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State, Society, and Strategy of Economic Development: Analysis of African Development Theories

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This content is a transcript from a webinar celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Department of Black Studies at the University of Nebraska Omaha. It features Dr. Joseph Ocpan discussing the historical context of Black Studies' founding, the complexities of development theory, and the challenges and potential pathways for African development, emphasizing the critical role of elite cohesiveness and value-adding strategies.

hello my name is deborah hurd and it is

with great pleasure to welcome you to

today's webinar

this virtual event is a part of a

year-long celebration in honor of the

department of black studies 50th

anniversary of which i am project

coordinator here at the university of

nebraska omaha

this department has its roots in the

political and social activism of the

1960s and 70s

it was established in 1971

three years after the establishment of

the country's first department of black

studies at san francisco state

university in 1968.

like at san francisco state and other

campuses across the country

the founding of black studies at uno was

the result of a long process of requests

formal demands

protests and sit-ins

the pivotal moment came on november 10 1969

1969

when 54 black uno students were arrested

for staging a sit-in in the president's office

office

the arrest of the omaha 54 as they

became known

galvanized the students in omaha's black community

community

as black civic and social organizations

and churches mobilized to bail out the 54

and to stand behind them in their

negotiations with the university's administration

administration

one of their demands was the creation of

a department of black studies

two years later in 1971

this department came into being

and 50 years later we are here honoring

the twin pillars upon which the

discipline of black studies and this

department was founded

academic inquiry

and cultural relevance

we exist because of the courage of the

omaha 54

and the continued support and backing of

the black community in omaha

we salute you both and we thank you

as a discipline that studies analyzes

and critiques the continuing effects of

historical enslavement colonization

land dispossession and corporate

imperialism we must acknowledge that

this university

and the very city itself

sits on the sacred tribal lands of the

native american people for whom this

city is named the omaha

and that of other first nation people

who regarded this land as their communal homeland

homeland

we stand in solidarity with you

and we stand in support of those who

seek justice

we stand with judge kataji brown jackson

in her quest for confirmation to the

united states supreme court

her historic nomination as the first

african-american woman nominated to the

supreme court

and her poise under intense partisan

questioning is an inspiration for all

people who wish to be seen

have their voices heard

and have their experiences considered at

all levels of the governmental

political economic and social structures

under which we live

and define our very everyday lives

we send strength to you judge brown jackson

jackson

we support you

and we pray for your success

now i would like to introduce to you

today's speaker dr joseph ocpan

dr ocpan is an instructor in the

department of black studies and

political science here at the university

of nebraska at omaha

he holds a ba degree in political

science and international relations

an ma in political science and a phd in

political science with a specialization

in international political economy

all from the university of nebraska at lincoln

lincoln

he has taught graduate mba courses in

international business such as foreign

direct investment

theory and practice of international trade

trade

and regional economic

integration as well as undergraduate

courses in african politics

african history and culture

political science and black studies

at institutions including the university

of nebraska at lincoln

offered air force base and bellevue university

university

in terms of service dr ocpan was

appointed and served between 2009 and 2011

2011

as a resident scholar and consultant for

the think tank the national institute

for policy and strategic studies kuru in nigeria

nigeria

he collaborates with the university of

nebraska-lincoln's college of

agriculture and food processing center

to improve nigeria's food production

processing and packaging industry

in the business sector dr akpan has

worked as a consultant for p1 imports at

their corporate headquarters in fort

worth texas

to facilitate the trade importation of

large amounts of african arts and crafts

from zimbabwe and nigeria for sale in

the u.s and in canada

in 2005

he successfully coordinated a major

ongoing international investment project

that brought foreign investors in to

improve nigeria's telecommunications sector

sector

and finally on a personal note dr ocpon

would like the audience to know that he

loves soccer and he plays tennis

welcome dr ockland

thank you

so before i turn the presentation over

to you

i would like to ask you just a few

general questions to get us started

so coming from nigeria what got you

interested in studying politics

well um i believe my dad

my father was the one that he was a politician

politician

and anytime he came back home after meetings

meetings

he will help me read

some of the minutes that were discussed

in the meeting

i don't know whether he was consciously

unconsciously doing that

but i became interested so

when i finish high school

this is insane

he advised me to walk at least for one year

year

before going

for further studies so i worked in a

british bank for you know about eight months

months

and then

i resigned and joined his business

he had a business of oil palm i'm oil business

business

so i became i used to go negotiate contract

contract

for him

with government agents and so we used to

get a lot of

requisitions a lot of

supply of palm oil from them

so i became interested in you know i

became very interested in the business world

world

and so that's how i came to study

politics but not only politics but

um also to study a political economy

because political economy is an

intersection dissection a junction

between political science and economics

so i thought that

you cannot really fully understand

one without the other

because of the interplay of political

and economic forces so i became more

interested in that because it was some

kind of a hands-on

um approach to understanding economic

all right so uh my next question is

in the history of african politics and

and let's think about

uh the

independence movement from from then on

so the move to decolonize

what people stand out for you as

inspirations or people that you admire

i would um i would first of all start

with mandela

uh nelson mandela was somebody that i

really respected an african statesman

and there was

you know

a period that

in the united states when i was here i

spearheaded i initiated a campaign for

the university of nebraska to divest from

from

investors in south africa because they

invested a lot of money

and any chambers

in the early 80s i think 1984

was one of the people who was an instrumental

instrumental

figure in getting the state of nebraska

to divest from investment but the

university did not

so when i found that out i you know i

started a campaign that was supported by

some community groups church groups and

the senate

professor in university senate you know

also so we had a coalition

of people that

that came together with us and

organizations that came with us

and then we tried to ask them to diverse

initially they did not

eventually we brought people like donald

woods he was the the author of christ freedom

freedom

that was the book that

denzel washington um featured you know

in terms of

acting steve bico so

so eventually

eventually the

the the

the

they divested a little bit but

the promise that they would use their

mission to assist

african students from south africa to

study here

at that time i just thought apartheid

was nearing an end anywhere

and so maybe that would be a good way to to

so i left

i left but that was very eye-opening to me

all right and my final question

uh what exactly is development theory

and what motivated you to focus on

development theories in your research

and from this i'm going to

turn it over to you

well i development theory when i got to um

working at the university of nebraska

political science

and i was lucky enough because at that

time there were not many universities

that that had

international political economy

i happened to work with an instructor

who specialized in that

i was interested so i started taking

classes and focus on the development

and what other areas of development

or geographic area would be of interest

to me than africa so i focus on africa

the entire continent both southern

africa west africa everything so

i became very very interested because i

still been

fascinated or maybe

curious why african states

have not developed

some level of viable

viable

industrialization and developing other

sectors so that become my

but

as far as the development is concerned

the concept of development is concerned

i am going to define that as we go along

it's it's all on you now professor arklan

arklan okay

okay

now um let's start with the what is development

development

you know um in

trying to develop a general theory of

international political economy

whether you are focusing on

on systemic level that's the

international level

or you are focusing

focusing on

you know a national level

it requires a holistic approach

that would try to see the how

political social and economic forces

interact in a given political

environment or in a given society so

that the concept of development is sometimes

sometimes

very very vague it may be very broad and non-specific

non-specific

so when loosely used it may refer to one

or more of the following concepts

political development is one of them

economic development is one of them modernization

modernization

or development of social

institutions it may also refer to the

transit transition of society from one

historical period to another

for example

from pre-industrial to industrial

periods since the world war since the

the word development will come up

repeatedly in this study or in this

presentation it is necessary to define

what is meaning

it can as it will be used in this

present context

define a defined development as

increasing the capacity of societies to

influence their future clinically

clinically

socially or economically

according to brian white

development encompasses four factors

first it means increasing [Music]

[Music]

society's economic and political

capacity and expanding its ability

to effectuate second

second

it means

equitable distribution of income

and resources

and even this

uneven distribution tends to divide

people and undermine their capacity to maximize

maximize

available resources third

third

it refers to empowerment in the sense

that only people with power and

influence can put pressure on political leaders

leaders

to make change

for changes

politics is defined as resolution of

complex conflicts

over value allocation thus

thus

only groups

with influence can affect distributional changes

changes

and fourth

development means efficient exploitation

of society's finite resources

the main thrust of

this definition of development is increasing

increasing

the capacity

for people to affect change politically socially

socially and

and

economic economically

the choice is made by a particular

regime between economic growth and

equity is socio-political

socio-political not an economic choice

specific trade-offs emerge through the interplay

interplay

of unique societal and historical

circumstances which department

the power structure and wealth

well not only the power structure but

wealth distribution of each country

they relate less to long-term

sustainable economic development and

more to the contingencies of policy choices

choices

constraints within a socio-economic environment

environment

long-term economic development in a

sustainable sense requires both growth

and equity in other words not only development

development

of the economy but also equity because

if you have growth without equity

your your your distance

your strategy is not very good

and so

these policy choices and constraints

within social economic environments

involves long-term economic development

in a sustainable sense

and requires both growth and equity

as broad and covenant

long-term growth is in productivity

requires effective demand

and also

there is an increase in the purchasing

power of the masses

because if

there's growth that without equity it

would benefit only a few people

because to consume the goods and

services produced

people would have to have the purchasing power

power

the masses may provide the immediate

consumer market

but export you know

export markets are also essential to growth

growth

but export growth alone may not provide

the necessary conditions for internal growth

growth foresight

foresight

my former advisor

advisor

makes a distinction between economic

growth and national development

economic growth is associated with

economic development

while national development refers to

economic growth accompanied by

internationally recognized human rights so

national development therefore is

defined as growth with equity

civil liberties and clinical participation

participation

foresight also notes that

modernization is a process of economic

and technological transformation

donnelly views industrial transformation

as an evolutionary process through the

use of graduation

as the economy moved from agricultural

first through industrial deepening or from

from

developing to a developed economy

so the definition of development so far examined

examined

converge on the following concepts one

one

economic growth equity

equity

political rights

and participation because

because

economic growth itself refers

refers

at the minimum to increase production

measured in terms of gdp per capita

participation refers to the right to

participate in government decisions

equity however is an ambiguous concept

equity may be viewed as equality of

rights but what right

this right may involve equitable

distribution of income

or equality in political participation

participation

so i don't want to go very very deep into

into

the various

dimensions of development

but suffice it to say that for the

purpose of this presentation development

means economic development

development with equity sustainable development

development

and that requires strategy so

when i did

what i want to do today is to look at

some of the

some of the um international

international

political economy

concepts of

you know

what what determines

what makes a country grow um

after the second world war

and developed countries were very

concerned about

structuring the post-war

international environment to

at least foster growth but

but

they didn't know what to do with dead

world countries

how to carry them along so that they

would not be left behind

three kinds of theories emerged

one was called modernization theory

and modernization actually this was a

theory that was

i would say initiated mostly from the

west united states and western european countries

countries

what modernization theory came up with

was that

african countries it was not just for

african countries it was all

all

you know third-world countries

developing countries in south latin

america south america and developing

countries in asia

a lot of them also almost all of it

the african continent

so what they were saying is

as the term implies modernize

modernize

move from an agricultural

society to an industrial society

just leave let's move transition from

agrarian to industrial

what they did was government should hand

over government should not be a part of

promoting or

you know taking part in economic

development directly

but government can

provide institutions

enforce contract laws and

and

also provide the enabling environment for

for

multinational companies to come and operate

operate

they had the capital in their own view

they had the technology they had the management

management

so they were telling third world

countries there is no need to reinvent

the wheel

let the multinational corporations come in

and help

industrialize but provide the

infrastructure necessary infrastructure

for them to come and operate

this was in the 1950s

and right after the second world war but

but

the fault of modernization theory was that

that

most developed countries have always

started with

agricultural development processing

processing

provide food for your people

and that would be some

some

the stage that some

some

um economic actors within the country

will start to accumulate capital and

then slowly move into industrial industrialization

industrialization

did not happen in africa

and in many

other dead world countries because

because

what modernization means what meant was

multinational corporations would bring in

factors of production

assemble the goods

in the countries host countries and

and

employ very very few uh you know local

scale so it did not lead to the economic

growth that people

the modernization theory predicted or suggested

suggested

what had happened was that agriculture

was left neglected it was not advocating

a balanced approach between industry and agriculture

agriculture

so that that remnant is still what is being

being

suffered by

african countries because

i want to focus personally mostly on

african countries so

in the 70s

there came a group of

dependency theories from south america

latin america in particular and then

they said no

modernization theory is wrong african

countries or other third world countries

would not be able to develop

under the international

capitalist system because

because

through um through

through colonialism

multinational cooperation the colonial

masters came and determined what crops

to be grown

what crops to be you know expanded and

they were mostly interested in cash crop

they were interested in cash crops like cocoa

cocoa rubber

rubber

palm oil

cotton and others those were those were

cash crops that were meant to fit

the industries in europe

cash crop tended to take a lot of land

from the indigenous people

but only very few returns in terms of income

income

so he left for the neglect elected for

him he left he made these african

countries neglect

their own food production

but what um

um what

what

interest the colonial master said was

get the cash crop

get the raw materials cheap from africa

go back to europe

process the material

material

and then re-export it

to africa

so it was like a triangular trip

everywhere they were they went to

they went to uh

many many countries

monopolized the land that could have

been used in production of food crops

and used that to produce cash crop

so even after independence

the dependency had deepened so much that

that

they could not break away from that

cycle of dependency

so dependency theories they were very

correct in understanding the structure

i wish african countries were dependent

on the former colonial masters and they

are still dependent to them

so the growth the main intention was not

to really

industrialize africa it was to siphon

raw materials from south from africa

to to the west and then the finished

product also that in africa was a source of

raw materials

but also a source of the finished

products up till today when you go to africa

africa

any country

that can produce and process their own

raw materials

i'm talking about something like you

know coco

we produce in africa

rubber we produce in africa

we produce cotton we produce other raw materials

materials

but none of them none of those goods

you know is being processed inside you

know in africa

because the process of processing those

schools are what add value

research and in my own

formulation of a theory

value adding is central to it

if you produce goods and you sell

the raw materials

then you don't add value because the

process of adding value is what creates job

job

if you don't add value to it

and you just

transfer those things off as raw materials

materials

and then when they come back as

when they come back as finished goods

you buy them whether they're chocolate

coffee or all those

rubber and all that those things

you buy them at a higher rate because

they go and improve the economy

at the west

at the expense

of africa because africa was not adding

value to their own products that they produced

produced

when you go and see

the pattern of dependency the pattern of

underdevelopment it follows

this trajectory because

because

we have the goods

but we don't process it

we don't add value so we don't create a

lot of employment so that is this that

is the best structure but

but

dependency theory

also predicted that

as long as african countries or third

world countries were participating

in the global

capitalist economy they would not

develop because the development of the west

west

is at the expense of these countries

where i was proven a little bit uh um

was proven wrong by some of these so-called

so-called

newly industrializing countries like

taiwan you know and

south korea singapore

singapore

because these people um

they managed to

produce they managed to export their

goods and manage to add value to their

good to their goods interestingly

interestingly

in the

50s the gnp per capita of south korea

was about the same as that of nigeria um

that of

taiwan about the same

but today

you know

the gmp per capita of south korea is not

comparable to they are very very far off

away from nigeria

much more developed than

nigeria ghana

sierra leone

other african countries

you know in those days

um they used to say that

when a country has raw materials

produces a lot of you know community

goods or raw materials

that country had comparative advantage

competitive advantage was it was a

theory in international relate i mean

international economics

that says a country should export what

it has comparative advantage in sporting well

well

from studying international economics

that has been modified

and the japanese and the taiwanese japan

does not have as much oil as some of the

countries in middle east or in africa

but they were able to develop why

then the theory of international trade was

was reformulated

reformulated still

still

based on competitive advantage what is

comparative advantage

it means

a country

should intensively intensively process

process

that is those are the key words

intensively process the goods with which

that country is most abundantly endowed so

if you are in doubt with the raw

materials oil cocoa

gas and then you don't process them

you cannot unlock your competitive

advantage that is where

africa and

especially countries in africa

are so i will come to that a little bit so

dependency theory was very correct in

completely unraveling completely explaining

explaining the

the

structure of dependency that was created

not dependency only on goods and

services but also on finance

they still

will rely on europeans to come and

provide them capital when africa has

all the means to raise their own capital

through their own products

so that was the missing link in

dependency theory but

but

in explaining the history of dependency

and why africa is where we are now

that in itself you know um

has eluded dependency theory

so taking the model

of um other

other

developing countries or the news the so-called

so-called

newly industrializing country taking

that further then

there came a third set of um

set of

theory the third one was

no you cannot allow the market to do its things

things

asian countries have demonstrated that

the state needs to take an active role

in developing the economy there has to

be a good marriage between the private

sector and the public sector so that is taking

taking

what people call

engineered development

let the state be

a pilot let them be the ones

that you know um

engineer the development in other words

let this step focus on sectors that need

to be developed so that it would act as

a springboard for other sectors to be

developed and that can selectively you know

know

pick up the sectors

whether it is iron and steel

instead can provide a lot of money

and ensure that when banks loan this

money to private sector

the private sector can perform and if

the default the state would guarantee that

that

so it was a marriage of the private sector

sector business

business

in finance and government sector

that helped

these countries and at the time

they were not emphasizing

what they call

import economy because africa has been

importing everything that they consume

up due to that

even things that africa can

improve or can export themselves even

things that they could produce themselves

themselves

africans are not producing

in nigeria nigeria is dependent on

almost every

item for consumption consumer items on

imported goods

so then

that was the third one then what what

what people were saying okay uh the

asian countries the so-called newly

industrializing countries

were embarking on export-oriented development

development

but what was missing in that description

was the fact that

it's not enough to export suppose we had

been exporting africans have been

exporting raw materials for a long time

but what was missing was

value addition value added that is the

process that creates your

value adding

you know uh

processes while you're adding goods

so it is not enough

to produce oil

if you don't refine that oil and use

some of the raw materials to produce

some things like fertilizers

or you know plastics and all that you

are missing out

on some of the

backward forward linkages that that oil

should provide to the economy

so my emphasis is

value addition that is where my

my thesis comes in

that i had that i developed as a

as my dissertation

i went to nigeria

i had

a field study

got a lot of data from

nigeria's central bank

other economic ministries

because i wanted to understand what is

going on in nigeria in particular

because if i understand that i would

understand what is going on in other

african countries so

what i what i came to find out was that

people people say oh africans are not united

united

africans are

um they're not they're not they don't

like each other

well i mean i'm not

i'm not buying that

i do know

that africans in general they like each other

other

they interact with each other but what

is missing is the elites

elites are the ones that make things

happen they are the ones that can

organize society they are the ones just

like asian countries are doing they are

the ones that could um you know bring

the vision and bring people together

so my focus then was that

import substitution is not the best because

because

when multinational corporations bring

technologies to the country or to the continent

continent

they bring it at their own terms they're

not going to give you the technology

um but they can they can come

produce the assembled goods there

imagine importing uh importing a cars automobile

automobile

instead of uh i know the government will

give the

multinational corporations like the gm

the monopoly to come and produce these cars

cars

in a country but

but

the car they produce are

are

the all-imported parts from europe from

america so they come and assemble there

in their factory there

and so when they assemble there

they don't even use um

local raw materials they bring all the

the factors all the different parts together

together

so it does not really employ a lot of

people because

the steps that would have that would

have created some of those parts have

been bypassed instead we are buying

those parts

and then assembling them there when you

go and look at the number of people that

they produce that they that they employ

at home

very small

because it's not

that it's not dynamic enough to create

its own momentum to create its own

demand they said okay if we are looking for

for

this let's produce this let's get the

factors from home but he said everything

is important

so by the time they assemble and i

looked at many of those assembly plants

not only in cars but in other you know sectors

sectors

i saw that the goods when they are being

produced in those countries but for

example in nigeria those goods have been

even more expensive than the imported ones

ones

they would have even been better off if

they imported the ones that imported

from outside

instead of

assembling the parts there

it's a very very negative you know cycle

of production and job creation

so my emphasis is that

my theory is that states

states countries

countries

that intensively pursue my general

hypothesis of course

cohesive states

emphasis cohesive

cohesive states

you might say what i mean cohesive state

i mean nation state or governments

value adding strategy they tend to

promote or maximize development objectives

objectives again

again

my general hypothesis is cohesive states

cohesive countries whatever you want to

put called it

which promote value-adding strategy of

economic development

tend to maximize

development goals

so what do i mean by cohesive steps

what is what is cohesive

i'm talking particularly about political

elites who are the ones that

are in government and they are the one

that are responsible for

for

you know bringing

having a vision to develop their own

economy and having a strategy to develop

their economy so

so again

again

my own

emphasis is that

cohesive governments

that promote

value-adding strategy of economic development

development

in stable societies

tend to really go very far or to

maximize development outcomes

so what do i mean by cohesive states

because i'm talking about political elite

elite

two things two variables determine

cohesive states

one of them is elite cohesive elite cohesiveness

cohesiveness

is the most important factor

if elites are not cohesive if they don't

work towards a common purpose if they

don't have a common vision to develop

the economy there's nothing the masses

do not do it is the politicians

the police play this they work with

economic elites to have a vision and how

to develop their own societies so

the first factor is elite cohesiveness

what what determines

elite cohesiveness there are two things

what are determinate first and foremost

elite unity

how do you achieve elite unity

there are some people that have some writers

writers

have uh identified

identified four

four

different kinds of elite

elite

unity first and foremost developmental

unified elites they are described as

people that are

unified because of development goals

that they have for their country you'll

see a lot of that um

because when i did

when i did the

the first story i looked at elites their behavior

behavior

in south korea nigeria

nigeria

and in brazil for comparative purposes

to see

how they differ so

developmentally unified elites are those

that are unified

for the purpose of developing their own

economy and they have a vision on where

to start

and then you have the consensual consensual

consensual

uh unified elite

they have

unity in the concept that they have

consensus in what institutions they want

in their country institutions that are positive

positive

you know contributions to the economy

they have their unified by common

purpose that

may disagree on politics

but they are

very unified in the kinds of

institutions that would promote economic growth

growth

we don't have that in africa

you have that in the united states you

have done in japan many other developed countries

countries but

but

the only thing that

africa can start now is to think development

development

and then agree what kinds of development

they want so i look at those as developmental

developmental

developmentally unified elite

consensually invited

as i said it's mostly in developed

countries we've now gone through even

though the elites in america or europe

may differ and you know in the methods

of doing things they are

very unified about accepting

the you know market market economy as

the pillar of the economic development

the third type of

unity is ideologically unified elites

elites may be ideologically unified

but you know they might have

a few problems but at least they're

unified in the ideologies of what should

be done

in the country

and then

the last one is [Music]

[Music]

the last facet of elite unity

is the imperfectly unified elite

you know in other words

at least are not you know they're not

unified in the long term they are

imperfectly unified and we saw this when

african countries wanted to attend independence

independence

and they were trying to you know

pressure the colonial masters

to leave their countries

elites from all parts of society came together

together

because they had a common goal

a common goal was to get independence

from british or france or belgium or

whoever portugal whoever was a colonial

master at the time

but the moment they got independence then

then

they were not glued together they did

not unify

long-term purposes

all of them started fighting each other

because they wanted to get to government

they want to control the government and

once they got um wanted to go control

the government then

then

they did not have a consensus among the

entire society so they tended to appeal

their tribe to their tribal uh best

if you have an evil you don't go to igbo

and then you go to um

you go to europa euroba you know so the

country become fragmented

on ethnic lines

and so people starting to fight so

i don't mean to even minimize the

the

the importance or the significance of ethnicity

ethnicity

but ethnicity is not the problem facing

africa today is lack of elite cohesiveness

cohesiveness

because every country including this

bread in this country they have ethnic

ethnic ethnic

ethnic

powers ethnic uh

basis and all that

but it didn't stop them it doesn't stop

them from progressing

instead ethnicity is used

as a means of gaining and maintaining

power at the expense of other ethnic

groups that is why there are so many

problems not because people are

fundamentally different between one

ethnic group to another

but because

leaders use ethnicity

ethnicity as

a means

a stage of getting power and when they

get power they try other people kick

against it because they play what they

call what i would call exclusionary politics

politics

exclusionary politics is something that

is very divisive

um there's nothing

in ethnicity and anybody who wants to

read about that in the whole of africa

can just

go to uh what is called cultural pluralism

pluralism

there was a book very good book written by

crawford young for you know um

university of uh madison madison

university of wisconsin madison

he has really explored this ethnic

ethnic

ethnicity or

cultural pluralism which is in every kenya

kenya

um uganda nigeria

nigeria

almost every you know did a great job to

show that

ethnicity is not the fault the factor

that divides nigeria or ghana

or ethiopia

ethnicity actually is used as a means of attaining

attaining

and and consolidating power

but of course when you when you attend

power and consolidate

in a multi-ethnic society

society

is going to engender

um ethnicity you're going to engage in

gender conflict conflict will come you

know will come because other groups also

want to attain the same power

that is what is the cause of some of the fractionalization

fractionalization

and fragmentation of politics in africa so

i want when people think about

talk about ethnicity

it's not an independent variable

it is

an intervening variable

used by what i call ethnic entrepreneurs

ethnic entrepreneurs you know use

ethnicity to white fight for power

if they attain it it does not even go to

benefit the ethnic group that they come

from that they use

as a tool for obtaining power

and so then after the unity electricity

the second factor that that determines

elite cohesiveness is elite coalition

what kind of coalition do elites you

know promote in a country

one type of coalition is called

distributional coalition

at least come together for a moment

purpose of

gaining whatever product the society

produces and distributing it among

themselves it's a very small narrow

exclusionary political you know base or coalition

coalition

elite coalitions tend not to produce wealth

wealth

i mean a distributional coalition i'm sorry

sorry

they don't produce wealth because by the

very nature

when the wealth

you know when they see the wealth or

they have the wealth they're distributed

among themselves

it doesn't really develop other sectors

it doesn't develop everybody in the society

society

it's a very very very distributional

it's a very exclusionary you know go and

look at you know the country in nigeria

go and look at people who are having oil

wells in nigeria is a very select group

of elites across the country

they have oil wells and some of them are

making like millions on a daily basis

and so these are distributional

coalitions that doesn't help that they

also promote

exclusionary politics and divisive politics

politics

the second type of coalition was encompa encompassing

encompassing

that encompassing coalition

this concept of distributional coalition

and encompassing coalition

they were all developed by michael olson

he's a very big you know on coalition of

you know politics

politics

encompassing coalitions seem to be you

know inclusionary they tend to

you know promote tend to promote

distribution just to bring people

together and maximize society's resources

resources

and wealth

so by its very nature it encompasses

most of the major elements of society

but in this

in this

this project that i did

i identified that elites need not be

even if they are not encompassing they

need not be distributional or exclusionary

exclusionary

there can also be an expansive coalition

expansive coalition has the potential to

slowly grow

to become encompassing

expansive means it has the

potential to grow to bring people so

that they can come all of them can have

a common goal

of of developing

so how does this

um cohesiveness

at the state level because when we're

talking about state we're not talking

about an abstract entity we are talking

about elites who control the state those

are the ones i'm looking at i'm looking

at the behavior of politicians at that level

level

and so and what what about society

society can influence um

if you come from a society that is destructive

destructive

um divisive and all those things

what do you expect the elites unless

there's a political mindset

mindset

a purposeful political

political

engineering that

you know majority of elites or keep you

know part

portions of elite in the society agree upon

upon

then there is

just you know there are just

they are just elites are rational everywhere

everywhere

so they play

with the with the hands that they see

that deal

deals them

and so or they're dealt with

so it's you know if you see if you have an

ethnically divided society

you can see the elites

who are ethnically divided

if you see places that

people are fighting

at least would also try to fight in that

to get whatever

resources that they need um

so uh

when one once that is done

class so let me see the indicators of

cohesiveness in society

would be class religion you talk about

you know

these people muslims killing christians

it is not the muslims the

average muslim

as i say follower

or it's not the average muslim that is

going to kill

they are responding to the politics that

their own emirs their religious orgasm

orgasm

there are some people today

in many parts of africa that if

if a religious emea goes and tell them

go and commit mayhem go and demonstrate

go and kill yourself

they are ready to go and kill themselves

because of that

so religion becomes a tool a political

tool to gain

access to wealth to gain access to resources

resources

so all these things class religion

ethnicity external actors

including colonial actors they are still

in that mix

there is a toner once said that most of

the crews that nigeria

used to experience

were masterminded by

multinational oil interests

in the niger delta

what does that mean it means that

multinational corporations they are also

part of when they operate in a country

they are also a part of society

and so some of them would even they used

to sponsor um

like politicians they used to even

sponsor when

cools and counter codes could attack

was raining in africa where most of the

rulers were military dictators

dictators

some of these people were sponsored by

multinational oil companies so that they

knew that if they came to power their interest

interest

would be about race their interests

would be supported

so the sectoral interest the regionalism

and so if you go to places like um

other countries that divide the you know

the countries into geopolitical zones in

nigeria they have about six euro

political zones

and every day

every year

every election cycle

every zone wants power to be you know

cedar to them because they believe that

when you have political power it

translates into economic power filling

all these divisive and violent

encounter between different groups so

those are the

those are those are the those are the interests

interests

that operate

at the sec of the society level that's

what i call class religion ethnicity colonial

colonial

leo colonialists neocolonialists are

people that are still advancing the

interests of the previous colonial masters

masters

sectoral interests

and also regional interests so

what are the strategies of economic

development that i'm talking about

economic development means

the strategy of development i'm talking

about is first import substitution

in other words if you want to produce

certain things in your country

instead of importing them

all wholesale

bring the multinational corporations to

come and produce there in your own

country when they're produced in your

country as i said earlier they don't add

value a lot because they are coming

there to take advantage of the market

and in fact

exclude other competitors from abroad

from coming to invest in that area so

that they could maximize their own

economic gain

that is important substitution and then

there was also the demand led institute

you know

i i reformulated the mind that demand

demand oriented

oriented

strategy because it's not everything that

that

people export

has value added if you're in sport as i

said earlier if you export [Music]

[Music]

agricultural produce she has bought

things raw materials that you

don't process

you could export them it could be could

be demanded it could be

demanded by many other countries and all that

that

that if you don't add value to it

you do not create economic

that multiplier effect in your own economy

economy

so it's not

the only strategy that i emphasize what

african countries is

value added strategy i don't know how

many of you know

know that

that caution

caution

coltrane is a is produced widely mined

in democratic republic of congo

congo

but you don't know the

the impact coal trend from coal train

tantalum is extracted from there it is

also used tantalum is used

in cell phones computers

computers

cameras and all that this is a huge huge

you know um

um [Music]

[Music] mirror

mirror

but how many minerals how many cell

phones are producing uh in a democratic

republic people are dying children are dying

dying

trying to gain access to go and mine

these kinds of products coltrane it's a

raw material

the same for all others you look at

new year republic they have

they have uh this the uranium

you have you go to south africa go to southern africa go to the copper go to

southern africa go to the copper go to gold and all that

gold and all that nigeria is importing a lot of raw

nigeria is importing a lot of raw materials i mean a lot of

materials i mean a lot of um

um fertilizers to be used

fertilizers to be used the country does not even

the country does not even use fertilizer intensively because it's

use fertilizer intensively because it's expensive to import them but do you know

expensive to import them but do you know if you go to edo state in nigeria you go

if you go to edo state in nigeria you go to gun state in nigeria especially you

to gun state in nigeria especially you know you are seeing a lot of phosphate

know you are seeing a lot of phosphate phosphate is a you know an important

phosphate is a you know an important this thing

this thing that is used to produce um

that is used to produce um fertilizer

fertilizer but we are not adding value

but we are not adding value so

so my emphasis is

my emphasis is what is development indicators gmp per

what is development indicators gmp per capita

capita emp bisector growth rate

emp bisector growth rate demand consumption all that those are

demand consumption all that those are indicators of industrialization those

indicators of industrialization those are indicators of uh development

are indicators of uh development so

so i'm i hope i've not

i'm i hope i've not i might run over

i might run over okay

okay so

so so those are the um what are development

so those are the um what are development indicators that i was trying to

indicators that i was trying to ramp up here

ramp up here um

gmp i mean when you see electricity education when you see the development

education when you see the development of the sector when you see

of the sector when you see industrial when you see economic

industrial when you see economic development you will find it you would

development you will find it you would notice it you recognize it

notice it you recognize it in africa

in africa most

most leaders when they get sick even if it is

leaders when they get sick even if it is headache

headache they go to europe why because they

they go to europe why because they rather go and put their money in swiss

rather go and put their money in swiss bank

bank european banks

european banks they rather go and put their money so

they rather go and put their money so that whenever

that whenever there is

there is a little sickness in the family they run

a little sickness in the family they run there

there what about all the money that they stole

what about all the money that they stole if they had just put some of it in their

if they had just put some of it in their own country and build a good

own country and build a good hospital

hospital some of this medical tourism would not

some of this medical tourism would not be necessary and the only people that

be necessary and the only people that could afford medical tourism

could afford medical tourism are the people that

are the people that have money that stole government money

have money that stole government money to begin with so there's a lot of

to begin with so there's a lot of problem so i don't want anybody to make

problem so i don't want anybody to make any excuses for africa it's just

any excuses for africa it's just a long time ago i used to say when i was

a long time ago i used to say when i was growing up in primary school there was

growing up in primary school there was so the impact of colonialism became part

so the impact of colonialism became part of colonialism yes i know there's a

of colonialism yes i know there's a great impact because

great impact because if you are

if you are a person a whole person when you were

a person a whole person when you were growing up and your hand was corrupt or

growing up and your hand was corrupt or your leg was cut off

your leg was cut off your circumstances in life will change

your circumstances in life will change you will not be the same person you are

you will not be the same person you are today if you're

today if you're scared of

scared of but

but some countries

some countries singapore a lot of these people they

singapore a lot of these people they overcame that some of them were also

overcame that some of them were also products of colonialism but maybe they

products of colonialism but maybe they have they had a strong culture to bind

have they had a strong culture to bind them together so and overcome the

them together so and overcome the adversity and did what was necessary to

adversity and did what was necessary to develop for your own country and so we

develop for your own country and so we don't do that

don't do that africans are very you know because we

africans are very you know because we don't have that glue

don't have that glue we don't have that glue and that was

we don't have that glue and that was what

what chino achebe was alluding to when he

chino achebe was alluding to when he talked about

talked about you know things fall apart and the

you know things fall apart and the center cannot hold and that center was

center cannot hold and that center was the belief system that was taken away

the belief system that was taken away because belief system like religion is

because belief system like religion is the glue that holds society

the glue that holds society together

together and if you don't have it

and if you don't have it uh it doesn't matter whether you bring

uh it doesn't matter whether you bring um

um what you see catholic church

what you see catholic church presbyterian church whatever you bring

presbyterian church whatever you bring if you don't have that

if you don't have that belief system i would think that the

belief system i would think that the belief system is cultural we don't have

belief system is cultural we don't have an african culture

an african culture we have centers of different cultures

we have centers of different cultures but we didn't have one that united us

but we didn't have one that united us together so i think it's probably

together so i think it's probably about time to and i think if we have

about time to and i think if we have that kind of center

that kind of center we would be able to have

we would be able to have this kind of uh a glue this cohesiveness

this kind of uh a glue this cohesiveness i'm talking about a little cohesiveness

i'm talking about a little cohesiveness that will provide the impetus for at

that will provide the impetus for at least to be cohesive they will have a

least to be cohesive they will have a general area of agreement with wish to

general area of agreement with wish to work with one another

work with one another and

and should i continue

should i continue uh we're we're almost that time and i

uh we're we're almost that time and i wanted to leave uh a question uh leave

wanted to leave uh a question uh leave time for a little bit of discussion okay

time for a little bit of discussion okay all right i wanted to see if anybody had

all right i wanted to see if anybody had any questions anybody in the audience

any questions anybody in the audience but one of the things that i wanted to

but one of the things that i wanted to to follow up with you on

to follow up with you on and and i'm glad you brought that up

and and i'm glad you brought that up about

about religion and culture because it seems as

religion and culture because it seems as if

if that's really the starting point isn't

that's really the starting point isn't it for people to come together to decide

it for people to come together to decide we're going to develop

we're going to develop but this development is going to be

but this development is going to be equitable

equitable yep going to develop for everybody

yep going to develop for everybody so that mindset

so that mindset that um

that um that's what's missing so that what you

that's what's missing so that what you were talking about with the elite

were talking about with the elite coalition

coalition um

um the mindset that i don't operate

the mindset that i don't operate just for myself my family to enrich

just for myself my family to enrich myself

myself we need to enrich the country we we need

we need to enrich the country we we need to enrich everybody

to enrich everybody and i think that that's part of what's

and i think that that's part of what's missing so

missing so when i was listening

when i was listening uh to to the early when you're going

uh to to the early when you're going through the development strategies

through the development strategies there's it seems that

there's it seems that what was being pushed

what was being pushed from the west

from the west is development

is development in terms of capitalism like we want you

in terms of capitalism like we want you to become a part of the market capital

to become a part of the market capital global capitalist system

global capitalist system and and we know that that's inequitable

and and we know that that's inequitable it's there's no fairness in capitalism

it's there's no fairness in capitalism no that's why it failed right so that so

no that's why it failed right so that so at that point already

at that point already it's failing

it's failing you know africa can't succeed

you know africa can't succeed because

because these these big

these these big companies these corporations are only

companies these corporations are only come they were already coming in

come they were already coming in before

before the move for independence so they were

the move for independence so they were already coming in and extracting

already coming in and extracting and so now that that extraction is oh we

and so now that that extraction is oh we have

have uh renegotiated our contracts so instead

uh renegotiated our contracts so instead of

of this conglomerate omen the diamond mine

this conglomerate omen the diamond mine oh we'll own it in cooperation with the

oh we'll own it in cooperation with the state with the government

state with the government you know but we still know that

you know but we still know that who's in control of those diamond mines

who's in control of those diamond mines and it's not it's not the states where

and it's not it's not the states where those diamonds are coming from is this

those diamonds are coming from is this operation over in europe that still is

operation over in europe that still is growing and making making millions of

growing and making making millions of dollars a year that's true so um

dollars a year that's true so um but in order for us to to really deal

but in order for us to to really deal with

with you know pushing back against that

you know pushing back against that everybody has been on the same page we

everybody has been on the same page we don't all have to agree

don't all have to agree how to do it but we have to agree

how to do it but we have to agree we need to push back for our benefit for

we need to push back for our benefit for the nation's benefit yeah not for

the nation's benefit yeah not for individuals not for certain elites so

individuals not for certain elites so that they can get wealthy

that they can get wealthy and uh so i was thinking

i'm not hearing you okay where are you from for a second

okay where are you from for a second yeah oh walter rodney you know he wrote

yeah oh walter rodney you know he wrote how europe underdeveloped under

how europe underdeveloped under developed africa he said

developed africa he said you know yes yeah you have uh uh kwame

you know yes yeah you have uh uh kwame nkrumah new colonialism the last stage

nkrumah new colonialism the last stage of imperialism that's right so all of

of imperialism that's right so all of these so even back in the 60s and 70s

these so even back in the 60s and 70s they recognized

they recognized that these wealthy nations which is

that these wealthy nations which is still not going to give up power

still not going to give up power and now it's not just the nations it's

and now it's not just the nations it's these multinational corporations that

these multinational corporations that are exactly oh he's like

uh i would say perpetrators of neo-colonialism yeah which means new

neo-colonialism yeah which means new colonialism i think you know one of the

colonialism i think you know one of the things that

things that that really

that really uh

w.w.e.b dubois said in ghana

said in ghana that he said

that he said it baffles him why african things that

it baffles him why african things that white people are benefactors they're the

white people are benefactors they're the people that really

people that really are you know india a baffle i mean when

are you know india a baffle i mean when you come from

you come from a mindset to see how black people fought

a mindset to see how black people fought for their own

for their own lives here to even stay human today

lives here to even stay human today sometimes when i look at some of the

sometimes when i look at some of the facts from the events that they've went

facts from the events that they've went through

through i'm just even

i'm just even surprised that

surprised that there were up to even a hundred thousand

there were up to even a hundred thousand of them left

of them left in this world in this in this united

in this world in this in this united states

states and

and when some ambassador from um they came

when some ambassador from um they came to give a speech i think last semester

to give a speech i think last semester at uno

at uno and i went there one of the and i was

and i went there one of the and i was asking

asking why is it that maybe these governments

why is it that maybe these governments that are

that are controlling the mining and distribution

controlling the mining and distribution of revenues from vital commanding

of revenues from vital commanding sectors of the economy

sectors of the economy why should they be that if these

why should they be that if these governments are the ones controlling it

governments are the ones controlling it there's going to be corruption systemic

there's going to be corruption systemic corruption because the government even

corruption because the government even when they are playing

when they are playing admitting foreigners to come and exploit

admitting foreigners to come and exploit they are gatekeepers

they are gatekeepers you go and bribe them oh yeah you don't

you go and bribe them oh yeah you don't go there and just devastate the economy

go there and just devastate the economy as you want to they don't really care

as you want to they don't really care and the woman the woman ambassador

and the woman the woman ambassador told me no don't say that

told me no don't say that because there are some people like

because there are some people like botswana government

botswana government president that

president that distributes uses the um uses the

distributes uses the um uses the uh the the proceeds from

uh the the proceeds from from diamond

from diamond to help their own people

to help their own people and i wanted to tell her but i didn't

and i wanted to tell her but i didn't want to i didn't want to i wanted to

want to i didn't want to i wanted to tell her mom

tell her mom that diamond 50 percent of the equity is

that diamond 50 percent of the equity is controlled by the bs right african

controlled by the bs right african company

company now how many of you are

now how many of you are how many of the diamonds are being cut

how many of the diamonds are being cut in botswana who is adding value to that

in botswana who is adding value to that diamond they are exporting all of it out

diamond they are exporting all of it out and then because the the president is a

and then because the the president is a what is it benevolent dictator

what is it benevolent dictator you can just give them a few you know

you can just give them a few you know and they say oh he's a good man is

and they say oh he's a good man is distributing but you don't know the

distributing but you don't know the destruction of the economy he's the same

destruction of the economy he's the same thing

thing and the thing is

and the thing is those countries don't care

those countries don't care i know because as long as they continue

i know because as long as they continue to have these these people in power

to have these these people in power that they can you know bribe

that they can you know bribe then

then exactly they continue the extraction

exactly they continue the extraction exactly exactly and that's what that's

exactly exactly and that's what that's what they want the multinational

what they want the multinational corporations have played that game so

corporations have played that game so far that if you go to some of these

far that if you go to some of these sectors in like you know in africa

sectors in like you know in africa when you go as a black person as a

when you go as a black person as a nigerian you want to open your mouth

nigerian you want to open your mouth they can just dispose of you like that

they can just dispose of you like that because all they need is to turn their

because all they need is to turn their comprador with a dependency theory is

comprador with a dependency theory is called a compromise elite you know those

called a compromise elite you know those are the ones that

are the ones that they will use to finish off and if you

they will use to finish off and if you want to be um very vocal they can

want to be um very vocal they can disappear i've seen so many students

disappear i've seen so many students here who came here and they said when

here who came here and they said when they leave they said oh when i go to

they leave they said oh when i go to nigeria white people are going to suffer

nigeria white people are going to suffer they go there they run they run them out

they go there they run they run them out in no time because of

in no time because of those

those buffoons that they don't have any vision

buffoons that they don't have any vision they don't think about the future of the

they don't think about the future of the people if you go to when i left nigeria

people if you go to when i left nigeria as many years ago

as many years ago if you go to the that place

if you go to the that place things still remain the same

things still remain the same because

because they may make money but it does not

they may make money but it does not you know change hands

you know change hands it does not change hands

it does not change hands so

so so let me ask you this and i'm thinking

so let me ask you this and i'm thinking and this kind of is a transition to

and this kind of is a transition to talking about our upcoming webinar

talking about our upcoming webinar thursday

thursday uh

uh i'm thinking about

i'm thinking about burkina faso

burkina faso until my son cara

until my son cara and

and his philosophy was that

his philosophy was that for burkina faso that they needed to

for burkina faso that they needed to concentrate on their country first

concentrate on their country first and in order to do that they needed to

and in order to do that they needed to be self-sufficient so

be self-sufficient so he was like why why are we asking

he was like why why are we asking western nations to do the these things

western nations to do the these things for us why can't we do them ourselves

for us why can't we do them ourselves so

so something as basic as

something as basic as uh being in a village well let's

uh being in a village well let's how about everybody in the village come

how about everybody in the village come out

out and we all are going to dig a canal

and we all are going to dig a canal that we can use to irrigate crops and we

that we can use to irrigate crops and we can create our own little

can create our own little you can have your own little garden here

you can have your own little garden here so starting off small

so starting off small but trying to be self-sufficient

but trying to be self-sufficient is that is that

is that is that uh one thing that we could that could be

uh one thing that we could that could be tried on the ground is

tried on the ground is creating these little small

creating these little small you know taking small steps but

you know taking small steps but independently

independently building out from there

building out from there or

or do you see

do you see that

that if that was successful

if that was successful they would do like they did with

they would do like they did with tomasankara and

eliminate yes you know um

yes you know um thomas sankara was

thomas sankara was he was worshiped by

he was worshiped by the african press

the african press he was they loved him

he was they loved him because it was was a breath of fresh air

because it was was a breath of fresh air and so

and so and

and that is why people like that when you

that is why people like that when you want to come and change the mindset of

want to come and change the mindset of your people and lead them the direct

your people and lead them the direct direction it becomes a danger to

direction it becomes a danger to multinational forces that are everywhere

multinational forces that are everywhere so they'll plot to their plot to to

so they'll plot to their plot to to eliminate you only that is why

eliminate you only that is why that's why cohesiveness is very because

that's why cohesiveness is very because if you are cohesive in what you are

if you are cohesive in what you are doing

doing they will not be able to eliminate all

they will not be able to eliminate all the class you know all those people and

the class you know all those people and so i'm i always

so i'm i always thought that

thought that there's a book called a small is

there's a book called a small is beautiful by by schumacher and then he

beautiful by by schumacher and then he was talking about

was talking about small intermediate cottage industry it

small intermediate cottage industry it was talking about you know um

what you were talking about i was i also asked myself

asked myself i said why is it that

i said why is it that we have

we have ministry of uh works i mean and also we

ministry of uh works i mean and also we also have um the army has you know a

also have um the army has you know a call of engineers

call of engineers why do we need to go and bring

why do we need to go and bring some of these german companies to come

some of these german companies to come and build road for us and they charge

and build road for us and they charge you

you one million dollars

one million dollars a mile

a mile per mile

per mile why why don't you go to the village we

why why don't you go to the village we used to

used to grade the road you know keep it clean

grade the road you know keep it clean you don't need to tie it but create a

you don't need to tie it but create a passage from one place to another

passage from one place to another because you have to link you have to

because you have to link you have to link communities for any development to

link communities for any development to take part

take part why can't you go and give it to young

why can't you go and give it to young men who don't even have jobs there clear

men who don't even have jobs there clear this bush though if you build from it we

this bush though if you build from it we pay you the money so you keep the money

pay you the money so you keep the money there why can't you do that why can't

there why can't you do that why can't even even after they pave the road or

even even after they pave the road or they play it up why can't you bring the

they play it up why can't you bring the amico of engineers to go and put bridges

amico of engineers to go and put bridges well that is what they are for in case

well that is what they are for in case you fight a war you go to

you fight a war you go to where you cannot cross from one part to

where you cannot cross from one part to another they build roads they build the

another they build roads they build the bridges why can't they do that

bridges why can't they do that you can go to you can go to a particular

you can go to you can go to a particular community and put about four solar

community and put about four solar panels

panels at night and then you create a learning

at night and then you create a learning center there you create a small shop

center there you create a small shop people come out you create

people come out you create these

these activities that can take part there and

activities that can take part there and expand why can't they do that

expand why can't they do that so

so to me i always think that development is

to me i always think that development is a mindset

a mindset it's a mindset and people who are able

it's a mindset and people who are able to who can at least create this vision

to who can at least create this vision they're not allowed to surface so at

they're not allowed to surface so at some point that's why

some point that's why i

i you were asking me about two people one

you were asking me about two people one of them was thomas ankara that you know

of them was thomas ankara that you know i talked more on mandela

i talked more on mandela and then another one was uh

and then another one was uh was uh

was uh gary rawlings of ghana

gary rawlings of ghana gary rawlings killed

gary rawlings killed so many corrupt people and then this at

so many corrupt people and then this at least this country is is on the right

least this country is is on the right path

path the country is on the right path

the country is on the right path so there is uh this there are a lot of

so there is uh this there are a lot of you don't need to be very very big

you don't need to be very very big it doesn't i mean just look at uh look

it doesn't i mean just look at uh look at

at what china did

what china did you know in 1958 he greatly forward

you know in 1958 he greatly forward he china determined that

he china determined that human beings not

human beings not capital human beings are the back road

capital human beings are the back road of industry of development

of industry of development start with what you have the best

start with what you have the best capital intensive project

capital intensive project so you can engage the people you know so

so you can engage the people you know so you come you know he created communes

you come you know he created communes and all that stuff

and all that stuff so

so why do you want to go and bring

why do you want to go and bring you know like

you know like uh capital intensive

uh capital intensive technology that average people cannot

technology that average people cannot absorb immediately start with what they

absorb immediately start with what they can do and then slowly

can do and then slowly who used to think about china today that

who used to think about china today that china today would surpass united states

china today would surpass united states in economic development

in economic development nobody that because but they started in

nobody that because but they started in the 50s and then people were you know

the 50s and then people were you know they were telling you know mao zedong

they were telling you know mao zedong did not know what he was doing or was

did not know what he was doing or was talking about and all this and today

talking about and all this and today where is china today

where is china today people in africa are still waiting for

people in africa are still waiting for the big ship to arrive

the big ship to arrive seem to be all right they didn't think

seem to be all right they didn't think the ship to come and carry off all those

the ship to come and carry off all those fat cats and all those corrupt leaders

fat cats and all those corrupt leaders you know most of them don't even have

you know most of them don't even have elementary education especially some of

elementary education especially some of those that rule us during the military

those that rule us during the military it's a mindset especially given the fact

it's a mindset especially given the fact that we have the resources that we can

that we have the resources that we can take

take and you know we can detect the prices of

and you know we can detect the prices of what people want to pay if you don't you

what people want to pay if you don't you know nowadays uh you know so i

know nowadays uh you know so i sometimes i get so frustrated that in a

sometimes i get so frustrated that in a way this is not rocket science i have

way this is not rocket science i have seen how other countries have done it

seen how other countries have done it and they're still doing it and africa is

and they're still doing it and africa is still left behind

still left behind well you know i i think about some of

well you know i i think about some of the um

the um in black psychology

in black psychology you know within within the field of

you know within within the field of black studies the the black

black studies the the black psychologists

psychologists uh you know some of them were talking

uh you know some of them were talking about psychological slavery

about psychological slavery and i think that we suffer from

and i think that we suffer from psychological slavery and psychological

psychological slavery and psychological colonialism so even though africa is no

colonialism so even though africa is no longer colonized the mind is still there

longer colonized the mind is still there you still have to break that

you still have to break that colonization of the mind in order to

colonization of the mind in order to decolonize the plan

decolonize the plan that's true that's true

that's true that's true and you know

and you know there has to be some cultural revival

there has to be some cultural revival yeah there has to be some way to start

yeah there has to be some way to start having

having a sense of you know the the colombian

a sense of you know the the colombian masters were

masters were very you know when they demanded for

very you know when they demanded for independence you know just give it to us

independence you know just give it to us but instead pick the people that would

but instead pick the people that would that would rule so that they could keep

that would rule so that they could keep their own interests alive for many many

their own interests alive for many many how many most of the countries in africa

how many most of the countries in africa got independence in 1960

got independence in 1960 but

but how many of them you know

how many of them you know are viable now they have you know

are viable now they have you know because they give them

because they give them in a platter of gold they didn't fight

in a platter of gold they didn't fight for it so it didn't bring a sense of

for it so it didn't bring a sense of nationalism or a sentence of nation

nationalism or a sentence of nation among them

among them so

so i'm always thinking that there is no way

i'm always thinking that there is no way that africa is going to probably will

that africa is going to probably will take forever

take forever for them to if they want there has to be

for them to if they want there has to be some kind of

some kind of spark some kind of engineering element

spark some kind of engineering element whether it is violent or not so many

whether it is violent or not so many come in this country didn't they get

come in this country didn't they get independence at you know the price of uh

independence at you know the price of uh spilling blood with british you know

spilling blood with british you know sometimes their people have to to

sometimes their people have to to sacrifice especially those

sacrifice especially those that don't even have a clue

that don't even have a clue of half the interest of the african

of half the interest of the african continent or their own country at heart

continent or their own country at heart it's uh it's it's a

it's uh it's it's a sometimes i just it's so sad um he's so

sometimes i just it's so sad um he's so sad it's like

sad it's like you feel defeated but you know what to

you feel defeated but you know what to do but you feel defeated that is the

do but you feel defeated that is the that is the part that really organizes

that is the part that really organizes me right right

me right right well uh dr ocpan we we we've gone over a

well uh dr ocpan we we we've gone over a little bit but i just really appreciate

little bit but i just really appreciate you doing this with us and you know

you doing this with us and you know bringing us all this information it

bringing us all this information it gives us a lot to think about because uh

gives us a lot to think about because uh the the continent

the the continent can't continue this way you know for

can't continue this way you know for another another century you know

another another century you know now now there's colonialism coming in

now now there's colonialism coming in from the east

from the east and as uh exactly as dr john henry clark

and as uh exactly as dr john henry clark said africans have no friends africa has

said africans have no friends africa has no friends you have to have to go in

no friends you have to have to go in with that mindset africa has no friends

with that mindset africa has no friends that's true even though they claim that

that's true even though they claim that they're helping to develop

they're helping to develop that

that development comes at a cost so you have

development comes at a cost so you have to be cautious about it why would why

to be cautious about it why would why would it be in the interest of any an

would it be in the interest of any an outsider to come and develop your own

outsider to come and develop your own continent right why would it be the

continent right why would it be the internet look at all the look at all the

internet look at all the look at all the sectors they've cornered when they want

sectors they've cornered when they want to come and play an infrastructure a

to come and play an infrastructure a port or railroad

port or railroad they bring their own people to come and

they bring their own people to come and work on it you know and then the money

work on it you know and then the money so if you don't pay them in 20 years

so if you don't pay them in 20 years they take over

they take over and then people are thinking that oh

and then people are thinking that oh china is too far away

china is too far away and what can they do if they talk about

and what can they do if they talk about these people have been building the

these people have been building the south china sea

south china sea they have been building

they have been building their their

their their navy their army and all that what do you

navy their army and all that what do you think they are ready for they are ready

think they are ready for they are ready to take over uh regiment you know and

to take over uh regiment you know and they will get money from united states

they will get money from united states and these countries that they're

and these countries that they're investing in

investing in will be able to sustain their excess

will be able to sustain their excess population because you just lifted the

population because you just lifted the restrictions on how many children you

restrictions on how many children you could have and they've already started

could have and they've already started allowing

allowing uh

uh you know paying some of their chinese

you know paying some of their chinese people to go in and establish countries

people to go in and establish countries establish businesses in these african

establish businesses in these african countries so yes it's the influence of

countries so yes it's the influence of china in fact even small things like

china in fact even small things like serving t-shirts that should be done by

serving t-shirts that should be done by local people the chinese have got some

local people the chinese have got some of them are going without even visa they

of them are going without even visa they are illegally going there and when you

are illegally going there and when you go and look at details of

go and look at details of of uh businesses that workers what

of uh businesses that workers what chinese

chinese chinese

chinese they're gonna be the worst

they're gonna be the worst they're gonna be the worst they didn't

they're gonna be the worst they didn't come there they'll come and develop you

come there they'll come and develop you they come there because they are they

they come there because they are they know that they have vast

know that they have vast deposits of resources minerals whatever

deposits of resources minerals whatever that they want that's why they're coming

that they want that's why they're coming all right

all right all right so let me let you all know

all right so let me let you all know about our upcoming lecture

about our upcoming lecture our next lecture will be on thursday

our next lecture will be on thursday we're having two this week

we're having two this week uh on thursday at 6 00 pm we'll be

uh on thursday at 6 00 pm we'll be uh having a lecture by dr mariam clonate

uh having a lecture by dr mariam clonate about how african heroic ethics teach us

about how african heroic ethics teach us about history and culture

about history and culture a case study of sundiata and sarunya so

a case study of sundiata and sarunya so we look forward to seeing you on

we look forward to seeing you on thursday

thursday we appreciate your presence today thank

we appreciate your presence today thank you dr akpan thank you all for coming

you dr akpan thank you all for coming thank you all right thank you we'll see

thank you all right thank you we'll see you

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YouTube Transcript:State, Society, and Strategy of Economic Development: Analysis of African Development Theories

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State, Society, and Strategy of Economic Development: Analysis of African Development Theories