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The Hindu-Arabic Number System | Matematickcom Official | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: The Hindu-Arabic Number System
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Core Theme
The Hindu-Arabic numeral system, originating in ancient India and spread globally, revolutionized mathematics through its use of place value and a base-10 system, becoming the foundation of modern arithmetic.
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Today we're diving into the fascinating
world of the Hindu Arabic number system.
The very system that forms the
foundation of the numerals we use every
day. So what exactly is the Hindu Arabic
number system? Well, it all started long
ago with mathematicians in India who
developed these numerals. Persian and
Arabic scholars called them Hindu
numerals. And when Arab merchants
introduced them to Europe, they became
known as Arabic numerals. Pretty
interesting, right? The Hindu Arabic
numeral system is unique because it's
one of the few systems that uses place
value. This system revolutionized
mathematics by making addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and
division much easier and more practical.
The symbols 0 to 9 are called digits and
the base is 10. Developed from counting
on fingers. Fun fact, the word digit
actually comes from the Latin word for fingers.
fingers.
In this system, positional values are
based on powers of 10.
For example, the number 434 can be
written in expanded form as 4 * 10 to
the power of 2 + 3 * 10 ^ of 1 + 4 * 10
to the power of 0. Easy, right?
But how did these numerals evolve? Let's
take a journey through time. The symbols
we know today didn't appear in Europe
until the 15th century, but their
history goes back much further. One
important source of information on this
topic is the writer Alberuni. Alberuni,
a scholar born in modern-day
Usuzbekiststan, visited India several
times and documented their number
system. To trace these origins, we go
back to the 3rd century B.CE and the
Brahmi numerals.
The full Hindu Arabic numeral system
emerged by the 8th to 9th centuries and
is first described outside India in Alquarism's
Alquarism's
on the calculation with Hindu numerals
and Alkindi's four volume work on the
use of the Indian numerals.
The Brahmy numerals were quite complex
with separate symbols for numbers 1
through 9, 10, 100, 1,000 and more. Over
centuries, these evolved into various forms.
forms.
One significant path of evolution led
through the Gupta numerals during the
Gupta dynasty's rule in the 4th to 6th
centuries. These eventually transformed
into the Nagari numerals by the 11th
century. And guess what? By this time,
the symbol for zero had appeared.
These numerals were adopted by the Arabs
during the 8th century who played a
crucial role in spreading them across
the world including Spain. [Music]
Finally, this figure shows various forms
of these numerals as they developed and
eventually converged to the 15th century
in Europe.
The adoption in Europe was gradual. The
first Arabic numerals appeared in the
codeex vigilantis in 976.
Then in 1202, Fibonacci promoted them
with his book Liber Abbachi after
The invention of the printing press in
the 15th century helped popularize these
numerals. By 1512, they appeared in
their modern form in Ju Ortega's
arithmetic book. And in 1549, Juand de
Isar's arithmetica practica used the
correct modern sequence.
Over the last few centuries, the
European version of Arabic numerals
spread globally, becoming the most
commonly used numeral system worldwide.
Before we wrap up, let's look at a quick
comparison with other numeral systems.
For instance, Roman numerals which use
letters and have no place value can be
much more cumbersome for calculations
compared to our Hindu Arabic system. And
how about a quick exercise? Try
converting this Roman numeral to Hindu
Arabic. Pause the video if you need to.
Got it? It's 24.
So there you have it. The incredible
journey of the Hindu Arabic number
system from ancient India to modern
times, transforming mathematics along
the way. Thanks for watching. See you
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