Plant tissue culture is a laboratory technique for growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in vitro, enabling the production of genetically identical clones and facilitating advancements in plant science and agriculture.
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if you look into the definition
about the plant tissue culture is tissue
culture is the term used for the process
of growing in the laboratory.
It means to tell that you can grow the culture
culture
in laboratory that is in vitro or in the
glass. This is the meaning of artificial
in. So you can also have to note that if
I have to grow a cell or a tissue in the
laboratory, develop it into a fully
grown plant,
I should for it. That is all the
Th this tissue cultures whenever we are
doing it is going to produce clones of
the same of the in which all the product
cells have the same genotype.
So what it means to tell is we know that
clones are all those plants which are
In other words, when it comes to the
plant, we do what? Vegetative propagation.
So this is the meaning of the clothes
that is they are genetically identical.
So when we look into the history of
plant tissue culture
the cell theory was discovered in the
year around 1838 to 1858.
So during this period
two German scientists
Shelin and Shan they discovered or lay
the foundation for the cell theory which
is universally accepted that living
So later on this laid again to the
foundation for the totip potency.
What do you mean by totency?
The ability of an individual cell to
develop into a whole plant is referred
to a as cellular toipotency.
In other words, whatever the cells or
the tissue which I am going to grow in
the laboratory, it is going to develop
into an whole plant.
So this phenomena of that cells and
tissues under the appropriate condition
what we are providing and then it
develops into a and fully grown plant is
So the when we look into the history of um
in 1902
another German scientist named as
Habberlan he's known as the father of
tissue culture. He did lot of
discoveries in plant tissue culture
and what in his experiment what did he
do was he took fully differentiated cells
cells
the artificial media.
When he observed that he found that the
cells were getting enlarged that is they
were undergoing thickening increase in
size but
And this was a failure in the experiment.
There was no meaning to totency year
because the cells did not divide to
develop into a fully grown plant. So
ultimately his experiment failed.
But nevertheless
he speculated that there is something
missing in his media and he called it as
growth enzymes. The growth enzymes are
missing in his media and that is why the
cells were not able to divide. Today we
all know that that growth enzyme what he
mentioned is the growth hormones.
So look at the intelligency of this guy
that how he assumed that what could have
gone wrong and that was in the year 1902.
1902.
So another
uh failure of the experiment was she
took highly differentiated cells for the
and then whatever the media what he used
were very simple media that is the salts
and the sugars the or the sucrose what
he used was very negligible a nutrient
was present which was not sufficient for
the growth of that or division of at
Then way back in 1904,
Hanning he choose embriionic genenic
tissues to culture.
So what did he do? He exised or he cut
the mature embryos from the seeds of
several species of pripifera plants and
he successfully grew them to maturity
cleaning a media which consisted of
mineral salts and sugar solution and
this was a successful experiment and in
1908 Simon regenerated callous buds and
roots and established the basis for
callus culture.
Now we shall deal in detail what is the
meaning of callus define what is callus
in our future classes but for time being
just remember callus are
undifferentiated mass of tissue.
Okay they are a parentus cells.
When we provide proper nutrition
condition, the environmental condition
to this callus, it can in turn develop
into a fully grown plant.
That is what is the callus name. So,
Simon was able to produce the callus and
regenerate buds
the uh buds and roots established at for
the basis of the callus culture.
In 1922,
two scientists
independently pursued their experiment
on the root tips.
So we know that
through the roots and whole plant can be generated
generated
and this is what these two gentlemen
did. Robins and Cot independently
pursued their experiments and reported
So going a step further in 1926
W uh Y uh sorry FW went demonstrated
that there were growth substances
present in the plant that is he took an
example of the Aina plant and he studied
that there are what are called as growth
regulators or growth motors or growth hormones.
hormones.
and he was able to isolate oxen. Just
remember this word oxen. In 1933
other scientists they were able to
isolate indole acetic acid. This indole
In 1934
there was a big breakthrough in the
plant tissue culture.
A scientist named White generated
continuously growing culture of
meristematic cells. We know that
meristematic cells are actively dividing
cells. Okay. So growing cultures of
meristrammatic cells of tomato on media
containing salt, yeast extract and sucrose.
sucrose.
And then later on the same scientist
he came to a conclusion telling that
instead of using east extract
okay we can use
um vitamins and what are those vitamins
it was the pyidoxin thymine and
nicotinic acid. So instead of yeast
extract an alternative vitamins can be
used and he so that he established the
importance of additives. Additives means
are these substances what we mentioned.
So into your media you are adding these
substances. So these substances are
known as additives
and also he developed the media for the
root culture and today it is known by
his name as whites media. Whatever the
root culture media is there, it is known
Then coming to 1939.
Now like just look at the years girls
like simultaneously you can see that
parallelly in most of the country the
experiments was running about okay going
through. So it was almost a quick
discovery. If one person started you can
see how fast the experiments were being
carried out. One was doing about the
callus culture, some the root culture,
some the embriion culture. So it was
going through a fast pace. So in 1939
Gothur successfully
was was able to continuously grow
cambium culture from the carrot and
tobacco and he showed that it can be
maintained for several months. Today how
easily we can grow this carrot and
tobacco. But look at in 1939 they were
able to take the cells from the carrot
and tobacco and then develop it into a
whole plant. And also they told that
this indole acidic acid which we spoke
previously what is indole acidic acid?
It is a form of an oxen. What are oxen?
They are the growth promoters. So he
gave a conclusion telling that this
indole acetic acid promotes the root growth.
growth.
Okay. So the two important parts in the
plant is the chute and the root. So
he told that this IAA promotes the or
propagates the root growth. Similarly
the carrot expplants develop into
undifferiated mass
and it can be maintained by repeated
subculture. That is he told that he took
the expplant. What is an expplant?
Explant is an part or a piece of a
plant. So it can be your leaf or your
embryo, your cambium or the root or the
flora, the bud. Any part of that plant
is known as the expplant.
So he took that expplant and from that
he was able to develop the callus. What
a callus we define it as telling it as
an undifferiated mass of tissue.
So another step ahead he went he told
that we can maintain this callus okay
for many months we can keep it alive how
by a process known as subculture
remember the term subculture because in
a future class we'll be explaining in
detail about the subculture so I can
maintain my callus
in the media for many months by
Then in the year 1943 to 1950
we see that there was discovery in the
tumor inducing principles of crown
tumors were identified that is to say
that so we we all know what are tumor is
okay that is the cells divide repeatedly
uncontrollable division so the same was
observed this uncontrolled division was
obser oberved even in the plant. Okay.
So this is was known as the crown gall
tumors. Later on they identified this
tumor in this plant is caused by an
bacterium known as agroacterium.
And this agroacterium was a
groundbreaking step in the agricultural
field. Because today like we are used
all this for the experiment in whatever
we are doing in the plant tissue culture
we are using this agro bacterium and in
detail again once again we shall be
studying about the agroacterium.
Just for now you remember that agroacterium
agroacterium
is a bacteria which infects the plant.
It is present in the soil and then it
infects the plant and it produces the
crown g disease in the plant that is an
continuous division of the cells.
In 1948
formation of advantageous shoots and
roots in tobacco was predicted by
scientists and swine
throughout the dates you observe. Okay,
these are the periods when world war was
going on and but on the other hand we
should appreciate
the anticipation and the speculation of
our scientist what interest they showed
in the field of science
not only in plant culture but in all
field of science were
So again independently you see that shu
in 1944 and swine in 1951
they reported that tobacco in the pit
tissue culture
the addition of adinine and high level
of phosphate favor the callus growth and
bud formation even in the presence of
indole acidic acid. What it means to
tell is they independently found out
that they were able to culture the fifth
tissue from the tobacco plant. How did
they culture? They added what? Adinine.
Adinine is what? It is a nucleotide. Okay.
Okay.
So, it is a base. Nitrogen is base. They
increase the concentration of the phosphate.
phosphate.
So increasing the concentration of the phosphate
phosphate
even in the presence of indole acetic
acid we saw that there's a formation of
the callus growth. What would we tell
about indolacetic acid in a previous
section we told that it was proved that
indole acetic acid is responsible for
the root formation.
Now what if these scientists are telling
that okay if indolacitic acid is present
also it favored the growth of the
callus. Okay, that is
they gave a picture telling that though
there is indole acidic acid
if I just increasing the concentration
of the phosphate
it help the callus formation
okay and there was no that development
of the root so you can just manipulate
your media you can manipulate the
ingredients in your meteor you can play
with your media okay you increase one
substance, decrease another substance,
it's all trial and error. And then they
and scoop observed that the division of
cells occurred only if the cambium
tissue was present with cell alone did
not show any division. It means to tell
that some of the cells cannot divide
independently by themselves.
Okay, for example, pit cells they did
not divide by themselves independently
but in turn whenever cambium tissue was
present along with the pit cell they
showed the division. That is the meaning
Then FC Stewart in 1948 observed
vigorous proliferation of carrot
expplant due to the presence of the
stimulating substance in coconut milk
which was not an oxen.
So what they meant to tell was that they
used coconut milk as a media, one of the
ingredient in the media and they found
they came to a conclusion telling that
this coconut milk
was not an oxen but still it stimulated
So it did
then what happened was later on the
scientists they also started using the
coconut milk in their experiment. So
because this
also was uh able to give an continuous growth.
growth.
He also discovered the stomatic
embryogenesis from carrot cells in
suspension after being plated on solid
media. That is like somatic embryogenesis.
embryogenesis.
What we mean we already know what are
somatic cells and germ cells. Okay. So
he took the somatic cells. Okay. From
where? He took it from the carrot. Okay.
He took from the the somatic cells from
the carrot and he was able to develop
the embryo the development of the embryo
and later in 1955
Miller isolated the first cytoine and
kinotin. This also is also a important
growth hormone. So you can see that oxen
was uh identified or isolated and also
we see that cytokinine kinetan
indolacitic acid these all were
isolated and identified
these are what growth promoters or
growth hormones which are naturally
present in all the plants. Please
remember that. Okay. In any plant you
will find these all.
So what does this tells us that is if it
is present in our natural plant when
you're growing the plant or when you're
growing the cells and the tissues in the
laboratory you have to provide these
growth hormones only. Then the cell
division can happen. The cell
proliferation can happen. Okay. It may
be a cell, it may be a tissue or it can
be an organ, it can be a callus.
Whatever you taking, okay, you provide
the media, you provide the growth
hormones and you provide the proper
environmental condition and that can
And uh this word totency
this word was coined by the scientists
to work. Okay please remember that also
in 1952
the virusfree dalia through meristem
culture was developed. This is another
important aspect. You can see that you
are developing
okay a plant which is free of virus.
How? through using the merist stem culture.
culture.
So keep this point also imprinted in
your mind because this also will come
across in further how we are going to
produce a virus-free plant using a
minist culture. This was followed by the microraph.
microraph.
And then in 1957
once again uh Sug and Miller
they discovered that the root or the
shootute formation in the culture
depends on the oxen is to cytokinine
ratio. Okay we told now you are familiar
with these two words oxen and cytoin. is
if I increase or decrease the ratio
between the oxen and cytoinine.
Okay, either the root or the chute can
be formed. In other words, okay, oxen
enhances the root formation. Okay, and
the cytoine then enhances the shoot
formation. This is what they meant to
tell us. You just in play with the oxen
and cytochin ratio and either you can
induce the root or you can induce the shootute.
Then in 1958 we see that the embryo
promb embryo formation in callus clumps
and cell suspension. 1960
1960
enzyatic degradation of cell wall for
protolast formation by cocking that is
he used enzymes to degrade the cell
wall. Now what happens? We know that the
plant cells are made up of the cell
walls. If I degrade the cell wall what
is left? Protolast is left. So enzyatic
how I'm going to degrade the cell wall
by using the enzyatic degradation. And
this was again one of another
breakthrough field in the scientific
field. This enzyatic degradation for the
protolas culture.
Then in 1916 there was a vegetative
propagation of orchid by meristam culture.
culture.
And in 1962
we see the development of MS media by
Murashik and Shu. The word MS stands for
the letter murashik M and shoot S. Okay,
that is what is known as the MS media. So
So
this MS media is an important nutrient
which is now used in all plant tissue
culture laboratories.
Okay, it is an hallmark media for
growing the plant tissue culture.
I'll be saying the importance of these media
media
and few more scientists we will shall
speak about in our next journey about
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