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Modernization in Latin America_ Russia_ and China Session # 1

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hello welcome to World civilizations

since

1500 now today we're starting the sixth

topic of the course which is titled

modernization in Latin America Russia

and China so what we're going to be

doing in this topic is looking at now uh

profound

Transformations taking place

outside of the region where uh initially

modernization emerged in history which

was uh Western Europe uh Western Europe

and uh North America the United States

um those were the initial regions where

we see the kind of changes that we

talked about in the past you know like

for example the rise of capitalism the

Industrial Revolution uh the emergence

of um Democratic political systems uh

based on representative government for

example secularism and the like uh so we

examine those ideas previously u in the

fourth Topic in the age of revolutions

and in the fifth topic what we did was

to look at how during this uh process or

phenomenon uh known as imperialism or

colonialism that Europe was embarked

upon as they were moving into different

areas of the globe uh the Europeans will

take some of those ideas of modernity uh

into different areas you know the areas

that they um uh penetrated uh with their

trading companies for example

establishing a series of colonies in the

Western Hemisphere and also in other

parts of the globe like Africa you know

the Indian subcontinent the Middle East

and the Far East uh although they were

embarked upon a process of colonization

in order to extract uh natural resources

and labor out of those societies and

regions they were at the same time

bringing in uh Western culture Western

ideas or what is called Western

Civilization uh some of which again uh

were based on the ideas of individualism

and capitalism or capitalist Enterprise

what is called modernity for example you

know they were you know introducing

Educational Systems in order to bring in

things like science and technology to

different regions and the like they were

trying to spread in other words European

civilization around the world now what

we're going to be doing here uh in this

topic we can just go to our

outline again this is uh the six topic

modernization Latin America Russia and

China what we're going to be doing here

is now to to look at other regions

outside of the Homeland so to speak of

modernity to look how other regions are

going to uh set themselves on the course

modernity there will

be new nations for example uh arising in

Latin America something that we're going

to cover particularly in this session as

we'll see uh that wanted to emulate

imitate for example the kind of changes

that were taking place in Western Europe

and also in North America and they were

also trying to modernize their societies

their

economies uh in Europe itself uh in the

Eastern section of Europe um we're going

to see Russia trying to also catch up

with the West uh although Russia is of

course part of Europe uh it was really

Western Europe that modernized initially

you know countries like Great Britain

you know uh France Holland Germany for

example and Russia will also uh try to

push uh the project of modernity forward

and we're also going to look at that

particularly when we move into session

two we're going to get to see uh how

Russia was trying to to catch up with

the West as well uh and in the Far East

there will be China that is also viewing

with great interest the kind of changes

taking place in the west and they

themselves try to modernize in their

unique way um and this is something that

we're also going to assess particularly

as we're moving into session three of

this topic all right so as the table of

contents

show

the way we're going to approach this

topic is that uh initially we're going

to offer a general

introduction to this topic and this is

going to f Focus primarily on modernity

itself now we cover of course um the

revolutions that brought modernity in

the four topic you know we looked at the

intellectual uh scientific uh

revolutions the economic political and

so on we're not going to repeat that

we're just going to

synthesize uh what we have covered and

we're going to put it in a different

context in other words how other

societies for example Latin America

Russia and China were trying to catch up

with the West what exactly were they

looking at in the west that they tried

to accomplish themselves again uh they

werey trying to incorporate what is

often called the Western Paradigm in

other words it was trying to westernize

you know but what is again the Western

Paradigm this is something that we're

going to cover initially in the first uh

half of the session before we move into

uh part one itself um which is going to

cover Latin America

okay so uh this region um as we had kind

of explored in the past was colonized by

Spain we're going to deal with that

quite briefly uh Latin America before

independence to look at the world as it

was in other words the world before

modernity and how uh with the process of

Independence and the formation of new

nations we're going to see the birth of

course uh of uh liberal uh regimes that

try to catch up with uh Europe in North

America trying to transform uh their

economies trying to form new countries

that will be considered modern uh part

two something we're going to cover in

session

two is going to pay attention to

modernity modernization in Russia as as

I explained again this is a an Empire

you

know by the standards of uh of the day

uh that that was very much trapped in a

feudal order despite the fact that

England Germany Holland France were you

know industrializing and

modernizing um and at some point once we

get into the 19th century particularly

the second half of the 19th century the

Russian Empire tried to change and they

tried to change very rapidly and they

were trying to industrialized and they

were trying to pretty much transform

also uh their economies particularly the

economy and trying to also create the

kind of system that was prevalent in the

west we're going to get to see that as

well and part three will devote to look

at China again this is a trading empire

we have been examining China almost

since the beginning of the course and

also uh the Imperial government of China

uh was trying at the same time that was

you know trying to promote uh exports

and trade trying to

agriculture at some point uh

particularly as we're moving into the

19th century uh uh the Chinese Imperial

government was looking with great

interest at the economic particularly

the material benefits of

industrialization not building things

like railroads and modernizing their

ports uh perhaps even bringing some

Industries and the like again they were

trying to get those benefits and we're

going to see the kind of policies that

they implemented uh well into the uh

first part of the 20th century when

China was trying to rapidly modernize

and trying to catch up with the West

again so we're going to be looking at

out all those uh processes uh in this uh

in this topic okay all right so let us

start then

with the general introduction as I

explain this is essential because

otherwise uh we're not going to

understand stand what was really

significant for nonwestern

Societies in terms of them trying to

achieve the kind of changes that Western

Europe and North America were going

through how do we identify how do we

describe modernity in other words what

modernity and this exactly again how the

West

particularly uh Western Europe and North

America is now uh reformulating itself

as we're approaching for example uh

particularly the 19th century and beyond

again uh the west or what is called

Western Civilization is really now

centered on what is called modernity you

know they're entering now the modern era

the modern world in other societies were

also trying to modernize and enter the

modern world and they were trying to

leave behind their uh ancestral past

particularly their feudal past so they

were trying to change so let us identify

then the main components of this uh

Western

Paradigm so we have a very clear notion

of what other societies were trying to

accomplish and there are going to be two

key issues yeah uh that will be the kind

of axis again of the modernizing project

and the project of modernity okay number

one and this is one of the central

pillars again that most societ is even

to this very present day I should noce

again it should be noted that even today

there are countries that are still

trying to modernize as well you know

they're called the developing countries

they're trying to develop their

economies so one of the central pillars

of modernity is what is called Economic

Development okay trying to develop the

economy okay what does that mean what

that means is that as the West began to

formulate a whole

new economic system uh centered on

individual ownership of property for

example you know the idea of free

enterprise free

markets remember again this is a

transition that started in England with

the English Civil War uh we talked about

that you know the economy was moving now

towards the market and profits for

example the creation of Enterprises Etc

uh the enclosure movement the enclosure

of lands you know to make the land of

course a business to make it productive

uh for capitalist you know development

to build wealth to make money in other

words okay um at the same time uh one of

the most profitable Enterprises that

flourish particularly as we're moving

into the 1700s was industry you know

factories manufacturing particularly

steel uh railroads for example coal

mining textile

manufacturing um and this is going to

include of course things like Finance as

well banking for example okay as well

and that really created a whole new

economic system based on once again

ownership of property then using the

property to create a business or an

Enterprise whether it was a factory a

shop and so on manufacturing PL so

on Commercial agriculture at the same

time um

and that also

entail um the

transformation of society in terms of uh

building things like modern

Transportation Systems know railroads

you know canals and the

like and also uh that

entail um what is called wage labor okay

what that means is that well there will

be people that didn't have the

wherewithal the capital to buy property

start a business and so what they did

was to uh trade or sell their labor for

a wage and this was also Central again

in the emergence of capitalism and also

the Industrial

Revolution wage labor okay so people are

trying to build wealth in various ways

one will be of course to produce

something for the market to manufacture

it and the other was to sell the labor

you know by actually producing that

product in an Enterprise like a factory

a mine and so on okay a business and so

okay now this is a whole new economy

that left the feudal system of uh Europe

uh in the past you know particularly

where capitalism was flourishing England

that the Homeland really of capitalism

and the Industrial Revolution and from

there it started spreading into other

areas of Europe uh like uh Holland

Germany France and of course North

America so we see a whole new way of

reorganizing Society you know around

capitalist

relationships what people are moving

towards the market to make

profits uh and the way people are

relating to one another is through the

payment of wages as well we hire people

to get things done in other words okay

this is a whole new system again of

social relationships as well this is no

longer the feudal system of landlord and

peasant in which there are mutual

obligations there are Patron client

relationships the Lord protector of the

people receives tribute in terms again

of crops and so on a statement for the

protection again so there's Mutual

obligation on both sides those

relationships are being abandoned

altogether and they're being replaced by

capless relationships in which people

come together to uh get things done in

society uh through the payment of wages

or salaries and so on again you know we

hire people with skills with expertise

and so on to get things

done now with within uh this new

emerging economic

system came with it of course

Innovation okay the innovation of new

technologies uh this is Central to the

Industrial Revolution as I explained you

know the idea that now machines are

replacing human labor we see the

invention of the uh several types of

machineries for example the steam engine

uh weaving spinning machines and so on

and that really accelerate the pace of

production which created really an

industrial revolution the Machine Age so

we see the birth the Advent of modern

technology uh modern science and again

the infusion of new ideas the

development of uh new type of

Technologies Machinery Etc this is going

to further and accelerate the

acceleration of the process of

industrial expansion

okay so this is what is called Economic

Development how do we develop an economy

well

we build a capless system we try to move

away from the feudal system of the past

based on agriculture the control of the

land by land

owners receiving rents again from uh the

commoner class peasants and so on and

again you have to be moving out towards

the market you have to create a whole

new system based on wealth generation

and wealth creation you know making

money in other words profits and this is

again what uh is considered Economic

Development how do we develop an economy

Etc again through capitalism in other

words you know that was the

idea you develop the economy because you

will create hundreds if not thousands of

new businesses and people through those

Enterprises will will be accumulating

wealth you're going to see the standards

of living rising and with that uh levels

of Education will also rise as well

there will be more uh schools more

universities people are pursuing their

own um future their own self-interest

and they're trying to receive education

skills in order to receive higher wages

and the like again so what we see is a

society that is being developed

economically in that way is increasing

and growing economically again this is

Central to what is called

modernity so it's Central again

initially to build capitalism and of

course industry investing in modern

science technology was Central

now by the late 18th century as this

process emerged initially in England

there will be certain philosophers SL

Scholars

that kind of put together in a sense a

theory of economic development in other

words this is not just something that

was

occurring in a improvised fashion in

England but rather uh what Scholars were

trying to do is is trying to explain

what was really happening in a kind of

theoretical way in a theoretical work

that this was part of an unorganized

system in other words okay uh and again

this is going to be uh giving rise to

new terms this is when people began to

identify the phenomenon of this new

economy as something called for example

capitalism or as as the kind of the

father of the theory of capitalism Adam

Smith came to term it as uh he called it

laces Fair economics or also it was

called uh economic liberalism once again

so capitalism uh was known by various

names okay and particularly when Adam

Smith was writing his uh book you know

this is a a very exhaustive presentation

of this new emerging system uh he called

his uh work The Wealth of

Nations um he's looking with great

interest at the Industrial Revolution

taking place in Britain which he called

the British miracle I mean for him it

was miraculous again the Industrial

Revolution you know the invention of the

machines the coming of the Machine age

you know railroads and the like you know

how

this new science modern science was

really creating miracles in other words

and those Miracles were being put to use

in the economy and for him uh this is

really transforming Human Society it was

giving rise to A Whole New World a whole

new civilization alog together so he was

really really interested in studying

this new economic system and trying to

give it a name and trying to explain how

it worked so so again so he called

capitalism initially uh economic

liberalism or lasis Fair economics in

this book The Wealth of

Nations why did he call it like that

well

because he's really coming out from the

enlightenment you know this

philosophical Revolution that occurred

in Europe particularly in the 18th

century uh that gave us the philosophies

of of uh liberalism you know uh

representative government democracy for

example human rights Etc equality for

example you know all of the things that

today uh modern systems of government

consider Central uh to the ways that

human societies have to be organized in

other words okay uh it again the idea is

that uh human beings function best when

they're set

free in the world world to determine

their own lives to determine their own

Futures okay so there again uh the

enlightenment created liberalism this is

really the byproduct of the

Enlightenment and the idea is that the

the the thinkers the philosophers of the

Enlightenment were really trying to

break away from the chains of the past

that kept human being confined you know

to play a very spe specific role in

society without much growth economic

growth intellectual growth Etc so what

kept really human beings down in other

words well institutions such as monarchy

for example you know the

aristocracy privilege uh and the church

the monopolies of the church trying to

educate the masses in a specific way so

uh so the masses will know their place

in other words in society convincing

them that this is the way that God had

ordain you know the world he had ordered

the world in such a way that everybody

had to stay in their place again so they

were trying to break away from that and

they started creating liberal ideas you

know liberal uh uh ideas regarding for

example freedom of thought you know free

thinking for example you know uh

liberating Educational Systems from the

power of the church and so on uh and

they were trying to gain a voice in the

state you know the right vote for

example representation in government as

well by the masses uh and in the economy

this is what Adam Smith was much

concerned about is that Adam Smith was

also applying the liberal ideas of the

Enlightenment into the economy as well

proposing that human beings function

best when they're set free to pursue

their

self-interest to pursue their

self-interest so we need to to set the

economy free and this is why it's called

economic liberalism or laces Fair

economics lais fair means hands off

lasis fair means hands off in other

words from who well from from the state

or from the monarchy so instead of the

monarchy trying to plan and manage the

economy trying to create policies that

will restrict economic transaction

ctions limit trade that instead uh what

Adam Smith is proposing is that we're

moving into a new era in which in this

new era what we call capitalism in other

words uh what we're moving into is into

a system in which we're liberating

Society from those shackles so to speak

that were separating the state from the

economy it's almost like separating

church and state but in this case is

separating the state and economy in

other words that they should you know

function independently again this is

hands off in other words that you know

the state shouldn't be playing a key

role in the

economy it should be guiding it again

maybe providing certain you know rules

and so on uh for the game but you should

allow in other words the people uh the

citizens to pursue their own selfish

interest because ultimately when each

individual is pursuing

his or her own selfish interest

everybody will benefit again this is

what Adam Smith is proposing okay um so

you want to be let's say a baker and

you're pursuing that interest and by

pursuing that interest by pursuing that

path you will find a way to either get

the skills to bake for example uh and

you will work in order to save money

invest it so you can buy a shop

equipment and you open up your own

business and by doing what you want to

do pursuing your own self-interest uh

Society will benefit from that you will

offer a good product in other words you

will offer them you know good bread and

you know cakes Etc pastries you name it

whatever you're you're creating and the

same applies with everything else again

so this is what he suggesting so again

he's calling for uh pre markets you know

that we should open the Market to be

free for people to create all kinds of

businesses what that entails of course

is to allow people to own property again

it's very essential I mean this is again

the basis of capitalism private property

so you need a free market economy again

you need to allow people to participate

in the market quite freely to pursue

their own self-interest so they will

produce something for other people in

the process and of course that entails

also allowing people to create all kinds

of businesses what it's called free

enterprise people will create businesses

that will

uh Express their skills their uh

talents uh their Devotion to

work and the idea is that they have to

be in control of their own Enterprise as

well again so the owner of the

Enterprise is pretty much setting policy

you know how much you want to produce

again it's up to you it's up to the

owner that's what it's called free

enterprise that the state is not really

dictating is not really telling you what

to produce how many units and so on

again that is what's called Free

Enterprise in other words is totally

owned Again by um by the person in

charge you know the actual owner of the

business okay now in The Wealth of

Nations uh Adam Smith introduced uses

the idea that he had discovered a

natural law again this is Central to the

Enlightenment and the Scientific

Revolution you know the idea that there

are laws of nature that nature is like a

clock in other words like mechanical

clock and is very orderly is programmed

to function in a very precise way those

are the laws of nature and scientists

are looking to discover the laws of

nature well Adam Smith believed that he

had discover one of those laws and those

laws govern the

economy and he called that law the

invisible

hand that when you set the economy free

and there are no restrictions by the

state you know the economy is in the

hands of The Producers Merchants

manufacturers Artisans and so on they

are the ones in charge of the economy

when that occurs then you create a kind

of Natural Balance he said again I this

is his own Theory okay and this Natural

Balance is kept by the Invisible Hand of

nature because we entered into harmony

with nature when people don't feel

restricted when we're following our own

path our own talents uh our own

interests therefore we create a balance

you know that this is how balance is

maintained in the economy ter of for

example prices you know how prices are

kept balanced well there's a supply and

demand okay people demand a certain

product and if there's a supply of that

product then you establish a certain

price how prices go up and down well if

the supply is scarce then the price goes

up because again there's a limited

amount of goods that can be produced to

supply the demand and so on when the

supply exceeds the demand the prices go

down and so on and so he sees that as a

kind of natural law again uh the law of

Nature and he called it the Invisible

Hand by the way okay now he calls his

work The Wealth of Nations because in a

sense this is a work that is almost like

a an announcement to the

world then people around the world are

going to be reading his work and no the

idea was

that what he's actually proposing is

that to build wealth a wealthy Nation

again this is a message to all the

nations of the world what he's actually

saying to them is that look you know if

you want your nation to develop to

achieve development what is called

Economic Development you need to

implement capitalism or a lasis fair

economy okay where you allow again

people to own property you open the

market you create free

enterprise and uh you set free the

economy to function on its own in other

words okay but most

importantly what he's also proposing is

that in order for a country to be

wealthy that Country Must also

industrialize as well it was not enough

to allow private property and free

enterprise okay it was also essential

for a country to build wealth to

industrialize factories for example

railroads and the like again that that

was going to

generate massive

fortunes for that Society because that

Society will be very and very highly

productive again this is in sharp

contrast with the kind of economic

systems of the past you know in the past

you know how economies were formed and

this is something we have been

discussing pretty much across uh the

semester is that uh before the IND

Revolution all economies were

agricultural economies so what Adam

Smith is saying is that although

agriculture has still some value I mean

he's not really trying to abolish it we

still need agriculture we need food for

example we need grain we need cash crops

Etc yeah but this idea that your entire

National economy is going to be based on

agricultural production he said we don't

we need to move away from that because

what happens when you have a bad year

okay what happens when you have you

know uh crop failures droughts when you

have um plagues for instance you know

what happens when you have those

calamities

well the economy will stall and it will

not recover until the Calamity subsides

that might take a season that might take

a year maybe a decade so what Adam Smith

is saying if you want the economy to

continue producing to keep jobs for

example and wages and to keep uh uh

opening up markets and so on you need

industry you need Machinery you need

modern science you need technology you

need railroads you need factories again

this is what is going to create wealth

The Wealth of Nations again so this was

really again uh a kind of message to the

world that we are entering a new era

that it was important to modernize it

was important to transform uh human

societies through capitalism and of

course he's also talking about the

division of labor you know that because

of this new economic system capitalism

and Industrial Revolution people will

eventually develop different

skills you know and they will divide

themselves into classes in other words

okay like the working class will be

people that you know simply operate the

machines uh they choose he said to just

stay in that level you know as simply uh

operating the machines and providing of

course physical labor in Industries Etc

there will be people that will be

educating themselves acquiring

specialized knowledge skills they will

be moving into training schools

vocational schools universities and that

knowledge will be more

rewarding they will earn higher wages

and they will become part of the middle

class the professional managerial class

in other words okay and again he really

believed that this was the natural

order of life you know that eventually

what capitalism was going to do is

divide Society into different social

classes because people will be pursuing

different paths you know for progress in

other words okay so again this is really

what he's suggesting you know we need to

industrialize and we need to uh also uh

form a society that will naturally

divide into different social classes the

working class the middle class and of

course the upper class will be the

owners of the means of production the

owners of industry in other words

okay now having said that it's very

important to note that uh this kind of

system you know capitalism in other

words even though it flourished in Great

Britain um took different uh characters

in different countries now this is not

going to be a kind of one-size fitall

kind of system in which every country

that adopted capitalism you know carried

out capitalism and industrialization in

the exact same way and and this is very

true today as well so what occurred is

that although capitalism began to spread

into different areas of the West it took

it took on different characteristics so

we see the emergence of different types

of what is called National capitalisms

in other words so there are different

types again of capitalism based on the

kind of country the kind of social

situation in which it flourished for

example in Great Britain again this is

the home of

capitalism um if you recall in previous

discussions you know when we talked

about the age of revolutions

particularly the English Civil War there

was a struggle of course between the new

merch merch class um that wanted reform

they wanted private property in the old

feudal order you know there was a landed

aristocracy the the the nobility for

example that were just sitting there

collecting rants from the commoners uh

and eventually that led to the Civil War

the English Civil War again in the uh

1640s now the landed aristocracy was

defeated

but it was not abolished okay what we

see is that what in England took place

is that we see a new

class a new class of merchants uh

financers industrialist that together

became known as the new liberal

Bazi again the they are the owners of

the means of production they own the

financial institution

they own the industries the factories

for example the trading companies and

the like and together they constituted a

new kind of elite uh that was

characterized as an industrial Elite the

owners of industry and the owners of

Finance as

well they control manufacturing trade

overseas as they're moving into the

Indian Ocean and other regions of the

world um and of course railroads as

well now even though they won the Civil

War as I mentioned they're not going to

abolish the land of aristocracy they

form an economic and even a political

alliance with the

aristocracy they're going to come

together they're going to merge their

interest in other words you know the old

nobility even though they stayed you

know as landlords in other words uh

they're forming economic alliances with

this new industrial Financial Elite and

they both constituted pretty much a

united front particularly when they saw

that the working class again remember

this is what Adam Smith said inevitably

there will be different classes and we

have a working class

below uh that was agitating and they're

confronting the big Capital class for

example the they're organizing and so on

and both the aristocracy and the new

buasi came together particularly because

they needed to kind of maintain that uh

privilege system in other words of

entitlements to land for example but

also entitlements to Capital and they

both come together to suppress labor in

other words so this is the kind of

capitalism we see in Great Britain again

it is really an alliance between the new

the newa rich the new rich and the old

money the old landed aristocracy and

they're forming of course a kind of

national capitalism in Britain in France

we see quite something different here in

that in France during the French

Revolution there was also a clash

between the capist Bui you know the new

Merchant class the new Rich the newva

rich against the nobility and the

monarchy you know that produced the

French Revolution we talked about that

in the

past now here uh the new vui is not

going to reach out to the nobility and

build an alliance with them again

because this was a far more violent and

bloody

conflict um and the nobility was

persecuted in many cases in France again

many of them actually fled France and

they moved it to other areas of

Europe instead what the new new

capitalist class in France did was to

reach out to small producers the petty

buasi as they were called the petty

producers you know they form an alliance

with Artisans Craftsman and Traders you

know it's like really uh the lower

middle class so to speak and they

together took over France uh and France

will remain not

necessarily a highly industrialized

Society the way Great Britain was

controlled by big capitalists of course

and big Finance

seers this is again a society in which

uh small producers and the capitalist

are running the country so therefore for

the most part France will remain still

largely rural in Agricultural Center

okay you know people in the countryside

are pretty much in control of their own

Enterprises their businesses for example

and the agricultural sector continues to

be Cent control uh in France as well you

know producing things like cotton silk

and of course the industrialist uh

control metal production you know steel

plants and so on metalurgy as well so

again uh in France we're not going to

see the kind of Industrial Revolution

that we saw in Britain the big capitals

for example big industrialists this is

more like a society of small producers

okay and the big capitalist of course uh

are running of course uh businesses

Enterprises abroad they're moving into

Africa you know we talked about that you

know um in Germany the situation is also

quite different this is another kind of

national uh capitalism in that here

we're not going to see the dominance the

prominence of an industrial capitalist

class indeed the landed nobility will

remain sup Supreme okay uh they're

called the junkers the junkers were

really the large land doners that really

go back centuries into the past running

a feudal system and what we see is a

mixture of capitalism and

feudalism this is really a hybrid in

which yes you know Germany is

industrializing you know they're

building industrial plants and

industries and the like but the

industrial are not dominant in the

economy the large land owners are

they're controlling the state they're

controlling policy again um and uh this

is uh so because the industrialist face

significant opposition by the first and

foremost the working class who was

becoming very organized in Germany we

see the formation of syndicates and

unions for example confronting the

industrialists and also the landlords so

again this is not to say that the

landlords and the workers are together

in an alliance but again there are

different forces that are trying to

compete for the control of the state and

ultimately the landed nobility end up

winning again so again the industrialist

are secondary and the nobility the old

nobility is

really primary keep that in mind because

this is going to be important as we're

going to be discussing Latin America and

Russia you know particularly you know

what kind of capitalism they're going to

implement you know are are we talking

about big Capital big Industries and so

on finance years dominating the process

or you know our landlords are still

going to be dominating the process as

well again in the US what we see is

quite a different scenario we see the

introduction of

capitalism very early on in the the US

North particularly the

Northeast uh we see the process of an

industrial revolution starting around

1816 the Northeast is industrializing

textile manufacturing railroads and so

on coal mines iron ore and so on uh and

what we see is really uh uh the division

of the country between two sections uh

in the north we see Industries

manufacturing you know what it's called

a commercial e economy capitalism and in

the South what we see is still feudalism

you know a society dominated by

plantation owners who are growing cotton

for the industries by the use of slave

labor so there's going to be inevitably

a struggle for power between two main

groups very powerful by the way uh on

one hand the northern manufacturers who

are trying to dominate policy in the US

and in the South the feudal

landowners the the planter class who are

also very wealthy I mean uh one can say

that the Planters were perhaps even

wealthier than the manufacturers and

they were exercising significant

influence in the US Congress by lobbying

and so on to protect slavery and that

led to the Civil War again just like in

England there was a war and also in

France the revolution here we're also

seeing of course A Clash of forces

between the neoliberal order based on

capitalism in industry and the all

feudal order based on slavery in the

South so the Civil War itself really

opened up the opportunities to create a

new liberal bouro as well you know the

rise of an industrial Elite that will

emerge triumphant and dominant in the

economy why why is it that the Civil War

provided that opening well is because

during the Civil War you know the

federal government actually needed

Industries to

produce uh things like weapons for

example

Transportation uniforms Etc uh Munitions

uh loans and that required of course

Merchants who had been running of course

small businesses to create massive again

Enterprises to the point that they're

going to create create what today in

history are known as big businesses in

other words the rise of big business you

know huge monopolies in other words okay

uh people like for example JP Morgan

that provided again Finance Loans to the

union again and also selling you know uh

uniforms for the troops and the like uh

vanderville providing transportation

services and he control the canals

across the north um and to move troops

to me to move supplies and food uh and

John D Rockefeller of course controlling

the oil industry selling oil as well so

uh in the end the feudal

uh landlords of the US South were

defeated and what we see is the

supremacy of an industrial Elite that

will dominate now uh the capitalist

economy of the United States again

through big businesses and trusts

monopolies and the like again so this is

a whole different of course uh type of

capitalism now the other pillar uh of

modernity are the liberal ideas of the

Enlightenment again I'm not going to

repeat everything I mentioned uh back

during the age of revolutions just to

kind of re recap what we discussed and

that is again the liberal ideas of the

Enlightenment were trying to create new

systems of government uh based on

representation what is called liberal

democracy you know granting people a say

in the system the right to vote uh a

Bill of Rights for example and so on

again so this is also Central that as

other societies are trying to modernize

the other issue besides the economy was

the issue of the political system you

know trying to build a democracy for

example you know this idea of equality

you know trying to provide of course

equal representation under the law for

all citizens and also a certain degree

of economic equality again and to the

point that people have access for

example to education resources jobs and

the like again this is something that

also regimes governments around the

world are concerned when they're talking

about Mo modernity you know this idea of

secularism separating church and state

trying to secular secularize for example

uh education

for people to receive scientific

training scientific education math

Sciences physics for engineering for

this new world that they're trying to

build in other words okay so then this

is the modernizing uh project you know

that um other societies are trying to

emulate and at the same time westerners

are trying to spread those ideas around

the world you know when they talk about

spreading Western Civilization they're

mainly talking about for example the

idea of spreading capitalism you know um

spreading uh the Industrial Revolution

modern science technology and the

liberal ideas of the Enlightenment okay

and one of the first regions that we're

going to see an attempt to incorporate

all of those issues what we call

modernity uh was Latin America okay this

is a considered a nonwestern uh region

you know when we mean about nonwestern

we mean

about not necessarily uh geographical of

course region but rather cultural region

that this is not a region that was

culturally connected to uh Western

Europe in the US again it it really

comes from a whole different cultural

mindset cultural background altogether

very

distinct um and so uh Latin America will

be one of those regions that were was

trying to reamp their societies to build

new economic systems and even political

systems uh that will mirror the kind of

systems that we just

described that Great Britain

particularly and the US uh were

implementing you know Great Britain and

the US will become the kind of like the

role models for virtually most Nations

around the world to uh adopt this

new system called modernity

okay so let us talk about Latin America

and I explain uh we need to begin with

first and foremost l America before

modernization what we called the world

as it was before modernity okay the

world as it was

okay so modernity will begin to take

place in Latin America in the 19th

century but it was struggling so much to

modernize because of its Colonial

Legacy this is why I spent some time

talking about National capitalisms you

know in Britain Germany France and the

us there was a struggle in other words

to modernize those societies a clash and

so on between the feudal order and the

new capitalist order for example and the

same holds true for every country around

the world that has been trying to

modernize you know including Latin

America Latin America was struggling

with its Colonial

Legacy okay the colonial Legacy of Latin

America this is a region that was um

conquered by the Spanish Empire we cover

that in the past you know and in the

1500s early

1500s the Spaniards uh develop a series

of colonies through Conquest

particularly they topple a series of

Empires like the astics and the Incas

for example and other Native American

groups the Mayas and the

like and in this process of the

conquest the Spaniards implemented a

colonial World a colonial society that

mirrored the kind of world that existed

back in Spain no during this time Spain

still was a feudal

society it was a society controlled by

the monarchy by the church in the

aristocracy a landed Elite

and it was a society that was in many

ways transplanted into the new world

there were many elements in other words

of Spanish feudal society that were

transplanted into the American

colonies which they control

okay for

example they

transplanted the system of a landed

Elite that was prevalent back in

Spain it was a system in

which Spain the king of Spain who was

really the Supreme owner of the real in

other words shared some of the land with

people that provided valuable services

to the crow particularly military

services fighting for example in Spain

you know will be individ

uals Knights for example fighting the

Moors the Arabs trying to expel them out

of the Iberian Peninsula they're known

as The Conquistadors the conquerors of

territories on behalf of the crown

carrying the cross with them fighting

for Christianity for example well that

kind of idea got transplanted into the

new world what we see is we see also the

arrival of military figures like Cortez

and pisaro among others that are coming

with that mindset that they're fighting

for the crown and for the church to

conquer new lands and the idea is that

if you do that you get rewarded you're

being given a land

grant okay uh just back in Spain you

know if you conquered new lands on

behalf of the king you'll be given of

course the opportunities to become a

landlord okay that was the reward you're

rewarding that kind of service and

loyalty so the Conquistadors are also

coming with that idea

and here in the new world those land

grants became known as the encomenda

again this is really a large tract of

land in which the Conquistador will

control on behalf of the king and the

Conquistador was given access to the

tribute paid by the natives you know the

natives will have to pay tribute to the

landlord in other words as the encomenda

of course uh the Conquistador or the

encomendero again will have to protect

the population and make sure that they

convert to Christianity that was the

idea again the

trade back in Spain also the church was

a large landowner as well they also

control large tracks of land because

there was an alliance between the

monarchy and the church in this process

of the

reconquest and that process was

transplanted into the new world as well

in terms of when the church church was

given the mission to move into the new

world it was given the mission to move

into the new world in order to spread

Christianity among the natives and to

create a Catholic identity for people to

accept the conquest to accept the new

ruling Elite in other words the

Spaniards you know to Foster obedience

and loyalty to the crown and you know

the colonial institutions and the like

telling people that this is the way that

God God had ordained the world in other

words okay so because they had a very

important mission to

fulfill the church was at the same time

given access to

resources uh or lands you know this is

something that the

crown U did by emitting an edict uh this

is like a piece of legislation a decree

in other words emitted by the crown that

was other known as the Mercedes land

grants you know what that meant is that

the church will be given access to huge

tracks of land for the church to control

to build missions for example

monasteries uh churches and the like

convents and so on you know uh to

christianize the

natives and they will use the land as

they f did they will also request the

natives to pay tribute to them as

well and the Native Americans that live

within the church land

grants however uh the indigenous

populations were granted a certain

degree of autonomy for them to continue

controlling their own lands that was

part of this decree the Mercedes or mer

Mercedes is land grants okay that

although the church is becoming a major

land owner in the new world and what is

called Spanish

America the indigenous populations that

live within those Church lands that pay

tribute to the church in labor crops Etc

they're they are in control of their own

land as well and that allow for the

indigenous populations to uh perpetuate

in many ways their unique cultures and

traditions because they were self-

sustaining in other words they conducted

what was called subsistence farming they

were growing their own grain their own

crops and by doing that because they

were feeding themselves they had to of

course share part of the crop with the

land owner with the church and so on pay

tribute and the like but that kind of

autonomy the the control of their own

village lands uh created the

opportunities for them

to continue their cultures and

traditions again that really created

cultural continuity in other words

cultural Independence among the Native

American

population and the natives were happy

with that I mean this is an

overstatement you know this is not to

say that they were happy with the

situation that they were conquered by

any stretch of the

imagination but to a certain degree the

fact that they were still in control of

their own cultures was very very

significant for them okay uh they were

required to pay tribute they were

required to convert but as far as their

own Traditions their own languages and

their own beliefs they continue to

perpetuate those inside of the village

in other words because they control

those land Holdings and the church kind

of protected that system as well they

found that system to be convenient for

all parties in other words that kept the

indigenous population to a certain

degree quote unquote content in other

words they had to provide tribute

however again this is a feudal society

in which uh the land owners you know the

Conquistadors um and the church are

simply there to collect rant in other

words they're just collecting tribute

from from the indigenous population from

the peasantry and the like so again this

is not really a capitalist economy based

on the market in other words okay

now we spoke about the great dying of

course there's uh epidemics particularly

small poox yellow fever measles Etc that

decimated the Native American population

about 90% from uh 1492 to 1650 uh of the

Native American population died

so what that required was the formation

of a new kind of system a new Enterprise

so to speak that will replace the

encomenda and so as we're moving into

the

1600s uh we're going to see the rise of

what is called the

Henda what is the Henda you know is

really a place in which uh people are uh

trying to produce for example

things like cattle you know for the

colonist you know the colonist the

Spanish colonist had really an

insatiable appetite for meat they had to

be fed and because there's a scarcity of

Labor because the Native American

population was dying in great numbers

well the Henda has to be brought in as a

new unit a new system of production in

which again we're going to see now large

tracks of land being owned by a single

individual the asend for example in

which uh all you require which is a hand

few of people to come in and tend cattle

for example because of the scarcity of

Labor you know cattle will be grazed and

raised and there will be Slaughter there

to provide meat to the surrounding

settlements and Villages and communities

that the Spanish were creating for

example overall as a whole

we can say that in this very early phase

colonization in this colonial Legacy

what we see is a very

paternalistic kind of system in which

the Conquistadors you know this colonial

Elite uh the Asados for example you know

the Conquistadors the land owners and

even the church they really sought

themselves as uh the father figure of

the people they are are taking care of

them in other words they're the

overseers the quote unquote Protectors

of the population and most people lived

in the countryside so this is a rural

Society again the vast majority of the

population are peasants they're working

the land they're growing crops uh and

they're paying tribute to a landlord

that in return the landlord landlord has

to provide protection you know this is

the kind of feudal system again that

existed before of course the arrival of

capitalism into Spanish America so this

is extremely important to

note that at some point during the

colonial period we're going to see the

gradual rise of capitalism again

capitalism is not going to just simply

appear in the 19th century uh in Latin

America it began to emerge very early on

you know in earlier times you know

during the colonial period and that

occurred around the mid

1600s we see the rise of capitalism the

early rise again this is not full-blown

capitalism this is really the early rise

when we see the rise of a market economy

in Spanish America a market economy

again this is now an economy moving

towards the market people are trying to

create something to make money profit

that's what capitalism is again markets

and profit okay not just controlling

land in order to collect

grants that's the fu system so we're

seeing now a market oriented economy and

that begins around the mid

1600s when suddenly around 1650 the

indigenous population be begins to

recover from the epidemics you know

there's going to be a rebound effect in

other words starting around 1650 and we

see a population boom all over Spanish

America not only because the indigenous

population was recovering it's also

because we see the emergence of what is

called mixed races as well again people

that have both European indigenous

ancestry or African

and Indigenous or African and European

Etc and what we see is now the rise of a

multiplicity of different

groups and with the rise of population

this is going to place an enormous

demands of essential goods and products

and they are colonist and they are in

need of clothing they are in need of

food uh shelter they're in need of

hardware tools Etc and the like so this

created a commercial revolution a

revolution in Commerce because yeah

there's a great demand for products and

Spain was unable to bring in and import

all of those products into her own

colony so at some point uh Spain the

mother country needed to open up the

economy in other words look you know we

need to open up the economy and allow

allow the economy to kind of flourish

and allow producers in other words uh to

create businesses and the like we need a

monetary system and the like we need to

allow that and what we see is the

formation of a new kind of quote

unquote capitalist type of Enterprise

and that is the commercial

Henda what is the commercial Henda was I

mentioned you know there were hias

already and those were just landed

States people were tending cattle you

know Etc you know to feed the

populations but now the Henda will be

the most important economic unit in

Spanish America in which everything that

the colonist the colonies require and

needed will be produced there okay so

this is a multifaceted type of

Enterprise it is really a combination of

a farm it is also a combination of a

cattle ranch and also a kind of a

factory as well I mean this is not

really the kind of factory we see in the

industrial revolution where there's

machines uh but there are Artisans that

are weaving or they're crafting you know

uh clothing items Etc Hardware

blacksmiths for example and so on a kind

of factory so still again we see the

major again uh uh unit of production the

hen owned by the asend the land owner

and we see of course a new class of

people you know that will start

dominating the Colonial economy they're

the first capitalist you know the Ascend

so to speak that are engaged in this

commercial revolution they're producing

you know the grain the food uh for the

colonist you know the grain is grown

there uh the Sheep cattle in the cattle

ranches Animal Farms within the asend as

well and also the clothing all the

textiles that are being sold in across

Spanish America once again are produced

in the commercial lendas you know other

kinds of Commodities like chocolate

leather dyes Etc are also manufactured

there what this led to was not just a

commercial revolution a revolution in

Commerce it also led to a new class of

people

producers Independent Producers who in

their own right they're going to become

also part of this new emerging

capitalist

class their middle class producers and

they're not centered in the major cities

of Spanish America they're centered in

the small towns particularly in the

provinces you know they're the

provincial

Elites again they constitute really a

middle class unto themselves like

artisans for example they have their own

shop in their own homes and they're

trying to manufacture something for the

market outside of the Henda again there

are Artisans doing that as well they're

independent cattle ranchers as well

ceasing land trying to also grow cattle

for the market and also shopkeepers as

well again in the small towns scattered

across Spanish America so this is

important because this is really Paving

the road for capitalism you know in uh

Spanish America in in which we're not

only see seeing the emergence of a new

economic system based on markets and

profits and of course a series of

producers emerging out of this but also

a new kind of identification that people

are no longer identified as members of

their cast

you know we talked about the cats system

in the past you know that's the colonial

Legacy of Spain dividing the colonist

along racial categories and identities

for example separating them

Etc although people continue to see

themselves in that light somebody might

say I'm indigenous for example I'm

native and so on so forth you know or

I'm a creole because my parents are

Spaniards so you know and so on yeah

it's true but now people are are

identifying themselves as a member of a

Class A social class okay mightbe middle

class might be an upper class for

example or working class so again we see

a class system now that is slowly but

surely replacing the old feudal way of

identifying People based on cast or race

in other words so from racial identity

to class identity is taking

place in uh in Latin America

particularly as we're moving into the

1700s and the 1700s still uh created

further changes that advanced these

emerging capist

system this is happening in the early

part of the 1700s when we see a change

in the colonial administration of Spain

when we see the replacement of the old

hapsburg

Dynasty that had ruled Spain for

centuries and there were the ones

engaged in the conquest in the initial

process of colonization they were

replaced by a new Dynasty that was a

French Dynasty that is now going to rule

the Spanish Empire they were known as

the Bourbons okay the bourbon

Dynasty and the Bourbons come in and

they're trying to reamp the entire

Imperial

Administration they feel that the

hapsburgs were quite outdated and that

the colonies in the new world were not

really serving the true purpose that

they should serve in other words that

they should be productive and they

should benefit the mother country in

every possible way that there was this

very passive

paternalistic kind of system that was

still lingering again in Spanish America

that kept people pretty much in their

place and that they needed to kind of

Liberate the e economy in other words

set it free to a certain degree uh for

the economy to become even more

productive to build more more wealth so

the Bourbons implemented a series of

economic reforms were known as the

bourbon reforms and they were really key

to start really building the very first

uh Stepping

Stones uh towards uh a capless

system they introduced for examp example

this idea of the free market you know we

needed a free market in other words uh

uh in the colonies for example we need

to liberate more and more create more

Enterprises in other words okay so

instead of just having a hand few of

individuals controlling all the land

okay uh we need to release that to the

market so more people can participate

because what we need is more and more

Enterprise Rises more and more

businesses to be more productive in

other words so they believe in something

called private property you know uh this

idea that look you know we need to

privatize some lands which lands well

lands that the natives are in control

you know the indigenous land Holdings

for example uh and perhaps even some

lands that the church controls now this

is not to say that the crown was really

going against the church what we're

really trying to do is create a new

commercial economy a new commercial

Elite they want to create more and more

commercial hias in other words not only

to produce what the colonist

needed they wanted to maximize exports

they wanted a new type of Henda in this

case a Mercantile Henda a Henda that

will be geared totally for the exports

of cash crops in other words words for

Spain you know Spain is really now

trying to extract the maximum the

maximum amount of resources and wealth

out of the land out of agriculture in

other words so from the Henda that was

just geared to provide the needed

resources and products for the domestic

economy we are seeing the privatization

of lands particularly Indian lands in

this case to be given to individuals

uh land owners commercial land owners

that will run a commercial Henda for the

production of things like sugar coffee

hakin for example and and cotton again

so this is really leading to another

wave

of a commercial revolution that is kind

introducing uh a capless system of sorts

in Spanish America again to a certain

degree and of course that required you

know uh moving against the village lands

controlled by the natives undermining

the Mercedes land grants again that kind

of protected the communal landh Holdings

uh of the natives to a certain degree

and at the same time turning the

landless peasants into peons again those

are actually individuals that f into

debt they have been displaced from the

lands and because they have nowhere to

go they must borrow money from a

landlord for example in order to subsist

and in order to pay back the debt they

must work for the landlord in the Henda

growing things like sugar coffee hakin

or or cotton for example so again this

is the rise of P of panich this of

course this is giving rise to a new type

of vua SE it's a creole vua SE uh that

that um again are made up of Spaniards

born in Spain there so called Creoles or

Creos that are pretty much becoming more

and more dominant in the economy it's a

new Elite but they're not controlling

industry they're controlling commercial

agriculture now we have run out of time

but when we come back we're going to

proceed with the independence movements

and from there we're going to start

looking at modernity itself in Latin

America and after we cover that uh we

will be moving into uh part

two uh to look at Russia again so all of

that will be explained when we come back

in session two this is all I have for

you thank

you

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