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Environmental and Genetic Factors & Growth | Science with Mrs. Santiago ! | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: Environmental and Genetic Factors & Growth
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Video Summary
Summary
Core Theme
Organism growth and development are intricately shaped by the interplay of an organism's genetic makeup (nature) and its surrounding environmental conditions (nurture).
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[Music]
hi there in today's video we'll be
talking about how environmental and
genetic factors can affect how an
organism grows and develops
as a review from our previous videos
we know that genotype refers to the
organism set of genes or the dna that
the organism has it gets this from its parents
parents
we also know that phenotype refers to
the organism's observable
characteristics or traits these are
things like fur color height of a plant
color of a flower color of the eye on a
fly etc
most importantly we know that the
genotype is what determines the
phenotype this means that the observable
characteristics that an organism
demonstrates are based on its genes or
now let's talk about the different
factors that can affect how organisms
grow and develop
based on our review we know that of
course genetic factors or the genes that
an organism possesses
play a role in determining how the
organism will grow
some examples of that will look at
tall people versus short people it is
safe to assume by observing shaq and
kevin hart's height phenotypes that they
have different alleles for the genes
that dictate height
another example
is large breed versus normal cattle
these are cattle like cows and oxen and
bulls that are bred
specifically to select for the genes
that make the cattle larger that means
they can produce more meat and more milk
another example is genetically modified plants
plants
you may or may not know that most of the
fruits and vegetables that you see in
the grocery store actually are
genetically modified this means that
they are bred for genes that cause
larger more colorful sometimes more
flavorful fruits and vegetables
these are some examples of how genetic
factors or the genes that an organism
possesses can play a role in dictating
how the organism will grow
let's look at an example of a genetic
factor affecting an organism's growth
just like we just talked about in the
previous slide fruits and vegetables
often are genetically modified we need
to produce a lot of food to feed a lot
of people on earth so modern agriculture
uses genetic modification to create
plants that produce larger
and more fruitful
fruit and vegetable plants corn is no exception
looking at this data we can see
but for our three breeds of corn x1 x2
and x3
there is a
impact on the height of the plant and
the average weight of the ears of corn
we can see that plant x1 compared to
plan x2 and x3
has a lower average height whereas plant x3
x3
this breed of corn has a much higher
average plant height
we also see that there is a difference
in the average weight of the corn ears
with x3 producing
much larger
and heavier ears of corn so we can see
that the different breeds which
possess a different genotype or a
different set of alleles
has an impact or an effect on the growth
of that organism
another example is pit bulls you
probably living in baltimore have seen a
pit bull or an american pitbull pit bull
terrier these are a breed of dog that
are often bred specifically for size so
some people like the really cute short
ones that are very muscly
some people like the much larger much
stockier versions and then we even have
some pimples that are sort of a more
slender uh version well these are
varieties of people that are bred to
have different genes
we can have pocket standard and xl pit
bulls that all have a different set of
genes which we see can have an effect on
their growth with the pocket versions of
the pit bulls weighing only an average
of 45 pounds and the xl's getting up to
about 80 pounds that is a big pit bull
we also can see that these different
genes have an effect on the body fat
percentage with the larger xl variety
having a much lower body fat percentage
than the other two probably resulting in
a much stockier and more muscular dog [Music]
[Music]
now let's talk about the other factor
that can affect the growth of organisms
this is environmental factors so the
environment that an organism lives in
also plays a role in determining how
that organism will grow
you may have heard the saying nature
versus nurture
in this case the genes that the organism
possesses is its nature whereas the
environment that the organism is in is nurture
nurture
let's look at some examples of how
environment can affect the growth of organisms
organisms
so first we know that the amount of
light water fertilizer and other factors
that's provided to a plant can impact a
plant's growth so if we look at this example
example
we can see
that this plant has grown a lot taller
than this plant even though they seem to
be exactly the same breed of plant
meaning the same genes that's because
these taller plants were provided more
water whereas these shorter plants were
provided less water that's a change in
the environment which has then resulted
in an effect on how that plant has grown
another factor that is environmental and
can impact growth is how much and the
type of food that a person or animal is
fed so here we can see an example where
this lion has clearly been underfed and
malnourished and this lion has been fed
a healthy diet of the right kinds of
meats and proteins
type of food and how much food can also
be an environmental factor
that affects
another example
is the size or amount of space of a
habitat that's provided to a plant or animal
animal
for instance if i take a goldfish and
put it in a very very small bowl from
the time it's born until adulthood
it will actually be stunted in its
growth whereas if i put the same breed
of goldfish into a larger tank i will
see that it actually grows to a larger
size showing me that the size of the
habitat is an environmental factor that
can impact growth
let's look at some examples now of
environmental factors affecting the
growth of organisms
so in this case we see a gardener has
planted three of the exact same type of
plant spider plant that means it has the
same dna
however he's provided each with
different amounts of water and fertilizer
fertilizer
looking at our data we can see that
plant a was provided a very small amount
of water and no fertilizer at all
plant b was provided more daily water
and more fertilizer and plant c was
provided lots of water and ample amount
of fertilizer
and here we can observe that has had an
effect on the growth of the plant with
plant c the one that was provided enough
water and fertilizer growing much more
another example is koi fish one thing
that's interesting about koi fish is
they will continue to grow indefinitely
indefinitely
based on the size of the environment
that they're placed in so here we can see
see
the three different ponds with three
different sizes
have different average sized koi fish we
can assume that they're all coy meaning
they have the same genes or the same dna
but clearly the average growth of these
fish has been affected looking at our
data we can see that that is based on
the size of the habitat
with the fish given a very very small
area to swim and to grow in growing
only eight inches that's a pretty small koi
koi
whereas the fish placed in the large
pond with ample square footage and room
to swim and grow growing a massive 18
inches another example of how
environment can impact growth and
development of an organism [Music]
[Music]
finally let's talk about how genetic and
environmental factors affect organisms
growth so like we said nature versus nurture
nurture
it's not just one that's causing
the outcome on growth and development
growth is influenced by both genetic and
environmental factors simultaneously or
at the same time this means that the
growth of an organism is a result of
both the genetic and the environmental
factors working together
let's look at an example
so here we can see three trees these are
all apple trees looks like tree one and
tree two
are shorter than tree three
here i can see that tree one is a dwarf variety
variety
whereas two and three are standard trees
that means that one has different dna or
different genes than plants two and three
three
now i also can see
that plant one and plant three were
provided normal amounts of water whereas
plant two
was provided less water than it needs
so now let's look at our data and see
how this makes sense
so comparing plant one and two i can see
that plant two has grown taller than
tree one
this is because
of its genes the dwarf tree has genes
that tell it to grow shorter
however if we compare trees two and
three these are both standard apple tree
varieties so why have they grown
different if they both have the same set
of dna
now we look at the environmental factor
that's coming into play here which is
the amount of water they've been provided
provided
here we see that plant 2
has been provided less water than it
needs to grow and thrive hence resulting in
in
less growth than
plant 3 which is also a standard variety
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