0:01 what if the closest star to our sun is
0:03 hiding a world where humans might one
0:06 day
0:07 live in 2016 astronomers discovered
0:10 proximus and Tory b a planet just four
0:13 light years away but getting to this
0:16 distant neighbor isn't Just a Dream It's
0:19 a challenge that modern science is
0:21 beginning to
0:23 address imagine a journey of more than
0:25 25 trillion miles the technology we have
0:29 today is such as the ion engines used in
0:31 deep space missions pales in comparison
0:34 to what would be needed for such a
0:36 journey but hidden in the blueprints of
0:39 a decade ago and cuttingedge research
0:42 are the keys to Interstellar
0:44 travel but distance isn't the only
0:47 obstacle we have to
0:48 overcome today we'll talk about it and
0:51 find out if Humanity's next giant leap
0:54 can take us to Alpha centor
0:59 [Music]
1:06 the dream of interstellar travel has
1:08 been part of the human imagination for
1:10 centuries but it wasn't until the 20th
1:13 century that science began to catch up
1:15 with science
1:17 fiction the Journey Begins With A
1:19 momentous moment in
1:21 1961 when Yuri gagar became the first
1:24 man to orbit the Earth this achievement
1:27 paved the way for space exploration Pro
1:29 proving that humans could survive and
1:31 work beyond our
1:33 planet then came the Apollo program
1:37 including the historic 1969 lunar
1:40 Landing Neil Armstrong and Buzz aldon's
1:43 footsteps on the lunar surface were not
1:45 only victory for Humanity but also a
1:48 demonstration of our ability to reach
1:50 and explore other celestial
1:54 bodies in the 1970s Voyager missions
1:58 provided invaluable data on the outer
2:00 planets and
2:01 heliosphere these probes now in
2:04 interstellar space carry with them
2:06 golden records messages intended for any
2:09 intelligent extraterrestrial life that
2:12 might encounter
2:13 them the Voyages of Voyager 1 and
2:16 Voyager 2 have given us a glimpse of the
2:18 vastness of space and the inspiring
2:21 potential of travel beyond our solar
2:24 system but Humanity does not stand still
2:27 in recent years the development of
2:29 Advanced propulsion systems has been
2:33 crucial ion engines used in missions
2:36 such as NASA's Dawn spacecraft enable
2:38 long duration missions with
2:40 unprecedented
2:42 efficiency these engines use
2:44 electrically charged particles to
2:46 generate thrust a method far more
2:48 efficient than traditional chemical
2:51 rockets at the same time our
2:53 understanding of the universe has been
2:55 revolutionized with the discovery of
2:57 exoplanets planets orbiting Stars
3:00 outside our solar
3:01 system the first confirmed exoplanet
3:04 Discovery occurred in 1992 when
3:07 astronomers discovered two rocky planets
3:09 orbiting a
3:10 pulsar this discovery shattered previous
3:13 Notions and opened the floodgates to the
3:15 search for other
3:17 worlds in 1995 the discovery of 51
3:21 Pegasi b the first exoplanet found
3:24 orbiting a sunlike star further
3:26 reinforced the idea that planets are
3:28 fairly common in the
3:30 Universe this gas giant located about 50
3:34 light years away ushered in an era of
3:37 exoplanet discoveries that continues to
3:40 this
3:41 day among the most exciting discoveries
3:44 is Proxima centory B discovered only in
3:48 2016 this exoplanet orbits Proxima
3:51 centori the closest star to our sun at a
3:54 distance of only 4.24 Lighty
3:56 years proximus and Tory B is in the
3:59 habitable zone of its star where all the
4:02 conditions for liquid water to exist
4:04 could exist this proximity and potential
4:07 habitability make this planet a prime
4:10 target for future exploration and even
4:12 potential
4:15 colonization the discovery of proximus
4:17 andent Tor B was made possible thanks to
4:19 the radial velocity method which allows
4:22 you to detect subtle fluctuations in the
4:24 motion of the star caused by the
4:26 gravitational pull of the orbiting
4:28 Planet so far far this method has helped
4:31 to identify more than a thousand
4:33 exoplanets Each of which has become the
4:36 next step in the search for a world on
4:38 which life may
4:43 exist the feasibility of interstellar
4:45 travel depends directly on our ability
4:48 to develop efficient and Powerful
4:50 propulsion systems current space travel
4:53 technology has made significant advances
4:56 but it still falls short of what's
4:58 needed to travel Beyond power solar
5:01 system ion engines represent one of the
5:04 most advanced forms of space propulsion
5:06 in use
5:07 today unlike traditional chemical
5:10 Rockets which use explosive reactions to
5:12 create thrust ion engines use
5:15 electricity to ionize the propellant
5:18 usually xenon
5:20 gas the ionized gas is then accelerated
5:23 using an electric field creating
5:25 sustained and highly efficient thrust
5:29 NASA's Dawn spacecraft launched in 2007
5:33 is a prime example of the capabilities
5:35 of ion
5:36 propulsion Dawn's mission was to explore
5:39 the asteroid buildt in particular the
5:42 protoplanet Vesta and the dwarf planet
5:45 series ion propulsion allowed Dawn to
5:48 enter and exit orbits around these
5:50 bodies which would have been
5:51 prohibitively expensive with
5:53 conventional
5:54 Rockets ion engines have a high specific
5:58 impulse which means they use fuel much
6:00 more efficiently than chemical
6:03 Rockets this efficiency is critical for
6:05 long duration missions because it allows
6:07 spacecraft to take less fuel with them
6:11 however the trade-off is that ion
6:13 engines much less thrust than chemical
6:16 Rockets this makes them unsuitable for
6:19 launching spacecraft from the Earth's
6:21 surface where enormous thrust is needed
6:23 to overcome
6:26 gravity another milestone in the
6:28 development of modern propul
6:29 Technologies was NASA's New Horizons
6:32 probe launched in 2006 the spacecraft
6:35 was supposed to explore Pluto and its
6:38 moons providing mankind with the first
6:40 images of this distant World from an
6:43 incredibly close
6:45 distance the probes Journey did not stop
6:47 at Pluto but continued onto the Kyper
6:50 belt a region filled with icy bodies and
6:54 remnants of the formation of the solar
6:57 system New Horizons used to combination
7:00 of chemical propulsion and gravity
7:02 assists to achieve its high
7:04 speed after launch the spacecraft
7:07 received gravitational assistance from
7:09 Jupiter which increased its speed and
7:11 directed it toward Pluto this maneuver
7:14 allowed New Horizons to travel more than
7:16 3 billion miles in just 9 years an
7:21 amazing accomplishment considering such
7:23 vast
7:25 distances while New Horizons
7:27 demonstrates the height of current space
7:28 travel capab abilities it also
7:31 highlights its limitations despite
7:33 speeds of more than
7:35 36,000 mph it took the spacecraft nearly
7:38 a decade to reach Pluto and even longer
7:41 to continue its journey into the Kyper
7:45 belt for Interstellar travel where
7:48 distances are measured in light years we
7:50 need propulsion systems capable of much
7:52 higher speeds over long periods of
7:56 time meanwhile the most intriguing and
7:58 historic significant Advanced propulsion
8:01 Concepts is nuclear pulse
8:04 propulsion this technology conceived
8:06 during the Cold War era involves using a
8:09 series of controlled nuclear explosions
8:11 to propel a spacecraft the concept was
8:14 first proposed by physicist Stannis La
8:17 ulam in the 1950s and later developed
8:20 into the Orion
8:22 Project the basic principle of nuclear
8:24 pulse propulsion is relatively simple
8:28 small nuclear bombs are thrown behind
8:30 the spacecraft and
8:31 detonated and the resulting explosions
8:34 provide powerful
8:36 thrust a large Pusher plate attached to
8:38 the spacecraft absorbs the force of the
8:41 explosion propelling the spacecraft
8:43 forward the potential of the Orion
8:46 Project was enormous calculations showed
8:49 that such a spacecraft could reach
8:51 speeds of up to 10% of the speed of
8:54 light making it one of the fastest of
8:56 the proposed propulsion methods such a
9:00 capability would significantly reduce
9:02 travel time to nearby star systems
9:04 including our neighbor ala
9:09 [Music]
9:10 sentor meanwhile in recent years the
9:13 Breakthrough starshot initiative has
9:15 become one of the most ambitious
9:17 attempts to achieve Interstellar travel
9:19 within our
9:20 lifetime the goal of this international
9:23 science project is to send a probe to
9:25 the Tor and possibly reach it in just 20
9:29 years
9:30 breakthrough star shot's main Innovation
9:32 is the use of a light sail propelled by
9:35 an array of powerful groundbased
9:38 lasers this light sail which is a thin
9:41 and highly reflective sheet will
9:43 accelerate to extremely high speeds by
9:45 transmitting momentum from millions of
9:48 laser beams unlike traditional
9:50 propulsion methods this system carries
9:53 no fuel making it extremely lightweight
9:56 and in theory capable of speeds up to
9:58 20% of the speed of
10:01 light realizing this technology however
10:04 is not without its challenges the
10:07 proposed laser array would require a
10:09 total Optical power of about 100 gaw
10:13 about 100 times the capacity of the
10:15 world's largest
10:17 battery synchronizing the roughly 100
10:20 million lasers to focus their beams on
10:22 the light sail is a daunting technical
10:25 hurdle to solve this problem researchers
10:28 from the Australian National University
10:30 have proposed using a laser guide
10:32 satellite to help maintain an accurate
10:34 target throughout the
10:36 voyage despite such challenges the
10:39 potential benefits of this technology
10:41 are enormous if successful the
10:44 Breakthrough starshot Mission will be
10:46 able to transmit detailed scientific
10:49 data and images from alpha
10:52 sentor providing unprecedented insight
10:55 into our nearest neighboring star system
10:59 while light sails represent a promising
11:02 near future technology other cuttingedge
11:05 concepts are pushing the boundaries of
11:07 our understanding of
11:08 physics among them is the theoretical
11:11 warp
11:12 drive inspired by Einstein's general
11:15 theory of relativity a warp engine would
11:18 manipulate SpaceTime itself compressing
11:21 space in front of the spacecraft and
11:23 expanding it behind allowing the craft
11:26 to travel faster than the speed of light
11:29 without violating the laws of
11:32 physics the concept of warp drive gained
11:35 attention after the 1994 publication of
11:37 a paper by physicist Miguel El cabier
11:40 who proposed a theoretical basis for
11:42 such a
11:43 drive although the concept is currently
11:46 speculative and requires exotic matter
11:48 with negative energy density warp drive
11:52 remains a tantalizing possibility for
11:54 future Interstellar
11:56 travel another Innovative concept is the
11:59 Freeman Dyson Interstellar jet
12:02 engine this hypothetical propulsion
12:05 system would harness the energy of a
12:06 star using a series of mirrors or lenses
12:10 to focus Stellar energy onto a
12:13 spacecraft the collected energy would
12:15 then be converted into thrust propelling
12:18 the spacecraft at high
12:20 speeds while Dyson's concept is
12:22 intriguing its practical realization
12:25 faces serious
12:26 obstacles capturing and converting
12:28 enough Stellar energy to achieve
12:30 meaningful thrust would require
12:32 materials and Engineering capabilities
12:35 many times greater than our current
12:39 technology perhaps the most powerful of
12:41 the proposed propulsion systems is a
12:43 propulsion system based on
12:46 antimatter antimatter coming into
12:49 contact with matter annihilates both
12:51 particles releasing huge amounts of
12:55 energy a spaceship powered by antimatter
12:58 can theoretically reach speeds
12:59 approaching a significant fraction of
13:01 the speed of
13:02 light the potential of antimatter
13:05 propulsion is staggering but so are the
13:08 challenges antimatter production is
13:10 currently a highly inefficient and
13:12 expensive process and its safe storage
13:15 represents additional challenges due to
13:17 its highly reactive
13:19 nature despite these obstacles
13:22 antimatter research continues as it
13:24 promises to be an unprecedentedly
13:26 efficient engine
13:32 huge distances present the most obvious
13:36 obstacle nevertheless even with a
13:38 modestly efficient propulsion system
13:41 only a fraction of the difficulties
13:43 would be
13:44 overcome Interstellar travel is an
13:46 enormous undertaking fra with Technical
13:49 and logistical
13:50 challenges even with the most advanced
13:53 propulsion systems traveling to our
13:55 nearest star system Alpha centor
13:57 requires overcoming a enormous technical
14:01 obstacles one of the main technical
14:04 problems is protection against
14:06 radiation space is filled with high
14:08 energy particles from the Sun and
14:10 distant space sources prolonged exposure
14:13 to this radiation can be deadly to both
14:15 humans and sensitive electronic
14:17 equipment modern spacecraft use a
14:20 combination of physical and electronic
14:22 shielding to protect against radiation
14:24 but these methods are insufficient for
14:26 the prolonged exposure expected during
14:28 inter Stellar
14:30 travel Advanced Materials and Innovative
14:33 shielding techniques are being explored
14:35 these include the use of magnetic fields
14:38 to deflect charged particles and the
14:40 development of new composite materials
14:42 that provide better protection without
14:44 excessive weight
14:45 gain however creating effective and
14:48 lightweight radiation shielding remains
14:50 a major
14:52 challenge another technical hurdle is
14:54 maintaining the structural Integrity of
14:56 the spacecraft themselves over the long
14:58 term
14:59 spacecraft designed for Interstellar
15:02 travel must be able to withstand the
15:04 stresses associated with launch long
15:06 stays in space and possibly collisions
15:09 with microm meteoroids and other space
15:11 debris the high speeds required for
15:14 Interstellar travel exacerbate these
15:16 risks since at such speeds even tiny
15:19 particles can cause significant
15:22 damage Engineers are exploring Advanced
15:25 Materials such as Carbon Composites and
15:27 reinforced alloys to improve spacecraft
15:31 durability in addition modular designs
15:33 that allow for inflight repair and
15:36 maintenance could be critical for long
15:38 duration
15:39 missions the vast expanse of space
15:42 presents another logistical
15:44 challenge even at a significant fraction
15:47 of the speed of light it would take
15:49 decades to reach the nearest star
15:51 systems advances in autonomous systems
15:53 and long-term life support to keep a
15:56 spacecraft operating reliably for such a
15:59 long time Solutions such as hibernation
16:02 or suspended animation are already being
16:04 explored but these Technologies are
16:07 still in the experimental
16:09 stage in addition to Technical and
16:11 logistical challenges Interstellar
16:13 travel faces serious economic and
16:16 political obstacles the cost of
16:18 developing building and launching an
16:20 Interstellar mission is astronomical no
16:23 pun intended governments private
16:26 Enterprises and international Consortium
16:29 will have to collaborate and pool
16:31 resources historically space exploration
16:34 has been funded primarily by national
16:36 governments but the growing involvement
16:38 of private companies such as SpaceX and
16:41 blue origin suggests a potential shift
16:43 to more diverse funding
16:49 models the search for habitable planets
16:51 especially in the alpha centor system is
16:54 one of the key areas of modern astronomy
16:57 as you may have already realized that
16:59 discovery of proximus and Tor B in 2016
17:01 was an important Milestone that showed
17:03 the possibility of habitable worlds in
17:05 our nearest neighboring star system this
17:09 exoplanet has sparked numerous missions
17:11 and research initiatives aimed at
17:14 figuring out its characteristics and
17:16 potential to support
17:18 life to continue this research the
17:21 European Southern Observatory has
17:23 developed a new instrument designed
17:24 specifically to search for exoplanets in
17:27 the alpha centor system
17:29 this Advanced instrument part of the
17:31 very large telescope in Chile enhances
17:34 our ability to detect earthlike planets
17:37 by improving the accuracy of radial
17:39 velocity measurements the instrument
17:41 aims to identify earth-sized planets by
17:44 detecting the tiny gravitational
17:46 fluctuations they cause in their host
17:48 Stars focusing on Alpha centory A and B
17:53 the two sunlike stars in the system this
17:56 instrument seeks to detect additional
17:58 planets that may lie within their
17:59 habitable
18:00 zones the improved sensitivity and
18:03 resolution of this technology promises
18:05 to reveal planets that have not
18:06 previously been detected giving a
18:09 clearer picture of the potential for
18:11 habitable worlds in our nearest star
18:15 system the importance of discovering a
18:17 habitable planet in the alpha centor
18:19 system cannot be
18:21 overemphasized such a discovery would be
18:23 a tremendous step forward in our quest
18:26 to understand how widespread habitable
18:28 conditions are beyond our solar system a
18:32 habitable planet in such close proximity
18:34 would be a prime candidate for future
18:36 Interstellar missions and a potential
18:38 Target for human
18:42 colonization recent discoveries in the
18:44 search for habitable exoplanets have
18:46 been promising for example late this
18:49 spring astronomers discover the
18:51 earthlike exoplanet Lisa 12b located
18:55 just 40 light years
18:57 away this planet comparable in size to
19:00 Venus orbits a red dwarf star and is
19:03 estimated by scientists to have a
19:04 surface temperature of about 107°
19:07 F the discovery of such a planet which
19:10 may have an atmosphere provides insight
19:13 into the conditions necessary for a
19:15 planet to retain an atmosphere and for
19:18 liquid water to
19:20 exist the discovery was made possible by
19:23 NASA's transiting exoplanet survey
19:25 satellite which detects exoplanets bys
19:28 observing a small dimmer Star as the
19:30 planet passes in front of
19:32 it during such transits the star's light
19:36 passes through the exoplanet's
19:38 atmosphere allowing astronomers to
19:40 analyze its composition using
19:41 transmission
19:45 spectroscopy the significance of gisa
19:47 12b goes beyond its potential
19:50 habitability it serves as a valuable
19:53 point of comparison for understanding
19:55 why Earth and Venus despite their
19:57 similarities have very different
20:00 environments by studying gisa 12b
20:03 scientists hope to learn more about the
20:05 atmospheric retention and evolutionary
20:07 Pathways of earthlike planets orbiting
20:09 cold Stars which are the most common
20:12 type of stars in the Milky
20:14 Way Lisa 12b is estimated size may be as
20:17 large as Earth or slightly smaller
20:19 comparable to Venus in our solar
20:22 system current efforts to find and study
20:25 potentially habitable planets around
20:27 alha centor and other nearby Stars
20:29 continue to evolve instruments such as
20:33 jwst are expected to play a crucial role
20:36 in this search providing a deeper
20:38 understanding of the conditions that
20:39 could make these planets
20:44 habitable on the other hand no one is
20:47 saying that humans should be the first
20:49 to explore these Distant Worlds even
20:51 without the advanced technology
20:53 necessary for human survival we can
20:55 still send probes to pave the way intell
20:58 ENT robotic probes and artificial
21:01 intelligence have a key role to play in
21:03 the future exploration of interstellar
21:05 space these Technologies can operate
21:08 autonomously handling complex tasks
21:10 without direct human intervention making
21:13 them ideal for long duration missions
21:15 far beyond our solar
21:17 system one of the most intriguing
21:20 Concepts in this regard is the so-called
21:22 Von noyman probes these theoretical
21:26 self-replicating machines could EXP
21:28 explore the Galaxy using local materials
21:30 to create their replicas exponentially
21:33 increasing the number of probes with
21:35 each
21:36 replication this approach could provide
21:39 extensive exploration and potential
21:41 colonization without requiring constant
21:43 resupply from
21:45 Earth however when it comes down to
21:47 human space exploration the idea of
21:50 interstellar arcs and self-sustaining
21:53 habitats represents a Visionary approach
21:55 to colonizing distant star systems
21:59 these massive spacecraft would host
22:01 large communities providing everything
22:03 needed to sustain life during
22:05 multi-generational Journeys to other
22:08 stars these habitats will be equipped
22:11 with Advanced life support systems
22:13 agricultural facilities and social
22:16 infrastructure to ensure the well-being
22:18 of their
22:21 inhabitants in conclusion while our
22:24 current technology limits us to
22:26 relatively modest space travel these
22:29 advanced concepts offer a glimpse into a
22:31 future in which we can transcend the
22:34 space barriers that confine us to our
22:36 solar
22:37 system as technology advances these
22:41 Concepts May well move from science
22:43 fiction to reality Paving Humanity's
22:47 path to the Stars
22:50 [Music]
23:00 are we alone this question is in some
23:03 ways as old as a Starlight that travels
23:06 through the eons to reach us since the
23:09 earliest civilizations our ancestors
23:11 have looked up at the night sky and
23:13 wonder their imaginations fired by the
23:16 flickering lights
23:18 overhead today armed with the power of
23:21 modern science and technology we still
23:23 await the answer to this age-old
23:25 question but our goal is not just to
23:28 find in primitive life but to discover
23:30 The Whispers of civilizations that might
23:33 share this Grand Cosmic stage with
23:36 us the Breakthrough listen project the
23:39 most ambitious search for these Whispers
23:42 techno signatures is pushing the limits
23:44 of our Hearing in an attempt to capture
23:46 the murmurs of extraterrestrial
23:50 life as we stand this Crossroads of
23:53 Discovery several teams of scientists in
23:55 the Breakthrough listen study and other
23:57 set projects have already published
24:00 several scientific papers moving us
24:02 closer to answering this
24:04 question so how close are we to the goal
24:06 in this Grand Quest what non-trivial
24:10 decisions have been made to ensure a
24:12 seamless search for signals and improve
24:15 our chances let's get to the bottom of
24:18 it in our Celestial Odyssey to unlock
24:21 the mysteries of Life Beyond earth
24:23 scientists have charted two major paths
24:25 across the cosmic Seas the search for
24:28 bio signatures and the search for techno
24:32 signatures each path offers a unique
24:35 lens through which to view the potential
24:37 for life in the universe Guided by the
24:39 principles of astrobiology and the
24:42 Advanced Technologies at our
24:44 disposal bio signatures the chemical
24:47 Fingerprints of Life serve as beacons in
24:50 our search for biological activity on
24:52 Distant Worlds these signatures are not
24:54 just markers but signs of complex
24:57 interactions between living organisms
25:00 and the environment every molecule from
25:03 the oxygen and ozone created by
25:05 photosynthetic life forms to the methane
25:08 and carbon dioxide produced by
25:10 biological and geological processes
25:13 carries a story of potential
25:15 life the James Webb Space Telescope jwst
25:20 with its unprecedented sensitivity to
25:22 the infrared spectrum is our most
25:24 advanced Scout in this
25:26 endeavor using transmission spectroscopy
25:30 jwst can analyze dissect light from
25:33 distant stars as it passes through the
25:36 atmospheres of orbiting
25:38 exoplanets this light Bears the
25:40 Fingerprints of various molecules each
25:42 absorbing certain wavelengths and
25:44 leaving behind a spectral signature that
25:47 jwst can detect and
25:50 analyze peering into the depths of space
25:53 jwst searches out these spectral lines
25:56 with Precision allowing us to infer the
25:59 presence of water vapor carbon dioxide
26:02 methane and other potential bio
26:04 signatures in the atmospheres of
26:06 exoplanets this method not only hints at
26:09 the possibility of life but also
26:10 provides insight into the atmospheric
26:12 composition climate and habitability of
26:15 these Distant
26:17 Worlds parallel to the search for Bio
26:20 signatures is the search for techno
26:22 signatures the Hallmarks of advanced
26:24 technological
26:26 civilizations unlike bio signatures
26:29 which indicate the presence of life in
26:30 any form technos signatures suggest a
26:33 leap to complexity where life has
26:35 evolved to use and manipulate its
26:37 environment in profound ways from radio
26:41 signals to Mega structures orbiting
26:43 distant stars technos signatures embody
26:45 the potential to detect not only life
26:48 but also societies that may have
26:50 mastered the art of cosmic
26:53 communication the pursuit of techn
26:55 signature spans the Galaxy initiatives
26:57 like the breakthrough listen project
26:59 utilize vast networks of radio
27:02 telescopes to listen to and Eaves drop
27:05 through space these telescopes scan the
27:08 sky for narrow band radio signals
27:10 anomalies in the natural Cosmic Radio
27:12 phone that may indicate deliberate
27:15 Transmissions from intelligent
27:22 beings bio signatures are Whispers of
27:25 Life embedded in the fabric of a
27:27 planet's atmosphere providing a glimpse
27:29 into invisible worlds orbiting distant
27:32 Stars among the vast number of potential
27:35 bios signatures four stand out for their
27:38 significance oxygen and ozone phosphine
27:42 and ammonia methane and carbon dioxide
27:45 and mysterious unexpected combinations
27:48 of
27:50 molecules oxygen the Breath of Life on
27:53 our planet and its companion ozone form
27:56 the first pair of ke bio
27:59 signatures on Earth oxygen is a
28:01 byproduct of photosynthesis the process
28:04 that formed our atmosphere and allowed
28:06 life to thrive the presence of ozone a
28:10 molecule formed from oxygen by the sun's
28:12 ultraviolet radiation provides a
28:14 protective layer shielding the surface
28:16 from harmful
28:18 radiation the discovery of these
28:20 molecules in the atmosphere of an
28:22 exoplanet could indicate the presence of
28:25 a thriving biosphere perhaps similar to
28:27 our own
28:29 own phosphine and ammonia less common
28:32 but no less intriguing represent a
28:34 second pair of BIOS
28:36 signatures phosphine a gas associated
28:39 with Anor robic ecosystems on Earth has
28:42 been proposed as a potential marker of
28:44 biological activity on other
28:46 planets ammonia another molecule with
28:49 biological ties May indicate the
28:51 presence of life especially in
28:53 environments where it's not expected to
28:55 exist in significant quantities due due
28:58 to non-biological
29:01 processes methane and carbon dioxide
29:04 form the third Cornerstone of our
29:06 quartet of Bio
29:08 signatures methane a potent greenhouse
29:11 gas can be produced both biologically by
29:14 organisms such as methanogens and
29:17 abiotically by geologic
29:20 processes carbon dioxide a critical
29:23 component of Earth's carbon cycle is a
29:25 product of respiration and Volcanic AC
29:28 ity the simultaneous presence of methane
29:32 and carbon dioxide especially in
29:34 unexpected ratios May hint at biological
29:37 processes in
29:40 nature finally with the fourth point we
29:42 move into the realm of unexpected
29:44 combinations of molecules methane and
29:47 carbon
29:48 dioxide which cannot be stably present
29:51 in more or less large quantities
29:53 simultaneously without being transformed
29:55 into other substances such combination
29:58 defy conventional expectations and point
30:01 to the possibility of Life functioning
30:03 based on alien biochemical
30:07 processes the James Webb Space Telescope
30:10 jwst Humanity's most advanced
30:13 Observatory is designed to study the
30:15 atmospheres of exoplanets in search of
30:17 these very bio signatures using
30:20 transmission spectroscopy jwst studies
30:23 light from a star as it passes through a
30:26 planet's atmosphere during its Transit
30:28 when light passes through atmospheric
30:31 gases certain wavelengths are absorbed
30:33 by the molecules leaving behind a
30:36 spectral fingerprint that jwst can
30:39 detect and
30:44 analyze on the other hand techno
30:46 signatures like the Fingerprints of
30:48 advanced civilizations offer a different
30:51 path in our quest to discover not just
30:53 life but societies that have reached a
30:56 level of technological sophistication
30:58 perhaps similar to or or even Superior
31:01 to our
31:02 own unlike bio signatures which hint at
31:06 the mere presence of Life techn
31:08 signatures speak of the ability of
31:10 civilizations to alter the environment
31:12 on a grand scale communicate across the
31:16 stars and harness energy in ways we're
31:18 only beginning to
31:21 imagine techn signatures cover a wide
31:24 range of signals and structures from
31:26 radio waves on intentionally emitted by
31:29 a planet's communication networks to
31:31 deliberate beacons aimed at the stars
31:34 from colossal energy collectors known as
31:37 Dyson spheres to the barely perceptible
31:40 glow of city lights on the exoplanet's
31:42 night side these signatures if detected
31:46 will not only indicate the presence of
31:48 life but will also provide deep insights
31:50 into the technical capabilities of alien
31:55 civilizations our own planet is a prime
31:57 example of the world teaming with techno
32:00 signatures every radio broadcast every
32:03 satellite and every piece of space
32:05 debris orbiting the Earth creates a
32:07 symphony of signals thatat to the
32:09 distant Observer unmistakably indicate
32:12 the presence of an advanced
32:14 civilization the very fabric of our
32:16 daily lives from Global Communications
32:19 networks to space probes venturing into
32:21 the unknown generates a Cascade of
32:24 signals that radiate out into space
32:27 making our Pres known to all who can
32:29 hear
32:30 us but why are techn signatures a more
32:33 accurate way to search for
32:35 technologically advanced civilizations
32:38 the answer lies in their specificity and
32:40 the intentional or significant nature of
32:43 the signals and structures they
32:44 represent well bios signatures can occur
32:47 from simple microbial life to complex
32:50 ecosystems technos signatures clearly
32:53 indicate a level of technological
32:55 development and intent
32:59 the discovery of a techno signature not
33:01 only confirms the existence of life but
33:03 also indicates that this life has
33:05 crossed the threshold of cognitive and
33:08 technological capability engaging in
33:11 activities that leave an indelible mark
33:13 on the cosmic
33:18 canvas breakthrough listen was launched
33:21 in 2016 with an ambitious mission to
33:24 scour the cosmos for signs of
33:26 technologically advanced Ed
33:28 civilizations the project represents one
33:30 of the most comprehensive searches for
33:32 alien techno signatures ever
33:35 undertaken armed with state-of-the-art
33:37 technology and unprecedented scope the
33:40 project utilizes some of the most
33:42 powerful radio telescopes in the world
33:45 including the green Bank telescope and
33:47 Parks
33:49 Observatory these colossal ears tuned to
33:52 the quiet Whispers of the universe can
33:55 detect a range of signals from faint
33:58 radio emissions from distant stars to
34:01 potential Transmissions of
34:02 extraterrestrial origin at the heart of
34:05 the mission is the desire to detect
34:07 tecto signatures signals that by their
34:10 nature can only be produced by
34:12 technological means these can range from
34:15 narrow band radio signals that differ
34:17 from the natural background noise of
34:19 space to powerful laser pulses that cut
34:22 through Cosmic
34:24 clutter the project had previously
34:26 focused on the mil Milk Way galaxy for
34:29 strategic reasons to begin the search in
34:31 our Cosmic neighborhood where such
34:34 signals may be strongest and most
34:35 detectable the Milky Way with its
34:38 billions of stars provides fertile
34:40 ground for such work each observable
34:43 star is a potential Sun for other
34:46 planets each planet a potential cradle
34:49 for Life as we know it or life yet to Be
34:53 Imagined the project was originally
34:55 designed not just to search for signals
34:57 and our galaxy but to explore in depth
35:01 the nature of life and intelligence in
35:03 the
35:08 universe sifting through the cosmic
35:10 expanse of the Milky Way looking for
35:12 signs of life is Ain to searching for a
35:14 single word spoken in a whisper in the
35:19 middle of a bustling metropolis a galaxy
35:22 of about 100 billion stars can easily
35:25 conceal the signals of other
35:26 civilizations the task of monitoring
35:29 such a vast array of targets for techno
35:31 signatures is Monumental not only
35:33 because of the large number of stars but
35:35 also because of the complex array of
35:37 cosmic phenomena that can obscure or
35:40 mimic the signals we are looking
35:43 for the problem is compounded by the
35:46 limitations of our current technology
35:48 and the limited resources at our
35:50 disposal even with the most advanced
35:53 radio telescopes we can only listen to a
35:55 small fraction of the stars in the
35:57 galaxy at any given time hugee distances
36:00 dilute the signals making them fainter
36:03 as Lighty years pass and various natural
36:05 Cosmic phenomena such as the emission
36:07 from pulsars and nebuli add further
36:10 complexity to the
36:12 search in the face of these challenges
36:15 astronomers and scientists have looked
36:17 beyond the familiar boundaries of the
36:19 Milky Way To The Wider Universe by
36:23 observing galaxies as individual
36:24 entities each made up of billions of
36:27 Stars we can try to pick up the
36:29 cumulative signals of advanced
36:31 civilizations this extra Galactic
36:34 strategy is based on the premise that a
36:36 sufficiently advanced civilization can
36:38 harness technologies that affect its
36:41 entire galaxy from building Mega
36:43 structures like Dyson spheres to
36:46 harnessing the energy of super massive
36:48 black
36:49 holes such grandiose Endeavors could
36:52 lead to techno signatures that in theory
36:55 could be found in vast intergalactic IC
36:59 voids the transition to extra Galactic
37:02 studies comes with some challenges from
37:06 even greater distances to the need for
37:08 more sensitive instruments and more
37:10 sophisticated methods of data
37:13 analysis nevertheless each Galaxy
37:16 observed and each data set analyzed
37:18 brings us closer to understanding
37:21 whether we're truly alone in the
37:22 universe or part of a grander galactic
37:26 world
37:32 extra Galactic exploration is exactly
37:35 what Carmen chosa and her team did in
37:39 2023 using the Robert seabird Green Bank
37:42 telescope the team has embarked on an
37:44 ambitious mission to observe the centers
37:46 of 97 nearby galaxies studying them for
37:50 5 years this work one of the largest of
37:53 its kind used to search for narrow band
37:55 Doppler drift in four frequency bands
37:58 from 1 to 11
38:00 GHz the goal was to detect signals that
38:03 could come from civilizations capable of
38:05 using energy equivalent to that of a
38:07 kardashev type 2
38:10 civilization the most important aspect
38:12 of this study was the implementation of
38:14 the turbo setti pipeline a sophisticated
38:17 tool designed to search for Doppler
38:20 drift this pipeline played a crucial
38:23 role in analyzing the vast amount of
38:25 data collected during the study to
38:27 combat the persistent problem of radio
38:29 frequency interference called RFI which
38:32 often mimics extraterrestrial signals
38:35 the team adopted an onsource off-source
38:37 Cadence pattern this method involves
38:41 alternating between observations of a
38:43 Target Galaxy on source and a nearby
38:46 region devoid of the Target off source
38:49 and is repeated three times for each
38:52 Galaxy because RF interference and
38:55 localized noise are present regard L of
38:57 the telescopes pointing they'll appear
38:59 in both onsource and off-source
39:03 observations in contrast a true
39:05 astronomical signal should only manifest
39:08 itself in observations from the source
39:10 and not in the observations Beyond The
39:13 Source this approach helped to
39:15 distinguish real astronomical signals
39:17 from terrestrial interference which
39:20 improve the reliability of the
39:22 results despite careful methodology and
39:25 advanced technology the study faced
39:27 significant challenges primarily due to
39:30 radio frequency interference the team's
39:33 Innovative radio interference mitigation
39:36 strategies including signal injection
39:38 and Recovery tests were crucial in
39:41 differentiating terrestrial and
39:43 potential extraterrestrial
39:45 signals these efforts emphasize the
39:48 difficulty of finding techno signatures
39:50 especially since signals must be
39:52 significantly more powerful than those
39:54 detectable within our galaxy to be
39:56 considered extra
39:59 Galactic the exhaustive search resulted
40:02 in 6, 34,000
40:06 313 hits across all observed
40:09 galaxies these matches represent cases
40:12 where the data analysis pipeline has
40:14 identified signals that potentially
40:16 stand out from the background noise and
40:18 may be of interest for further
40:21 study from the original 6,
40:24 34,313 matches further refinement and
40:28 Analysis using a computer algorithm
40:30 narrowed the field to 1, 1519 events of
40:34 particular interest these events were
40:37 then scrutinized by the research team
40:39 which attempted to distinguish potential
40:41 extraterrestrial signals from the all
40:43 pervasive RFI noise despite the
40:46 complexity the team eventually concluded
40:49 that all
40:51 1,519 events were associated with
40:54 terrestrial sources or natural cosm
40:58 phenomena however the work done by chosa
41:01 and her team not only illuminates the
41:03 path we've traveled but also beckons us
41:06 to New
41:07 Horizons the ability to reanalyze data
41:10 through the subtle prism of machine
41:12 learning promises us a chance to uncover
41:15 signals that previously remained obscure
41:18 or were perceived as
41:19 noise this changing landscape of seti
41:22 research constantly enriched by
41:25 technological innovation en us to look
41:29 deeper as we move forward armed with
41:32 improved tools and a deeper
41:34 understanding of the challenges that
41:35 await us the search for extraterrestrial
41:38 techos signatures
41:40 continues in the meantime we'll be
41:43 eagerly awaiting new opportunities to
41:46 solve the mysteries of the
41:53 cosmos in the vastness of our solar
41:56 system beond beyond the belt of
41:58 asteroids and gas giants lies a world
42:01 shrouded in
42:03 mystery Neptune the eighth planet from
42:06 our sun a distant ice giant has long
42:09 captured our imagination for decades
42:12 we've imagined it as a dark blue sphere
42:15 at the edge of our Cosmic neighborhood
42:18 but what if the vision of this distant
42:20 world was an elaborate
42:22 illusion this mysterious planet named
42:25 after the Roman god of the sea has
42:27 hidden its true colors from us cloaked
42:31 in a shroud of Deep Blue Neptune has
42:33 been the subject of many stories and
42:35 scientific investigations but recent
42:38 discoveries have removed this Azure
42:40 facade revealing a reality far more
42:43 complex and fascinating than we could
42:45 have
42:46 imagined for years our telescopes have
42:49 been pointed at this distant giant
42:51 capturing its Essence in pixels and data
42:54 what we saw however was not the reality
42:57 of the planet but a reflection of our
42:59 own technological and perceptual
43:02 limitations the deep blue color we
43:04 associated with Neptune was actually the
43:07 result of our own interpretations and
43:10 enhancements a story We unwittingly
43:12 created and
43:14 believed today we invite you to explore
43:17 Neptune like never before delve into its
43:21 true colors understand its Dynamic
43:24 atmosphere and unravel the secrets of
43:26 its moons and
43:30 [Music]
43:31 rings for centuries Neptune was
43:34 portrayed as a dark blue World whose
43:36 color reflected its cold distant nature
43:40 in the solar system this representation
43:43 deeply ingrained in our Collective
43:45 Consciousness has become the Cornerstone
43:47 of our understanding of this icy giant
43:50 but what if this image was a reflection
43:52 of our perceptions rather than the
43:54 planet's true appearance
43:57 Neptune's color is a story of scientific
44:00 Evolution and the search for truth it
44:03 begins with a Voyager 2 probe launched
44:05 by NASA in
44:08 1977 sent to the outer reaches of the
44:11 solar system it took the first close-up
44:13 images of Neptune painting a picture of
44:16 the planet a wash in a stunning blue
44:19 color however these images were not a
44:22 direct window into the true color of
44:24 Neptune in fact they were interpretation
44:27 the result of processing the data
44:29 through the lens of human understanding
44:31 and the technological capabilities of
44:33 the time the deep blue color we saw was
44:36 the product of enhancements made by
44:38 scientists to emphasize certain features
44:41 of the
44:42 planet this story began to unravel with
44:44 the Advent of more advanced telescopes
44:47 such as the Hubble Space Telescope and
44:49 the very large
44:51 telescope these instruments equipped
44:53 with state-of-the-art technology allowed
44:56 astronomers to see the true color of the
44:58 planet again the results of this study
45:01 Were
45:02 Striking the new images revealed that
45:04 Neptune's color was not the previous
45:07 deep blue but rather a more muted and
45:10 varied shade this discovery was not just
45:13 aesthetic but a fundamental shift in our
45:16 understanding of the
45:18 planet the reason for this color
45:20 misconception lies in the way we process
45:23 and interpret astronomical data colors
45:26 in space images are often enhanced or
45:29 altered to emphasize certain features or
45:32 to make them more distinguishable to the
45:34 human eye in the case of Neptune these
45:37 enhancements over time have led to a
45:39 collective opinion of its deep blue
45:47 color so what led to this discovery the
45:50 key lies in a meticulous study entitled
45:53 modeling the seasonal cycle of Uranus's
45:55 color and magnitude and comparison with
45:59 Neptune this study led by Patrick GJ
46:02 Irwin of Oxford University along with a
46:05 team of experts set out to unravel the
46:07 mysteries of Uranus's seasonal color
46:10 changes however their Journey will
46:12 inadvertently shed light on the true
46:14 colors of Neptune disproving long-held
46:18 beliefs the team carefully analyzed a
46:21 huge array of data obtained from L
46:23 Observatory over six decades these data
46:26 data supplemented by hubbles Space
46:28 Telescope observations produced a
46:30 detailed picture of Uranus's dis
46:32 averaged color and photometric magnitude
46:36 revealing the complex interplay of its
46:38 seasonal
46:39 changes one of the most important
46:41 aspects of this study was the focus on
46:43 the reflectivity of Uranus and the
46:46 abundance of methane the researchers
46:48 unraveled a complex relationship between
46:51 the lower methane content at polar
46:53 latitudes and the different reflectivity
46:55 of aerosol particles
46:58 this complex interaction of elements in
47:00 the atmosphere of Uranus was thought to
47:03 be influenced by the presence of methane
47:05 ice particles adding a new layer of
47:07 complexity to our
47:10 understanding in parallel the study
47:12 allowed for a fascinating comparison
47:14 with Neptune contrary to popular belief
47:17 the difference in blue hues between
47:19 Neptune and Uranus was less
47:23 pronounced this discovery was the result
47:25 of a critical re assessment of Neptune's
47:28 color disproving the image of Deep Blue
47:31 that had been ingrained in our
47:33 minds the methodology used by the team
47:36 was a combination of quantitative
47:38 analysis atmospheric modeling and
47:40 advanced spectroscopic
47:43 observations they converted measured
47:46 reflectance Spectra into radians Spectra
47:49 and then into Tri stimulus values this
47:53 process mimicked the visible colors of
47:55 the planets as perceived by the human
47:58 eye Bridging the Gap between the raw
48:00 data and our visual
48:03 interpretation these of advanced
48:05 telescopes such as Hubble and the very
48:07 large telescope played an important role
48:10 in this
48:11 endeavor these technological Marvels
48:14 allowed the team to revisit and
48:16 reexamine the true colors of Uranus and
48:19 by extension Neptune with unprecedented
48:22 accuracy
48:27 as we delve deeper into the mysteries of
48:30 Neptune we find ourselves amid a
48:33 melstrom of atmospheric
48:35 activity in stark contrast to the
48:38 relative calm of its Stellar neighbor
48:41 Uranus Neptune's atmosphere a turbulent
48:44 and dynamic formation is home to some of
48:47 the most extreme weather in our solar
48:51 system one of the most striking features
48:53 of Neptune's atmosphere is the presence
48:55 of colossal storms the most famous of
48:58 which is the big dark spot discovered by
49:02 the Voyager to spacecraft in 1989 this
49:05 massive storm similar to Jupiter's Great
49:08 Red Spot is a testament to the turbulent
49:11 nature of the
49:13 planet a large dark spot a giant
49:16 rotating storm is a window into
49:19 Neptune's intense atmospheric Dynamics
49:22 these storms are caused by the strongest
49:25 winds in the solar system reaching
49:27 speeds of up to
49:28 1,300
49:31 mph however to this day the power and
49:34 magnitude of these winds are a mystery
49:36 to scientists raising questions about
49:38 their origin and the energy sources that
49:41 drive
49:43 them in contrast neighboring Uranus is a
49:46 picture of Tranquility its atmosphere
49:49 although composed of hydrogen helium and
49:52 methane does not have the same violent
49:54 storms and extreme winds as Neptune
49:57 the difference in atmospheric activity
49:59 between these two ice giants is one of
50:01 the many mysteries of our solar
50:04 system another intriguing aspect of
50:06 Neptune's atmosphere is the presence of
50:08 unusual hot spots where temperatures can
50:12 reach a staggering
50:14 750°
50:15 Kelvin these hotpots represent a paradox
50:19 because they exist on a planet so far
50:21 from the Sun the source of this heat
50:24 remains a mystery but theories suggest
50:26 could be caused by internal processes
50:29 such as auroras or magnetic reconnection
50:32 in the plasma
50:33 layers the origin of these hotpots and
50:36 the extreme weather conditions on
50:38 Neptune are the subject of ongoing
50:39 research they force us to seek new
50:42 answers to questions about planetary
50:44 atmospheres and hint at complex internal
50:48 processes that have yet to be
50:54 understood stepping outside Neptune 's
50:57 turbulent atmosphere we enter a realm of
51:00 celestial Harmony where moons and Rings
51:03 swirl around this icy
51:06 giant turning our gaze to Triton
51:08 Neptune's largest and most intriguing
51:11 Moon we discover a world of seasonal
51:13 changes and Atmospheric
51:15 Mysteries Triton a unique moon with a
51:19 retrograde orbit was the last solid
51:21 object visited by the Voyager to
51:23 spacecraft during its historic journey
51:26 through the outer solar system because
51:29 of its retrograde orbit indicating that
51:31 it was captured by Neptune's gravity
51:33 Triton stands Out Among the moons of our
51:35 solar system its surface covered in
51:38 nitrogen ice is geologically Young and
51:41 active with dark green streaks
51:44 indicating the presence of geyser
51:45 spewing nitrogen
51:48 gas Triton's thin atmosphere whose
51:51 thickness varies with the seasons is a
51:53 fascinating study in extraterrestrial
51:56 meteorology
51:57 ology observations with the European
51:59 Southern observatory's very large
52:01 telescope have revealed the Triton
52:04 southern hemisphere is in the height of
52:05 Summer this distant Moon despite its
52:08 relative distance from the Sun is
52:10 experiencing significant atmospheric
52:14 changes the heat of the Summer Sun
52:16 causes the thin layer of Frozen nitrogen
52:19 methane and carbon monoxide on Triton's
52:21 surface to sublimate into
52:24 gas this process causes the icy
52:27 atmosphere to thicken as the season
52:29 continues in
52:31 Neptune's 165 earthier orbit around the
52:35 Sun the season on Triton lasted more
52:38 than 40 years and the southern summer
52:40 solstice occurred in
52:43 2000 the discovery of carbon monoxide in
52:46 Triton's atmosphere as well as the
52:47 confirmation of the presence of methane
52:49 marked a significant advance in our
52:52 understanding of this
52:53 Moon the presence of these gases
52:56 especially the enrichment of ice with
52:58 carbon monoxide in the upper surface
53:00 layer feeds the atmosphere and
53:02 determines its seasonal
53:04 Dynamics these findings required a
53:07 revision of Triton's climate and
53:09 Atmospheric models the complex
53:11 interaction of nitrogen methane and
53:13 carbon monoxide not only determines
53:15 atmospheric conditions but also provides
53:18 insight into the geologic and climatic
53:21 history of the
53:22 moon but Triton is not alone the planet
53:26 is a companied by a retinue of smaller
53:28 moons each contributing to our
53:31 understanding of this distant World
53:33 these moons also show seasonal changes
53:35 and provide insight into the complex
53:38 gravitational interactions and
53:40 environmental conditions around
53:45 Neptune when we turn our gaze from the
53:48 moons to Neptune's rings we encounter
53:51 another aspect of this planet's
53:53 mysterious nature Neptune's rings made
53:56 up of a mixture of dust and ice
53:58 particles are dull yet
54:01 mesmerizing they testify to the planet's
54:03 Dynamic
54:05 history scientists believe their
54:07 remnants of moons that were destroyed by
54:10 collisions were torn apart by Neptune's
54:13 gravity the composition and
54:15 characteristics of these rings are
54:17 closely related to Neptune's true color
54:20 in atmospheric phenomena the subtle Hue
54:23 of the Rings which were affected by
54:24 light scattering in Neptune's atmosphere
54:27 add another layer to the planet's color
54:30 palet the Rings reflecting and
54:33 refracting light from the sun create the
54:35 overall appearance of Neptune seen from
54:39 afar in 2022 the James web telescope
54:44 captured the clearest view of the Rings
54:46 of this distant planet in 30 years
54:49 photographed with unprecedented Clarity
54:52 these rings have changed the way we
54:54 think about this distant planet
54:57 the most striking thing about the new
54:59 web image is the clear view of Neptune's
55:01 rings some of these Rings dim and Dusty
55:05 have not been detected since the
55:07 historic Voyager to flyby in
55:10 1989 the web telescope with its enhanced
55:13 capabilities has brought these elusive
55:16 Rings back into
55:18 Focus Neptune's rings are made up of
55:21 several bright and narrow as well as
55:23 fainter dust bands infrared image ing by
55:26 the web telescope has put these rings in
55:28 a new light revealing features that were
55:31 previously hidden in the darkness of
55:34 space this is the first time these rings
55:37 have been seen in the infrared Spectrum
55:40 providing new insights into their
55:42 composition and
55:43 behavior Neptune's rings like the planet
55:46 itself are characterized by a unique
55:50 composition unlike the gas giants
55:52 Jupiter and Saturn Neptune is an ice
55:55 Giant
55:56 rich in elements heavier than hydrogen
55:59 and helium this composition also
56:01 reflected in the planet's signature blue
56:03 color invisible wavelengths caused by a
56:06 small amount of methane gas in infrared
56:10 images taken by webs near cam near
56:12 infrared camera Neptune does not appear
56:15 blue in contrast to the darkened
56:18 appearance one would expect due to
56:19 methane absorption of light in infrared
56:21 images taken by the Space Telescope
56:24 Neptune appears as a luminous glowing
56:26 white
56:28 sphere this absorption also affects the
56:31 appearance of Neptune's rings as they
56:33 reflect and refract light traveling
56:36 through the planet's atmosphere this
56:38 unexpected brightness in the infrared is
56:40 the result of a unique interaction
56:42 between the planet's atmosphere and
56:44 infrared light while methane gas absorbs
56:48 red and infrared light high altitude
56:50 clouds in Neptune's atmosphere reflect
56:53 sunlight before it's absorbed
56:57 these methane ice clouds appear as
56:59 bright streaks and spots that cast a
57:02 ghostly glow on the planet in the
57:04 infrared
57:05 Spectrum by the way you may wonder why
57:07 Triton looks like a dazzling point of
57:09 light adorned with shining spikes as
57:12 opposed to the more subdued image of
57:14 Neptune these defraction Spike patterns
57:17 are a characteristic feature of the
57:19 Imaging telescope they're not physical
57:22 structures but rather Optical artifacts
57:25 created by the telescope's design light
57:28 from Triton passing through the mirrors
57:29 and Telescope structure is defract
57:32 resulting in these striking Peaks
57:34 emitted by the
57:36 moon defraction in simple terms is what
57:39 happens when a wave such as light
57:41 travels around the edge of an object or
57:43 through a small opening imagine light in
57:46 the form of water waves flowing through
57:48 a narrow slit in a wall when the waves
57:51 pass through the slit they diverge in
57:54 different directions instead of just
57:56 going straight through this propagation
57:58 of waves after passing through a hole or
58:01 around an edge is what we call
58:04 defraction in the context of the James
58:06 web Space Telescope and its images def
58:09 fraction Peaks arise because of the way
58:11 the mirrors and structure of the
58:13 telescope are arranged when light from a
58:16 bright object such as a star or Triton
58:19 in images of Neptune enters the
58:21 telescope it's bent slightly by the
58:23 edges of the mirrors and other parts of
58:25 the telescope
58:26 as a result of this bending the light
58:29 diverges and forms the star-like spikes
58:32 we see in the
58:34 images the study of Neptune's rings
58:37 especially in the infrared provides
58:39 valuable insights into the atmospheric
58:41 conditions and internal composition of
58:43 the planet the interaction of the Rings
58:46 with Neptune's atmosphere particularly
58:48 the methane ice clouds provides insights
58:51 into the planet's climactic and
58:53 environmental processes
58:56 the bright equatorial band that girdles
58:58 the planet hints at the global
58:59 atmospheric circulation a key driver of
59:02 the planet's winds and
59:05 storms the atmosphere which sinks and
59:08 warms near the equator glows more
59:11 intensely in the infrared than the
59:13 cooler gases that surround
59:19 it as we conclude our journey through
59:21 the Mysterious World of Neptune we
59:23 reflect on the impact these discoveries
59:26 are having on the broader field of
59:27 planetary science and exoplanet
59:31 exploration Neptune once a distant blue
59:35 spot is now a testament to space
59:37 exploration Dynamic and ever evolving
59:41 nature discoveries concerning Neptune's
59:43 true color its atmospheric phenomena and
59:46 the intricate details of its rings and
59:48 moons go far beyond our solar system
59:51 they provide a crucial example for
59:54 understanding similar IED Giants and and
59:56 exoplanets in the far reaches of our
59:59 galaxy The insights gained from Neptune
60:01 will help astronomers decipher the
60:03 mysteries of these Distant Worlds and
60:06 enrich our knowledge of the
60:09 universe as we continue to gaze into the
60:12 cosmos Neptune reminds us of the
60:15 Limitless potential for Discovery its
60:18 example encourages us to keep looking
60:21 asking questions and unraveling the
60:25 mysteries of the
60:32 Universe the moon has always been a
60:34 beacon of mystery and wonder but beyond
60:37 its radiant Beauty and folkloric tales
60:40 the moon holds secrets that have eluded
60:42 us for
60:43 centuries among these mysterious
60:46 features is the Moon South Pole a region
60:49 shrouded in Perpetual Shadow and intense
60:52 cold untouched and unexplored by any
60:55 previous Lo
60:56 Mission this is the story of chandrian 3
60:59 India's daring journey into Uncharted
61:02 Territory launched on a journey of more
61:05 than
61:06 238,000 Mi chandrian 3 embarked on a
61:10 mission not just of distance but of
61:12 Discovery its purpose to unravel the
61:15 mysteries of the moon's South Pole a
61:17 place where sunlight barely reaches an
61:20 area where the terrain is so treacherous
61:22 that you have to wave through an endless
61:24 Maze of craters and rocks
61:27 here in this alien landscape chandren 3
61:30 sought answers to questions that have
61:32 puzzled scientists for decades What Lies
61:35 Beneath the surface of this mysterious
61:38 region do earthquake like Tremors shake
61:41 this silent world and the most exciting
61:44 question is whether water the elixir of
61:46 Life exists here in the form of
61:51 ice when chandrian 3 ventured beyond
61:54 Earth it carried with it the aspirations
61:57 of a nation and the Curiosity of the
61:59 world its primary goal was clear yet
62:02 challenging to achieve a soft landing
62:05 near the moon's South Pole a feate that
62:07 had never before been accomplished from
62:10 The Busy mission control center of the
62:12 Indian space research organization a
62:14 team of dedicated scientists and
62:16 Engineers piloted this ambitious
62:19 Mission their expertise helped chandren
62:22 3 Traverse the space void overcoming the
62:25 challenges of lunar orbit insertion and
62:27 descent the South Pole of the moon is a
62:30 landscape unlike any other here the
62:33 terrain is a patchwork of craters and
62:35 mountains many of which are shrouded in
62:37 Perpetual Darkness the challenge was not
62:40 just to land but to land safely in an
62:43 area where the terrain is unforgiving
62:45 and most slopes are quite steep when the
62:48 vicrum landing modules separated from
62:50 the Orbiter it began its descent The
62:53 Landing module equipped with Advanced
62:55 sensors and engines began its perilous
62:57 Journey to the surface of the Moon
63:00 imagine a spaceship autonomously
63:02 navigating a maze of craters and
63:03 boulders in search of a patch of land
63:06 safe enough to land on the landing
63:08 modules onboard systems were hard at
63:10 work analyzing every inch of the terrain
63:13 below against this treacherous landscape
63:16 The Landing module also struggled with
63:18 extreme temperatures the Moon South Pole
63:21 is a place of Stark contrasts the sun
63:23 barely rises above the horizon while
63:26 Shadows hide frigid temperatures that
63:28 can drop to- 382 de f as the landing
63:32 module made its Final Approach the
63:34 hearts of the flight control center beat
63:36 harder every second was decisive every
63:39 maneuver a test of human enginuity and
63:42 technological prowess with light thud
63:45 vicam landed
63:49 land marking and historic moment not
63:52 only for India but for lunar exploration
63:55 in general
63:56 in the Silence of the Moon South Pole
63:58 chandrian 3 began its mission of
64:00 exploration and
64:04 Discovery so after the historic Landing
64:06 of chandren 3 a new chapter in lunar
64:09 exploration began the mission's goal was
64:12 to maximize the study of the moon's
64:14 characteristics especially its elusive
64:16 exosphere and ionosphere and it
64:19 established the range of temperature
64:21 variations just beneath its surface the
64:24 lunar exosphere the thin thin layer of
64:26 gases surrounding the moon holds the key
64:28 to the satellites past and present
64:31 unlike Earth's robust atmosphere the
64:33 moon's exosphere is so rarified that it
64:36 almost resembles a vacuum the chandin 3
64:39 instruments developed using the latest
64:41 technology are designed to measure the
64:43 density and composition of this elusive
64:46 layer in addition to the exosphere the
64:48 mission delve deeper into the moon's
64:50 ionosphere this layer formed by solar
64:53 energy ionizing atoms in the osphere
64:56 plays a crucial role concerning lunar
64:58 communication and navigation the
65:01 chandrian 3 measurements were designed
65:03 to provide unprecedented information on
65:05 the density and behavior of the
65:07 ionosphere which is important for future
65:09 lunar missions and potential human
65:12 habitats another intriguing aspect of
65:14 the mission was studying the temperature
65:16 variations just beneath the lunar
65:18 surface using one of four instruments on
65:21 the landing module chased or chandra's
65:24 Surface thermophysical experiment the
65:27 temperature probe immersed in the lunar
65:29 regolith was tasked with a critical
65:31 mission of mapping the thermal profile
65:33 of the lunar soil the results of
65:35 chandrian 3 revealed a sharp contrast in
65:38 temperatures on the surface during a
65:40 lunar day temperatures Rose dramatically
65:42 to 140° F while just 8 cm deeper they
65:48 dropped significantly to 14° F
65:52 demonstrating the lunar soil as a
65:54 potential thermal insulator
65:56 this discovery provided new
65:58 opportunities for future lunar habitats
66:00 suggesting that the lunar regolith could
66:02 serve as a thermal insulator protecting
66:05 astronauts from the moon's harsh extreme
66:07 temperatures and harmful
66:09 radiation these studies were more than
66:11 just scientific Endeavors they were
66:13 Stepping Stones toward a future in which
66:15 the moon could be a gateway to Future
66:18 space exploration Mission results on the
66:20 lunar exosphere ionosphere and
66:23 subsurface temperature laid the found
66:25 for understanding the moon's environment
66:28 and its potential to support human
66:31 life standing in the vast lunar
66:34 landscape chandrian 3 was ready to
66:37 detect a phenomenon that had not been
66:39 observed for more than 50 years a lunar
66:42 earthquake the mission succeeded in
66:44 shedding light on one of the most
66:46 intriguing and least understood aspects
66:48 of the Moon the instrument for lunar
66:51 seismic activity or ilsa a seismic
66:54 instrument was designed to detect the
66:56 slightest Tremors on the moon and it did
66:59 chandrian 3 detected what looked like a
67:02 lunar earthquake a significant Discovery
67:04 given that the last such observation was
67:07 made during the Apollo missions in the
67:09 early
67:10 1970s lunar Quakes are fundamentally
67:13 different from earthquakes while Earth's
67:16 seismic activity is largely due to the
67:18 movement of tectonic plates the moon
67:21 which is devoid of these plates
67:23 experiences earthquakes for a variety of
67:25 reasons these Tremors can last much
67:28 longer than earthquakes sometimes up to
67:30 an hour and their origin is a subject of
67:32 scientific interest the chandrian 3 data
67:35 suggests several possible causes for
67:37 these earthquakes one theory is a
67:39 collision with meteoroids which could
67:41 cause shock waves that penetrate the
67:43 moon's crust another is Earth's
67:46 gravitational pull causing tidal forces
67:50 that load the lunar crust and finally
67:53 extreme temperature fluctuations on the
67:55 moon surface surface can cause expansion
67:57 and contraction leading to earthquakes
67:59 these earthquakes are not just surface
68:01 phenomena they're Windows into the
68:03 moon's interior by analyzing the seismic
68:06 waves scientists can infer the
68:08 composition and structure of our
68:10 satellites interior which resembles a
68:12 sonogram of the lunar interior such
68:15 information is of great importance for
68:18 understanding the formation and
68:20 evolution of the
68:21 Moon the detection of a lunar earthquake
68:24 with the chandr free spacecraft has not
68:26 only provided a glimpse into the dynamic
68:29 nature of our Celestial neighbor but has
68:31 also opened up new insights into the
68:33 geological processes that shape the
68:38 moon to unravel the geologic Mysteries
68:41 of the Moon chandran 3 carried out
68:44 another exploration among the most
68:46 intriguing finds was the discovery of
68:48 sulfur an element whose presence on the
68:51 moon has been shrouded in mystery the
68:54 laser induced break down spectroscope or
68:57 Libs Rover a Marvel of scientific
69:00 instrumentation vaporizes tiny samples
69:02 of lunar soil using high energy laser
69:05 pulses when the plasma emits light the
69:08 spectroscope analyzes its wavelength
69:11 thereby revealing the presence of
69:12 various elements including sulfur sulfur
69:15 on the moon is a significant find on
69:18 Earth sulfur is often associated with
69:20 volcanic activity raising questions
69:22 about similar processes on the moon in
69:24 the past its presence could provide
69:27 insight into the volcanic history of the
69:29 moon and the processes that shaped its
69:32 surface in addition to sulfur another
69:34 key objective of chandran 3 was the
69:37 search for water ice a search that's
69:39 intrigued scientists for decades water
69:42 ice on the moon is not just a scientific
69:44 curiosity it's a potential resource for
69:47 future human missions offering water for
69:50 life support and fuel
69:52 production despite High Hopes chandry
69:55 And three like its predecessors found no
69:58 direct evidence of water ice on the
69:59 moon's surface however the lack of
70:02 direct evidence is not a conclusion but
70:04 a clue leading to new
70:08 hypotheses one theory is coal trapping
70:11 in which water vapor can migrate to
70:13 permanently shadowed Craters of the
70:15 poles freezing into ice the detection of
70:18 sulfur adds another layer to this Theory
70:20 as sulfur may be trapped with the water
70:22 ice and released as a result of the
70:24 breakdown out of water molecules by high
70:27 energy solar
70:29 radiation the lack of direct evidence
70:31 for the existence of water ice raises
70:33 important questions is the ice deeper
70:36 beneath the surface shielded from
70:37 detection by the insulating properties
70:39 of the lunar soil or is its prevalence
70:42 more heterogeneous and Elusive than
70:45 previously thought during its
70:47 exploration of the Moon South Pole
70:49 chandrian 3 found more than just sulfur
70:52 the Rover's Libs instrument made the
70:54 first ever in tiue measurements of the
70:56 elemental composition of the lunar
70:58 surface in this
70:59 region in addition to sulfur the
71:02 instrument detected aluminum calcium
71:04 iron chromium and titanium each element
71:09 reflecting part of the complex geologic
71:11 history of the lunar surface further
71:14 measurements added new details to this
71:16 discovery further revealing the presence
71:19 of silicon and oxygen these elements
71:23 each with its own unique spe signature
71:26 provided Clues to the formation of the
71:28 Moon and its evolutionary history
71:31 studies of the presence of hydrogen a
71:33 key component in the search for water
71:35 also continue the mission's discovery of
71:38 these elements and the ongoing search
71:40 for water ice underscore the dynamic and
71:43 complex nature of the moon's geology
71:46 each Discovery each unanswered question
71:49 moves us further in our quest to
71:51 understand our nearest Celestial
71:53 neighbor and prepares us for the next
71:55 next steps in lunar
71:59 exploration as the chandrian 3 mission
72:01 at the Moon South Pole opened a new
72:03 chapter in lunar exploration it also
72:06 paved the way for the next ambitious
72:07 leap the lunar polar exploration mission
72:11 lupex for short this joint venture
72:14 between the Indian space research
72:16 organization and Japan Aerospace
72:19 Exploration Agency is scheduled to
72:21 launch no earlier than
72:23 2026 lupex plans to send an unmanned
72:26 lunar lander and Rover to further
72:28 explore the South Pole region of the
72:30 moon jaxa will likely provide the H3
72:33 launch vehicle and Rover under
72:34 development and his row will provide the
72:37 Lander this Mission represents a
72:39 significant steppen International
72:41 cooperation on lunar exploration the
72:44 mission's goals are multifaceted it will
72:46 demonstrate new Surface exploration
72:48 Technologies critical for sustained
72:51 lunar exploration in the polar regions
72:53 precise Landings will be achieved by
72:55 using a feature matching algorithm and
72:58 navigation equipment derived from the
73:00 jxa smart Lander for investigating moon
73:03 mission the lupex Rover will carry
73:06 several instruments from jaxa and ISRO
73:08 including a drill capable of collecting
73:11 samples from a depth of 5 ft 1.5
73:15 M finding and analyzing water are key
73:18 goals of the mission and the potential
73:20 discovery of water ice could be a
73:21 GameChanger for future lunar missions
73:25 in parallel with lupex isro's chandrian
73:28 4 Mission designed to return samples
73:30 from the Moon is in the planning stage
73:33 scheduled for launch by 2028 chandrian 4
73:36 will consist of four modules a
73:38 transition module a descent module an
73:41 Ascent module and a re-entry module the
73:45 ambitious goal of the planned mission is
73:47 to return soil samples from the Moon
73:49 which will provide invaluable
73:51 information about the lunar
73:52 environment the mission will involve
73:55 complex Maneuvers including sample
73:57 collection docking in lunar orbit and
73:59 returning samples to
74:03 Earth chandrian 3's Innovative
74:06 discoveries from the detection of sulfur
74:08 and other elements to the study of lunar
74:11 earthquakes have revealed new layers of
74:13 the moon's mysterious nature these
74:16 results provide crucial insight into the
74:19 moon's geology its internal structure
74:22 and the potential for future lunar
74:24 habitats
74:25 looking ahead the future of lunar
74:27 exploration is promising missions like
74:31 lupex and chandrian 4 building on the
74:33 legacy of the previous ones will
74:35 continue to explore the mysteries of the
74:38 Moon India's role in these Endeavors is
74:41 not only that of a participant but also
74:43 that of a Pioneer such events truly
74:46 Inspire us to look beyond the boundless
74:49 Mysteries of the cosmos
74:56 there are countless untold stories in
74:58 the universe but one mystery veiled in
75:01 the shadows of distant Suns stands out
75:04 prominently among many
75:05 others this discovery invites us to look
75:08 Beyond Earthly boundaries and Ponder
75:11 Untold
75:13 possibilities this is the story of
75:15 Kepler 22b a planet that's not just
75:18 wandering in the void but basking in The
75:21 Sweet Spot its Stars habitable zone here
75:25 in this delicate balance all conditions
75:28 exist to ignite the magic of life for
75:30 the water to flow freely and the
75:32 atmosphere to hold the secrets of
75:35 existence discovered by The Gaze of the
75:37 Kepler space telescope Kepler 22b
75:40 invites us to ponder what worlds May lie
75:42 beyond our own to question our
75:45 understanding of life and our role in
75:47 the universe it makes us dream of New
75:51 Horizons of Distant Shores where
75:53 Humanity May one set
75:56 foot today we'll embark on a journey of
75:59 Discovery to unravel the mysteries of
76:02 Kepler 22b and the countless other
76:05 worlds that await us beyond our reach in
76:07 the Limitless expanse of
76:11 space in its search for Earth analogues
76:14 scattered throughout the Galaxy the
76:16 Kepler space telescope has become a
76:18 Pioneer a Celestial cartographer mapping
76:22 the unknown initially Kepler's mission
76:24 was very clear to observe the vastness
76:27 of a Milky Way looking for the faint
76:30 twinkle of stars dimmed by the passing
76:32 of planets in their orbit equipped with
76:35 the most sensitive photometers the
76:37 telescope patiently watched the light of
76:39 more than
76:41 150,000
76:43 Stars among them a pattern emerged the
76:46 rhythmic fadings of a particular star
76:49 not unlike our
76:51 sun this was the first hint of Kepler 20
76:55 2B a planet moving carefully around its
76:58 star and briefly eclipsing its light as
77:01 if playing Cosmic hide and seek this
77:05 discovery was a real event the
77:06 analytical skill required to sift
77:08 through huge data sets and pick out
77:11 planetary transits from the cacophony of
77:13 cosmic noise was
77:16 aens it was akin to detecting a faint
77:19 brightness difference caused by a moth
77:21 flying in front of a lighthouse beam
77:23 from thousands of miles
77:26 away the method of transits Kepler's
77:29 main tool is a deceptively simple but
77:32 very powerful technique this method is
77:34 based on the subtle interactions of
77:36 planets orbiting Their Stars passing in
77:38 front of them for a moment and casting a
77:41 small Shadow which then causes a slight
77:44 dimming of the Stars light it's this
77:47 faint fleeting shadow that astronomers
77:49 look for a sure sign of a distant World
77:52 orbiting its star
77:55 the Elegance of the transit method lies
77:57 in its Simplicity and the wealth of
77:59 information it provides when a planet
78:02 passes in front of its star it blocks
78:04 some of the staright causing a
78:06 measurable dip in
78:08 brightness this dip detected by
78:10 instruments such as the Kepler
78:12 photometer is carefully analyzed to
78:15 reveal not only the presence of the
78:16 planet but also its size the amount of
78:19 obscured light tells us how large a
78:22 planet is compared to its star
78:25 moreover the regularity of these
78:27 brightness variations reveals the
78:30 planet's orbital period the time it
78:32 takes to complete one orbit around its
78:35 star this rhythm of disappearance and
78:37 reappearance allows scientists to
78:40 calculate how far away a planet is from
78:42 its star which provides crucial
78:44 information about the planet's
78:45 environment and its probability of
78:49 habitation this method also opens a
78:51 window into the planet's
78:53 atmosphere when a Stars light passes
78:55 through a planet's atmosphere during
78:57 Transit certain wavelengths of light are
79:00 absorbed by atmospheric gases by
79:03 studying these changes in the star
79:05 Spectrum astronomers can determine the
79:07 chemical composition of the planet's
79:09 atmosphere finding Fingerprints of
79:11 molecules that may indicate the presence
79:14 of water oxygen or even signs of
79:17 biological
79:18 activity the discovery of Kepler 22b was
79:21 a watershed moment in the search for
79:23 Earth analog
79:25 it highlighted the incredible potential
79:27 of our technology and the perseverance
79:29 of scientists this discovery has moved
79:32 us further along the path of space
79:34 exploration opening new chapters in the
79:36 history of the search for worlds that
79:39 could One Day become a second home for
79:45 Humanity in the variety of cosmic
79:48 interactions between planets and stars
79:50 there is a delicate region a narrow band
79:54 where conditions are just perfect where
79:57 the hope of Life as We Know It lingers
79:59 in the
80:00 darkness this region known as the
80:03 habitable zone is a cradle for potential
80:06 life a Haven where water can exist in a
80:10 liquid state neither boiling under the
80:12 fierce light of a star nor freezing in
80:14 the cold expanse of
80:16 space imagine a world very similar to
80:19 our Earth located inside this life
80:22 supporting belt here the heat from the
80:24 Stars neither too intense nor too weak
80:28 bathing the planet in soft light and
80:30 this is where Kepler 22b is orbiting
80:33 serenely in the habitable zone of its
80:36 star a prime candidate in the search for
80:39 earthlike conditions and possibly life
80:41 beyond our solar
80:43 system just as Earth thrives in the
80:46 Sun's habitable zone Kepler 22b enjoys a
80:49 similar privilege orbiting at a distance
80:52 where temperatures can allow Lakes
80:54 rivers and oceans to
80:56 exist the presence of liquid water the
80:59 universal solvent of many chemicals is
81:02 crucial for it is in water that the
81:05 chemistry of life
81:07 unfolds water is the stage on which the
81:10 drama of life is played out from the
81:12 simplest bacteria to the most complex
81:15 forms of Flora and Fauna yet only the
81:18 presence of water in a liquid state is
81:20 one of the many conditions necessary to
81:22 sustain life
81:25 what have we learned from analyzing this
81:27 distant world and is it so open to the
81:30 theoretical presence of humans on
81:35 it as we dive into the mysteries of
81:37 Kepler 22b we embark on a journey of
81:41 Discovery piecing together the puzzle of
81:43 this distant world through the lens of
81:45 our own
81:46 Earth with each observation scientists
81:49 are getting closer to understanding the
81:51 fundamental nature of this distant
81:53 planet it's size its composition and the
81:56 Very air that surrounds it it's these
81:59 factors that will help shed light on the
82:01 presence of the basic components that
82:03 may make this distant World a cradle for
82:07 life so what are these factors at the
82:11 Forefront of the search for life is of
82:12 course the presence of liquid water the
82:14 Cornerstone for all known biological
82:17 processes on Earth as we already know
82:20 Kepler 22b which occupies a privileged
82:23 position in the habitable zone receives
82:26 from its star a flow of energy that
82:28 suggests that the temperature may be
82:30 favorable for maintaining water in a
82:32 liquid
82:34 state while the presence of liquid water
82:37 is a promising start the composition and
82:40 behavior of Kepler 22bs atmosphere
82:43 remains crucially
82:45 unknown enveloping the planet the
82:47 atmosphere is the most important
82:49 determinant of environmental conditions
82:51 affecting temperature and surface
82:53 pressure because the planet is in the
82:56 habitable zone of its star the
82:58 theoretical presence of an atmosphere
83:00 similar in composition to Earth's rich
83:02 in nitrogen and containing the requisite
83:05 amount of oxygen and Trace gases could
83:07 mean a temperate climate and stable
83:09 water cycles similar to those that have
83:11 nourished life on our home planet for
83:13 billions of
83:15 years however the range of possible
83:18 atmospheric scenarios is enormous hence
83:21 shrouded in uncertainty due to our
83:23 current technological limit itations in
83:25 directly observing exoplanet atmospheres
83:27 at such great
83:29 distances if Kepler 22bs atmosphere
83:32 tends toward a denser carbon dioxide
83:34 dominated composition like that of Venus
83:37 this could lead to a greenhouse effect
83:40 in such a scenario any potential water
83:42 would exist as super critical vapor at
83:45 extreme pressures and temperatures
83:48 conversely an atmosphere that's too thin
83:50 and free of greenhouse gases could turn
83:53 Kepler 22b into a frigid world where
83:56 water exists only as ice and the surface
83:59 is exposed to harmful Cosmic
84:02 radiation the equilibrium temperature of
84:05 the planet estimated at a comfortable
84:07 72° F under earthlike atmospheric
84:11 conditions indicates the possibility of
84:13 an environment with ideal conditions for
84:15 earthlike
84:17 life however if one were to go to The
84:19 Other Extreme and create a venus-like
84:22 greenhouse effect the surface
84:24 temperature could soar to a scorching
84:27 860° F which would likely preclude the
84:31 existence of Life as we know
84:33 it things get even more complicated the
84:36 elemental recipe for life goes beyond
84:39 just water in the right atmosphere Life
84:42 as we know it is intricately woven from
84:45 a variety of chemical elements with
84:47 carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen
84:50 phosphorus and sulfur playing Major
84:53 roles unlike Stars including Kepler 22
84:57 are gtype stars and typically have
85:00 similar proportions of hydrogen and
85:02 helium with a small amount of heavier
85:04 elements playing a primary role however
85:07 during planetary system formation the
85:10 distribution and concentration of
85:12 materials in the protoplanetary disc
85:14 around the nent star influenced the
85:16 further composition of the forming
85:19 planets temperature gradients in this
85:21 disc lead to condensation of different
85:23 materials at different distances from
85:25 the Star which affects the composition
85:27 of the
85:29 planets once a planet is formed its
85:33 composition can be altered by
85:35 differentiation the separation of
85:37 different materials within the planet
85:39 resulting in the formation of distinct
85:41 layers such as the core mantle and crust
85:45 and geologic processes such as volcanic
85:47 activity and plate
85:51 tectonics so while direct measurements
85:54 the chemical composition of Kepler 22b
85:56 are beyond our capabilities the
85:58 diversity of elements in the universe
86:01 and the planet's location in a habitable
86:03 zone can only hint at the exciting
86:06 possibility of the presence of the
86:07 building blocks that create the basis
86:09 for the complex chemistry of life while
86:12 we wonder whether the planet's
86:13 atmosphere might contain a protective
86:15 layer like ours or whether it's a dense
86:18 oppressive cloak trapping heat as a
86:21 result of the Greenhouse Effect and what
86:23 the planets chemical composition
86:25 actually is one thing we know for sure
86:28 the last fourth parameter necessary for
86:31 life is in almost perfect
86:34 agreement the complexity of Life must
86:36 necessarily be fueled by energy and the
86:39 presence of Kepler 22b in the habitable
86:42 zone ensures its constant Supply from
86:44 the host
86:45 star this energy which Powers
86:48 photosynthesis on Earth could drive the
86:50 fundamental biological processes
86:52 necessary for life on this distance
86:54 Planet the characteristics of a star
86:57 that is slightly cooler and smaller than
86:59 our sun but similar in many ways
87:02 provides a stable source of light and
87:06 Heat against the grand landscape of the
87:09 cosmos Kepler 22b stands out as a beacon
87:12 of possibility a world where the basic
87:15 ingredients for Life as we know it can
87:17 come together yet the true nature of
87:20 this distant planet remains shrouded in
87:22 mystery reminding of the vast unknowns
87:25 that await us as we continue to search
87:27 for the secrets of the universe and the
87:29 potential for life beyond our solar
87:35 system the search for signs of
87:37 extraterrestrial life is the Cornerstone
87:39 of our Celestial Explorations compelling
87:42 us to venture into the unknown with hope
87:45 and scientific rigor as we turn our eyes
87:48 toward Distant Worlds like Kepler 22b
87:51 the next generation of telescopes and
87:53 space missions are poised to pierce the
87:55 cosmic Veil inviting us to peer into the
87:58 atmospheres of these distant planets and
88:01 learn their
88:03 secrets at the Forefront of this Cosmic
88:05 Quest is the James web Space
88:08 Telescope the most sophisticated and
88:11 Powerful Space Telescope ever built with
88:14 unprecedented resolution and sensitivity
88:16 the jwst is designed to observe the
88:19 universe in the infrared enabling it to
88:22 detect the faint reflections of light
88:24 from the earliest stars and galaxies and
88:27 crucially the atmospheric signatures of
88:31 exoplanets The jwst Suite of instruments
88:34 carefully analyzes light passing through
88:36 the atmosphere of exoplanets as they
88:39 Transit their host Stars this process
88:42 known as transmission spectroscopy will
88:44 allow scientists to decipher the
88:47 composition of the atmospheres of these
88:48 worlds in search of characteristic
88:51 signatures of molecules essential for
88:53 life such as water vapor oxygen and
88:58 methane the mission of the transiting
89:01 exoplanet survey satellite or Tess
89:05 launched in 2018 and complimenting jwst
89:08 is to survey the brightest stars near
89:11 Earth for transiting
89:13 exoplanets building on the legacy of the
89:15 Kepler Mission Tess is casting a wider
89:18 net revealing many new worlds for
89:20 further
89:21 study among them planets that share
89:24 characteristics with Kepler 22b will be
89:27 prime targets for detailed atmospheric
89:29 analysis opening up new opportunities to
89:32 search for Bio
89:34 signatures coming down to worth the
89:37 extremely large telescope or elt which
89:42 when completed will be the world's
89:44 largest optical telescope will be
89:46 another powerful tool in the search for
89:48 alien
89:50 life the El's colossal mirror located
89:54 aop Sero arones in Chile's atakama
89:57 desert we'll collect light from distant
90:00 exoplanets allowing direct images and
90:03 spectroscopic studies of their
90:05 atmospheres its Advanced instruments
90:07 will be able to detect even the faintest
90:09 chemical fingerprints further expanding
90:11 our understanding of such Distant
90:15 Worlds looking ahead proposed missions
90:18 such as the habitable exoplanet
90:20 Observatory habex and the large UV
90:24 Optical IR surveyor
90:26 luvoir promised to push the boundaries
90:29 of exoplanet research even further
90:31 equipped with advanced technology such
90:33 as coronagraphs and star Shades these
90:37 observatories aimed to directly image
90:39 exoplanets by dissecting their light to
90:42 reveal the molecular composition of
90:44 their atmospheres in unprecedented
90:48 detail the hunt for alien life embodied
90:51 in exploring such planets continues to
90:54 Inspire and stimulate the human Spirit
90:57 reminding us that the search for life
90:59 beyond Earth is more than just a
91:01 scientific Endeavor it's a profound
91:03 exploration of our place in the
91:09 cosmos as we stand on the threshold of
91:11 Discovery our thoughts drift to the
91:13 distant world of Kepler
91:16 22b a planet in the nourishing Embrace
91:19 of its Stars habitable zone here in this
91:22 hypothetical realm we we imagine the
91:24 possibilities such a world might hold
91:27 could it be that the hilly Landscapes of
91:29 this distant planet are home to a
91:31 diversity of alien Flora thriving in the
91:34 soft light of Kepler
91:36 22 could it also be that its seas are
91:39 teaming with life with forms both
91:41 strange and outlandish adapted to the
91:44 unique conditions of this distant world
91:47 and what is Humanity's potential role in
91:49 such a world for now it's hard to
91:52 imagine but These Dreams Are underpinned
91:55 by the Relentless pursuit of knowledge
91:57 that defines our current path in
91:58 exoplanet
92:00 exploration as we gaze into the heavens
92:03 with instruments such as the James web
92:05 Space Telescope the transiting exoplanet
92:07 survey satellite and the upcoming of the
92:10 extremely large telescope we continue to
92:14 push the boundaries of our understanding
92:17 each Discovery adds its own piece to the
92:19 great puzzle of the cosmos revealing the
92:22 diversity of worlds that inhabit our
92:24 Galactic
92:26 neighborhood the future of exoplanet
92:29 exploration promises to deepen our
92:31 understanding and knowledge of Distant
92:33 Worlds and redefine our place in the
92:36 universe as we stand at this Crossroads
92:38 of imagination and Discovery we remind
92:41 ourselves that the search for life
92:43 beyond Earth and the understanding of
92:46 Humanity's future potential Among the
92:48 Stars is a reflection of our deepest
92:50 desires to explore understand and
92:54 reconnect with the vast wondrous Cosmos
92:57 that is our
93:02 [Music]
93:03 home amid the silent expanse of our
93:06 solar system lurks a world of deep
93:09 mystery and rugged Beauty Mars with its
93:13 purple dunes and ancient valleys tells
93:15 of its tantalizing past it's a planet
93:18 where sunsets color the sky blue where
93:21 towering dust devils run across the bar
93:24 lands and where the remnants of water
93:26 streams silently tell the story of
93:29 bygone days here amid the red dust lies
93:33 the enigmatic brain terrain a geologic
93:36 Marvel that defies explanation its
93:38 intricate patterns reminiscent of the
93:40 complex folds of the human brain remain
93:43 one of Mars most challenging Mysteries
93:46 what forces created these enigmatic
93:49 formations are they the key to unlocking
93:51 the secrets of Mars climate IC
93:54 past as the sun dips below the Horizon
93:58 the Martian Sky transforms casting blue
94:01 light over the alien landscape the scars
94:04 of ancient rivers and cracks of dried
94:07 mud tell a story of a time when water
94:09 flowed freely on Mars when the planet
94:12 experienced the changing of seasons and
94:15 when this world may have been more
94:16 earthlike than we could have imagined
94:19 yet for all of its wonders Mars is a
94:22 stark reminder of of its alien nature
94:26 today we'll travel to Mars a world of
94:29 beauty and mystery a planet that holds
94:32 the keys to our past and the promise of
94:35 our future join us as we explore the
94:39 mysteries of the good old red
94:42 planet beneath the purple Skies of Mars
94:46 lies a canvas of geologic Mysteries
94:49 among them is the brain
94:51 terrain these complex patterns
94:54 reminiscent of the cerebral cortex
94:57 sprawl across the Martian mid latitudes
95:00 their Origins are shrouded in mystery
95:03 what processes could have created such
95:05 complex patterns scientists suggest that
95:08 it's sublimation the conversion of ice
95:11 directly into vapor that plays the key
95:13 role here although the exact process
95:17 remains cloaked in mystery it's most
95:19 likely the Relentless interaction
95:21 between the underground ice and the thin
95:24 Martian atmosphere that forms the
95:26 intricate
95:28 patterns but Mars is not a quiet World
95:31 it breathes and moves dust devils those
95:35 towering Columns of cloying dust Rising
95:39 kilometers into the rarified atmosphere
95:42 are not just a spectacle of nature but
95:44 the architects of the Martian surface
95:47 the crisscross Barren Landscapes leaving
95:50 behind dark trails that testify to their
95:53 path
95:54 passage these ethereal Giants born from
95:58 the interaction of heat and wind reach
96:00 more than 2 miles in height and are
96:03 larger and more dramatic than their
96:05 terrestrial
96:07 counterparts and then as the Martian day
96:10 Fades the sky transforms a martian
96:14 Sunset bathes the landscape in an
96:17 atherial blue light that contrasts
96:20 sharply with the familiar red and orange
96:22 Hues of daytime
96:24 this phenomenon arises due to the unique
96:26 interaction of sunlight with the
96:28 atmosphere of the red planet filled with
96:31 dust of iron particles as it passes
96:34 through the red part of the visible
96:36 spectrum of sunlight is scattered by the
96:38 dust particles leaving only a
96:40 mesmerizing blue
96:43 glow although this scattered light
96:46 colors the sky red at Sunset and night
96:48 it transforms into shades of
96:51 blue but the mystery of the Martian
96:54 atmosphere don't end there the
96:56 interesting phenomenon of Mars Green
96:59 Glow recently captured by NASA's Odyssey
97:01 Orbiter provides a glimpse into the
97:03 unique characteristics of the Martian
97:06 atmosphere this glow observed from orbit
97:09 is the result of atmospheric processes
97:11 that are common throughout the solar
97:13 system but manifest themselves
97:15 differently on each planet due to
97:17 variations in atmospheric composition
97:19 and density during the day sunlight
97:22 interacts with the Martian atmosphere
97:24 breaking down CO2 molecules through a
97:27 process known as photo dissociation this
97:30 releases individual atoms which when
97:33 they hit the night side of the planet
97:35 recombine into different molecules while
97:37 emitting light on Earth this phenomena
97:40 produces a whole spectrum of colors but
97:43 on Mars the predominant color is green
97:46 this green glow is primarily due to the
97:49 recombination of CO2 molecules in the
97:52 upper atmosphere and altitude of between
97:54 25 and 990
97:57 Mi interesting Studies have revealed an
97:59 additional glow at lower altitudes
98:02 resulting from the recombination of
98:03 oxygen atoms this secondary glow visible
98:07 during the Martian summer is
98:09 concentrated in the polar regions where
98:11 atmospheric currents converge the
98:14 intensity of this glowe varies with the
98:16 time of year alternating between the
98:18 northern and southern hemispheres the
98:21 thinness of the Martian atmosphere
98:23 compar compared to Earth's allows these
98:25 luminous phenomena to be observed and
98:28 studied more directly it's also allowed
98:30 the detection of other emissions such as
98:33 nitrogen oxide emissions in the
98:35 ultraviolet Spectrum further enriching
98:38 our understanding of the composition and
98:40 behavior of the Martian
98:42 atmosphere such atmospheric studies not
98:45 only shed light on the processes that
98:47 shaped the Martian environment but also
98:49 provide valuable insights into the
98:51 planet's past and present climatic
98:58 conditions speaking of which the Martian
99:00 landscape with its vast deserts and
99:03 towering volcanoes contains a wealth of
99:06 clues about the planet's climatic past
99:09 among them are signs of seasonal changes
99:12 that have shaped the surface for
99:14 Millennia the presence of features such
99:16 as mud cracks discovered by the
99:19 Curiosity Rover which bear a striking
99:21 resemblance to similar objects on Earth
99:24 suggests the presence of liquid water in
99:26 the planet's past in particular the mud
99:29 cracks are thought to have formed over
99:31 many Martian Seasons indicating a cycle
99:34 of wet and dry periods that Mars once
99:38 experienced further evidence of Mars
99:40 Dynamic climate can be found in the
99:42 remains of ancient glaciers in the
99:45 planet's mid latitudes these fossilized
99:48 archives imprinted into the Martian
99:50 terrain tell of a time when Water Ice
99:53 slid across the planet surface carving
99:56 furrows and transporting sedimentary
99:59 rocks these glaciers like their
100:02 terrestrial counterparts shape the
100:04 terrain leaving behind traces of their
100:07 presence in the form of Marines and
100:09 carved valleys such activity suggests
100:12 that Mars has undergone significant
100:15 climatic changes perhaps similar to the
100:17 glacial and interglacial periods seen on
100:20 Earth the presence of Sulfate in the mud
100:23 cracks adds another layer to our
100:26 understanding of Mars water history mud
100:29 cracks like those found on Earth are
100:31 formed by the drying of sedimentary
100:33 rocks indicating the presence of
100:35 standing water that periodically
100:37 evaporates leaving Behind These
100:39 prominent patterns or subsiding beneath
100:42 the surface the detection of sulfates in
100:45 these formations indicates that water
100:47 interacted with the Martian soil
100:49 resulting in the deposition of minerals
100:52 the varying levels of the sulfates
100:54 combined with the pattern of mud cracks
100:56 paint a picture of a planet where water
100:58 levels Rose and fell creating conditions
101:01 conducive to chemical reactions that
101:04 could even support the precursors of
101:09 Life clearly it's the search for water
101:12 on Mars that is a key aspect in
101:15 understanding the planet's climate
101:16 geologic history and potential for
101:19 habitable life recent discoveries have
101:22 shed light on the presence of water in
101:24 various forms and locations on Mars
101:27 significantly changing our understanding
101:29 of the red
101:30 planet on Mars there are a great many
101:34 geologic features that indicate the
101:36 presence of water in the past the
101:38 discovery of ancient Lake beds river
101:40 valleys and outflow channels indicates
101:43 that at one time water flowed freely
101:45 across the planet's
101:47 surface these features suggest that Mars
101:50 once had a warmer and wetter climate
101:52 capable of supporting liquid water on
101:54 its surface the presence of sedimentary
101:56 layers and mineral deposits in these
101:59 ancient lakes and river valleys further
102:01 supports the idea of prolonged water
102:04 activity that may have lasted thousands
102:06 or even millions of
102:08 years one of the most revolutionary
102:11 discoveries is the discovery of water
102:14 ice near the equator of Mars
102:16 traditionally ice was thought to be
102:18 found only in the polar regions of Mars
102:20 where it's visible on the surface
102:22 however radar surveys and Analysis have
102:25 revealed subsurface deposits of ice at
102:28 lower latitudes including near the
102:30 equator this refutes previous ideas
102:33 about the climate of Mars and suggests
102:35 that water ice is much more widespread
102:38 across the planet than previously
102:40 thought the implications of Equatorial
102:42 ice extend to the climate history of
102:44 Mars and its potential
102:47 habitability equatorial ice deposits
102:50 indicate a more complex hydrologic cycle
102:52 on Mars than previously thought this
102:55 could mean that in the past Mars had a
102:57 climate more similar to Earth's with
103:00 water cycling between the atmosphere and
103:02 the surface however such a presence does
103:04 not at all raise the possibility that
103:07 conditions suitable for Life existed on
103:09 Mars in the past much less in the
103:11 present water is a key component of life
103:14 but such a contrasting climate change
103:16 cannot offer much chance for a long
103:18 process of development of any life forms
103:21 the search for bio signatures such as
103:24 special minerals organic molecules or
103:26 erosion patterns that may indicate past
103:29 biological activity
103:30 continues although no conclusive
103:33 evidence of Life on Mars has yet been
103:35 found the presence of water in various
103:37 forms still retains a minimal
103:40 possibility still these water ice
103:42 deposits could serve as a valuable
103:44 resource for future human exploration
103:47 and colonization of the planet providing
103:49 water for drinking Agriculture and fuel
103:52 production
103:56 taking a closer look at the
103:58 minerological landscape of Mars we see
104:01 that it's a stark contrast to the rich
104:03 diversity found on
104:05 Earth about 6,000 different minerals
104:08 have been discovered on our home planet
104:11 testifying to the dynamic geologic
104:14 processes on earth and the complex
104:16 interaction between the biosphere and
104:19 geosphere these minerals have not only
104:21 been formed by abiotic processes but
104:24 have also been significantly influenced
104:26 by the presence of Life which has
104:28 contributed to the diversity of minerals
104:30 through various biochemical
104:33 interactions by comparison after 5
104:35 Decades of research only 161 minerals
104:39 have been identified on the Martian
104:41 surface this Divergence and mineral
104:43 diversity is not just a numerical Gap it
104:46 tells us a lot about the differences in
104:48 the geological activity and history of
104:51 the two planets the scarcity of minerals
104:54 on Mars has profound implications for
104:57 our understanding and the planet's
104:59 potential to support life the diversity
105:02 of minerals on a planetary body is often
105:04 a reflection of its geologic and
105:06 environmental dynamism on Earth plate
105:09 tectonics water availability and
105:11 Atmospheric processes contribute to the
105:13 wide range of physical and chemical
105:16 conditions that are so essential for the
105:18 origin and maintenance of Life complex
105:21 organic molecules including the
105:23 precursors to DNA often require diverse
105:27 chemical environments and catalysts The
105:29 Limited mineral diversity on Mars
105:31 therefore raises some questions about
105:33 the habitability of the planet as a
105:36 whole the lack of diverse minerals on
105:38 Mars also indicates the planet may have
105:40 had a more monotonous geologic history
105:44 compared to Earth however is it as quiet
105:47 and peaceful as it appears
105:53 recent studies of the internal structure
105:55 of Mars have led to interesting
105:57 discoveries particularly through the
105:59 analysis of seismic data the Insight
106:02 Mission played a key role in this
106:04 discovery before its completion
106:06 detecting what's believed to be the
106:08 largest earthquake ever recorded on
106:11 Mars This earthquake lasted about 6
106:14 hours did not fit the typical profile of
106:17 a meteorite strike because no crater was
106:20 left behind suggesting it originated
106:22 deep inside the planet the magnitude of
106:25 the Quake which was 4.7 on the RoR scale
106:28 hints at a significant geologic activity
106:31 beneath the surface unlike Earth Mars
106:35 lacks plate tectonics raising intriguing
106:38 questions about the mechanisms causing
106:40 these earthquakes the lack of plate
106:43 tectonics suggests that Martian
106:45 earthquakes may be related to internal
106:47 stresses or other geologic processes
106:49 that we've not yet fully
106:51 understood Volcan IC activity on Mars
106:54 both recent and ancient has left
106:56 indelible marks on its surface recent
106:59 Studies have found at least 40 different
107:01 volcanic events some of which occurred
107:04 only a few million years ago in addition
107:07 the discovery of unusual polygonal
107:09 structures beneath the surface found by
107:12 ground penetrating radar from China's
107:14 chur wrung Rover indicates a history of
107:16 thermal contraction and expansion and
107:19 speaks to the planet's former volcanic
107:21 activity these structures ranging in
107:24 size from a few inches to a few feet
107:27 have been found at depths of about 100
107:29 ft obviously a dramatic change in
107:32 climate or some cataclysmic event has
107:34 caused these deposits to be so deep
107:37 beneath the planet's surface the region
107:40 known as noctus labyrinthus with its
107:42 vast network of valleys and canyons is
107:45 further evidence of Mars volcanic past
107:48 located near the volcanic tharsus
107:50 Plateau home to the solar system systems
107:53 largest volcano Olympus Mons this region
107:57 demonstrates the dramatic impact of
108:00 volcanism on the Martian
108:02 landscape a video simulation provided by
108:05 Essa shows how the stretching and
108:07 bending of the Martian crust in this
108:09 region resulting in the formation of
108:11 deep valleys and canyons is evidence of
108:14 the planet's active geologic past the
108:17 release of water during organic
108:18 eruptions may explain the presence of
108:21 ancient river valleys and lakes
108:23 providing a glimpse into times when Mars
108:25 may have been more earthlike with a
108:28 warmer and wetter climate understanding
108:30 the planet's volcanic history not only
108:32 sheds light on its past climate and
108:35 potential for life but also helps in
108:37 future research as regions with past
108:39 volcanic activity May hold Clues to the
108:42 planet's habitability and the
108:44 availability of vital
108:49 resources speaking of livability it's
108:52 possible not to mention the recent
108:54 successes in the production of oxygen on
108:57 Mars the Mars oxygen insitu resource
109:00 utilization experiment or Moxy was an
109:03 achievement in space technology
109:06 successfully producing oxygen from Mars
109:09 carbon dioxide Laden
109:11 atmosphere installed aboard NASA's
109:13 perseverance Rover Moxy operates
109:16 efficiently in a variety of Martian
109:18 conditions both day and night and in
109:21 different weather states of the planet
109:22 its atmosphere its ability to convert
109:25 CO2 into oxygen through the process of
109:28 solid oxide electrolysis is a
109:30 significant technological achievement by
109:33 heating the Martian atmosphere to 800° C
109:37 Moxy decomposes CO2 into oxygen ions and
109:41 carbon monoxide and then recombines the
109:44 oxygen ions into breathable
109:47 O2 this process has been shown to
109:50 achieve the required oxygen production
109:52 and security despite design trade-offs
109:54 due to the mass power volume and cost
109:57 constraints associated with space
110:00 missions the success of Moxy has
110:02 profound implications for the future of
110:04 human exploration and potential
110:07 colonization of
110:08 Mars the ability to produce oxygen on
110:11 Mars paves the way for a sustainable
110:14 human presence reducing dependence on
110:16 Earth for critical life support
110:18 resources the study concludes that a
110:20 large-scale version of Moxy could
110:22 generate tens of tons of oxygen
110:25 essential not only for astronauts life
110:27 support but also as a critical component
110:29 of Rocket Fuel such a capability would
110:32 significantly reduce the logistical and
110:34 financial burden of transporting oxygen
110:37 from Earth to Mars which would otherwise
110:39 require launching hundreds of tons of
110:41 the material into space at an exorbitant
110:44 cost by providing a reliable supply of
110:47 oxygen systems like Moxy could support
110:50 longer missions larger Crews and even
110:53 permanent settlements on Mars in
110:56 addition the technology can be adapted
110:58 to produce other necessary resources
111:00 such as water and fuel taking a
111:03 significant step toward realizing the
111:05 dream of a self-sufficient human
111:07 presence on the red
111:13 planet speaking of the perseverance
111:15 Rover we should also mention its
111:17 Ingenuity helicopter which has far
111:20 exceeded the original parameters of its
111:22 mission on the Martian surface built
111:24 just for a brief technology
111:26 demonstration Ingenuity was only
111:28 supposed to make three flights within 30
111:30 days however it shattered those
111:33 Expectations by flying 72 missions over
111:37 more than a thousand Martian days
111:39 demonstrating its resilience and
111:41 adaptability to the harsh Martian
111:43 environment this achievement was not
111:45 only an important milestone in the
111:47 aerial exploration of other planets but
111:50 also laid the groundwork for future Miss
111:52 s inu's Journey was not without its
111:56 challenges it encountered and overcame
111:58 numerous technical problems including
112:01 communication outages and unexpected
112:03 Landing
112:04 scenarios despite these challenges
112:07 Ingenuity continued to push the limits
112:09 of what was possible and even set a new
112:12 Range record on one of its
112:14 flights the vehicle's ability to survive
112:16 and operate through Martian dust storms
112:19 extreme temperatures and even sensor
112:21 failure speaks to the reliability of its
112:24 design and the team's careful
112:27 planning however the mission ended in an
112:29 unforeseen way when a significant part
112:32 of the blade of one of in genuity's
112:33 rotors was damaged making further flight
112:36 impossible this incident marked the
112:38 official end of Ingenuity Mars mission
112:41 the helicopter's final flight took place
112:43 in January
112:45 2024 however the termination of
112:47 Ingenuity missions does not take away
112:49 from its outstanding achievements and
112:51 the inval valuable data it
112:54 provided NASA has already begun applying
112:56 Lessons Learned From operating aircraft
112:58 in extraterrestrial environments to
113:01 upcoming missions including the
113:02 dragonfly mission to Titan Saturn's
113:05 largest moon the success of Ingenuity
113:09 has opened the door to more ambitious
113:11 use of aircraft for tasks such as sample
113:13 retrieval which could significantly
113:16 increase the efficiency and scope of
113:18 exploration of other planets
113:23 during its long stay on the red planet
113:26 the perseverance Rover has accumulated a
113:28 considerable amount of samples of
113:30 Martian rock
113:31 materials however it's worth noting that
113:34 the Endeavor to return samples from Mars
113:36 to Earth is both the Pinnacle of
113:38 scientific Endeavor and the Nader of
113:41 logistical challenges the financial
113:44 implications are staggering according to
113:46 recent estimates the costs could exceed
113:49 those of the most expensive space
113:51 missions such as the James web Space
113:53 Telescope totaling up to 11 billion
113:58 US the complexity of safely extracting
114:01 samples from the Martian surface and
114:03 transporting them back to Earth involves
114:06 multiple spacecraft and precise robotic
114:10 operations this task requires not only
114:13 unprecedented Precision Engineering and
114:16 navigation Solutions but also
114:19 significant financial outlays which
114:21 raises questions about budget allocation
114:24 and priorities in space
114:26 exploration when it comes to
114:28 prioritizing space exploration Humanity
114:31 faces another unresolved challenge the
114:33 ongoing debate over International
114:35 cooperation in Mars exploration is
114:38 multifaceted involving political
114:40 scientific and logistical considerations
114:43 on the one hand cooperation can pull
114:46 resources share risks and increase the
114:49 scientific return on missions through
114:51 diverse expertise
114:53 on the other hand comparing the
114:54 successes of collaborative efforts such
114:56 as the International Space Station
114:58 against the backdrop of some
115:00 International constraints highlights the
115:03 contradiction between the ideal of a
115:05 United human effort in space exploration
115:08 and the reality of international
115:10 relations on Earth another but not the
115:13 last test in our path is that as Mars
115:16 becomes a center of exploration and
115:18 potential colonization the problem of
115:21 space debris becoming increasingly
115:23 important debris accumulation in Martian
115:27 orbit can pose a hazard to spacecraft
115:30 impede navigation and jeopardize
115:32 missions this problem is not just
115:35 theoretical the proliferation of debris
115:37 around Earth has already created an
115:39 urgent need for sophisticated tracking
115:42 and avoidance Maneuvers in turn solving
115:45 this problem on Mars will require
115:47 proactive measures to prevent the
115:49 accumulation of debris and possibly the
115:52 development of debris reduction and
115:53 removal Technologies to ensure the
115:56 safety and sustainability of future
115:58 missions Mars colonization wants the
116:01 stuff of Science Fiction is increasingly
116:04 entering the realm of possibility thanks
116:06 to technological advances and scientific
116:09 discoveries the successful demonstration
116:11 of insitu resource utilization through
116:14 experiments such as Moxy the potential
116:17 to use local materials for construction
116:19 and advances in life support systems are
116:22 gradually laying the groundwork for
116:24 sustainable human presence on Mars
116:27 however the vision for colonization goes
116:29 beyond technological challenges to
116:32 include ethical social and environmental
116:35 considerations the responsibility of
116:38 extending Humanity's footprint to
116:40 another planet raises questions about
116:42 how we Steward the earth and the extent
116:45 to which we will be able to apply these
116:47 lessons to the new
116:49 world the future of Mars exploration is
116:52 rich in promise and front with
116:55 challenges as we stand at the threshold
116:58 of these Endeavors the collective wisdom
117:00 Ingenuity and Cooperative Spirit of the
117:03 global Community will play an important
117:05 role in overcoming these challenges and
117:08 realizing the dream of expanding
117:11 Humanity's presence beyond Earth
117:16 [Music]
117:22 Supernova are not just amazing events in
117:25 the universe they're vital Cosmic
117:28 phenomena that shape and create
117:32 galaxies these powerful explosions occur
117:34 at the end of a massive stars life cycle
117:37 ejecting elements into space from which
117:39 new stars planets and even life itself
117:43 are
117:44 formed in essence Supernova serve as
117:47 both destroyers and creators of galaxies
117:53 in the study of supernova imagery plays
117:55 a crucial role in understanding these
117:57 powerful explosions over the years
118:00 advances in imaging technology have
118:02 allowed astronomers to capture
118:04 spectacular views of supernova at
118:06 different stages revealing intricate
118:09 details of their structure and the
118:11 elements they eject into
118:14 space the story of Beetle Juice a red
118:17 super giant star is a prime example of
118:20 how images help us understand the
118:21 behavior avior of
118:23 supernova Beetlejuice has recently
118:25 attracted a lot of attention due to its
118:28 sudden Fades and increases in brightness
118:31 this variability has led to speculation
118:33 of its imminent explosion sparking
118:36 widespread
118:37 interest the appearance of a dust cloud
118:40 around the star observed in telescopes
118:42 and captured on images was initially
118:44 taken as a precursor to a
118:47 supernova however later it began to be
118:50 considered as a natural phenomen in the
118:52 life cycle of red super
118:55 Giants so why did scientists initially
118:58 hypothesize the possibility that this
119:00 star would be the next observed
119:03 Supernova giant occupies a prominent
119:06 place in the constellation of Orion
119:08 birched on its shoulder and is visible
119:11 to the Observer even to the naked eye
119:14 let's take a look at the life cycle of
119:16 Beetle Juice an intriguing Journey that
119:18 will show the evolution of the star from
119:20 its birth to its current State as a
119:22 massive pulsating giant nearing the end
119:25 of its
119:26 life Beetle Juice began its existence as
119:29 a massive star burning hydrogen in its
119:32 core like many
119:35 others however because of its large mass
119:38 it evolved rapidly entering successive
119:41 phases of nuclear fusion the significant
119:43 mass of the star distinguished its
119:45 evolutionary path from the evolution of
119:47 smaller Stars such as our
119:50 sun well the Sun is is currently a
119:52 stable main sequence star slowly
119:55 converting hydrogen into
119:57 helium Beal juice due to its much larger
120:00 Mass more quickly depleted its hydrogen
120:03 reserves and evolved into a red super
120:07 giant the key difference between Beetle
120:09 Juice and our sun is their masses Beetle
120:13 Juice which has about 15 to 20 times the
120:16 mass of the Sun experiences higher
120:19 pressure and temperature in its core
120:21 which Excel Ates nuclear
120:23 fusion intense Fusion causes Beetle
120:26 Juice to burn its fuel rapidly resulting
120:28 in an unstable structure and significant
120:31 brightness
120:33 fluctuations in contrast the sun's lower
120:36 Mass allows it to remain stable for
120:38 billions of years with a much longer and
120:41 more stable hydrogen burning
120:44 phase as Beetle Juice aged it entered
120:47 successive phases of nuclear fusion
120:49 gradually burning off elements heavier
120:51 than Hy
120:52 internal pressure caused the star to
120:54 begin to swell transforming it from a
120:57 main sequence star into a red super
121:00 giant this stage is characterized by
121:03 Beetle Juice's enormous size and
121:05 variability in brightness the star
121:08 expands and contracts as it undergo comp
121:12 nuclear
121:13 processes recent observations have
121:16 suggested that Beetlejuice may be on the
121:18 verge of a
121:19 supernova the Stars dimming and 2019
121:23 followed by an unexpected increase in
121:25 brightness has led scientists to
121:28 speculate that it may be approaching the
121:30 final stage of its life these changes in
121:33 brightness are thought to be related to
121:34 internal processes possibly signaling
121:37 the beginning of core
121:39 collapse the stars pulsations with
121:42 cycles of
121:43 185 230 420 and 2200 days were analyzed
121:49 to understand its internal Dynamics
121:53 the longest cycle of 2200 days is
121:55 particularly intriguing because it may
121:58 represent Beetle Juice's fundamental
122:00 pulsation mode indicating its Advanced
122:02 stage of
122:04 evolution these observations along with
122:07 recent telescopic findings suggest that
122:09 Beetlejuice may be entering a phase of
122:11 carbon combustion that precedes a
122:14 supernova
122:19 explosion but what how the complex
122:21 nuclear processes that dictate when a
122:24 star's life must come to an
122:27 end at the center of a massive star like
122:29 Beetle Juice nuclear fusion turns
122:32 hydrogen into helium releasing enormous
122:36 energy as the star ages heavier and
122:39 heavier elements fuse to form bulblike
122:43 layers eventually the core is filled
122:45 with iron which cannot release energy
122:48 during the fusion process leading to
122:50 gravitational collapse
122:53 as the core collapses a runaway reaction
122:56 is triggered in this process the iron
122:58 core collapses under enormous
123:01 gravitational forces reaching
123:03 temperatures of billions of
123:05 degrees this leads to the rebound effect
123:09 where the core inflates and then
123:12 explodes creating a shock wave that rips
123:15 the star
123:17 apart a supernova explosion releases an
123:20 enormous amount of energy briefly
123:22 eclipsing an entire
123:25 galaxy the mechanics of this process
123:28 involve a complex interplay between
123:29 nuclear collapse gravitational forces
123:32 and intense heating the shock wave
123:35 generated by the collapse of the core
123:37 propagates outward ejecting the outer
123:40 layers of the star into
123:46 space ancient astronomers have recorded
123:49 these bright phenomena for thousands of
123:51 years
123:52 sometimes describing them as guest stars
123:56 new
123:57 stars the earliest recorded Supernova
124:00 observation dates back to 185 ad when
124:03 Chinese astronomers observed guest stars
124:06 as they called them that were visible
124:08 for 8
124:09 months although rare astronomers
124:12 continue to study them to this day
124:14 especially when they lead to unusual
124:16 phenomena such as gamma ray bursts gamma
124:20 ray bursts or GR BS are intense bursts
124:24 of gamma rays usually associated with
124:27 the collapse of massive stars or the
124:29 merger of neutron
124:30 stars these bursts are some of the most
124:33 energetic events in the universe capable
124:36 of releasing more energy in just a few
124:39 seconds then the sun will emit in its
124:41 entire 10 billion year
124:45 lifetime the discovery of the boat grb
124:49 also referred to as the brightest of all
124:51 time in October 2022 was a milestone in
124:55 grb
124:56 observations stunning astronomers with
124:59 its unprecedented brightness and
125:01 startling impact on
125:03 Earth the boat grb officially designated
125:07 grb 221
125:09 009a was detected on October 9th 2022
125:14 and originated from a Galaxy about 2.4
125:17 billion light years away from Earth the
125:20 event was unusual not only in its
125:22 brightness but also in its duration it
125:26 lasted about 7 Minutes much longer than
125:29 a typical gamma ray burst the burst was
125:32 so powerful that it affected the Earth's
125:34 ionosphere temporarily disrupting radio
125:37 communications and altering the
125:39 ionization of the
125:41 atmosphere the relationship between
125:43 Supernova and Gamma R bursts is complex
125:47 and fascinating in some cases the
125:50 collapse of the core of a massive star
125:52 can trigger a grb especially if the star
125:54 is rapidly rotating and has a strong
125:57 magnetic
125:58 field such long grbs often last more
126:02 than 2 seconds and are often followed by
126:04 a supernova
126:07 explosion boat was notable not only for
126:10 its brightness but also for providing
126:12 insight into the formation of heavy
126:13 elements in April of this year
126:16 scientists studied this burst in detail
126:18 initially hoping that it might provide
126:20 clues about the orig of elements heavier
126:22 than iron which are usually formed in
126:25 Supernova explosions or neutron star
126:28 mergers however further analysis showed
126:31 that grbs do not produce these elements
126:33 leaving scientists even more puzzled and
126:36 emphasizing the mysterious nature of
126:38 such Cosmic
126:40 phenomena to find out exactly what
126:42 caused the flare scientists used a
126:45 variety of observational tools including
126:47 the James web Space
126:50 Telescope the except IAL brightness of
126:52 the flare initially obscured its
126:54 surroundings making it difficult to
126:56 observe the accompanying Supernova or
126:58 other objects in the host Galaxy it took
127:01 several months before the brightness
127:03 diminished enough to make detailed
127:05 observations possible as a result a
127:08 relatively undetectable Supernova
127:10 Remnant was detected which was
127:13 surprising given the power of the gamma
127:15 ray
127:16 burst the boat grb also provided insight
127:19 into the characteristics of of gamma ray
127:22 bursts the exceptional brightness and
127:25 long duration of this event indicated
127:27 that the grb was very focused with
127:30 narrow Jets pointing directly toward
127:34 Earth this narrow directivity likely
127:37 contributed to the observed intense
127:39 brightness as gamma ray bursts tend to
127:42 be directional
127:43 phenomena the narrow burst Jets were
127:46 probably the result of a rapidly
127:48 rotating star with a strong magnetic
127:50 field that produced a powerful and
127:52 focused
127:57 flare while boat grb has provided
128:00 insight into gamma rap bursts and
128:02 Supernova scientists continue to find
128:04 answers to the mysteries of
128:07 Beetlejuice Recent research suggests
128:09 that Beetle Juice's cycles of dimness
128:11 and brightness are part of its natural
128:13 behavior as a variable star it turns out
128:16 that unlike our sun Beetle Juice is an
128:19 extremely explosive and lowdensity
128:22 plasma Cloud that changes shape
128:25 frequently created by scientists
128:28 simulation illustrates the behavior of
128:30 Beetle Juice in time periods of
128:33 brightness and dimness occur about every
128:36 400 Days and the longer cycle is about
128:39 2,000
128:40 days recent Studies have tried to
128:43 explain the great dimming phenomena that
128:46 occurred in 2020 and observations from
128:49 various telescopes over the past 15
128:51 years have provided much Insight
128:54 observations at various frequencies
128:56 including microwaves and infrared have
128:59 allowed scientists to penetrate the
129:01 layers of Beetle Juice and detect
129:03 silicon monoxide indicating the presence
129:06 of a large dust cloud this discovery
129:09 disproved initial speculation that
129:11 Beetle Juice was about to explode
129:13 instead it appears that internal
129:16 activity within the star has caused the
129:18 material to separate forming a large gas
129:21 cloud the formation of a cold region
129:23 beneath This Cloud caused particles to
129:26 condense creating a dark cloud that
129:29 obscured Beetle juu from view from
129:33 Earth further study of beetlejuice's
129:35 behavior revealed that the star
129:37 experienced two shock waves one in 2018
129:41 and another one year later these waves
129:44 disrupted the surface creating hot and
129:47 cold spots which was confirmed by Hubble
129:49 Space Telescope ultrai Imaging
129:53 observations the shock waves and their
129:55 aftermath disprove the initial
129:57 assumption that Beetle Juice was close
129:59 to a supernova and instead showed that
130:02 this behavior of the star is part of its
130:04 natural life
130:06 cycle Beetle Juice's behavior is also
130:08 characterized by its high rotation rate
130:11 unlike typical red super Giants which
130:14 rotate slowly Beetle Juice rotates at
130:17 about 3 m/ second which initially LED
130:20 researchers to think that it might have
130:22 been a binary star that
130:24 collided however Recent research
130:26 suggests that this rotational speed may
130:29 be influenced by fast-moving convective
130:32 cells inside the star contradicting
130:35 initial assumptions about its rotational
130:38 Behavior despite the unusual behavior
130:41 This research suggests that Beetle Juice
130:43 is unlikely to become a supernova In Our
130:46 Lifetime the current state of the star
130:49 is more like a variable red super giant
130:52 nearing the end of its life but by no
130:54 means approaching a supernova
131:01 explosion so finally we come to the very
131:03 question that concerns all of us how
131:06 would such an explosion affect our home
131:09 planet the potential impact of a nearby
131:12 Supernova on Earth is a subject of
131:14 speculation and
131:16 concern while a supernova is not
131:19 expected to pose an immediate threat to
131:20 our home the explosion of a star within
131:23 a few light years could affect earth's
131:25 atmosphere and potentially impact
131:30 life for example the flare of the very
131:32 same boat grb was so intense that it
131:37 significantly affected the Earth's
131:38 ionosphere altering atmospheric
131:41 conditions and disrupting radio
131:44 communications The Flash released a
131:46 tremendous amount of energy that
131:48 interacted with the Earth's atmosphere
131:50 causing a sudden increase in ionization
131:53 this increased ionization affected the
131:55 ozone layer and triggered chemical
131:57 reactions that scientists are still
131:59 trying to
132:01 understand the grb also disrupted radio
132:04 signals especially those used for
132:06 communication and
132:08 navigation the energy released in the
132:10 explosion was so great that it even
132:12 blinded several satellites demonstrating
132:15 the enormous power of these Cosmic
132:18 phenomena however the burst itself was
132:20 observed Obed from a Galaxy a whopping
132:23 2.4 billion light years
132:27 away this event only emphasizes the need
132:30 for further study of gamma ray bursts to
132:33 understand their impact on us our planet
132:36 and the universe as a
132:38 whole in addition Supernova studies also
132:41 contribute to our understanding of Dark
132:44 Matter dark energy and the overall
132:46 structure of the
132:48 universe type 1A supernova which occur
132:51 in binary star systems are crucial for
132:54 measuring Cosmic distances and studying
132:56 the expansion of the
132:58 universe these standard candles have
133:01 helped astronomers detect the
133:03 accelerating expansion of the universe
133:05 which in turn has provided the
133:07 background for understanding Dark
133:10 Energy Supernova are a key focus of
133:14 future astronomy their explosive nature
133:17 and transformative impact continues to
133:20 Fascinate s scientists and Inspire
133:24 Discovery Well while some people are
133:26 frozen in anticipation of the
133:28 Beetlejuice explosion on live internet
133:30 feeds we look forward to discoveries
133:33 from missions such as the Vera Rubin
133:35 Observatory and the European Space
133:37 agency's uclid Telescope which will
133:40 contribute to advancing our
133:42 understanding of
133:43 supernova as we look deeper into space
133:47 these Stellar explosions will
133:49 undoubtedly shape our understanding of
133:51 the universe and our place in
133:55 [Music]
134:00 it in the vast silent expanse of our
134:03 solar system Beyond The Familiar
134:05 Brilliance of Neptune rumors of some
134:07 unseen presence have been stirring
134:09 astronomers for quite a few years now
134:12 this mysterious Force unseen but
134:15 undeniable stretches the very fabric of
134:18 our Cosmic neighborhood bending the
134:20 paths of distant objects with its
134:22 invisible grip here in the shadowy
134:25 depths of space where the warmth of the
134:27 sun barely reaches lies a mystery that's
134:31 baffled the brightest Minds The
134:33 hypothetical World known only as Planet
134:35 9 whose existence can be determined not
134:39 by direct observation but only by the
134:41 subtle interaction of trans neptunian
134:43 objects performing complex orbital
134:46 motion could there be a rogue Planet
134:49 shrouded in the dark dark Ness of space
134:52 exerting its influence from afar a world
134:55 that defies our understanding and
134:57 challenges the very limits of what we
134:59 know about our solar system join us as
135:02 we piece together Clues scattered in the
135:04 back of the solar system in search of a
135:07 planet that has so far eluded our sight
135:10 in the early 1990s the outer reaches of
135:13 our solar system began to reveal their
135:15 secrets astronomers discovered a region
135:18 teaming with icy bodies now known as the
135:20 Kyper
135:21 built this discovery marked the
135:23 beginning of a new chapter in our Cosmic
135:26 Journey expanding our understanding of
135:28 the boundaries of the solar
135:31 system among these distant Wanderers was
135:34 Pluto long considered the ninth planet
135:37 and proudly bearing that title since its
135:39 Discovery in
135:41 1930 but as the Kyper belt uncovered its
135:43 Treasures Pluto's status began to be
135:47 questioned the discovery of objects such
135:49 as ays that arriv and even surpassed
135:52 Pluto in size sparked a debate That
135:54 Shook the foundations of planetary
135:57 classification in 2006 the international
136:00 astronomical Union was faced with an
136:02 unresolved situation what defines a
136:05 planet the answer to this question led
136:08 to a controversial decision that
136:09 downgraded Pluto to a dwarf
136:13 planet this decision met with both
136:15 approval and opposition has swept
136:18 through the astronomical community and
136:19 the public redef finding the way we
136:21 think about the solar
136:23 system in this Cosmic controversy
136:26 however the seeds of a new mystery were
136:28 sewn The Peculiar orbits of some Kyper
136:31 belt objects including the then distant
136:34 newly discovered sna hinted at an
136:37 invisible influence from the Shadows
136:40 guiding these icy bodies could it be
136:43 that another planet hidden in the
136:45 vastness of space created the
136:47 architecture of the outer solar system
136:49 this question ignited the the
136:51 imagination of astronomers like Mike
136:53 Brown and Constantine bigan who set out
136:56 to find the
136:57 truth their Journey will lead them to
137:00 speculate on the existence of Planet 9 a
137:03 hypothetical World hiding behind Neptune
137:05 whose presence is signaled only by the
137:07 interaction of the most distant members
137:09 of the Kyper belt a new planet emerging
137:12 from the heart of controversy awaits
137:19 Discovery as we move Beyond The Familiar
137:22 boundaries of the inner solar system a
137:24 realm of icy bodies and distant orbits
137:26 opens up before us here in the cold dark
137:30 regions Beyond Neptune lies an enigma
137:33 that has captivated astronomers for
137:34 years it's the Kyper belt a vast ring of
137:38 debris left over from the formation of
137:40 the solar
137:41 system among these Celestial Wanderers a
137:44 separate group shows peculiar behavior
137:46 that contradicts the expected Norms of
137:49 orbital mechanics these are detached
137:51 tnos or trans neptunian objects whose
137:55 paths are free of Neptune's
137:57 gravitational influence and extreme
138:00 trans neptunian objects or atnos whose
138:03 orbits are so eccentric that they seem
138:05 to be Tethered to some invisible
138:08 force what could be the architect of
138:10 this unusual
138:12 behavior the answer May lie in the
138:14 gravitational anomalies that pervade
138:16 this distant region these anomalies
138:20 subtle but deep indicate the presence of
138:22 a massive object whose gravitational
138:24 pull shapes the orbits of these distant
138:27 objects the detached tnos whose orbits
138:30 seem to be unaffected by Neptune hint at
138:33 a disturbance in the gravitational
138:35 Harmony of the outer solar system
138:37 meanwhile atnos with their extreme
138:40 orbits paint a picture of cosmic
138:42 interaction Guided by a hidden
138:45 Force the quest to understand these
138:47 gravitational Mysteries LED researchers
138:49 to hypothesize the existence of Planet 9
138:52 a hypothetical World whose mass and
138:55 orbit could explain these anomalies by
138:58 carefully mapping the orbits of these
138:59 mysterious objects scientists began
139:02 piecing together the potential location
139:04 and characteristics of this invisible
139:09 planet in the Tranquil balance of our
139:12 solar system each planet plays its part
139:15 revolving around the Sun in a centuries
139:17 and centuries and centuries old rhythm
139:20 but beyond this familiar Rhythm looms a
139:23 shadowy figure a silent participant
139:25 whose presence is felt but not seen
139:27 let's take a closer look at the planet 9
139:29 hypothesis itself in 2014 astronomers
139:33 Chad TR and Scott s Shepard noted an
139:37 intriguing similarity between the orbits
139:39 of sedna 2012
139:42 vp113 and several other atnos a
139:44 phenomenon too unusual to be a mere
139:47 coincidence tro and Shephard made a bold
139:50 old suggestion the existence of an
139:52 unknown Planet whose orbit is a perfect
139:54 circle between 200 and 300 astronomical
139:58 units from the Sun a few years later in
140:01 2016 Mike Brown and Constantine bigan
140:05 embarked on an intellectual journey
140:07 delving into the mysteries of the outer
140:08 solar system in order to develop this
140:11 hypothesis through careful analysis and
140:13 computational modeling Brown and
140:15 bettigan pieced together previously
140:17 found gravitational anomalies that
140:20 indicated the existence of a massive
140:22 invisible
140:23 Planet this hypothetical World in their
140:26 opinion could be the key to unraveling
140:28 the special dynamics of the outer part
140:30 of the solar system as their research
140:33 progressed so did their understanding of
140:35 the potential characteristics of Planet
140:37 9 its mass was originally thought to be
140:40 10 times that of Earth but further
140:42 research revealed that its mass was
140:44 slightly less but still significant at
140:47 about five or six Earth
140:49 masses this revision painted a picture
140:51 of a planet powerful enough to control
140:53 the orbits of distant objects yet
140:55 elusive enough to remain hidden from our
140:57 most powerful
140:59 telescopes the influence of this
141:01 hypothetical Planet extends far beyond
141:04 its immediate vicinity its gravitational
141:06 influence can explain the clustering of
141:08 the orbits of detached tnos and the
141:11 extreme trajectories of etnos weaving
141:14 together a complex picture of celestial
141:16 mechanics the hypothesis of Planet 9
141:20 sparked a flurry of scientific research
141:22 and astronomers around the world joined
141:24 the hunt for this elusive
141:29 neighbor the search for Planet 9 is a
141:32 journey front with difficulty a
141:34 testament to both the vastness of the
141:36 universe and the limitations of our
141:38 current technological capabilities its
141:41 distant orbit presumably huge and
141:44 elliptical leads it through the farthest
141:46 reaches of our
141:48 system this region where the of the sun
141:51 is almost unattainable envelops the
141:53 planet in total darkness this remoteness
141:56 poses a serious problem because the
141:58 potential position of the planet can
142:00 Encompass vast portions of the sky
142:03 requiring extensive focused searches
142:06 covering these Celestial expanses in
142:08 painstaking detail it's something akin
142:11 to trying to find a needle in an
142:13 astronomical hay stack moreover because
142:17 of its distance from the Sun the
142:18 planet's surface temperature is Extreme
142:20 extremely low meaning it emits minimal
142:23 thermal radiation making infrared
142:25 detection just as difficult the lack of
142:28 emitted and reflected light is
142:30 compounded by the glare of distant stars
142:32 and the Myriad Cosmic objects that fill
142:35 the sky each vying for the attention of
142:37 our
142:38 telescopes among other difficulties the
142:40 nature of the search is compounded by
142:42 the planet's enormous orbital period
142:44 which is thought to be thousands of
142:47 years because the planet's motion across
142:49 the sky is in imp perceptibly slow from
142:52 our Earthly perspective even after a
142:55 decade Planet 9's position in space will
142:57 have changed only slightly making any
143:00 attempt to observe its motion in the
143:02 short term virtually impossible this
143:05 chilling rate of motion means that
143:07 traditional methods of detecting planets
143:09 by observing their transit or motion
143:11 against the background of stars are not
143:15 feasible however in their Relentless
143:17 Pursuit astronomers use an array of
143:19 sophistic ated techniques and
143:21 instruments from groundbased telescopes
143:23 equipped with Advanced Adaptive Optics
143:26 to space-based observatories that
143:28 circumvent the Earth's atmospheric
143:32 [Music]
143:34 distortions so in the pursuit of Planet
143:36 9 astronomers have had to go beyond
143:39 traditional observational methods
143:41 leading to the development of several
143:43 Innovative approaches aimed at refining
143:45 The elusive planet's location they
143:48 utilize unique aspects of the solar
143:50 system external environment and
143:52 potential Celestial interactions that
143:54 planet 9 may have with other
143:57 objects one of the proposed approaches
143:59 has to do with potential moons that may
144:02 orbit around Planet 9 given its
144:05 considerable Mass it is conceivable that
144:07 it could have captured one or more moons
144:09 during its long journey through the
144:11 solar system the concept is based on the
144:14 process of tidal heating a phenomenon in
144:17 which the gravitational interaction
144:18 between a planet and its Moon Moon
144:21 causes internal heat to be released
144:23 within the moon potentially making it
144:25 warmer than the parent Planet this is
144:28 what allows the satellites Europa and
144:30 Enceladus to have liquid subsurface
144:32 oceans and also provokes vigorous
144:35 volcanic activity on IO this internal
144:38 heating may cause the moons to emit
144:40 infrared radiation more perceptively
144:42 than Planet 9 itself providing an
144:44 indirect but promising Avenue for
144:47 detection another Innovative method
144:49 involves tracking the trajectories of
144:52 interstellar asteroids passing through
144:54 our solar system these high-speed
144:56 objects coming from regions outside our
144:59 solar system could potentially be
145:01 affected by the gravitational pole of
145:02 Planet 9 by meticulously tracking the
145:06 trajectories of such asteroids
145:08 astronomers can infer the presence and
145:10 location of a planet from the subtle
145:12 gravitational jolts it exerts on passing
145:16 bodies this method was demonstrated by
145:19 studying the interstellar asteroid omua
145:21 mua whose path through our solar system
145:23 may have been slightly altered by such a
145:25 massive object the trajectories of
145:28 spacecraft passing through the outer
145:30 solar system can also provide valuable
145:33 insights like asteroids when spacecraft
145:37 travel vast distances between planets
145:39 their trajectories are slightly and
145:41 subtly influenced by the gravitational
145:43 forces they
145:45 encounter by analyzing the precise
145:47 tracking data from these missions
145:49 scientists can detect unaccounted
145:51 gravitational anomalies that may hint at
145:54 the presence of Planet
145:56 9 this method requires accumulating huge
145:59 amounts of data over long periods
146:01 because the gravitational effects are
146:03 incredibly subtle however the results
146:06 can be very significant and will pay off
146:09 the time
146:10 spent moving from direct observation to
146:13 indirect detection through a planet's
146:15 influence on its environment may be the
146:17 key to unlocking one of the greatest m
146:20 iies of our Cosmic
146:24 neighborhood the search for Planet 9 has
146:26 also spawned many theories and
146:27 speculations about the true nature of
146:29 this elusive object among the most
146:32 intriguing are hypotheses that planet 9
146:34 could be a primordial black hole or a
146:38 dense Dark Matter Clump each
146:40 representing a radical departure from
146:42 the traditional planetary
146:44 view the idea that planet 9 could be a
146:47 primordial black hole introduces AARP
146:50 prop narrative unlike Stellar black
146:53 holes formed by the collapse of massive
146:56 stars primordial black holes are
146:59 theorized to have originated in a
147:01 highdensity environment shortly after
147:03 the big
147:04 bang these hypothetical entities may be
147:08 the size of an asteroid but have the
147:10 mass of a
147:11 planet the possibility that planet 9 is
147:14 one of these ancient mysterious objects
147:17 is compelling for several reasons first
147:19 it would allow us to explain the
147:21 gravitational effects attributed to it
147:23 without the need for a visible planetary
147:25 body secondly this of course does not
147:28 completely contradict the impossibility
147:30 of its detection since such an object
147:32 would theoretically be no larger than a
147:36 basketball according to another theory
147:38 Planet 9 may be a concentrated blob of
147:41 Dark Matter this form of matter which
147:44 does not emit absorb or reflect light
147:47 accounts for a significant portion of
147:49 the total mass of the universe but
147:51 remains one of the greatest
147:53 Mysteries Dark Matter clumps theoretical
147:56 clusters of dark matter are thought to
147:58 have Arisen from density fluctuations in
148:01 the early
148:02 universe as the universe expanded and
148:05 cooled these gravitational fluctuations
148:08 led to the formation of Dark Matter
148:09 structures ranging from small clumps to
148:12 massive Halos surrounding
148:15 galaxies if Planet 9 were a dense
148:18 cluster of dark matter it could EX Obert
148:20 the gravitational influence observed in
148:22 the outer solar system without being
148:24 directly observable using conventional
148:26 telescopic
148:28 techniques the primordial black hole and
148:31 dark matter clot hypotheses emphasize
148:34 the profound implications of the search
148:36 for Planet 9 far beyond the discovery of
148:39 a new member of the solar system whether
148:42 it's an ordinary Planet a primordial
148:44 black hole or a dark matter clot one way
148:47 or another we'll find ourselves on the
148:49 favorable side of
148:53 events the search for Planet 9 is a
148:56 testament to Humanity's uring curiosity
148:59 and Relentless pursuit of the unknown a
149:03 recent pre-print of a research paper by
149:05 the same Mike Brown and Constantine
149:07 bigan and their colleague Matthew J
149:10 Holeman entitled pan Stars One search
149:13 for Planet 9 dated February 1st
149:16 2024 reflects the meticulous ongoing
149:19 efforts to un cover this enigmatic
149:21 member of our solar
149:23 system the study used extensive data
149:25 from the pan Stars One survey which with
149:28 its deep and wide Sky coverage provided
149:31 a unique vantage point for the search by
149:34 focusing on single night transients and
149:36 using a sophisticated klarian orbit
149:39 linking algorithm the researcher sifted
149:42 through billions of detected objects a
149:44 task akin to finding a single grain of
149:46 sand among the entire North American
149:49 coastline this methodological approach
149:51 represents a significant Leap Forward
149:54 building on the foundation laid by
149:56 previous surveys such as the zi
149:59 transient facility and the dark energy
150:02 survey despite the depth and breadth of
150:05 the PS1 survey The elusive ninth planet
150:08 remained out of sight no features
150:10 matching the search parameters were
150:12 found in the data this result while not
150:15 leading to the discovery of a ninth
150:17 planet nevertheless narrowed the search
150:19 area considerably excluding 78% of the
150:23 parameter space in which the planet
150:25 could potentially reside the remaining
150:28 22% areas with poor observational
150:31 coverage were inaccessible to current
150:33 detection capabilities represent the
150:35 next Frontier in the space
150:38 search the journey doesn't end with the
150:40 PS1 research the upcoming launch of the
150:43 Vera C ruin Observatory promises to
150:46 usher in a new era of astronomical
150:48 observation with cap abilities that can
150:50 finely pierce the veil of mystery
150:53 including that which surrounds Planet
150:56 9 as we stand on the threshold of these
150:59 future Explorations the search for
151:02 Planet 9 remains a beacon of scientific
151:04 inquiry a reminder of the vastness of
151:07 the universe and the small but
151:09 significant place we occupy in
151:17 it in the shadowy depths of our solar
151:20 system far beyond the last known gas
151:22 giant lies a world shrouded in intrigue
151:26 and mystery this is Pluto once
151:29 considered the ninth planet it now
151:31 occupies a separate category at the
151:33 center of heat at debate and scientific
151:36 curiosity for decades Pluto remained a
151:39 blurry Speck of light in our most
151:41 powerful telescopes a distant dot at the
151:44 edge of our vision it was a world
151:46 waiting to be discovered keeping its
151:49 secrets and the cold dark depths of
151:52 space at the dawn of the 21st century an
151:56 unprecedentedly ambitious Mission began
151:59 the New Horizon spacecraft embarked on a
152:01 billion mile journey to explore Pluto's
152:04 icy Frontiers what it discovered was
152:07 astonishing in its diversity towering
152:10 ice mountains huge nitrogen glaciers and
152:13 the legendary heart-shaped Tom bow Regio
152:16 an object so large it can be seen from
152:19 space
152:20 but these discoveries are just the
152:22 beginning join us as we journey together
152:24 into the icy depths of the outer solar
152:27 system where one dwarf planet is eagerly
152:29 waiting to tell us its
152:32 story in the early 20th century the
152:34 search for 9th Planet the mysterious
152:37 Planet X gripped the world of astronomy
152:39 the search was not just about adding
152:41 another name to the list of planets it
152:43 was about understanding the Unseen
152:45 forces that shape the orbits of the then
152:47 already known celestial bodies around
152:49 around us at the center of the search
152:52 was L observatory in Flagstaff Arizona
152:55 where a young astronomer named Clyde
152:57 tomow embarked on a painstaking journey
153:00 through space armed with a telescope and
153:03 photographic plates tomow set out to
153:05 scrutinize the night sky inch by inch in
153:09 search of an elusive planet that eluded
153:12 detection on a February night in 1930
153:16 Tom Ba's diligence paid off among the
153:19 count Stars he spotted a moving object a
153:22 tiny Speck of light that was unlike
153:25 anything else he had observed it was
153:27 Pluto a distant world named after the
153:30 Roman god of the underworld a discovery
153:33 that would change the boundaries of our
153:35 solar system as the decades passed
153:38 Hubble Space Telescope brought us closer
153:40 to Pluto than ever before launched into
153:42 orbit in 1990 Hubble's powerful lens
153:45 pierced the veil of distance separating
153:48 us from the outer solar system the first
153:50 images of Pluto were a revelation
153:52 transforming the distant dwarf planet
153:54 from a mere glowing dot to a world with
153:58 distinct
153:59 features these Hubble images provided
154:01 the basis for a more detailed study they
154:03 showed Pluto's complex surface marked by
154:06 variations in brightness and color
154:08 hinting at a dynamic World waiting to be
154:11 explored an odyssey of discovery that
154:14 began with a single blinking dot on a
154:16 photographic plate has brought us to the
154:18 threshold of a new Frontier Pluto once a
154:22 mere curiosity at the edge of our solar
154:24 system was about to reveal its Secrets
154:27 through a Relentless pursuit of
154:29 knowledge and a Relentless Spirit of
154:33 exploration 5 4 3 2
154:38 1 we have IGN Mission and liftoff of
154:42 NASA's new horizon space on a DE voage
154:46 to visit the Pluto and then beond
154:49 January 2006 Humanity embarked on
154:52 another of its most ambitious Journeys
154:55 New Horizons a spacecraft no bigger than
154:58 a grand piano was poised across the vast
155:01 emptiness of space heading for a world
155:03 barely seen by human eyes its mission is
155:06 to unlock the secrets of Pluto a
155:08 mysterious dwarf planet at the edge of
155:11 our solar system when New Horizon soared
155:14 into the sky it carried the aspirations
155:16 of countless people who had devoted
155:19 years to that that moment the journey
155:21 was a marathon of cosmic proportions
155:24 spanning nearly a decade and More Than 3
155:26 billion miles with Precision it plotted
155:30 a path through the void Guided by the
155:33 gravitational slingshots of celestial
155:35 bodies in its
155:36 path in 2015 after nine long years as
155:41 New Horizons approached its distant
155:43 destination the whole world watched with
155:46 baited breath the first images were
155:48 simply Revolution tionary Pluto which
155:51 was once just a speck of light even in
155:53 the most powerful telescopes now
155:56 appeared to be a world of mountains
155:58 valleys and
156:00 plains the landscape that came into view
156:02 was strikingly varied ice mountains some
156:06 as tall as the Rockies Rose proudly to
156:08 the surface their peaks shrouded in a
156:11 blanket of methane
156:13 snow spotnik Pia a nitrogen ice plane
156:16 stretched across the entire dwarf planet
156:19 it's surface modeled with a complex
156:21 pattern of ridges and
156:23 depressions among the most striking
156:26 discoveries are signs of geological
156:27 activity Pluto long thought to be a
156:30 frozen Relic from the dawn of the solar
156:32 system turned out to be alive placers of
156:36 nitrogen ice slowly flowed across the
156:39 landscape and hints of cryo volcanoes
156:42 indicated that this distant world was
156:45 not as inactive as previously
156:48 thought new Horizons leap into the
156:50 unknown bridge the gap between
156:52 assumptions and reality Pluto was no
156:54 longer just a point of light in our
156:56 telescopes it was a dynamic world full
156:59 of surprises and Beauty waiting at the
157:02 edge of our solar system it was just the
157:04 beginning of a new chapter in our
157:06 understanding of the
157:09 cosmos Pluto's expanse of rugged
157:12 Landscapes is home to one of its most
157:14 mesmerizing features the spotnik plantia
157:18 this enormous heart-shaped AP Glacier is
157:20 not just a striking visual Landmark it's
157:23 a geological Marvel that's changed the
157:25 way we think about this distant world
157:28 the origin of spotnik Mia is a story of
157:31 cosmic forces this vast Basin stretching
157:34 more than 650 Mi is believed to have
157:37 been formed by the impact of a massive
157:40 Celestial body an event that changed
157:42 Pluto's surface and possibly its entire
157:45 geology the Basin was filled with
157:47 various ices mostly nitrogen
157:50 creating a smooth reflective plane that
157:52 contrasts sharply with the surrounding
157:55 topography the surface of spotnik plania
157:58 is modeled with a complex pattern of
158:00 convection cells each the size of a
158:03 country on Earth these cells are the
158:05 surface manifestation of ice in slow
158:08 motion turning and flowing in response
158:10 to the weak heat coming from Pluto's
158:13 interior this lava lamp-like process
158:15 shows that Pluto is far from the inert
158:18 Frozen world we once imagined more
158:22 Mysteries lie beneath the icy facade of
158:24 Sputnik plania the uniform Mass
158:27 distribution in this region obtained
158:29 from spacecraft measurements hints at
158:31 the presence of a denser layer beneath
158:33 the ice scientists speculate that this
158:36 may be a subsurface ocean it's possible
158:39 that this Reservoir could contain liquid
158:41 water isolated by the ice crust
158:46 above among other discoveries scientists
158:49 have ALS also found that Pluto has an
158:50 atmosphere hovering above its icy
158:52 surface as thin and fragile as an
158:55 atmosphere can be on the cold fringes of
158:57 the solar system composed mostly of
158:59 nitrogen with traces of methane and
159:02 carbon monoxide this thin veil provides
159:05 Clues to understanding the planet's most
159:07 mysterious processes the structure of
159:09 the planet's atmosphere does not match
159:11 the primary expectations when New
159:14 Horizons flew by it found an atmosphere
159:16 extending hundreds of miles above the
159:18 surface much more extensive than
159:20 expected this thin atmospheric layer is
159:23 stratified and has a complex interplay
159:26 of gases that scatter and refract
159:28 sunlight creating a mesmerizing blue hue
159:31 that resembles Earth's Own
159:34 Sky because Pluto's Journey around the
159:36 Sun is unlike any other planet in our
159:38 solar system with an orbital period of
159:40 an unimaginable 248 Earth years each
159:44 season on Pluto can last decades its
159:48 trajectory is markedly elliptical it is
159:51 much closer to the Sun at pelian than at
159:53 aelion and its axis is tilted at an
159:56 angle of
159:57 120° resulting in extreme seasonal
160:00 variations on its surface as Pluto
160:03 approaches its parhelion the heat from
160:05 the distant Sun though faint is enough
160:07 to cause a remarkable
160:09 transformation surface IES composed of
160:12 nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide
160:15 begin to sublimate a process by which
160:18 these ice change from from a solid state
160:20 to a gaseous State without changing to
160:22 an intermediate liquid state this
160:25 sublimation is most pronounced in
160:27 regions exposed to the sun's weak but
160:29 constant Rays resulting in an increase
160:32 in atmospheric pressure as gases
160:35 previously trapped in ice form are
160:37 released to the outside this outgassing
160:40 thickens Pluto's atmosphere making it
160:42 more substantial during these warm
160:44 periods the atmosphere expands Rising
160:48 hundreds of kilometers above the surface
160:50 much more than during colder periods
160:53 this expansion is uneven and it's
160:55 influenced by Pluto's topography and the
160:58 composition of its ice creating a
161:00 complex and dynamic atmospheric system
161:03 as Pluto continues its long journey
161:05 moving away from the Sun and toward more
161:08 distant parts of its orbit the
161:10 atmosphere is undergoing a dramatic turn
161:12 of events the gases that once thickened
161:15 the atmosphere are now Cooling and
161:17 condensing falling back to the surface
161:19 is a fine snow of nitrogen methane and
161:22 carbon monoxide this cyclical process of
161:26 sublimation and condensation is a
161:28 defining feature of Pluto's climate
161:31 changing its surface over the centuries
161:33 the stance of ice and Vapor unfolding
161:35 over the course of Pluto's long year
161:37 paints a portrait of a world in constant
161:40 motion far from a static Frozen
161:43 Wasteland ploto surface is a dynamic
161:46 environment a reminder of the active and
161:48 everchanging ing nature of even the most
161:51 distant members of our solar system
161:53 another exciting discovery about Pluto's
161:55 atmosphere is its Escape rate unlike the
161:59 strong magnetic fields and gravitational
162:01 pole that protect the atmosphere of the
162:03 larger planets Pluto's weak gravity
162:06 allows much of its atmosphere to escape
162:08 into space this atmospheric Escape
162:11 contributes to the ionized gas tail an
162:14 invisible comet-like trail that Pluto
162:17 leaves behind it as it orbits the Sun
162:19 this leakage is not a steady gentle flow
162:22 but a complex interaction with a solar
162:24 wind a stream of charged particles
162:27 emanating from the Sun these particles
162:30 colliding with escaping atmospheric
162:32 gases create a dynamic and everchanging
162:35 environment around Pluto a miniature
162:38 magnetosphere in which the drama of
162:40 solar and planetary forces is played
162:44 out from Pluto's Dynamic atmosphere and
162:48 unique climate we move to its largest
162:50 moon Chon and discover relationships and
162:53 Landscapes that change the very
162:55 definition of celestial bodies in the
162:57 outer part of our solar system cheron
163:00 Pluto's largest satellite orbits and
163:02 synchronized motion with it discovered
163:05 in 1978 this Celestial body turns out to
163:08 be more than just a satellite it is a
163:10 whole world filled with geological
163:13 wonders and a unique history that's
163:15 intertwined with that of Pluto as New
163:19 Horizons flew past cheron they saw a
163:21 landscape of canyons so deep and wide
163:24 they could easily swallow up parts of
163:27 Earth's Grand Canyon these chasms
163:30 stretched across the surface of the
163:32 satellite telling a story of geologic
163:34 upheaval mountains Rising dramatically
163:37 against the lunar surface reveal a
163:39 dynamic history their peaks casting Long
163:42 Shadows over The Valleys below the
163:45 origins of Chon's dramatic topography
163:47 lie in its past
163:49 marked by internal processes and
163:51 possibly cryo volcanic activity as Chon
163:55 cooled and compressed over millions of
163:57 years its crossed split resulting in
164:00 vast Canyons at the same time mountains
164:03 may have formed from tectonic activity
164:05 as the moon's surface flexed and broke
164:08 pushing some areas upward and raising
164:11 Peaks the interaction between Pluto and
164:14 Chon is a kind of gravitational ballet
164:17 in which both bodies are locked in a
164:19 synchronized orbit this means that
164:21 Sharon always faces Pluto on the same
164:23 side and vice versa a phenomenon known
164:26 as tidal locking unlike most moons which
164:29 orbit around their planets Pluto and
164:32 cheron orbit around a point in the space
164:35 between them known as the Berry Center
164:37 this unique Arrangement challenges the
164:39 conventional definitions of planets and
164:41 moons suggesting a binary system where
164:43 both bodies are Partners in their
164:45 Celestial
164:47 tandem this gravitational partnership
164:49 extends Beyond Pluto and Chon affecting
164:52 the orbits of Pluto's smaller moons
164:54 sticks nicks garos and Hydra Chon's
164:59 presence stabilizes these smaller
165:01 satellites maintaining the complex
165:03 balance of the system the Dynamics of
165:06 this Min solar system give us valuable
165:08 insight into the gravitational
165:09 interactions that shape the orbits of
165:12 celestial bodies throughout the
165:16 Universe located in the vast Realm of
165:19 the Kyper belt Pluto stands like a
165:22 sentinel at the edge of our solar system
165:25 this region a vast cluster of icy bodies
165:27 extending beyond the orbit of Neptune is
165:30 a relic of the early solar system and
165:32 holds the keys to understanding the
165:34 formation and evolution of our Cosmic
165:37 neighbor Pluto once thought to be the
165:39 ninth planet has found its relatives
165:41 among the vast number of Kyper belt
165:43 objects or
165:45 kbos like dwarf planets like haia
165:49 and Macky macki to smaller lesser known
165:51 bodies each kbo has its own story that
165:55 contributes to the picture of the solar
165:56 system Pluto's varied landscape from
165:59 nitrogen ice Plaines to towering
166:02 mountains and dynamic atmospheres
166:04 reflect the complexity and diversity of
166:07 the Kyper belt landscape the Kyper belt
166:10 is a window to the Past a frozen Archive
166:13 of the birth of the solar system the
166:16 objects included in it including Pluto
166:18 are remnants of the time of planetary
166:20 formation Untouched by the sun's Heat
166:24 their composition ice mixed with rocks
166:27 gives an idea of the materials that
166:29 abounded in the early solar system and
166:31 allows us to understand the processes
166:33 that led to the birth of the planets
166:36 exploring Pluto and its neighbors in the
166:37 Kyper belt has far-reaching implications
166:40 for our understanding of the solar
166:41 system each Mission like the New
166:44 Horizons flyby of Pluto and aroth peels
166:47 away layers of mystery revealing the
166:50 conditions and processes that prevailed
166:52 in the outer solar system billions of
166:55 years ago forcing us to consider the
166:57 Dynamics of planetary formation and the
167:00 boundaries between planets and smaller
167:02 celestial bodies Pluto's position of the
167:05 Kyper belt emphasizes the
167:07 interconnectedness of celestial bodies
167:10 from the smallest piece of ice to the
167:12 largest gas giant the Dynamics of the
167:15 Kyper belt with its resonances and
167:17 orbital interaction s influenced the
167:20 stability and evolution of the outer
167:22 solar system shaping the trajectories of
167:25 comets and affecting the environment of
167:30 Neptune however New Horizon exploration
167:33 didn't end there after its historic
167:35 flyby of Pluto it traveled onward to
167:37 aroth a Kyper belt object meeting it on
167:41 January 1st 2019 marking the next
167:44 milestone in space
167:45 exploration araco resembling a clay
167:48 snowman demonstrated the soft merger of
167:51 two primordial objects offering
167:54 unprecedented insight into the building
167:56 blocks of the early solar system the
167:58 story of arico's formation is a
168:01 testament to the slow and gentle
168:03 processes that dominated the outer
168:05 regions of the early solar system the
168:08 large lobe called wenu is not a single
168:10 formation but a cluster of a dozen rocks
168:13 each more than 3 Mi wide huddled around
168:16 a central slab this cluster refutes
168:18 previous Notions of high velocity
168:20 collisions in planetary formation
168:23 suggesting instead a gradual merger at
168:25 speeds of less than a dozen fet per
168:29 second this intricate interaction
168:32 between two loes losing angular momentum
168:35 and smoothly merging forms an image of a
168:37 patient Cosmos where the building blocks
168:40 of the planets come together in a
168:42 Heavenly cycle of gravity and
168:45 time looking ahead The Horizon of solar
168:48 system exploration is littered with
168:50 potential concepts for the next New
168:52 Horizon's missions are already stirring
168:54 the imagination of scientists and
168:56 Engineers one of them envisions an
168:59 Orbiter capable of mapping Pluto's
169:01 surface with unprecedented resolution
169:03 penetrating the mysteries of its small
169:05 satellites and even exploring the
169:07 Eternal darkness of the regions
169:09 enveloped by Pluto's axial
169:12 tilt the project inspired by the legacy
169:14 of Cassini proposes to use Chon's
169:17 gravity to create complex orbital
169:19 trajectories around Pluto allowing for a
169:22 comprehensive study of the dwarf planet
169:24 and its satellites such missions could
169:27 utilize electric propulsion replicating
169:30 the success of NASA's Dawn and could
169:32 potentially go beyond the Pluto system
169:35 and explore New Frontiers in the Kyper
169:37 belt new technologies such as direct
169:40 Fusion drives promised to propel future
169:43 spacecraft to the outer solar system
169:45 with unprecedented speed and efficiency
169:49 a report titled the fusion enabled Pluto
169:52 Orbiter and Lander from NASA's
169:53 Innovative advanced concepts niac
169:56 program describes a mission to Pluto
169:59 with a direct Fusion
170:00 Drive using a fusion reactor a 1,000
170:04 kilogram Orbiter and Landing module
170:06 could reach Pluto in Just 4 years more
170:09 than twice the speed of New Horizons
170:12 these promising propulsion systems could
170:14 significantly shorten the travel time
170:17 opening new pages in The exploration of
170:19 the Distant Worlds of our
170:23 outskirts as we travel the vastness of
170:26 space exploring Distant Worlds and
170:28 discovering the secrets they hold our
170:31 understanding of the cosmos continues to
170:32 evolve the story of Pluto from its
170:35 Discovery to the present day is a vivid
170:38 reminder of the dynamic nature of
170:40 science and our attempts to categorize
170:42 the universe around us Pluto's unique
170:46 orbital interaction with Neptune as adds
170:48 another layer to its fascinating story
170:51 during its 248e orbit around the Sun
170:54 Pluto appears closer to the Sun than
170:57 Neptune for a brief time challenging the
171:00 view of its position as the ninth planet
171:02 this Crossing of orbits when Pluto and
171:05 Neptune change places occurs because of
171:07 the elliptical trajectory of Pluto's
171:09 orbit and its inclination relative to
171:12 the plane of the solar system despite
171:14 this temporal shift Pluto's overall
171:16 trajectory ensures that there no risk of
171:19 collision with Neptune due to their
171:21 Mutual orbital
171:23 resonance the rather lengthy debate over
171:25 Pluto's planetary status has long
171:28 sparked discussion and controversy that
171:30 reaches far beyond the astronomical
171:32 community in 2006 the international
171:35 astronomical Union revised the
171:37 definition of planet in our solar system
171:39 which led to Pluto's reclassification as
171:41 a dwarf planet this moment was not only
171:45 a turning point for Pluto but also a
171:47 catalyst for the reclassification of
171:48 celestial bodies Pluto's history is
171:52 closely tied to the Kyper belt a region
171:54 teeming with objects that blur the
171:56 boundaries between planets moons and
171:58 smaller celestial bodies studying Pluto
172:01 and its neighbors makes us think about
172:03 the wide range of characteristics that
172:05 celestial bodies can possess from their
172:07 atmospheres and geology to their orbits
172:10 and
172:11 interactions in the grand canvas of the
172:14 cosmos every thread from the smallest
172:17 asteroid to the mightiest gas giant
172:20 plays a critical role in the history of
172:22 our solar system as we stand at the
172:24 threshold of new exploration Pluto's
172:27 Legacy and the knowledge gained from the
172:29 Kyper belt serve as beacons guiding us
172:32 to a deeper understanding of our place
172:35 in the
172:36 universe rethinking our Cosmic
172:38 neighborhood is not just about the
172:39 labels we place on it but about
172:41 embracing the diversity and complexity
172:45 of the universe
172:49 Saturn has captivated the human
172:52 imagination from ancient civilizations
172:54 to Modern astronomers the mauy of New
172:57 Zealand separated by vast oceans and
173:00 without telescopes somehow knew that
173:02 Saturn had Rings how the mystery
173:08 deepens Saturn has long been a symbol of
173:10 the unknown and mysterious its iconic
173:13 rings have been the subject of Wonder
173:15 and speculation since the time of galile
173:20 but what if we told you that these Rings
173:22 however Eternal they may seem are
173:24 actually a fleeting Cosmic
173:27 phenomenon adding to the Intrigue is a
173:30 storm twice the width of Earth with a
173:32 mysterious hexagonal shape that's raging
173:34 at Saturn's North Pole what forces could
173:38 have created such a geometrically
173:39 perfect formation but the Mysteries
173:42 don't end there Saturn's satellites
173:45 Titan and Enceladus offer conditions
173:47 that could put potentially support life
173:50 Lakes of liquid methane and geysers
173:53 spewing water and organic material into
173:55 space make these satellites more than
173:57 just celestial bodies they potential
174:00 homes for
174:02 Life join us for a closer look at this
174:05 enigmatic Giant and its Cosmic
174:08 Mysteries our journey begins with
174:11 Galileo galile the Italian astronomer
174:14 who first pointed his telescope at
174:16 Saturn in 1610
174:18 what he saw puzzled him a planet with
174:20 something like ears he didn't realize he
174:23 was looking at the edges of Saturn's
174:25 magnificent Rings a feature that would
174:27 puzzle astronomers for centuries to come
174:30 Galileo's telescope was primitive by
174:33 today's standards and the true nature of
174:35 Saturn's ears remained a
174:38 mystery it was not until 1655 that
174:41 Christian Hans armed with a more
174:43 advanced telescope correctly identified
174:46 them as a system of rings surrounding
174:48 the
174:50 Planet moving into the modern era we
174:53 witnessed the pioner 11 Mission the
174:55 first spacecraft to fly past Saturn in
174:59 1979 this Mission provided us with the
175:02 first close-up images of the planet and
175:04 its rings revealing intricate details
175:07 that were once inaccessible to Earth's
175:09 telescopes and
175:10 us but it was the Cassini mission that
175:13 truly revealed Saturn in all its Glory
175:17 launched in 19 1997 and arriving at
175:19 Saturn in 2004 Cassini spent 13 years
175:23 studying the planet its rings and its
175:26 satellites from discovering plumes of
175:29 water ice on Enceladus to capturing the
175:32 Ethereal beauty of a exogal shaped storm
175:35 at Saturn's North Pole Cassini
175:38 revolutionized our understanding of this
175:40 distant
175:42 world and here's an interesting point
175:45 long before the Advent of telescopes the
175:47 mai people of New Zealand had myths that
175:49 described Saturn as having a pararo or
175:52 belt around it how they knew this
175:55 remains a matter of debate and
175:57 speculation but as we'll see later
175:59 Saturn holds more than one mystery what
176:02 do you think could have created a
176:03 hexagonal storm with an area larger than
176:06 the Earth
176:10 itself Saturn Harbors a geometric enigma
176:14 at its North Pole a six-sided storm
176:17 that's puzzled scientists for decades
176:20 this six-sided wonder is not just a
176:22 superficial feature but a deep and
176:24 enduring mystery that breaks down the
176:26 understanding of fluid dynamics and
176:29 planetary atmospheres the hexagon was
176:32 first discovered in 1981 by the Voyager
176:36 spacecraft but it wasn't until the
176:38 Cassini Mission which orbited Saturn
176:40 from 2004 to 2017 that we got a front
176:44 row seat to this Cosmic spectacle
176:47 cassini's High resolu ution images
176:48 showed a symmetrical jet stream
176:51 surrounding the hurricane likee vortex
176:53 at the center of a hexagon unlike
176:56 Earth's chaotic weather systems Saturn's
176:58 hexagon is a masterpiece of geometric
177:01 Precision so what's causing this
177:04 hexagonal storm researchers at Harvard
177:06 University have developed a 3D model
177:09 that suggests deep thermal convection
177:11 and Saturn's outer layers may be the
177:13 culprit this model shows that the storm
177:16 could spread thousands of kilomet deep
177:19 into Saturn's atmosphere well beyond
177:21 what we can
177:22 see interestingly scientists have been
177:25 able to reproduce the hexagonal pattern
177:28 in a laboratory setting although these
177:30 experiments do not capture all the
177:32 nuances of Saturn's complex atmosphere
177:35 they provide a glimpse of
177:36 extraterrestrial
177:38 phenomena Saturn's hexagonal Vortex
177:41 contrasts sharply with Earth's polar
177:43 vortex which is irregular and less
177:46 stable this difference raises questions
177:49 about the fundamental properties that
177:51 distinguish the atmospheres of the gas
177:53 giants from the earth group
177:56 planets the longevity of the hexagon is
177:58 another mystery it's been observed for
178:01 at least four decades and possibly much
178:04 longer this steady feature suggests that
178:07 everything that feeds the hexagon is not
178:10 a temporary phenomenon but a stable
178:13 perhaps even permanent aspect of
178:15 Saturn's internal Dynamics
178:22 let's shift our attention from The
178:23 Mystery of the hexagon to another Wonder
178:25 of Saturn Saturn's rings are more than
178:29 just Celestial jewelry they're Dynamic
178:32 everchanging systems that interest
178:34 astronomers and the public
178:36 alike but what are these rings made of
178:39 and why are they so
178:42 short-lived Saturn's rings are composed
178:44 mostly of water ice with a mixture of
178:46 dust and Rocky material
178:48 they range in size from tiny particles
178:51 to huge chunks the size of houses these
178:55 ice particles are not static they're in
178:57 constant motion under the influence of
178:59 Saturn's gravity and the gravitational
179:01 pull of its
179:03 satellites the Rings are divided into
179:05 several subdivisions and gaps each with
179:08 its own unique
179:09 characteristics most notable are the a b
179:12 and c Rings separated by gaps such as
179:15 the Cassini ring a gap three ,000 miles
179:19 between the A and B
179:22 Rings the origin of Saturn's rings has
179:25 been the subject of
179:26 debate one popular Theory suggests that
179:29 they formed from the remnants of a
179:31 shattered
179:32 Moon another theory states that they're
179:34 the remnants of material from the
179:36 formation of the solar system captured
179:38 by Saturn's gravitational
179:40 pull Recent research has also shown that
179:43 the Rings may be much younger than
179:45 Saturn itself perhaps around 400 Mill
179:48 million years old based on the rate of
179:50 dust
179:51 contamination Saturn's rings don't last
179:54 forever they're slowly disappearing
179:56 because of a phenomenon known as ring
179:59 rain in which ring particles are drawn
180:02 into Saturn's atmosphere this process is
180:05 accelerated by microm meteoroid
180:07 bombardment and interaction with
180:09 Saturn's magnetic
180:12 field at the current rate some
180:14 scientists predict that Saturn's rings
180:16 could disappear Within 100 million
180:19 years the depletion of the Rings would
180:21 not only change Saturn's appearance but
180:24 could also have consequences for its
180:26 atmosphere and magnetic
180:28 field as we pause for a moment we
180:30 realize that even the most fascinating
180:32 features of our universe are not immune
180:35 to the inexorable forces of physics
180:37 doomed to disappear into the chronicle
180:40 of
180:45 Eternity Saturn the ring giant of our
180:49 solar system is not just a Celestial
180:51 Wonder it's also a cosmic playground
180:55 that contains some of the most
180:56 intriguing
180:57 satellites two of which Titan and
181:00 Enceladus have fascinated scientists and
181:03 sparked debate about the potential for
181:05 life beyond
181:07 Earth Titan Saturn's largest satellite
181:10 is a world shrouded in
181:12 mystery its dense atmosphere is rich in
181:15 organic compounds and there are lakes
181:17 and rivers of liquid methan on the
181:19 surface but what's truly amazing is
181:22 Titan's rate of removal from
181:24 Saturn 100 times faster than previously
181:28 thought amounting to a staggering 4.3 in
181:31 per
181:32 year this rapid drift suggests a dynamic
181:36 and evolving relationship between Titan
181:38 and Saturn could this drift affect
181:41 Titan's internal
181:42 Dynamics and perhaps even its potential
181:45 for the existence of life
181:49 an atmosphere rich in organic compounds
181:51 such as nitrogen and methane and the
181:53 possibility of an underground ocean make
181:55 Titan a tempting Target for the search
181:58 for extraterrestrial life but the
182:00 question remains What would life look
182:03 like in an environment so radically
182:05 different from
182:06 Earth's and let's remember Enceladus
182:09 another satellite of Saturn that's very
182:11 different from Titan it's an icy world
182:15 with a highly reflective surface that
182:17 outshine any other body in the solar
182:20 system Enceladus takes the concept of an
182:23 ocean world to a new level not only does
182:26 it have a subsurface ocean but it also
182:28 sprays it into space where samples of it
182:31 can be collected by a space
182:34 probe this ocean contains most of the
182:36 chemical ingredients necessary for life
182:39 including hot mineral-rich water
182:41 erupting from hydrothermal
182:44 vents hydrothermal vents can provide the
182:47 necessary conditions for Life as We Know
182:49 It On Earth these vents are teeming with
182:52 life forms that thrive in extreme
182:55 conditions could enceladus's vents be
182:58 home to similar but alien life
183:02 forms Enceladus also contributes to
183:05 Saturn z-ring a unique characteristic
183:08 that further enriches the dynamic
183:10 relationship between the Moon and its
183:11 host Planet the icy particles in this
183:15 ring open a window into the moon's
183:17 internal chemistry providing clues that
183:20 may reveal its
183:22 Secrets Titan and Enceladus are two
183:25 moons orbiting the same Planet but quite
183:28 different in their
183:30 characteristics both present compelling
183:32 arguments in favor of the potential for
183:34 Life fueling our
183:38 curiosity as we Ponder the possibilities
183:40 of life on Saturn satellites it's worth
183:43 noting that our curiosity is not limited
183:46 to telescopes and computer modeling
183:48 upcoming missions aim to study these
183:50 satellites up close and perhaps answer
183:53 some of our most pressing
183:55 questions meet dragonfly NASA's
183:58 ambitious mission to Titan scheduled for
184:01 launch in the 2030s this rotorcraft will
184:05 fly over Titans diverse terrain from
184:07 Dunes to impact
184:09 craters dragonfly's main goal is to
184:12 search for the building blocks of life
184:14 it will analyze complex organic
184:16 compounds in the atmosphere and on the
184:19 surface providing invaluable data on
184:22 Titan's
184:23 chemistry equipped with a suite of
184:25 scientific instruments dragonfly seeks
184:27 to understand the geologic processes on
184:30 the moon and how they relate to its
184:32 potential for Life Could Titan's unique
184:35 chemical composition and liquid methane
184:38 Cycles offer a different recipe for
184:41 Life although no missions to Enceladus
184:44 are currently planned the moon's
184:46 potential for life has made it a prime
184:48 candidate for future exploration
184:51 scientists are proposing missions that
184:53 could fly through enceladus's plumes and
184:55 directly sample its underground ocean
184:58 such a mission could analyze the
185:00 chemistry of the plumes in search of
185:02 signs of life or pre-biotic chemistry
185:05 the presence of hydrothermal vents in
185:07 enceladus's oceans adds another layer of
185:11 intrigue suggesting an environment in
185:13 which life could potentially thrive
185:18 despite the technical challenges a
185:20 mission to Enceladus could revolutionize
185:22 our understanding of the potential for
185:24 life in the solar
185:26 system it could provide direct evidence
185:29 for the existence of extraterrestrial
185:31 life or at least provide clues to the
185:34 conditions necessary for life to
185:39 [Music]
185:40 exist as we mentioned Saturn's rings
185:43 don't last forever as we once thought
185:46 recent Studies have shown that that a
185:47 process that can last hundreds of
185:49 millions of years is causing these icy
185:52 wonders to slowly fade away but what
185:55 significance does this have for Saturn
185:57 and its complex atmospheric
186:00 Dynamics according to a study by the
186:02 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency this
186:06 material composed mostly of water causes
186:08 a decrease in electron density in
186:11 Saturn's
186:12 atmosphere this phenomenon known as ring
186:15 rain significantly affects pn's
186:17 atmospheric
186:19 conditions ring rain is not just a
186:21 trickle it's a stream that carries away
186:24 water and amounts equivalent to an
186:26 Olympic siiz swimming pool every half
186:29 hour compounding the mystery is the
186:31 relative youth of Saturn's
186:34 rings although Saturn itself is about
186:36 4.6 billion years old data from NASA's
186:40 Cassini Mission suggests that the Rings
186:43 may be only a few hundred million years
186:46 old this leads us to wonder if Saturn's
186:49 rings are so young what catastrophic
186:52 event could have led to their
186:53 formation was it the destruction of a
186:56 moon or perhaps the capture of a passing
187:00 Comet cassini's space dust analyzer has
187:04 added another layer of complexity over
187:07 13 years it's collected 163 dust
187:10 particles that came from outside the
187:13 Saturn system surprisingly the Rings
187:15 turned out to be quite clean
187:18 suggesting that they hadn't existed long
187:20 enough to accumulate excess Cosmic
187:23 dust this cleanliness raises the
187:26 question if the Rings are young why
187:28 haven't they collected more Cosmic
187:31 dust the absence of cosmic dust in the
187:34 Rings challenges our understanding of
187:36 their age and their interaction with the
187:38 wider Cosmic
187:39 environment it's as if the Rings are in
187:42 a cosmic laboratory room or clean room
187:46 isolated from the Dust that permeates
187:48 the rest of the solar system as the
187:51 Rings are depleted Saturn's appearance
187:54 will undergo a dramatic transformation
187:57 these rings have been the planet's
187:58 homework their disappearance would not
188:00 only change Saturn's appearance but
188:02 could also have unknown consequences for
188:04 its atmosphere perhaps even affecting
188:06 the planet's albo and heat
188:09 retention the loss of the Rings could
188:11 have a cascading effect on Saturn's
188:13 atmosphere potentially altering wind
188:16 patterns and and even affecting the
188:18 planet's iconic
188:19 storms the full extent of these changes
188:22 is still unknown making them a subject
188:24 of intense scientific
188:27 interest interestingly the fate of
188:29 Saturn's rings may be inextricably
188:32 linked to its
188:33 satellites some theories suggest that
188:36 gravitational instability may have
188:38 destroyed some of the icy satellites
188:40 orbiting Saturn providing enough
188:42 material to form the
188:44 Rings Saturn's rings and satellites are
188:47 are like Partners in a cosmic dance each
188:50 affecting the other in subtle but
188:52 significant
188:54 ways as we continue to study these
188:56 celestial bodies we can say
188:59 unequivocally that the fate of one Can
189:02 Shed light on the mysteries of the other
Chrome Extension