This content details the process of designing and verifying a Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) for electric vehicles, focusing on maintaining optimal battery temperature, ensuring safety, and enabling pre-heating in cold conditions. It emphasizes practical implementation using microcontrollers and simulation tools like Tinkercad.
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Okay, in uh today's session, we are just
going to assume that we have got a
project from a client which is for uh
developing a battery thermal management
systems and then we are going to develop
a system and then verify its
functionality also before it is
delivered to the client. We will just
assume we are from part of a team which
is supposed to do this. Now we have got
some set of uh specifications
requirements from the client. Uh some of
them we have kept these requirements
minimal so that it'll be easy for us to
start with. So assuming that these three
are the requirements which we have got
from the client. We are going to see
what is a process we are going to follow
for designing a thermal management
system and then how to test this and for
this entire thing we will be depending
upon developing the logic using your
favorite IDO and uh the debugging
process the verification of the uh logic
all of these things we will try to uh
So going by the first requirement, we
are supposed to maintain the temperature
of the battery cells within the range of
15°C to 35°C.
Now this range is uh kind of common to
almost all EV batteries. So 15°C
to 35°C
for the sake of uh keeping the
performance better. We are usually
usually automotive batteries or in fact
most of the lithium-ion batteries they
are operated in this temperature range
15°C to 35°C. So we have to ensure in
our through our battery thermal
management system we will shortly call
it as BTMS from now on we have to ensure
by using our BTMS we have to maintain
the range of the temperature between 15
and 35. So this we are going to
accomplish by using the convection
method. So you know that uh heat can be
uh propagated by using conduction,
convection and radiation. Conduction is
one option. So with conduction limited
amount of heat can be dissipated. If the
amount of heat that needs to be
dissipated is more naturally you'll be
going for active cooling strategies
based upon convection. So in these kinds
of cooling strategies there will be a
coolant circulating throughout the uh
parts where cooling is required and then
the hard uh temperature will be removed
and then it will be dissipated outside
the uh environment. So the principle
what we are looking here is very much
similar to that of your uh refrigerator.
Whatever uh fridge we are using in our
home, right? At the back side of the
refrigerator, you will see fins, tubes
which are running crisscross and
carrying these coolants in order to
dissipate the heat. The similar kind of
mechanism is what we are going to look
into. Now, in order to circulate this
coolant and keep the flow rate of the
coolant variable, we are going to employ
we are going to assume that we are
employing a compressor which is going to
uh increase the flow rate or decrease
the flow rate.
Uh this is our first requirement. Second
requirement is that if by any means the
battery temperature is going beyond 80°C
then we are going to cut off the battery
from the charger or from the discharging
path load. We are going to isolate the
battery so that we safeguard it uh
before it enters thermal runaway. So
this is the second requirement we have
got from the client. And the third
requirement is in case if the electric
vehicle is being operated in cold places
somewhere uh anywhere where the
temperature drops uh much lesser than 15°C
15°C
when the user is about to start his uh
vehicle uh we have to make sure that the
battery is brought back to this minimal
temperature. So we will assume that if
the temperature is very low maybe in
those kinds of places or when during the
winter seasons if at all the temperature
is below 5°C then we have to turn on a
heater which uh increases the pack
temperature a little bit up to 15. So we
will assume these are the three
specifications we have got from our
client. One by one we will see how we
can realize this and we will develop a
logic. we will verify this logic in
whatever means we can by using tinkercad
and I think before that it'll be better
if we uh uh look into the contents of
the previous day's discussion quickly
I'll run through
the discussions so we have seen that uh
there are different types of temperature
sensors available which can be used for
measuring the temperature in our
yesterday's discussion starting from
thermisters to semiconductor IC based solutions
solutions
we have different types. So out of these
things few things are used widely. For
instance, NTC based thermisters they are
widely used for measuring temperatures.
So this is
uh assuming that this is the element
which we are using. We will be mounting
the thermister the temperature sensor on
the battery battery pack somewhere in
the center so that it uh gets uh the
temperature reading which is in the
hottest place. So we are always going to
look for the worst case design scenario
whenever you are trying to design
something. So that is the idea behind
placing the sensors in the center of the
pack where the temperature might be more
compared to the periphery. So assuming
that you have kept the temperature
sensor at appropriate location uh you're
going to use the values coming from this
temperature sensor and read it through
the ADC and then this particular value
is going to be used for taking control
decisions like in this case keeping the
temperature between 15°C and 35°C
protective aspect if at all the
temperature goes beyond the threshold of
80°C then isolate the battery from the
charging or discharging parts and the
third one requirement whatever we have
is to preheat before we start the
electric vehicle if at all the
temperature is less than 5°C. So all of
these decisions and controls protective
features they are going to be done by
your microcontroller. So now the very
first aspect is to ensure that we are
able to read the temperature values
properly. Now we have to recolct that
the ADC samples the input signal
and then converts into digital. The
analog signal whatever we have here the
analog signal that is going to be
converted into digital. Now this analog
signal is going to be proportional to
the temperature whatever
temperature we have on the battery pack.
So temperature data is going to be
converted to voltage analog voltage and
this one the analog voltage is going to
be converted into the digital data.
So this digital information is what we
are supposed to use in our algorithm for
taking these protective and controlled decisions.
So
yes, so finally we are uh going to make
use of a structure similar to this. So
in the very first class we were
discussing about the battery management
systems and other aspects isn't it? So
in that particular uh instant we were
talking about acquisition data
collection is the primary very important
process. So exactly now we have
completed data. Uh things which are left
out is to process this data and take
necessary action. So this particular
diagram gives you the essence of
whatever you will possibly be doing in
Now certain other things we know that uh
batteries should be kept under optimal
pressure. We are just recolcting some of
the aspects. The batteries should be
kept within optimal temperature in order
to get a good performance so that we get
a better life also. So operating the
battery pack beyond this range is
obviously going to degrade the
performance and also it is going to
reduce the life. So if at all it is
needed to prevent thermal runaway we are
supposed to isolate the battery. So
these are some of the thermal management
aspects we have picked up and then we
are going to fit in into our
requirement. Now this is a typical uh
layout what you can come across in uh
battery thermal management systems. So
you have the battery pack at the center
and then you have the blue color tubes
which are actually the coolant tubes
which are carrying the coolant uh front
and back and thereby taking the heat
away from the battery pack and
dissipating in the environment. Now
whatever coolant which is running
through these pipes their flow the
amount of coolant and the flow rate
should be controlled. Now this is going
to be accomplished by having a coolant
compressor as I mentioned earlier. Now
assuming that you have this kind of
system we will be taking our first step
in starting our design task to have a
clearcut idea about the system structure
and then to travel from that point
forward. Now there is another
information which uh we need to look
into. So this particular information
whatever you see here that is generally
called as goldilocks zone. So this
information we have to keep in mind
whenever you are trying to design your
BTMS. Now if at all we operate the
battery at a range beyond the one we
have seen earlier. For instance if the
temperature is very less then we have
the problem of lithium plating. you
would have studied you might have heard
about the dendrite formation in u
batteries in uh the first two weeks. So
issues like this might happen that is a
problem with lower temperature. Higher
temperature once again is bad for the
electrolyte. Not only that this is might
this might probably lead into thermal
runaway where the exothermic reactions
may be uncontrollable and it might cause uh
uh
grave danger. So we have seen lots of
newses and videos what might happen if
the lithium battery fails thermally if
it fails. So remembering this
information we will take this
information also to the design task. Now
coming to
the structure of our u thermal
management system. Let us try to have a
pictorial representation of our system.
Assume you are sitting in the uh
discussion room in your company along
with your team members. So you are
trying to have a clearcut idea how your
system should be and then you are going
to take things from that point forward.
Now you will have the control mechanisms
controlled by our embodied control that
is microcontroller unit. We will simply
call it as a microcontroller from now
on. So you will have a microcontroller unit
unit
which is going to take a decision. So
the main component of the
microcontroller unit which is taking the
decision is your CPU alou however you
have studied. So this is going to take a
control decision about the speed at
which the compressor motor is going to
operate. Let us say this is your motor.
So this motor is and let us say this is
and uh the compressor is circulating the
So the speed of this motor should be
Now this should happen by varying the
speed of this motor whose uh control is
entirely done by this microcontroller
unit. Now in order for this
microcontroller to take a decision
whether the speed should be more or less
whether the coolant circulation should
be more or less that should be based
upon the temperature of the pack. So let
us assume we have installed a
temperature sensor let us say
NTC type thermister. we have installed
at appropriate location in your battery
this thermister's
data is going to be
given to your ADC terminals.
So inside your microcontroller you have
analog to digital converter which is
going to sample
the analog signal and uh assume you have
the necessary signal conditioning
circuit filtering circuits and all those things.
things.
So this is your
typical layout in a very brief I mean
abstract manner we have written this
diagram. If required, you can always
blow up along with your I mean have a
very detailed diagram pictorial
representation along with your discussion
discussion
row. I mean this is your signal. I'll
just say this is
signal conditioning network or simply
interfacing networks.
Now the input to this particular block
is your temperature. The output of the
wtage. So this is the input wtage to
your ADC. So input wtage of the ADC. So
this is the digital data which you have
got proportional to the analog input
what you have seen here. Now this
digital data in the case of ATmega 328
will be 10 bits wide. So the resolution
of the ADC in your Arduino Uno board
microcontroller is 10 bits. So keeping
this mind we will proceed further. So
having this layout clearly defined now
we know especially what to do.
Sense the temperature
then decide whether it is within the
range or less than the range or more
than the range. Once this data is
processed a decision has to be taken.
How the decision has to be taken? If at
all the temperature within the is within
the permissible limit, operate the motor
as required. Either keep the motor uh
off without circulating any coolant. If
at all, say the temperature is at 15°C or°C.
or°C.
So if at all the battery is getting
little bit warmed up, increase the
coolant, circulate the coolant, let it
be circulating at a speed. If at all the
temperature is rising say to 30 or 35°C
let us say the speed at which this
coolant is going to be circulated is
more the flow rate is more so that more
heat is dissipated. Now this motor speed
we have decided that it should be
controlled. Now we will try to depict
this information also. We will say for
this particular temperature what should be
be
the motor's
to 35°C
correction there to 35° C. So we will
split this into some uh ranges. Maybe we
will have 20°C, 25°C,
25°C,
30° C. So if at all the temperature is 15°C,
15°C,
then we are going to say the coolant
circulation is not required. So it is
just a little bit warm. So we don't have
to worry about dissipating it. So we
will say the motor is not going to be
running. So it is going to be off no
speed, which means no colon circulation.
Now when you have temperature at 20°C
saying that it is a little bit warmer we
will start circulating the coolant with
a small I mean lesser flow rate. So in
order to do that let us assume that it
is going to run at 20%age speed.
In a similar way we will fix some ranges
for the other temperature ranges also.
So at uh 25°C or up to 25°C let us say
it is 50% speed the motor is running at
and it is circulating more coolant and
so on. So if at all the temperature is
around 35 let us say it is going to run
at full speed.
So this is the decision which your team
has taken. Now you have got yourself uh
plan action plan the control plan about
in what way the coolant should be
circulating how much the dissipation
dissipation of the heat should be.
Having got this information we proceed
further. Now how to make this motor to
run at different speeds. That is the
next question. So obviously we will be
requiring something in between the motor
and the microcontroller to control the
speed. So this is where the power
electronic converters the so-called
power electronic converters circuit
branch people you will be able to easily
grasp what it is other people you can
just uh
try to look into it probably you will
study about these kinds of converters in
the forthcoming sessions. So these are
power electronic converters.
So to these converters
the input uh supply the supply for the
motor is given and then it is modulated
it is delivered in a controlled fashion.
So this controlled fashion can be
realized by using the so-called PWM
techniques. I think yesterday or day
yesterday somebody was mentioning about
techniques. So by using this pulse
withidth modulation technique we will be
able to control the speed of the motor.
Essentially in order to control the
switches we are going to vary the pulse.
I think I have a diagram just wait. Yes.
So this is uh I'm going to project the
diagram so that it is easy for you to
understand. Now you see these are the
electrical pulses what you see on the
right side. Now when we observe very
closely the electrical pulses are
looking a little bit different from each
other. So this particular duration it is
called as on time and this particular
duration it is referred as off time. So
the duration for which we have 5 volts
is on time. The duration for which we
have no voltage that is called as off
time. Now if we are varying this time
duration then we will be able to vary
the amount of power delivered to the motor.
motor.
Once again power electronic converters
are used to control the amount of power
delivered to the load just like our uh
ceiling fire in our home. You have a
regulator where you have five speed
controls isn't it? If you can keep it at
5 4 3 2 or one the input supply is the
same. Whatever we are getting it from
Westcom it is the same. So that supply
the 230 volt supply that is being
delivered to the fan motor in a
controlled fashion. So either you
deliver little bit of tower power by
keeping it at position one the regulator
position at one or you deliver the full
power by keeping the position at five.
This concept is what we are looking
into. So keeping the switch on for a
smaller time is going to deliver a
smaller amount of power. If you increase
the time duration for which this
on time is more then more power is going
to be delivered. Now based upon the time
duration for which these pulses remain
on and off we can classify these things
based upon its duty cycle something
called as duty cycle. So this is a
measure of this duty cycle parameter is
a measure of how much time the
electrical pulses are remaining on and
how much time it is remaining off. So
naturally the first figure when you look
into it we can make a assessment that
the on time is 1/4 of the total time.
You can just carefully observe the waveforms.
waveforms.
So in this particular first case the on
time is 1/4 of the total time. So
obviously this is giving you 25% duty
cycle. In a similar fashion when the on
time is equal to that of the off time
then you have 50% duty cycle and so on.
It goes on like this 3/4 and full. So
these are the different ways in which we
can control the uh power delivered to
the output. So in this case of
controlling the speed of the motor, this
PWM technique is what we are going to
use it. Now these kinds of pulses are
supposed to be generated by a
microcontroller. Now in case of your PWM
generation by Ardino Uno board, we have
an option to use six pins for getting
PWM signals. We can use any one of these
six pins signal to control our power
converter and thereby our motor. Now
this is about our duty cycle and the PWM
method. Now I'll show you the layout for
controlling our motor. We are going to
assume that our coolant motor is
actually a DC motor. So assuming the use
of a DC motor simplifies our
understanding. And just in the meanwhile
let me go through the chat box if you
control over duty cycle is
yes it is yeah it is like that the total
yes I'll try to read the comments side
Yes. So in this class and in this in the
beginning I told you we are trying to
design a battery thermal management
system. So how to keep the battery
temperature at a permissible level and
if at all the temperature is beyond the
level what to do that is the kind of
Okay.
But uh if you are a EV engineer, you
have to be both
familiar with electrical aspects,
programming aspects and of course little
Fine. While we are doing tinkercat
definitely we will go very slowly so
that you can also simultaneously do it
in our in your systems
So what we are looking into is kind of
uh KT when you join a company initially
you will be having a sessions where you
will be put through the
minimal basic things which are required
to start your work and this is something
like a knowledge transfer process. So
that is what we are trying to have here.
Of course I'm not I can understand not
all of you might be having the
background for understanding this. That
is why in the past two three classes we
have been taking up the background also.
Let us let us see that uh as far as
possible. If at all there is any doubt
in a particular topic or a concept we
right now we will come back to the
discussions. uh you are right now
looking at the uh motor control circuit
and as I told you earlier we are going
to assume that we are employing a DC
motor for operating the compressor. So
obviously your compressor is going to
circulate the coolant. So this coolant
circulation is controlled by this DC
motor that is an assessment what we have
as assumption what we have made here.
Now you see something in the uh center
here the one which is marked as MOSFET
end channel MOSFET. Now this is a switch
semiconductor switch. In yesterday's
class I have been referring to this this
particular thing is nothing but a
switch. Only thing it is not a
mechanical switch like what you see on
the circuit I mean switchboards. It is a
semiconductor switch which means that
switching on and off actions can be
performed by electrical signals. Now
that electrical signal is what you see
here in this particular case. So by
having appropriate electrical signal you
will be able to either close the switch
or open the switch. So what you are
seeing here is referred as end channel
mask. Circuit branch students you might
be able to refer I mean understand
clearly for mechanical guys you just
assume this as a switch. Now this switch
mechanical switch what do we do? We just
use our fingers something like actuator
use our fingers to turn it on and off.
Now these pulses are like those fingers.
So when we are in case of a end channel
masset when we provide positive voltage
then we turn on the switch. So the
switch will be turned on when we provide
zero voltage. Negative voltage is
preferred but zero voltage most of the
time we end up using it. We are able to
turn off the switch. So just by giving
appropriate voltage here we will be able
to turn off the switch and turn on the
switch. So when the uh switch is turned
on by having the positive voltage here
the switch will be closed and the
current will be flowing through our
switch in this particular
so the layout is a little bit uh
different. This diagram is not
absolutely right. I'll just make the corrections.
Not this one. Yes.
Essentially, I just want the switch uh
Just give me a second. I'll draw it here.
There are different ways where you can
how you can connect the switch and the
load. We will use the ones which you
commonly come across.
We will use those configurations here.
So that when you go back and uh look
back into
these circuits, it'll be easy for you to compare.
Okay. Right. Now we have got ourself a
diagram here. Circuit diagram here. So
this is the supply which is required for
operating our motor. The supply is
connected in series with the motor and
the semiconductor switch. So whatever
mass switch which you have seen on this
other diagram on the left side that we
have represented it here this terminal
which is supposed to control the on and
off action of the switch that is
represented here to which we will be
giving variable signal pulse width
modulation signal. Now if you observe
very carefully this is a DC motor. So
this particular DC motor is made up of
uh conductors. You will have a lengthy
coil there. Now this forms a an inductor
actually which has inductive property.
Now in order to safeguard your
semiconductor switch it is required
absolutely required mandatory to include
a diode like this. Even if you are using
a 12vt motor or a 9V motor in your uh
practice circuit or maybe in your hobby
circuit ensure that you insert a
antiparallel diode like this. So this
kind of diode is inserted for safety
reasons. So this is generally called as
a freewheing diode. it is actually to
dissipate the energy from the uh
inductor away from the switch. So when
the switch is off, whatever energy
stored in the magnetic field of the
motor that needs to be safely bypassed.
So we use this particular diode to
create a bypass path. So don't worry too
much about that even if you are not
getting it. Just simply keep in mind
whenever you are using a DC motor
something like this you have to use a
freewheing diode like this. Now our
point of focus is how to control this
motor by controlling the signal applied
to this semiconductor switch and that is
where the PWM signals comes into
picture. So these kinds of PWM signals
need to be produced by your
microcontroller and this PWM signals
duty cycle should be dependent upon the
input parameter in this case the
temperature. So if the temperature is
less we have seen that the coolant
circulation will be minimal or no
coolant circulation will be there. If
the temperature is more maybe around
30°C or 35°C
then the coolant circulation should be
more which means that the motor should
be running at its maximum speed and that
requires the operation of the motor at
its maximum speed by providing it with
full power. So that is when we will be
going for 100% duty cycle. Now these
kinds of PWM signals are the ones which
we have referred in our motor control
circuit. So that signal which is
produced by the microcontroller is to be
fed to the control terminal marked here
as PWM. So this particular this particular
particular
particular pin of the semiconductor
switch. So we are going to club
everything and then we are going to have
a layout like this in our circuit.
circuit.
So the
microcontroller unit it is going to produce
produce
It is going to produce a PWM signal.
That PWM signal is given to your
semiconductor switch. In this case, our
circuit diagram uses N channel MOSFET
and that N channel MOSFET controls the
amount of power delivered to the motor.
It might be delivering little bit of
power or more power or full power that
entirely is decided by the temperature.
Now you have got a full perspective. Now
you are ready to move on to generation
of your control logic. Now we will take
it step by step. We have lots of things
going on here. For instance, temperature
sensing is one thing. So this is one
thing. Then processing this value what
we have got at the output of the ADC.
That is the second thing which is going
on. Then taking a decision to control
the motor is the other thing which is
going on using this information to
control the motor. Now lots of things
are going on. We will develop the logic
stage by stage.
Right? So now we will move on to our
Tinkercad. I'll come out of the
open our Tinkercad. We will do it very slowly.
slowly.
So you can open Tinkercad in your system.
So now here
we will create our circuit.
Click on this plus sign. You will have
an option to create a 3D design or a circuit.
So assume you have open tinker CAD and
created your design circuit design file.
So the very first thing what we are
going to test is to read the temperature
sensors value. Now we will drag and drop
Then if you scroll down, you should be
able to see a temperature sensor, a
black color IC package. Just add it to
Remember we are going to follow
bottom to top design hierarchy.
So whenever your team starts uh
developing something during the design
phase they'll be going from top to
bottom you will have the overall
specification as we had in our uh one of
the slides there were three
specifications right so that is the
overall specification system
specification so those things are cut
down to small tasks individual uh
requirements individual tasks so we had
three things listed there each and every
one of them you can assume it as a uh
subtask sub function which need to be
realized. So each of the team member
will be getting one particular task. So
these tasks will be finally integrated to
to
all requirement. So we are going to
follow the same process as you might be
doing after you join a job. So we have
taken one small task next task we will
do it. Once we are confirming that each
and every one of the tasks are
individually working fine then we will
club all of those thing three tasks we
will integrate everything then finally
we will make a full BTMS battery thermal
management systems. Now hopefully you
have done until this now we are going to
connect this temperature sensor
to the required potentials. So make a
connection just click on the terminal
which says PCC. I'll do it once again.
So if you move the mouse pointer to the
terminal on the left it will say power.
You should see a red color dot that is
indication that you are ready to start
wiring. Now just simply drag the wire
from that particular terminal to the
place where it says 5 volts.
So this is VCC connection for our
transducer. The next one is your ground
connection. Now I'll just change the
color of the wire so that it will be
easy for us to debug the circuit. So we
will select conventionally we will
select red for VCC and black for ground.
So just black we have taken for ground.
So this connection also is done. Finally
the analog output. So this particular IC
package will measure the temperature and
it will give a proportional voltage. So
we will use some other color wire.
I have taken orange. You can take
anything. We will connect it to one of
the analog pins. You have six analog
pins available on your ATMA 328.
Actually you have eight but access to
six pins are given here.
Two other pins they don't have a buffer
so they have not given connections in
this code.
So one of the analog channels are being used.
Now we will start developing our code
the logic which is required to just read
the temperature. So we will just try to
see this information on uh serial monitor.
monitor.
And then
under this edit blocks category edit mode
mode
click on the pull down menu and select
text. We are going to go for textual
Now your microcontroller is supposed to
read the analog value from a not and it
is supposed to simply display that
value. As of now we will just try to
So first we have to configure the analog
code as input.
So use this line pin mode.
We have to use the pin number. We will
refer to this pin number by using a
variable. Let us say we will call it as ADC
You can use any variable. I have used a
variable named ADC value. Now this
particular or let me
pin will proper ADC pin.
So we will assign this particular
So you have to just look into the data
sheet to find out what is a pin number.
I think it is three. Yes it is three. So
a not is pin number three. We will
Then we will
use a function to read the registers
value where this
digital data is present. And then we
will print it on the screen. So we will
We will call it as ADC value. And just
Even if you don't initialize it is okay.
Now coming to the setup function you're
supposed to configure
this particular ADC pin that is pin
number three. We can directly represent
it as pin number three
or we can use a variable to represent
that number. And this ADC is actually input.
Now we are going to use a function which
is used to read the analog data. So that
function is supposed to be written like
this. You are free to use uh the codes
So once we have read this value we will
assign it to
a variable.
After having assigned this we will write
So what is the value you want to print
that values variable name you give it.
So we want to just see what the ADC
value is. So we have used this function.
So since we are using serial print
function you are going to initialize
that particular serial communication
module and uh configure it for a
required B rate.
So just we will use this line which will
initialize the serial mode and
and
configure it for 9,600 B rate. Basically
this is the speed at which the data is
being transmitted serially. Now what
this particular function should do
whenever we vary the temperature on the
sensor we have we will have once we
start the simulation we will see a
slider bar here. when we move it, we
will be able to see the value getting
printed on the screen.
So we will start the simulation.
Yes. So C is case sensitive.
When you're typing it, make sure
you are using the variables properly.
Now if you look here it is printing some value.
It is just printing garbage value probably
probably something.
So, hope all of you have done like this.
So whatever I'm reading here is a
garbage value. So probably the pin value
what I have used here might be
different. So what we will do now we
will try to pick up these uh sample code
from the internet and uh we will try to
reuse that or probably we can take it
the example section also.
So I'll take a code from the example
section. So unless and otherwise you
have access to a
a data sheet you have all the
informations about the hardware
then these kinds of things might be a shortcut.
shortcut. So
So
Yeah we will take the same thing what we
were seeing yesterday and we will reuse
So I'll use
So informations like these things are uh
supposed to be noted down before you
start uh writing this program.
So hardware information, data sheet and
of course the command set everything you
had to keep in hand. Now what you
observed here is after I started the
simulation you just click on the
temperature sensor. You will see a
slider bar here. So this particular
slider bar will give you a means to vary
the temperature. So essentially the
extreme end left hand side is -40°C
and the right hand side goes all the way
up to 125°C.
So the range of temperature which this
sensor can measure is -40°C
to 125°C. So this information is very
much needed for us to characterize this
temperature sensor and write the program
accordingly the program lines
accordingly. So you can just uh take
some time to explore this. So when you
bring it to the left hand side see the
ADC value whatever your serial I mean
analog port is reading the digital value
you have got that is something and when
you move it to the extreme right hand
side this value changes so essentially
it increases because the analog voltage
has increased now we will
try to test this
and confirm this also we will have a
multimeter Here
we will see whether in fact whatever our
program is doing is correct or not. So
multimeter we will use it for reading
the voltage then we will crossverify
with it. So we know that that IDC
performs its function
by converting the voltage into digital
data. So whatever digital data which you
have got that should be proportional to the
the
that should be proportional to the temperature
temperature
I mean the digital data should be
proportional to the analog data. So now
see you are getting 99.9 m volts
approximately 100 m volts. When you move
it this side you're getting a maximum of
1.7 volt. So for 1.7 volts you have got
358 from the digital side
side
whereas for 100 m volts you are getting
20. So this way you have to confirm that
whatever logic you have written or
whatever circuit you have developed it
should be that it is correct. So this is
a debugging procedure which everyone has
to do before you proceed for further
functional verification is must while
you are doing the design process. So
these are some of the tools which are
Try doing this if you have any issues
you can post it. And by the way it's uh
around 11. We will take uh 5 minutes break.
break.
If you have any doubts, you can put it
Okay, it's 11:5. We will start. We will
resume the discussion. Okay, having
tested the input uh sensor, we will now
test the motor. We need to know whether
the motor speed can be controlled by
using the PWM technique. So, in order to
do this, we are going to add a motor to
our design. So, just scroll down. You
will be able to see this DC motor. There
are other kinds of motors also. You have
servo motor. You have some other kinds
of motor also. Just we will use this uh
DC motor.
I will just rotate it
for convenience of connection.
Then remembering our circuit diagram.
Just momentarily I'll go to the circuit diagram.
diagram.
So this is a way we are supposed to
connect our uh motor to the
microcontroller through a switch. So
that is exactly what we are going to do.
uh end type mass fit.
So if you cannot see all the elements
just click on the component selection
pulld down menu and select all.
select all you should be able to find out
out
the mass fit of n type. This one NMAS transistor.
So, hope you are able to add this. Now, we need a source to power up this motor.
we need a source to power up this motor. So we will add a source.
So we will add a source. We'll go for this 9V battery.
We'll go for this 9V battery. So this particular source selection is
So this particular source selection is dependent upon the motors voltage
dependent upon the motors voltage requirement. Since this is just a
requirement. Since this is just a simulation environment and our idea is
simulation environment and our idea is to just to check the logic, we have
to just to check the logic, we have selected this 9V motor.
selected this 9V motor. If you
Okay, we are back. Now when we power up this uh motor by connecting it directly
this uh motor by connecting it directly to this 9V, it will start directly
to this 9V, it will start directly rotating. But that is not our intention.
rotating. But that is not our intention. We want to control the speed at which
We want to control the speed at which this is rotating. So obviously we have
this is rotating. So obviously we have to control the amount of power delivered
to control the amount of power delivered from this battery. So we are going to
from this battery. So we are going to use this switch to deliver a controlled
use this switch to deliver a controlled power. Keep this circuit in mind or you
power. Keep this circuit in mind or you can just follow the things on the
can just follow the things on the screen. So we are going to connect the
screen. So we are going to connect the motor in series with a switch and the
motor in series with a switch and the control terminal which is this one. The
control terminal which is this one. The gate terminal is going to be connected
gate terminal is going to be connected to the microcontroller. Now coming back
to the microcontroller. Now coming back I will start wiring from the control
I will start wiring from the control terminal.
terminal. So in the masset NM mass whatever you
So in the masset NM mass whatever you have dragged and dropped you will have
have dragged and dropped you will have the central terminal named as train.
the central terminal named as train. Select that one. Drag it and connect it
Select that one. Drag it and connect it to any one of the PWM pins.
to any one of the PWM pins. Now there are six PWM pins which are
Now there are six PWM pins which are available in our uh UNO microcontroller
available in our uh UNO microcontroller board. We are going to use pin number
board. We are going to use pin number three.
I'll change the color of this wire so that it'll be easy for us to
that it'll be easy for us to observe.
You can use any colored wire. It is just for the sake of uh
for the sake of uh clarity. We have used different colored
clarity. We have used different colored wires. That's all.
Now remember this motor according to the circuit diagram we saw in the slides it
circuit diagram we saw in the slides it was connected something like this. I'll
was connected something like this. I'll rotate it a little bit so that the
rotate it a little bit so that the positive terminal is aligned like this.
So we're going to connect the positive terminal
terminal to this red colored wire of the motor.
to this red colored wire of the motor. This is a DC motor. Of course, you can
This is a DC motor. Of course, you can connect it in any way. The only thing is
connect it in any way. The only thing is that if we reverse the polarity of the
that if we reverse the polarity of the supply, it is going to run in the
supply, it is going to run in the opposite direction. That is the only
opposite direction. That is the only difference you're going to see.
And the terminal two of the motor, it is going to be connected to
going to be connected to the drain. So, your drain terminal is
the drain. So, your drain terminal is here.
Just a minute. Just a small change there. The first one is your gate.
there. The first one is your gate. Please make this change.
Please make this change. Gate is supposed to be connected to the
Gate is supposed to be connected to the PW pin of the microcontroller.
Drain is going to be connected to the motor and the source goes back
source terminal of the MOSFET goes back to the negative terminal. Now remember
to the negative terminal. Now remember what I told you about the freewheing
what I told you about the freewheing diode. For safeguarding your switch,
diode. For safeguarding your switch, semiconductor switch, we need to add a
semiconductor switch, we need to add a diode. So we will pick up a diode from
diode. So we will pick up a diode from the component list.
So this is our diode. So we have to make sure that we connect
So we have to make sure that we connect it properly.
it properly. So this diode connection should be
So this diode connection should be antiparallel.
antiparallel. So just uh use the rotate button here.
So just uh use the rotate button here. Select the component and use this button
Select the component and use this button which says rotate. Alternatively, you
which says rotate. Alternatively, you can use the keyboard shortcut key R and
can use the keyboard shortcut key R and rotate it 180°.
rotate it 180°. Once you have done that, you make a
Once you have done that, you make a connection
connection like this.
So now we are into the second phase of testing. We are just going to see
testing. We are just going to see whether the PWM logic is able to control
whether the PWM logic is able to control the speed of the motor. So we are going
the speed of the motor. So we are going to focus only upon the aspects related
to focus only upon the aspects related to controlling this motor.
So you can keep uh doing the connections. In the meanwhile I'll
connections. In the meanwhile I'll finish the code and I share the code
finish the code and I share the code with you so that you can just copy paste
with you so that you can just copy paste in your uh in your system.
So this code final code I'll share it to you when we are about to test the whole
you when we are about to test the whole system.
Just a brief explanation of the code. Whatever we are seeing here, we are
Whatever we are seeing here, we are going to configure this particular PWM
going to configure this particular PWM pin.
pin. The pin number three is PWM pin. So that
The pin number three is PWM pin. So that we have configured and uh declared it as
we have configured and uh declared it as a variable. And then we are going to say
a variable. And then we are going to say that this is a output.
that this is a output. This also is actually not required.
This also is actually not required. So after configuring the PWM pin, we are
So after configuring the PWM pin, we are just going to write to the PWM pin.
So if you look carefully here there is a value of 125 return. So the value which
value of 125 return. So the value which we want to write to the PWM register
we want to write to the PWM register should be ranging from 0 to 255. If you
should be ranging from 0 to 255. If you want duty cycle of uh if you want a duty
want duty cycle of uh if you want a duty cycle of 100 you have to write 255. If
cycle of 100 you have to write 255. If you want to have zero duty cycle you
you want to have zero duty cycle you have to write you have to write
have to write you have to write zero.
zero. Yes,
Yes, I'll just momentarily uh project this
I'll just momentarily uh project this information.
Yes, I'll share the code. Yes. So, just keep in mind the PWM registers
So, just keep in mind the PWM registers value should range from 0 to 255
value should range from 0 to 255 for a duty cycle of 0 to 100%age.
So I am sharing the code with you by using this uh platform called as
using this uh platform called as qext.in.
So in your system you just uh enter this URL qext.in I in
then scroll down and then enter the code capital R QB
and then enter the code capital R QB small G.
So in your browser open a new tab open the URL qext.in I in
then scroll down so you will have the section where it says enter a code to
section where it says enter a code to retrieve the content. So in the enter
retrieve the content. So in the enter code field you type in RQB G capital R
code field you type in RQB G capital R capital Q capital B and small G then
capital Q capital B and small G then click retrieve. You should be able to
click retrieve. You should be able to see the same content what I have shared
see the same content what I have shared with you.
Yes, you can use any code. Any code since we have assumed that we are part
since we have assumed that we are part of the same team. So, we are working
of the same team. So, we are working together. So, we have shared the same
together. So, we have shared the same specs there. We have assumed that we
specs there. We have assumed that we have connected the motor. We have used
have connected the motor. We have used the PWM pin 3 analog port A Z. So if on
the PWM pin 3 analog port A Z. So if on your design you are connecting it in
your design you are connecting it in some other analog pin or using some
some other analog pin or using some other PWM pin just take those minor
other PWM pin just take those minor modifications it will work in your
modifications it will work in your design also.
So I hope you are able to retrieve the code. Once you retrieve the code from
code. Once you retrieve the code from here, you copy paste in the text block
here, you copy paste in the text block there in the edit mode in your Tinkercad
there in the edit mode in your Tinkercad in the code section.
in the code section. You paste that
and then if you start the simulation, you just should see the motor starting
you just should see the motor starting to rotate.
I'll just keep the screen on for some more time. So the URL which you need to
more time. So the URL which you need to use is qext.in in.
So once you type this, you'll be able to share the I mean you'll be able to
share the I mean you'll be able to retrieve the shared code.
retrieve the shared code. By the way, this is a platform which you
By the way, this is a platform which you can use to without any email or anything
can use to without any email or anything attachments. You can use it for sharing
attachments. You can use it for sharing text contents or image or even file.
text contents or image or even file. It's open sharing. Anyone who is having
It's open sharing. Anyone who is having this code will be able to access the
this code will be able to access the content. The code once again is capital
content. The code once again is capital R, capital Q, capital P, B and then
R, capital Q, capital P, B and then small G. Enter it in the enter code
small G. Enter it in the enter code field. Click on retrieve. Whatever code
field. Click on retrieve. Whatever code I have shared, it should be visible for
I have shared, it should be visible for you. So assuming that you have
retrieve the content and uh use it in the code section of
and uh use it in the code section of your Tinkercad.
and I'll pull down the circuit which I have done yesterday. I'll show you the
have done yesterday. I'll show you the demo.
Okay, I have some issue with this motor element. It is getting controlled here.
element. It is getting controlled here. But in the model which I have got it
But in the model which I have got it here
here and see I'm not even able to generate
and see I'm not even able to generate any voltage here.
any voltage here. So even though the duty cycle is varied
So even though the duty cycle is varied earlier it was 125 now it is 255
earlier it was 125 now it is 255 I will change it to
Okay, I'll get this uh fixed by afternoon.
afternoon. So the next step after this is to
So the next step after this is to make these two sides compatible. So
make these two sides compatible. So whatever temperature sensor value is
whatever temperature sensor value is based upon that the speed of the motor
based upon that the speed of the motor should be controlled. So in order to do
should be controlled. So in order to do that we need to characterize our
that we need to characterize our temperature sensor. So it is in the same
temperature sensor. So it is in the same way as we have done in yesterday's
way as we have done in yesterday's session. We are going to plot the
session. We are going to plot the temperature on one axis, the response of
temperature on one axis, the response of the temperature sensor on the other
the temperature sensor on the other axis. Then we are going to find out the
axis. Then we are going to find out the delta value which is going to serve us
delta value which is going to serve us as a tool for writing the program. Now
as a tool for writing the program. Now let us go back to the PPT.
Okay. Now remember how we have characterized our uh sensors in
characterized our uh sensors in yesterday's session. We were trying to
yesterday's session. We were trying to represent the uh values on x and yaxis.
represent the uh values on x and yaxis. So in this case temperature is put on
So in this case temperature is put on the x-axis and the voltage we get from
the x-axis and the voltage we get from the temperature sensor on the
on the y-axis.
y-axis. Now t
Now t and then
and then the voltage of your ADC output of the
the voltage of your ADC output of the sensor which is going to be given to the
sensor which is going to be given to the input of your uh uh input of your uh ADC
input of your uh uh input of your uh ADC terminal. Now if you remember carefully
terminal. Now if you remember carefully the temperature was varying from -40°C
the temperature was varying from -40°C for the sensor you have chosen for the
for the sensor you have chosen for the sensor we have chosen in ticker CAD that
sensor we have chosen in ticker CAD that was varying from 40°C
was varying from 40°C all the way up to + 125°C
all the way up to + 125°C when the temperature was -40°C
when the temperature was -40°C we were getting a voltage of 100 m volt
we were getting a voltage of 100 m volt from the sensor and when the temperature
from the sensor and when the temperature was 125°C
was 125°C we were getting 1.75 five holes. Now
we were getting 1.75 five holes. Now this is a relation which we have to
this is a relation which we have to depict here and then we have to
depict here and then we have to formulate a relation which describes the
voltage in terms of temperature. So we are going to assume that there is a
are going to assume that there is a linear relationship. We just got this
linear relationship. We just got this information from the experiments what
information from the experiments what you have done. So most often these kinds
you have done. So most often these kinds of informations will be present in the
of informations will be present in the data sheet of the temperature sensor.
data sheet of the temperature sensor. You can just readily pick it up, use it.
You can just readily pick it up, use it. In case if it is not available then you
In case if it is not available then you have to conduct experiments like this.
have to conduct experiments like this. You subject it to the minimum and
You subject it to the minimum and maximum temperature or the temperatures
maximum temperature or the temperatures in between. You plot all the
in between. You plot all the corresponding values of voltage you have
corresponding values of voltage you have got for these temperature values. Then
got for these temperature values. Then you try to describe the characteristic
you try to describe the characteristic equation in the form of a expression.
equation in the form of a expression. Now here if you observe very carefully
Now here if you observe very carefully the temperature is starting the minimum
the temperature is starting the minimum range is starting from -40°C
range is starting from -40°C assuming that if this is your
assuming that if this is your zero
zero you will have -40°C
you will have -40°C somewhere here on the left side and it
somewhere here on the left side and it goes all the way to + 125°C
goes all the way to + 125°C on the right hand side. Now when the
on the right hand side. Now when the temperature is zero definitely you will
temperature is zero definitely you will have some value on the y-axis the
have some value on the y-axis the voltage will be something because at
voltage will be something because at 40°C itself you are getting 100 m volts.
So definitely at 0°C you will be getting something higher than this. So this
something higher than this. So this means that whatever expression which
means that whatever expression which you're going to write for this straight
you're going to write for this straight line that will be having the offset
line that will be having the offset value also. So remember the straight
value also. So remember the straight line equation is written as y = mx + c.
line equation is written as y = mx + c. Now we will have to find out what this c
Now we will have to find out what this c is. So the first step in doing that is
is. So the first step in doing that is to
to is to
is to find the slope. So we are going to use
find the slope. So we are going to use the dy by dx method. The dy by dx in
the dy by dx method. The dy by dx in this thing we are going to consider the
this thing we are going to consider the entire range. So the complete range dy
entire range. So the complete range dy that is a y-axis parameter your
that is a y-axis parameter your voltage
voltage we are taking y2 - y1 this is your
we are taking y2 - y1 this is your y2 and this is your y1 similarly this is
y2 and this is your y1 similarly this is your
your x1 this is your x2 so y2 minus y1 will
x1 this is your x2 so y2 minus y1 will be 1.75 minus 100 m
be 1.75 minus 100 m in the denominator you have x2 - x1. So
in the denominator you have x2 - x1. So 125 minus minus of 40 you are looking
125 minus minus of 40 you are looking into
into the deducing of the overall range. So we
the deducing of the overall range. So we have to make sure these signs are not
have to make sure these signs are not missed. So when you perform this kind of
missed. So when you perform this kind of computation you are supposed to get some
computation you are supposed to get some value
value just to check what that value is. I
just to check what that value is. I think I have got uh some value. I have
think I have got uh some value. I have not noted it down. If you can compute
not noted it down. If you can compute and let me know, it'll be good.
and let me know, it'll be good. I'll just uh wait for your answer in the
I'll just uh wait for your answer in the chat box.
chat box. Okay. Something
Okay. Something about the connection. It works. But
about the connection. It works. But first should be converted there.
Okay. Fine. I'll I'll change that connection. Then we will use that
connection. Then we will use that connection in the afternoon session.
connection in the afternoon session. Right. Thanks for the input.
Now looks like this particular M value is coming to 0.01.
is coming to 0.01. If you can confirm
yeah connection definitely I'll show it just we will finish this calculation
just we will finish this calculation before we uh close the morning session.
before we uh close the morning session. I'll show you the connection once again.
I'll show you the connection once again. So I have got the value of 01 for this
So I have got the value of 01 for this slope m. So once you have got this now
slope m. So once you have got this now what you're going to do is you're going
what you're going to do is you're going to
to you're going to find out the value of c.
you're going to find out the value of c. Now how you're going to accomplish this?
Now how you're going to accomplish this? We know the value of y2 we know the
We know the value of y2 we know the value of x2. So in this particular
value of x2. So in this particular expression this c parameter this offset
expression this c parameter this offset is what we are interested in finding. So
is what we are interested in finding. So we will take all the known parameters.
we will take all the known parameters. We will take y2, we will take x2 and we
We will take y2, we will take x2 and we will take m. And in that particular case
will take m. And in that particular case when we use
when we use y2 and x2 in equation this we will call
y2 and x2 in equation this we will call it as some equation.
Use x2 and in equation one. So that means that y is 1.75
means that y is 1.75 equal to slope of 01
equal to slope of 01 multiplied by this value of x
multiplied by this value of x corresponding value of x is 125°C
corresponding value of x is 125°C plus c. Now this will give us the value
plus c. Now this will give us the value of c. Now once you have got the value of
of c. Now once you have got the value of C this equation becomes complete from
C this equation becomes complete from then onwards whatever voltage you get
then onwards whatever voltage you get from the ADC using that you will be able
from the ADC using that you will be able to deduce what the temperature is. So in
to deduce what the temperature is. So in this particular case looks like you are
this particular case looks like you are getting the value of C as five. Now the
getting the value of C as five. Now the complete equation is going to be
y = m is 001
m is 001 x + 5. Now this is the expression which
x + 5. Now this is the expression which is going to help you in writing your
is going to help you in writing your code. So your ADC will be throwing a
code. So your ADC will be throwing a digital value a 10 bit digital value.
digital value a 10 bit digital value. Now this 10 bit digital value is
Now this 10 bit digital value is available for the CPU to get information
available for the CPU to get information about the temperature.
about the temperature. Temperature that is key here. This is
Temperature that is key here. This is your ADC voltage. Now what you do you
your ADC voltage. Now what you do you just rearrange these equations so that
just rearrange these equations so that you get Y -.5
you get Y -.5 divided by 0.01 that becomes your
divided by 0.01 that becomes your temperature. Now this expression is what
temperature. Now this expression is what you're going to put in your code. this
you're going to put in your code. this value will be available. Just now we
value will be available. Just now we have seen how to read the ADC value.
have seen how to read the ADC value. While we are testing our temperature
While we are testing our temperature sensor, we have printed this ADC value.
sensor, we have printed this ADC value. So that ADC value, you're going to use
So that ADC value, you're going to use it in order to do this. Now there is a
it in order to do this. Now there is a small catch here. Whatever value which
small catch here. Whatever value which we have read from the ADC register that
we have read from the ADC register that is the equivalent of the binary value.
is the equivalent of the binary value. So you have to actually form a similar
So you have to actually form a similar kind of relation between the voltage ADC
kind of relation between the voltage ADC voltage range and the count value the
voltage range and the count value the ADC register value. So I'll use a
ADC register value. So I'll use a different color.
So one more relationship is required to be found.
be found. So what is this relationship supposed to
So what is this relationship supposed to characterize? It should uh give the
characterize? It should uh give the characterization of the voltage ADC
characterization of the voltage ADC input wtage full range that is 0 to 5
input wtage full range that is 0 to 5 and the resistor value ADC value. This
and the resistor value ADC value. This is voltage value. This is the digital
is voltage value. This is the digital value. So this is going to range from 0
value. So this is going to range from 0 to 10 23. Now the relation between these
to 10 23. Now the relation between these two parameters once again needs to be
two parameters once again needs to be found out. So that particular thing
found out. So that particular thing comes to something like 24 204.6
comes to something like 24 204.6 per volt. So this is count register. So
per volt. So this is count register. So this equation once again I'll give you
this equation once again I'll give you I'll share you the code. Now once we
I'll share you the code. Now once we have got all these relations we are
have got all these relations we are perfectly having every information what
perfectly having every information what we need to code this logic whatever
we need to code this logic whatever logic which we have seen. So that is a
logic which we have seen. So that is a task we will be taking up. So we will be
task we will be taking up. So we will be reading the temperature sensor value.
reading the temperature sensor value. Then we will be trying to uh maybe just
Then we will be trying to uh maybe just simply control LED that will be a
simply control LED that will be a testing phase. Once we have finished
testing phase. Once we have finished checking the first logic then we will be
checking the first logic then we will be combining this particular logic with the
combining this particular logic with the motor control. Then we will see it. So
motor control. Then we will see it. So that we will do it in the appro session.
that we will do it in the appro session. So in the meanwhile if you have any any
So in the meanwhile if you have any any queries regarding this any doubts in the
queries regarding this any doubts in the discussions of uh today's session you
discussions of uh today's session you can put it on the chat box.
Yes sir. Yes we will finish it. Anyhow we will finish this task. So the other
we will finish this task. So the other theory things I'm quite sure you will be
theory things I'm quite sure you will be able to uh learn on your own. So these
able to uh learn on your own. So these kinds of things if you have a little bit
kinds of things if you have a little bit of practice it might help you when you
of practice it might help you when you start uh working.
start uh working. So every project uh development it
So every project uh development it happens in a similar fashion. We may be
happens in a similar fashion. We may be doing it on a low scale level but the
doing it on a low scale level but the process is the same. The client gives
process is the same. The client gives the specification something like this
the specification something like this what you see on the screen. Then your uh
what you see on the screen. Then your uh HR team brings the client specification
HR team brings the client specification to the project manager. Project manager
to the project manager. Project manager decides the highle parameters assigns it
decides the highle parameters assigns it to the teams. Individual team leaders
to the teams. Individual team leaders along with the team members they develop
along with the team members they develop the individual tasks. Then finally all
the individual tasks. Then finally all these tasks are integrated to deliver
these tasks are integrated to deliver the final system. So now what you are
the final system. So now what you are seeing is a team's task. Something like
seeing is a team's task. Something like a uh something like a team's task.
Yes. Uh I think what uh your friend suggested might be the best choice for a
suggested might be the best choice for a end channel master. So we will make a
end channel master. So we will make a small modification in that uh end
small modification in that uh end channel circuit. Yeah, that's a good
channel circuit. Yeah, that's a good choice. Whoever has given that
choice. Whoever has given that suggestion that's a apt suggestion for
suggestion that's a apt suggestion for end channel mass. So we will put the uh
end channel mass. So we will put the uh put the switch on the top and the motor
put the switch on the top and the motor on the bottom and then we will see that
on the bottom and then we will see that this also should have worked. I'll check
this also should have worked. I'll check it before the afternoon session. I'll
it before the afternoon session. I'll check
check what the issue is. This should have
what the issue is. This should have worked actually. We will see that maybe
worked actually. We will see that maybe some configuration is missing there in
some configuration is missing there in the program. We will check it.
Yes. Uh definitely definitely I'll still slow it down. Afternoon session once
slow it down. Afternoon session once again we will do it uh all these things
again we will do it uh all these things slowly. I can understand
slowly. I can understand we will do it slowly in the afternoon
we will do it slowly in the afternoon session.
Project I don't know what project it is. uh you just get in touch with the vision
uh you just get in touch with the vision team they will let you know about uh the
team they will let you know about uh the project.
project. So until now what we have been doing is
So until now what we have been doing is discussing the embedded controller
discussing the embedded controller design aspects.
design aspects. So whatever we have been seeing it is
So whatever we have been seeing it is just a very small part of the overall
just a very small part of the overall process implementation in our electric
process implementation in our electric vehicles.
vehicles. So for controlling our battery charging,
So for controlling our battery charging, discharging or protecting all these
discharging or protecting all these things you know battery management
things you know battery management systems are used. So this particular
systems are used. So this particular management battery management system
management battery management system functions is what we have learned in the
functions is what we have learned in the first class of uh this week. Then we saw
first class of uh this week. Then we saw what is the tool I mean process flow in
what is the tool I mean process flow in order to implement these uh
order to implement these uh functionalities. So that is when we
functionalities. So that is when we started with the data collection
started with the data collection process. So primarily in battery
process. So primarily in battery management systems three parameters will
management systems three parameters will be monitored that is uh current wtage
be monitored that is uh current wtage battery current voltage and temperature.
battery current voltage and temperature. So we see we saw what are the different
So we see we saw what are the different ways we can measure these things and
ways we can measure these things and what are the common methods which are
what are the common methods which are available or which are adapter in EV
available or which are adapter in EV industry automotive industry and from
industry automotive industry and from there we have come to the next stage
there we have come to the next stage here once we have collected the data how
here once we have collected the data how to use this to write embedded controller
to use this to write embedded controller programs and take appropriate decisions
programs and take appropriate decisions whether control decisions or protective
whether control decisions or protective decisions that is where where we are in
decisions that is where where we are in hopefully by tomorrow we will be
hopefully by tomorrow we will be finishing the different discussions of
finishing the different discussions of different charging methods starting from
different charging methods starting from CC constant current constant voltage or
CC constant current constant voltage or variable voltage different charging
variable voltage different charging methods are there including the
methods are there including the so-called uh float wtage control all
so-called uh float wtage control all those things we will discuss in uh the
those things we will discuss in uh the next session
yeah circuit I'll uh just check it once might be I missed some configuration
connection. Yes. Uh we will check we will check the connections.
will check the connections. So morning session we will conclude it.
So morning session we will conclude it. We will continue in the afternoon.
Okay. See all of you in the afternoon session.
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