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Core Theme
Enzymes are biological catalysts, primarily proteins, that significantly accelerate biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed, enabling life-sustaining processes to occur rapidly.
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okay ladies and gentlemen good day all
my name is MTAR Ali from Department of
biochemistry AB idea
today we are going to look at the
concept of enzymes catalysis please if
you are coming for the first time to my
YouTube Channel Please
Subscribe what is enzymes enzymes are
Catalyst they increase the speed of
chemical reaction without themselves
undergoing any pH chemical change so it
means that enzymes they are molecules or
they are proteinous in nature or they
are protein molecules that speed or that
increase the chemical reactions in a
Cell generally there are thousands of
reactions that are taking place in our
body and some reactions can take years
before complete so as a result of that
if there is a slow in biochemical
reactions in a Cell so there is a
likelihood that the
energy or the demand of the cells cannot be
be
uh the man of the cells cannot
be met so as a result of
that there are enzymes which generally
speed of the reactions instead of the
reactions to take his
instead of the reactions to take month
instead of the reactions to take hours
in just milliseconds they will easily
comat that reactant to products so
generally when we are thinking about
reactions we talking about reactant and
products but in the case of enzymes we
are not usually
called reactant as a reactant rather we
call it we call them substrates so
generally enzymes they are molecules
that speit the rate of the reaction so
that the reactions cannot take years
cannot take hours because as long as the
reactions is
not taking place at a required time so
there's a likelihood that the cells will
die and of course once the cell when the
cells is die it means that the living
organisms should entirely die so that is
why these enzymes are very very
important they are very very essential
living organisms so they increase the
rate of the reactions withouts being
consumed so they not change if enzymes a
combine substrate a to product a or to
product p means that the enzymes will
return it is integrity it will return
return it is chemical nature it will not
change and it is
recycle and uh used to combat another
substrate so that is in the case of
enzymes so enzymes they are biological
molecules that speed the rate of
biochemical reactions and they did not
consume nothing is change on the enzymes
but they change the substrate
or product so enzymes neither speit off
in the reaction no they appear as
reaction product so they do not
use off they can not use
off and they do not aair as reaction product
product
so they are not used of and you cannot see
see
them in the product
produce so it means that the enzymes
that is just it will change the
substrate the product without it being
used of and without aaring on the product
product
produced so these are some of enzymes
generally enzymes are high molecular
with proteins although it's not all
enzymes that are proteins there are some
enzymes that are nucleic acid in nature but
but
99.99% of the enzymes are proteinous but
very few are nucleic acid in nature so
they have high molecular weights which
we range from 10,000
to million G per Mo so it means that
their molecular weight is
huge and the
substrates specific
catalyst so they are specific recognize
and catalyze only their substrate if
enzymes is responsible for converting
glucose to glucose six prates that the
same enzymes cannot be used to convert fructose
fructose
to fructose prosate so it's not possible
so enzymes they are specific their
substrate and they have high efficient
they are highly efficient they are
highly efficient increasing reaction
rate by a factor as high as
10 Power 8 so it means that enzymes they
increase the rate of the reaction by a
Empower it is huge so the factor is huge
so that is why enzymes reaction is very
very essential as it's reduce the time
for the reaction to take
place so it increase the reaction by a
8 and then we have enzymes num cature so
the earliest enzy that we discovered
that that was discovered have
become names like for example in the
older days pin raining
triin pancreatin that is the name of
most of the enzymes but with some
development with an
IAC achievement the enzymes named for
most other enzymes and in as so that is
why now you can that most of the enzymes
the name is ending with ASB
K amas lipas
sucas so most of the enzymes anywhere
you see the word and with as it means
that that substance is an enzymes or
that molecules is an enzymes
so they usually end with as e so the
enzymes name usually the enzyme name
indicate the substrate acted opened and
the type of reaction that it catalyze so
in most cases if you know or if you see
enzymes you can clearly see them with
the names of the substrate that they act
on like we have an enzymes called gluc
because they act on
glucose we have some enzymes called
hexin because they act on six carbon
sugar we have some enzymes called glycer
Aly three phosphate de
hydrogenous because they act on the
hydrogen it act on glycerol three
phosphates so most of the enzymes they
have the name of the substrate they act
on and the types of reaction that it
catalyzes so like for example gal three
phosphate dehydrogen it means it's an
enzyme that catalyze
dehydrogenation of
LOL the three phosphat so most of the
enzymes they have the name of the
subrate that they act on and also the
types of the reaction that they catalyze
we have some transfer enzymes like
alanine amot transfer so most of the
enzymes have the name of the substrate
and the types of the reaction that they
catalyze so enzymes name examples of
enzymes name we have glutamic
transamin see this one from the word
transamin it means it caliz trans
amination like the transfer of Amo GP
and of course it act on the substrate is
glutamic acid so we also have l
aspartate 2 oxy glutarates amot
transference so the enzymes name tend to
be long and complicated they are often
abbreviated with acronyms so in most
cases so how these
enzymes catalyze reaction so one of the
mechanisms of the enzymes catalysis is
the enzymes usually have active sites
where the substrates bind to so this is
a substrate this is our
substrates so the substrate
here will now bind to the active side of
the enzymes so this is the active side
of these enzymes to now bind to the
active s so the enzymes and the substrates
substrates
react and form what you call enzyme
substrate complex and the enzyme
substrate complex will now break down to
produce the free enzymes and the
substrates so now if you look at it from
the substrates the product there is a
change in substrate to product in terms
of col and the number of product prod so
it means that from one single substrate
two products are
generated so from one substrate two
products are generated and the color has
changed but in the case of enzymes what
you have before the reaction and after
the reaction is the same so that means
that the enzymes are not used off and
they do not change in any form so that is
is
uh enzymes catalysis so
the enzymes usually bind to the
substrates using the active sites the
enzyme substrate complex will be
generated and then finally the enzymes
will form a product so the product
usually change from substrates and then
the enzymes doesn't change in the course
of the chemical
reaction so that is um the mechanisms of
so how is these enzymes catalyze the
rate of biochemical reaction so the way enzymes
enzymes
catalyze biochemical reaction is
actually through reducing the energy VAR
which is activation energy so this is an
uncatalyzed reaction so generally for a
chemical reactions to OCC reactant
particles must produce or must collide
with one another
and the collusion must be perfectly
elastic so that the substrate will now
produce a sufficient energy overcome the
activation energy before the reaction
take place so before the reactant
produce a product the reactant must
Collide to produce sufficient energy
that will overcome the uh energy Vara
which is the activation energy so in the
case of uh enzymes catalyzed reaction
what the enzymes that it just reduce the
activation energy so that the substrate
can easily react to produce a product
and that is how the enzyme speaks the
rate of the chemical reaction is through
producing the activation energ that is
the energy VAR and of course if you can
see it clearly here you see that the
activation energy here is high while the
activation energy EA here is lower
compared to the uncatalyzed reaction so
that is why this substrate for this
substrate to easily convert to produce a
product here it's simple compared to
from here to here it means that in the
absence of enzymes there must be a
sufficient energy that will now jump or
overcome the activation energy but here
when there is an enzym the enzyme justu
the activation energy so that the sof
can easily comvert to product so that is
how enzymes increase the rate of the
reaction is by reducing or decreasing
the activation energy of the reaction of the
now we now going to look at the enzyme
specificity to the action of an enzyme
defend primarily on tiary andary
structure of the protein that
constitutes the enzymes and of course in
the case of enzymes we have of enzymes
are proteins and of course proteins
have various level of structure we have
primary structure we have secondary
structure we have tertiary structure and
quary structure so most of the enzymes
are in tertiary and quary structure and
it's actually that tertiary andary
structure that make them to carry out
their enzymes catalysis but once the
tertiary andary structure is being
destroyed it means that the enzymes
activity itself will also be destroyed
so the action of an enzymes is primarily
depend on it primarily depend on
primarily depend on the tary and Partin
structure of the protein so it means
that if the prary andary structure of
the enzymes proteins is destroyed it's
it's it's the nature it means that there
will be no activity and some of the
things that destroy the active site of
or that destroy the tary andary
structure of the proteins include high
temperature high ionic strengths and so
many other factors like pH
so and the F of the enzym structure that
acts on the substrate is the active SES
so there is a fat that is found on the
enzymes called active site where the
substrate binds for the catalysis to
take place and in this active site of
the enzymes there are Amo acids there
are amino acid which is called amino
acid residual so it means that in the
active s in the enzymes there is a c or
there is a cocket called active site
where the substrate finds for the
catalysis to take place so this active
side of the enzymes there are amino
acids that are found which involved in
the catalysis and these amino acid that
are found in the active side of an
enzymes are called amino acid resides
they are called amino acid resid and
usually in the active side of the of the
enzymes the amino acid are usually far
apart they are far apart they are
lengthy they are far apart they are not
in plus proximity so the active sites of
the enzymes is a groove or a pocket in
the enzy structure where the substrate
combined so this is specifically if you
can now see this is an enzymes e and of
course this is the active side so
everything here everything here is
called active side everything here is
called active side of the enzymes so
this is the active side where the
substrate and this the substrate where
the substrate finds so it's called this
is the enzymes entirely and this is the
pockets all active side that are found
in the enzymes and this active side of
the enzymes is divided into two we have
binding side and we have catalytic side
so the active side of the enzymes is
divided into two which is called binding
side and catalytic side so what is the
difference between binding side and
catalytic side of an enzymes The Binding
side of the enzyme it usually chooses
the substrate and binds it to the s of
course the enzymes are very specific The
Binding site of the enzymes is the site
where usually chooses chooses the the
the the perect substrates or the
specific substrates and binds to it and
that is what make enzymes to be specific
like for example if you have glucose and
fructose and the enzymes is meant to
catalyze let's say the enzymes is glinus
and is meant only to faly glucose not
substrate so it means that the binding
SES of the enzyme is the site that has
the responsibility of
choosing glucose not fructose and then
bind it bind it to the active site while
after binding it to the active site then
the catalytic site is is it's it is the
one that performs the catalytic action
of the enzymes so The Binding s is the s
that recognize the substrate and binds
to the active site and the active site
now will now will now undergo the catalytic
catalytic
activity of the substrate to products so
this is
um the case of enzyme specificity so
enzymes are specific because of the
binding side that usually Rec
organize a required or a specific
substrate bind to it and all the
catalytic site to
carry it is entic activity or the catalytic
activity so that is for the enzymes
activity and then the next thing is cor
factors cor factors what are co-actors
co-actors are other compound or ions
that enzymes require before their
catalytic activity can occur so factor C
they are compounds there are other
compounds and they are not
proteins they are not proteins but they
are compound or ions that
enzymes before their catalytic activity
can OCC it means that if there is no
co-actors there will be no catalytic
activity so the protein potion the
protein portion of an enzymes is
referred to as AL enzymes so in the
enzymes in the enzymes we have to FR
potion we have Flo portion and we have
non protein portion so the protein
portion of an enzym is called Alo
enzymes and then the enzymes plus the co
Factor when you have enzymes and you add
it with the co-actors is what you call
Hol enzym so Hol enzymes is the active
form of the enzymes so if there is no
co-actors it means you have apple enzyme
and if it is only Apple enzymes you have
it means that the enzymes in is inactive
if it is a enzymes it indicate that the
enzymes afo enzymes if you have Alo
enzymes which is the protein portion is
usually inactive and there is co-actors
and this co-actors when binds to the
enzymes then it now become the whole
enzymes which is called Holo enzymes
Holo enzymes means all enzymes and it's
the active form of the enzym so if there
is no Holo enzymes if there is no Holo
enzymes it means sorry if there is no
COA it means you only have alha enzymes
and alha enzymes cannot work cannot work
it's inactive so this co-actors is
divided into three we have essential
ions we have essential ions and we have
Co enzymes and we have prosthetic groups
so what is the difference between
coenzymes and prosthetic groups so the
co-enzymes they are they are molecules
that are Loosely bound the Apple enzymes
they are Loosely they are not that
tightly bound but we have prostetic
group which is the one that strongly
bound the aloh enzymes that is prostatic
group and then you also have essential
ions and this essential ions can be
activat metal ions which is usually
loely bound like for example in the case
of exoc is an enzyme that convert
glucose to glucose phosphates and the
enzymes need activat metal example of
the activator metal of hexin is
magnesium so it's usually it's Loosely
bonded like for example let me just give
reaction so in a situation where we have like
luuc
and enzymes called hexus
hexus hexo
hexo
Kus I need a substrate and so need a CO
factor and the core factors is magnesium
ion for it to
produce glucose six phosphates so these
kinds of activator ions is is this is a
typical example of an activator ions
that is Loosely bound but we have metal
ions of meal enzymes which is tightly
bonded like for example in the case of
hemoglobin we have ion Fe it's an examples
examples
of methal ions of methal enzymes it
means that they are the enzymes that are
or they are the proteins that they have
a metal ions that is from the part of
the proteins or enzymes that's why they
are called methal enzymes because they
are enzymes that have opao or metal ions
that fully integrate to it
so that is
for uh that is the cor factors and we
have some examples of the co-actors here like
like
we have ion F we have Mangus we have
magnesium and we have zinc so this this
ions that are here are typical examples
of the essential ions that are found in
in enzymes so ladies and gentlemen if
this is the time you actually visit my
this is the first time I visi my YouTube
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so let's meet in the next video of enzs
thank you for your time and I hope you
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