planets so

there's a lot of very important data

that we don't know for example what kind

of planet is this

anyway yep we're missing the most

important information about Kepler 22b

we don't know if it's a rocky planet or

not and if not then all the previously

mentioned information means

nothing it may turn out to be a gas

planet or a planet covered with gas but

with a solid core like Neptune or a

water world covered with a giant

ocean in this case it better be a water

Planet then at least we could build some

kind of underwater city there we could

filter the water and eat fish until we

evolve into an amphibious species does

it even count as Evolution if we go back

to Our

Roots scientists however think that

Kepler 22b may turn out to be a neptun

likee planet some astronomers have even

assigned the planet to a category of

many Neptunes yes this is a real

planetary category but this hasn't been

proven

yet but even if fortunately for us

Kepler 22b turns out to be a rocky

planet we still don't know what the

atmosphere is like there does it exist

at all what if it turns out to be

something like the atmosphere of Venus

which is more toxic than your ex then

we'd have to dig deep underground to

somehow survive on this planet and then

we'd have to come up with a heat Source

because it's pretty cold underground

yeah let's hope this won't be the

case there are many possibilities with

Kepler 22b so far we don't have a clear

answer but let's hope that scientists

will find it before we load the first

people into shuttles and send them to

conquer Kepler 22b that would be awkward

if it turns out to be a gas planet or

something like

that the only line that we are certain

about so far in the entire universe is

on planet Earth whether that life is

intelligent is let's say arguable but

anyway it's not surprising that we're

tirelessly searching for life on other

planets so far they've discovered more

than 4,000 of them but what's even

cooler NASA has compiled a new list of

24 planets that aren't just earthlike

they're better the conditions on them

are so good that they're more

comfortable than on our Planet so let's

examine some of them koi

orange dwarf orange dwarfs are stars

slightly smaller than our sun and have a

little lower Luminosity uh did you like

the alliteration there anyway don't

worry it doesn't mean we're going to

live in complete darkness in fact if the

planet is found closer to the sun and it

has a thicker atmosphere it may even be

lighter and more colorful than on earth

now our sun has a very short lifespan

right now it has 7 to 8 billion years

left to live a little longer than than

Earth's age but orange dwarfs can live

from 45 to 70 billion years this is

great not only because we'll be able to

hang out on this planet longer but also

because the planets around these stars

have more time to form life now ideally

we would need to find a planet next to

an orange dwarf that is about 7 billion

years old it's very likely there will be

at least some organisms there koi

57151 is about 5 5 billion years old

yeah it may not seem mature enough but

that's okay neither do I our Earth is a

billion years younger and that didn't

stop us the planet is quite close to its

star and is in a habitable zone when

you're there last 190 days imagine going

to elementary school and already getting

a driver's

license it's almost two times larger

than the earth the average temperature

there is 52° f which is slightly less

than ours

57 but it mostly feels warmer there

because strong gravity helps it hold on

to heat in the atmosphere longer it's a

little too far away though like 3,000

Lighty years from Earth which is about

18 quadrillion miles yep better bring a

really big lunch with you koi

3101 this planet is found next to the

star koi

2010 this planet sounds like a very

pleasant world the average temperature

on this planet is 67° so a little warmer

than ours but that's a good thing

scientists believe that on a perfect

Planet the temperature should be just

about 10° hotter than on Earth the more

heat there is on the planet the more

comfortable it is to live there also the

higher chances of developing life the

radius of this planet is nearly 1 and 1

half times larger than Earth there's

some atmosphere although we're not yet

sure about its composition but it's

probably like the earth scientists think

that we'll find an ocean there and it

can cover up to 60% of the surface which

is also cool in a perfect world water

and land should be distributed more

evenly than on our planet a little more

land means a little more territory and

resources right but listen this planet

is actually very similar to the Earth

the semblance is so striking that

scientists believe we have an 84% chance

to find life there of course not

necessarily an intelligent life but at

least some animals wouldn't that be cool

now what do you think they could look

like H very earthlike Planet but with

stronger gravity well if someone lives

there they're probably big but have a

small height and strong little legs

sounds adorable and scary but we won't

be able to find out the truth anytime

soon so far for us these planets are

microscopic dots in space we only have

some dry boring data about them and

don't even know know what they look like

we'll have to wait until we can find a

way to get closer to these planets

Kepler

186f this is also one of the best

candidates for having life this rather

acute planet was nicknamed the Earth's

cousin because it does have a strong

resemblance anyway these two planets are

like sisters not twins Kepler 186f

rotates near a red dwarf red dwarfs are

stars even dimmer and smaller than

orange Dwarfs yeah they'll also live for

a very very long time but their

Luminosity is also quite low however

Kepler 186f is closer to its star than

we're to our sun so it shouldn't be too

dark there well at least not nlike dark

the sky on this planet is sure to be an

unusual shade of red like sunsets on

Earth what do you think would you like

to live on a planet with an eternal

Sunset the size of this planet is about

the same as Earth not bad not perfect

why so because the coolest planets are

those that are bigger than Earth and

have stronger gravity now you'll

probably say but wouldn't it be harder

to walk there and even harder to get out

of bed on Monday of course but on the

other hand this planet will pull the

atmosphere better the atmosphere will be

thicker and denser this means more

protection from the scary space stuff

more oxygen and more heat not to mention

the fact that the bigger planets have

more space to fettle awesome right but

of course the earth size is also an

excellent choice another cool fact is

that the tilt of Kepler 186f is about

the same as ours it means that there

should be stable seasons and a normal

day night cycle do you know how

important the tilt of the planet is

let's look at Mars Mars is also in fact

found in the habitable zone of our sun

but its tilt is very unstable and as a

result the entire ocean that could have

been on it once now completely dried up

today it's just a red desert and there's

no life there at least not as far as we

know but you see how important these

tiny details are this planet is also

quite far away from us 490 light years

that's about 3 quadrillion miles so yeah

we're just going to keep waiting for

Intergalactic

travel Kepler 62e and

62f these planets were called the most

earthlike before we discovered Kepler

186f they're very comparable to our home

Kepler 62e is about 1 and 1/2 times

larger than Earth and Kepler 62f is just

slightly smaller than that they're

located in the constellation Lyra which

is about 12200 light years away from us

they both also orbit a red dwarf one

year on Kepler 62e lasts about 122 days

even less than on that that first planet

we talked about scientists believe that

both 62e and 62f are sort of water

worlds warm places mostly or even

completely covered with water if there

is land there it's probably just some

islands h a world consisting entirely of

islands a fantasy dream for some think

Hawaii and a nightmare for others think

Megalodon but if you're a fan of ancient

marine animals just imagine and how

gigantic they could be there still there

are many things we don't know about this

planet does it have a surface what about

its composition density one day maybe

we'll be able to answer these questions

and so that's it for the super Earths of

course the original list is much longer

and you can go check it out on the

internet now the best thing about all

this is that these are planets that are

better than the earth but we also know

thousands of other exoplanets that are

just close enough to ours and the odds

are a few of them have at least some

form of life but they're very very far

away so we have no way to check it out

right now perhaps down the road we'll

find some cool creatures on many of

them I hope you feel well rested because

I've got a tough task for you don't

worry it's fun you're going to visit

different planets of our solar system

and try to run on each of them let's

figure out rout where you can run the

fastest and where you can barely

walk the fastest man on earth Usain Bolt

can run with an average speed of about

23 mph but his top speed is higher up to

27 mph sadly we can't all be Usain bolts

the average person runs at a speed of 6

to 8 mph but maybe there's a planet out

there where you can beat the famous

Jamaican sprinters

records but first things first

what will affect your speed when you run

on other planets for one thing gravity

depending on how strong it is on the

planet you visit it'll influence your

weight and in most cases the heavier you

are the more slowly you run Plus on all

other planets in our solar system except

Earth you'll have to wear a bulky space

suit without it your chances of survival

there are non-existent and don't forget

about extreme weather conditions on most

planets it's either freezing cold or

boiling hot hot or very and I mean it

windy anyway your amazing journey is

about to begin buckle your seat belt the

first planet on your itinerary is

mercury as you sneak a peek at this

world through the window of your

spaceship you notice that the planet

looks eerily similar to The Good Old

moon but just a few moments later you

realize it's just an illusion all over

the surface of mercury you see craters

left by space rocks

H this may make your task of running on

this planet way harder this and your

bulky spacit duh but you wouldn't

survive on Mercury without this

protection the temperatures on the

planet are extreme 800° F during the day

and netive 290° F at

night hey but there's one thing that can

work in your favor on this unfriendly

Planet let's say you weigh 155 lb on

Earth then on Mercury you'd weigh around

50 8 lb which means that despite your

bulky spacit you can move way faster

than you do on Earth and maybe your

speed will even reach 13 mph if you try

really

hard the next planet on your itinerary

is Venus also called The Morning Star

while coming closer you see a world very

different from the bluish Planet you

might have seen in books before landing

you have to get through a super dense

atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide and

while your spacecraft is desc ending

you're watching thick clouds of sulfuric

acid pass

by Venus is often called Earth's twin

because these two planets are of similar

size and density no wonder that on Venus

you weigh almost as much as you do on

Earth 140 lb so your weight is a bit

smaller here but don't forget about your

space

suit and still because of almost the

same conditions on the two planets you'd

be able to run a bit faster than on

Earth at around 8 .5

mph your first impression of Mars is

that it's freezing cold the average

temperature here is about 80° F even

from afar the planet looks reddish once

you make your first step on the Martian

surface you understand why the ground's

covered with Rusty colored dust the same

fine dust is floating in the air around

you wherever you look you see golden

brown tan and even greenish hue

they depend on the minerals that make up

the soil the size of the Dust layer

varies from area to area but in most

places it's around 7 ft thick H that can

make running much more

difficult on Mars your weight would be

much smaller than on earth a mere 58 lb

this will help you achieve an impressive

speed of 12 mph aren't you a

champ what's that on the horizon it

looks like a tornado is it a dust storm

then it's time to make a run for it dust

storms sometimes cover the entire planet

and you can even see the largest ones

from

Earth and now you're facing a problem

you see Jupiter as well as Saturn is a

gas giant this means that the largest

planet in the solar system and Jupiter

is so large it could swallow 1300 Earths

doesn't have any solid surface well

you'll just have to imagine what your

running workout would look like like if

you could run on Jupiter this planet has

an atmosphere that consists of hydrogen

and helium gas during your descent you

admire thick brown yellow red and white

clouds they make the planet look

colorful and beautifully

striped on Jupiter you'd weigh 390 lb

you'd have to break a sweat to simply

walk there wearing your clumsy spacit if

you could step on the planet's surface

that is if you tried to run there your

best result would probably be a speed of

1 or 2

mph to make matters worse it's extremely

windy on Jupiter with the wind speeds

ranging from 200 to 400 mph do you see

those Rings that's Saturn another gas

giant with no solid surface this

planet's made up of mostly hydrogen and

helium and its temperature and density

change the deeper you go if you decided

to leave your spacecraft and step on

Saturn's surface you'd just fall into

the planet

but from above it looks as if Saturn

does have a surface the seemingly solid

yellowish Brown sphere is surrounded by

several layers of clouds the visible

outer layer is made up of ammonia clouds

under them there are hydr sulfi clouds

and the innermost layer is made up of

clouds of

water even though Saturn is a gas giant

your weight wouldn't be very different

here around 165 lb that's because the

planet's gravity is similar to that of

Earth but because of the conditions on

the planet and your bulky bulky spacit

you'd run a bit more slowly there at a

speed of about 4

mph before leaving you admire Saturn's

most famous feature awesome gray beige

and tan Rings these groups of tiny

ringlets are made of chunks of rock and

Ice you also spot several of the 53

moons of Saturn oh that's Titan an icy

world bigger than our moon and even

Mercury it's the second largest moon in

the solar

system the next planet on your way is a

blue green ball of ice and gas that's

ice giant Uranus it has this beautiful

Hue because the light from the sun gets

reflected off the planet's

surface Uranus isn't solid hit the

brakes if your spacecraft doesn't manage

to stop in time it'll fly through the

upper atmosphere and sink into the icy

liquid center of the planet

H I doubt you'll be able to conduct your

running experiment here so let's just

imagine what it looked

like on Uranus your weight would be

around 138 lb and Against All Odds you

could actually reach a good speed here

at least 8 mph if you didn't get caught

in a hurricane of course extreme storms

occur on the planet in the summer when

Uranus is heated the most then

hurricanes can spread for more than 6,00

,000

miles the furthest planet from the sun

Neptune is four times the size of Earth

but 17 times as heavy the blue surface

you see When approaching Neptune is

actually a layer of swirling gas and

permanent

clouds the planet's mantle is made up of

water ammonia and methane ices it's the

closest thing Neptune has to a surface

and still there isn't Solid Ground for

you to walk on so once again try to use

your

imagination on Neptune you'd weigh a bit

more than you do on Earth 174 lb but

your running speed would be just a bit

lower than on Earth around 5

mph that's the end of your active

Adventure which planet did you like

running on the most

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Strangest planets | Space documentary 2025