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المراجعة النهائية للدوائر الكهريبة | الدحيح | New Media Academy Life | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: المراجعة النهائية للدوائر الكهريبة | الدحيح
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-What's this god awful restaurant? -Why do you say that, sweetie?
It's a new idea: dine in the dark.
A new idea indeed! They're just cheap skits.
Not everyone is cheap like you!
If it's not the case, why is the AC off?
To live the heat of the moment.
Moment? I'm drenched in sweat!
-Waiter! -Honey, no waiters here.
What's this, Rana?
Is there food at least?
-What are we here for? -What's wrong, Mohamed?
Of course there's food. It's a restaurant.
Thank goodness!
It's an all vegan menu, you'll love it!
So there' no food!
-Mohamed, we have to break up. -What are you saying, Rana?
Just because I don't like this awful restaurant you picked?
-I'm sorry. -The truth is...that's not a restaurant.
I brought you to a dark place because I'm scared of confrontation.
I don't want to do it over the phone.
Can you give me another chance?
Believe me, you're the one who wouldn't give me another chance.
Mohamed, I'm cursed.
No, honey. It's me who is cursed.
Don't be upset. I'm sorry.
No, Mohamed. I'm cursed for real. Like in the Shrek movie.
Once the clock strikes 12,
I become a man.
You take me for a fool?
Where's the light switch? Lights on now!
Hey, you! Switch on the lights!
Do you believe me now, Mohamed?
Where's the dark? Bring back the darkness!
Wait, Mohamed. I can explain.
This can't be explained! I'll call your mom right away, we have to end this.
Hey, Hamada. How are you?
Mohamed, try calling dad. He might be without a mustache by now.
He's in KSA, there's a one hour time difference.
Hello dear viewers and welcome to a new episode of El-Daheeh.
In the year 1746, the French scientist Jean Antoine Nollet gathered
200 monks in a huge palace.
He showed them a great magic, some new hidden power he’s working on.
He asked the monks to stand in a circle,
hold hands, and form a circle with a diameter of 1.5 km.
He brought a strange magical ball, attached it to a wire,
and gave it to the first monk in the circle.
In less than a second, all 200 monks cried out in pain.
Some were terrified. Some screamed.
It was a weird and new feeling, something they’d never experienced before.
Some even started praying for God to save them from this weird satanic force.
Of course, we all know today that
that terrifying, horrifying satanic force was nothing more than electrons moving.
Or in other words, electricity.
Jean Antoine wanted to measure how fast electricity travels
by observing its effect on monks.
He sees how the shock moves from one monk to the next.
"Abo Hmeed, the episode title says electricity, I wasn't ready for that!
I thought maybe it was about 'El Sewedy' company or power cuts.
This experiment is brutal!"
As harsh as this one seems, it's still much merciful than other experiments.
For example, Stephen Gray once suspended a child using silk wires.
He decided to charge the boy electrically.
He allowed people to touch the kid so that sparks ignite.
"I can’t judge anyone from an ivory tower when it was a totally different time,
But that man was insane!"
Except, my friend, he wasn’t the only mad one.
In the 18th century, electricity was driving Europe insane
not just as a scientific phenomenon, but also as a dazzling power,
as a weapon, or something to use in strange experiments like Antoine's.
Or use it as a regular sketch like magic shows for entertainment purposes.
An all-nighter of a program: a magician, lion tamers and electric shocks.
More of enter-terminate.
Magicians used it in shows, making paper move when they waved their wand near it.
And as soon as a volunteer stepped forward to help,
their hands would touch and BAM! A spark.
People were blown away: "What is this? This is supernatural power!
This man can move things without touching them!"
When he simply used electricity.
How did something that was used in freak and magician shows
become the main element of our world?
It's time to tell the story of electricity, my friend.
The story of electricity doesn’t have a clear beginning.
Because it’s a discovery, not an invention.
Across time, people touched electricity and got shocked
but they didn’t know what actually happened.
It was a strange phenomenon with a description but no explanation.
For example, there are ancient Egyptian papyri with
drawings of a fish that looks like the electric eel.
This is called the electric catfish or the fish that electrocutes.
It was called the Thunderer of the Nile.
Because it would catch its prey by shocking it, just like thunder.
It even shocked fishermen to protect itself.
It shocked and temporarily paralyzed them.
"You have a hook and I have volts."
Anyway, Egyptians decided to use that to their advantage.
They used that fish to relieve pain, treat joint pain,
and even cure headaches.
They did it without understanding what was really happening.
That’s mentioned, my friend, among 700 treatments in the Ebers Papyrus
that dated to 1550 BC.
Let's jump years later, in 600 BC,
and go to Athens, to the Greek philosopher, Thales of Miletus.
Thales was big on materials science.
One time, he rubbed amber on wool
and noticed amber started attracting lightweight things
like feathers and paper bits.
Remember when you were in school, you’d take a pen,
rub it on your hair, and collect paper bits with it?
Thinking you were funny and to impress girls?
Thales also noticed that lodestone attracts iron.
So he wrote that down and connected the two phenomena.
"Looks like electricity and magnetism are somehow related."
Little did he know that those few observations of his were legendary.
He considered them the same phenomenon.
"Since these materials attract, then their souls are one."
Fast forward 2200 years,
to year 1600.
When the scientist William Gilbert wrote a book
about materials that attract other materials.
He called it 'De Magnete'.
He talked about amber,
about materials that strongly attract things, others weakly did,
some only after being rubbed, some not at all.
He said this force is different from magnetism.
And he gave it a name:
Derived from the Greek word for electron: elektron
With that, it was given a descriptive name.
That was the first time the action it does was named electricity.
Scientists were intrigued by this new force.
Since it’s a force of attraction, they went to the king of attraction himself:
Sir Isaac Newton who was head of the Royal Society at the time.
Newton heard about a German guy named Otto von Guericke.
He suggested that instead of rubbing amber and wool together,
or rubbing any other materials by hand,
"we better invent a machine for that."
Otto built a model using a sulfur ball turned by hand and rub materials with it
Newton liked that and had Francis Hauksbee replace the sulfur ball with a glass one.
Now we have a glass ball you could spin manually
in which we could rub whatever we'd like.
So basically, a glass ball that's used as a rubbing machine.
The first electric generator was made in 1702.
a glass ball that spins and emits a blue light.
Well, my friend, we now have a new force at hand, one that could attract things,
It could generate sparks and, much like yourself, my dear friend, it could glow.
Scientists didn’t stop there.
In 1729,
Scientist Stephen Gray discovered that
electricity could be transferred from a glass ball to other objects
through a medium that connects them.
He tried silk at first, it didn’t conduct well.
He then tried with a metal wire and found it conducted much better.
And when he wanted to wrap up the game, he connected the ball to a small child.
And here, my friend, came a great discovery. Write this down:
children are good conductors of electricity.
If you want to have a good electrical circuit,
either go for copper or the kids’ area.
[Director of Lam Shamseya Series]: "Season 2?"
Of course, we have totally different hair cuts. Imagine we covered that in graphics.
"What's important about knowing good and bad conductors of electricity?"
That discovery helped scientists at 'Leiden University'
in creating the first capacitor in history in 1745,
the Leiden jar in which they were able to store electricity
and use it whenever they wanted.
"We’re not just able to generate energy, we’re able to collect it.
That was probably the greatest invention of its time.
"That's what I like to hear! The scientific community can now do its job
Scientific and medical breakthroughs will happen,
revolutionary inventions and historical changes!"
Oh my sweet friend!
Don't you learn from the revolutionary inventions happening in your own era?
Look at the invention of the Internet.
The Internet was supposed to bring the world closer, unite us all,
let us communicate with our friends and families,
and help us form new connections with people from around the world.
But we used it for cat memes, my friend.
We go live on other people’s live streams.
Then another great invention comes along, AI.
Instead of using it to treat diseases, solve universal issues, and society’s crises,
AI now is mostly used to do homework and write papers.
History tells us that societies use technologies at first
for their entertainment.
That’s almost exactly what happened with electricity,
one of humanity’s greatest discoveries ever.
Electricity, my friend, is like a transistor.
That transistor is what allowed us to have the first nerve cell in our societies.
Today’s AI revolution wouldn’t have happened if it weren’t for electricity.
At first, electricity was for entertainment, for fun:
like the memes of the Internet, and AI-generated karaoke songs.
Static electricity was used in entertainment shows,
like hair frizz due to electricity, a candle lighting up from afar,
or a dazzling blue light trapped in a glass ball.
"Abo Hmeed, what’s dazzling about a glass ball and blue light?
Just look up. Nothing is more dazzling than lightening in the sky."
But what made you think they even considered lightening as electricity?
If you’d paid as much attention to the previous episodes as you do to songs,
you would've known that when people in the past saw lightening,
they considered it a weapon of the gods like Zeus and Thor.
No one thought that lightening is the same as the little spark used in magic shows.
A very important person hadn’t appeared yet.
A very important person in the scientific field and the international scene:
the man whose face is printed on the dollar: Benjamin Franklin.
No one can mess with his portrait, my friend. His face is on bills.
His face is worth fifty pounds, my friend. Please, God.
Franklin was very interested in the electricity phenomenon, which was new.
He tried to explain things like attraction and sparks.
He thought that electricity is like water.
"Yes, it's like water, it has a meter." Not what I meant.
He meant that if you connect a place with high water concentration
the water will move from the higher concentration to lower:
the communicating vessels.
He was the first to use the terms "negative" and "positive".
Positive means high while negative means low.
Electricity moves from the positive to the negative.
That's still the accepted direction to describe current flow to this day
Later on, it's discovered that the negative electrons move and go to the positive side.
The negative is the active one, which says a lot.
But Franklin said so, just go along with it.
His explanation to this was that
the electric current is the reason behind gravity and the spark.
He considered the lightening to be like the spark trapped inside the glass.
The cloud has electrical charges and discharges them into the Earth.
The matter has nothing to do with gods. It has nothing to do with Thor nor Zeus.
He put all these ideas in the year 1751 into a book:
He explained an experiment to prove his theory:
that the lightning we see every day, the one we think is divine wrath,
is in fact a natural phenomenon: electricity.
"Allow me. I have an idea for an experiment that'll prove this.
We'll raise a metal rod from a house and connect this rod to the ground.
And we’ll have someone stand on this rod
and see if he gets electrocuted or not.
If he gets electrocuted, then lightning is electricity."
Obviously it's an excellent experiment. But it lacks one element: the volunteer.
Thankfully, they didn’t find volunteers.
Not to spoil the ending but lightning is electricity.
The one who would’ve gone up there would’ve been fried
We would've found electricity coming out of every part of his body.
But thankfully, that experiment wasn’t carried through.
Franklin decided to do the famous paper kite experiment.
He tied a key to a paper kite and made it fly high.
When he brought his finger close to the key, a spark happened,
thus proving that lightning is electricity.
Not just that, he also stored electricity in a Leyden jar.
And because of Franklin’s great discoveries,
electricity entered a new phase,
a phase that gives high school students nightmares.
Brace yourself, you're about to hear the names you dread the most before an exam.
"Oh, you sly Abo Hmeed!"
In 1785,
the French scientist, Charles Coulomb, studied
the electric charges Franklin talked about,
and the positive and negative charges.
Coulomb tried rubbing different materials together,
to see how the attraction force would change.
He invented the torsion balance,
a very thin vertical rod with a small horizontal rod at the end of it,
from which a small charged ball hangs.
He brought another charged ball close to it.
If the 2 balls have the same charge, they repel. If they're different, they attract.
The ball hanging on the horizontal rod rotates
depending on the force of repulsion or attraction.
Coulomb discovered that the force increases when the 2 balls get closer
and decreases as the balls move farther apart.
So, Coulomb came up with the first mathematical law in electricity.
That's chapter one: F equals K multiplied by Q1 times Q2 over R squared.
If you had studied physics, you’d notice that this is similar to Newton’s law:
the law of universal gravitation.
The force between 2 charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
In the scientific community, this law was a celebrity appearance on the red carpet.
It stirred a lot of controversy and created a massive buzz.
After this law appeared, scientists’ interest in electricity increased a lot.
Among those scientists was the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani.
If you remember, from the Frankenstein episode,
in 1791, Galvani was dissecting a dead frog,
and suddenly, while inserting the scalpel, its legs moved, vibrated
Galvani thought the frog had animal electricity.
"Could the living organism generate electricity by itself?"
But before he got carried away
and start thinking about how to make money from these frogs,
the Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta, showed up.
"Hold on, hold on," he said. "Think!
The leg moved because 2 different metals touched each other:
the scalpel and the rod the frog was hanging on.
So, my dear Galvani, the electricity didn’t come from the frog, but from the metal.
Focus!"
So Volta worked hard, my friend, and created the second battery in history,
a battery capable of producing an electric current, without rubbing,
not just a spark or a momentary current passing through,
but a continuous current, my friend.
From that moment, the history of electricity and of humanity changed.
"Wait, Abo Hmeed, how did Volta know it was generating electricity?
And why do you say this was the second battery? What's the first?
And if so, why didn't you mention it?"
I love it when you pay attention.
Volta knew the battery produced electricity
when he connected its wire to a dead frog,
and the frog moved just like in Galvani’s experiment.
When he wanted to be more sure, he connected it to his tongue
in a famous experiment called 'the tongue zap.'
When he got zapped by the wire, he tasted a sharp metallic flavor
it proved the battery was generating electricity.
As for your second question, on how come this is the second battery in history
let me tell you, and please don’t get confused:
in 1935, there was an archaeologist named Wilhelm Konig
and that guy, my friend, discovered a clay jar more than 1,200 years old
dating back to the Parthian era in a city near Baghdad.
If you look inside, you’ll find a copper cylinder and an iron rod in the middle,
with something like asphalt sealing the lid.
There were also traces of vinegar or grape juice, for example.
If you think about it, you’ll find that these are very similar components to a battery,
just like those battery-making videos you see on 'YouTube'.
It's hard to confirm if this was a battery,
but if it was, then it’s the first battery in history.
Back to our guy Volta who, after discovery of electricity, said that
there was a hidden force causing the electricity to move from a metal to another.
That’s the force he called electric tension,
which later became known as electric potential.
Yes, write that down.
Thankfully, this time, people didn’t use Volta’s batteries for fun.
They started using them for more important things
like separating water and the minerals inside it.
That’s what a scientist like Humphry Davy did in 1806
when he succeeded for the first time in isolating new elements
like potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium.
He also succeeded in inventing the first simple electric lamp,
which was basically 2 carbon rods connected to a battery.
A spark would happen between them, and it would light up the room.
He called it the electric arc.
Unfortunately, my friend, this arc had intense and unstable lighting,
and sadly, it wasn’t safe.
We then move to the year 1812,
when they tried transferring electricity from a place to another like in the days of Gray.
They connected the battery to a very long wire,
and then came the surprise: the current could reach the end,
even if it was weak.
This, my friend, was a great idea,
and so important in the history of electricity
because we discovered that electricity could be distributed,
it could be transferred from a fixed source to many different places.
In 1820, the Danish scientist, Hans Ørsted, was giving a lecture about electricity.
He set up a simple circuit of a battery and a wire, the kind you can’t solve,
to observe the effect of electricity on the wire’s heat.
And purely by coincidence, there was a compass next to the wire,
"Why is the compass fidgety? It must have the hots for electricity!
Possibly… Could be, why not?
No, that’s far-fetched… maybe?
Once I closed the circuit, the compass needle moved.
What I know is that the compass needle only moves in one case:
when there is a magnet nearby.
Is it possible that an electric current can create magnetism?
Is it possible that electricity produces a magnetic field around it?"
The man didn’t believe it. He repeated the experiment.
He opened the circuit, the compass needle went back.
He brought the wire closer and the needle moved.
He reversed the direction of the current, the needle moved in the opposite direction.
And so on.
From that moment, it was scientifically proven that
electricity and magnetism aren't 2 separate things;
they’re deeply connected, more than you could ever imagine.
That moment would create a whole new science,
a science that literally changed the course of humanity.
Say hello, my friend, to electromagnetism!
-"Abo Hmeed, I wanna say a joke." - Go ahead.
"I repel from this science."
Stay focused, my friend.
As I told you, the world has changed its course
and this change started with the German scientist, Johann Schweigger.
This is the guy who simply said that we have other ways
to test whether there’s an electric current or not.
There's no need to electrocute dead frogs or taste electricity with our tongue
just to check if there's a current.
We can use the compass.
The compass moves when current passes,
so we can tell if there's a current or not,
and even know its direction.
Schweigger invented the first device to measure the force of electric current,
which is the galvanometer.
You'll find that in one of Mr. Mohamed AbdelMaaboud's lectures.
It was named in honor of the scientist Galvani who electrified the frog.
Each scientist paves a new way, sparking new ideas in the mind of another.
So it seems that electricity travels through minds, too.
Take for example the great scientist, Andre Ampere.
The guy heard about the current moving in a wire and changing the magnetic field
and decided to take it very seriously.
He studied and asked a lot of questions.
If one wire can create a magnetic field,
then what would happen if we have more than one? Maybe 2 wires?
What would happen if we brought a long wire that generates a magnetic field,
and twist it, then what?
Ampere’s questions led him to do a lot of experiments,
the most famous of which: he brought 2 parallel wires and ran current through both.
He found that if the currents were flowing in the same direction,
the wires would attract.
If they flowed in opposite directions, the wires would repel.
So, Ampere concluded that the direction of the magnetic field
generated by an electric current depends on the direction of the current.
So, the current’s direction affects the field
and the field might affect the current.
We could say that it's a two way street.
If you're confused, don't worry, I'll explain in a bit.
Bear with me. Let’s move to a third scientist.
When we mention electricity, we have to mention the 3 musketeers of electricity.
Who are they? Volt, Ampere, and Ohm.
The guy of voltage difference represented by "V".
The guy of current intensity, Ampere "A"
So now, all that’s left is Ohm, resistance, my friend.
Let me tell you about the simple physics teacher
who changed history and established one of the most important laws of electricity:
the German Georg Simon Ohm.
Ohm began with very specific experiments.
He took a Volta battery, connected it to a wire made of a certain metal,
and installed a galvanometer in the circuit to measure the current's intensity.
Then he started changing the components in the circuit to observe what happens.
When he used a stronger battery, that meant higher voltage,
he noticed that the current increased.
In another experiment, he made the wire longer
and noticed that the current intensity decreased.
He used a different metal, so the current intensity changed.
But every time, there was a clear, fixed relationship
between the voltage difference in the battery and the current intensity, the ampere.
The more the voltage increased, the more the current increased at a fixed rate.
That rate depends on the wire
and is called resistance.
Ohm put the law that solves any math problem,
and if you're revising before the exam and you don’t know it, you're in big trouble.
It's over, better start praying.
If you're on your way to the exam, you better go back home.
Ohm’s Law says that V equals I multiplied by R.
V is the volt, I is the current intensity measured in amperes,
multiplied by R, which is resistance measured in ohms.
I’ll simplify it for you because I know you're lost.
So, simply put, electricity is like having water in a hose.
The water is the electricity, and the wire is the hose.
In basic terms, the force pushing the water through the hose is the voltage.
That’s the pressure coming from the pump pushing from behind, the force of water.
Amperes are the amount of water flowing through the hose per second,
the quantity. Got it? I feel like you still don’t get it.
I’ll simplify it even more. I'll explain it like you're 10.
Imagine a feudal lord holding a whip over his slaves.
The volt is the guy holding the whip: "Work faster!"
The amperes are the number of people actually moving and working.
The R, the ohm, is the resistance happening in this feudal process.
"No we're not going!" These are ratios.
So we have the V, the guy with the whip, the I, the people working,
and the R, the resistance going like this.
Now this should be easy:
the difference between voltage, current intensity, and resistance;
the man hitting them, the people working, and the resistance.
That, my friend, is the law V = I × R,
Ohm’s Law. That was published in 1827
in the book 'The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically'.
Surprisingly, the German scientific community didn’t welcome it warmly.
People either mocked the book or ignored it altogether.
To the extent that Ohm shift careers, my friend.
He resigned, left teaching and worked as a laborer.
Years went by and people started testing his theory and found it to be accurate.
Ohm’s Law became a fundamental part of understanding any electric circuit.
The battery pushes the current which flows through the wire.
The wire has resistance.
That resistance changes depending on the type of wire and what’s inside it.
What happens when the current flows through the wire wasn’t fully understood yet.
Nor was that magnetic field we mentioned before.
I don’t want you to worry, because while we were full of questions and concerns,
there was something cooking on a slow fire
in the lab of Sir Humphry Davy
that, yet again, would change the history of electricity forever.
In 1821, the scientist Michael Faraday was working as a research assistant
in Sir Humphry Davy's lab.
Faraday had just learned about electricity and newly entered the field.
He heard something about magnetism and it attracted him.
Faraday thought, "As long as this is about magnetic fields,
why not bring a real magnet and see what happens?"
He brought a glass container with mercury,
a fixed magnet standing in the center of the container,
and he dangled a copper wire from above
so it could move freely.
As soon as Faraday connected the battery to the wire and closed the circuit,
the wire started rotating around the magnet
in continuous circular motion.
That was the first time electricity caused continuous motion.
What you see here, my friend, is the first electric motor in history.
Of course, you don’t understand. And of course, I meant it.
I'll explain it quickly.
Get your tea or coffee and come back.
I won't wait for long, be quick!
Simply put, my friend, the current in the wire creates a magnetic field around it,
and that field is inside another, already-existing magnetic field.
These two fields together exerted a force on the wire.
When that force acted on the wire, it moved.
I know you still don’t get it. Don’t be shy. I meant it.
Because Faraday himself, the one who did this experiment, only carried it out.
The law explaining the experiment? That didn’t come until 75 years later.
That law allows us to calculate the exact amount of force acting on the wire.
It uses what’s known as Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule,
the most important sign in physics exams.
All students go like this as if they lost their money in the stock market.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule is used to determine the direction of the force.
I want you to make your hand like a gun
and stick this finger out.
The middle finger shows the direction of the current,
the index finger is the direction of the magnetic field,
and the thumb points to the direction of the motion of the wire.
So we have current, use it for good this time,
this is for the direction of the field, and the middle finger for the current.
the index finger with the direction of the field,
and the thumb is for the direction of the wire.
Exactly 10 years later,
in 1831, Faraday decided to repeat the experiment
but this time, instead of moving the wire, he moved the magnet.
He got a coil of copper wire and connected it to a galvanometer
to detect any current, even a tiny one.
Then he brought a strong magnet.
And just like you expected, when Faraday moved the magnet inside the coil,
the galvanometer’s needle moved.
With each time he changed the position of the magnet, the needle moved.
He inserted it, it tilts right; removed it, it tilts left.
And here, he made a very important observation:
the presence of a magnet alone doesn’t create a current.
It’s the changing movement of the magnet that creates the current.
Or, to put it differently: change in the magnetic field over time is what does it.
"Oh, Abo Hmeed!"
If you just place a magnet next to a wire, nothing will happen.
If you moved the magnet relative to the wire,
the magnetic field will move the electrons inside the wire.
and that movement is the current.
Or, more precisely, as a good student should say:
-"Huh?" -Induced current.
Because the whole phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.
Take care of your electromagnetic field, my friend.
Then Faraday thought to himself:
"If a change in magnetic field over time causes current
then the current can cause a magnetic field.
It goes both ways."
"If you change my current, I'll change your field."
"Why use a magnet when I can use a wire with current
to make the field?
And that field will make another current in another wire."
It's the same experiment, but instead of a magnet with a changing field,
he used a wire with a changing current.
And indeed, Faraday connected the first coil to a battery
and connected a galvanometer to the second coil.
And as soon as he closed the circuit,
the needle moved suddenly, then went right back.
And when he opened the circuit again,
the needle moved suddenly in the opposite direction.
The explanation was that no direct connection happens between the 2 coils.
The change in the first coil altered the magnetic field around it.
That change reached the second coil
and created a temporary current in it.
That was the first time anyone observed the phenomenon of mutual induction.
Which is, in simple terms, it's a trade.
A wire with a current induces current in another wire.
It’s like a wire encourages the other: "You can do this. Just keep spinning"
That was the basis of an important invention: the electric transformer.
Then Faraday decided to make a primitive electric generator.
He brought a copper disk, a magnet, and a galvanometer.
He placed the disk vertically above the magnet,
and connected it to the galvanometer.
He then started turning the disk.
The galvanometer moved as soon as he started turning the disk.
And the faster he spun the disk, the higher the current.
And when he reversed the spinning direction, the current reversed too.
To determine the direction, my friend, we use Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule,
which is the exact same concept.
Make your hand like a gun.
The thumb is the direction of the wire’s movement.
The index finger is the magnetic field.
The middle finger is the current direction.
Faraday made the first motor and the first electric generator
and planted the seed for the first transformer.
But just like he didn’t write the motor’s law, he didn’t write the dynamo’s law.
The great scientist, Maxwell, is the one who would write
the electromagnetic induction law in 1865.
That would appear in his research paper titled:
In this great paper, Maxwell compiled everything,
everything we knew about electricity at that time.
He’d also explain things like electric currents,
induction, magnetic fields and all that jazz.
He would also gather the ideas of Ampere, Coulomb, Faraday, and others,
and turn all of that into mathematical equations to explain it all,
fully integrated equations among which is the electromagnetic induction equation
that great equation right in front of you, my friend.
Maxwell made life easier for anyone who wants to study electricity.
And indeed, just a year after publishing his research, comes Siemens
and decides to develop Faraday’s generator,
the generator that needed a permanent magnet to create the magnetic field
but that, my friend, was sadly expensive and weak.
Siemens decided to replace the magnetic field with a field from a wire with a current
to do the job of the magnet.
Boom, it becomes a magnet. A fake one.
And so, my friend, he made the first self-generator
The first self-excitation generator.
"How inspiring! I wish I could be a generator!"
-Why? -"So I can get excited too."
Pay attention! Exams are getting closer!
Now we have the first commercial electric generator
capable of producing enough current to power actual devices.
Faraday’s generator couldn’t even power a light bulb.
Not just because it produced weak currents,
but also because there was no light bulb at the time.
At this point, electricity was used in scientific research and some practices
like metal purification or coating: coloring them.
And we also used it in telegraph machines,
like Morse code, remember? SOS
But all of that changed after Siemens’ generator.
And now comes the Age of Enlightenment
I mean that literally.
We're now in the age of the light bulb, the age of Thomas Edison.
In 1878, the world used Davy’s arc lamps.
So, Edison decided to make a bulb that's cheaper and safer.
Because Davy’s bulbs? They’ll burn the kids.
Now, to be fair, there had been many previous attempts at this.
But those designs had problems.
For example, they used wires that were super expensive
like platinum wires. So the bulb wasn't sold nor become commercial.
It was more expensive than a house! Other times, they made a slightly cheaper bulb
but the problem was that it didn't last long.
Until Thomas Edison came in and scored a hat-trick!
He made a bulb that lights up, is cheap and practical.
His problem, my friend, was how to make the filament heat up
and light the bulb without burning the filament,
all this while using inexpensive materials.
So Edison decided to do what any inventor would do: trial and error.
"Why not?"
It’s said that he tested more than 6,000 materials for the filament.
Some say 10,000.
Until, in 1879, he succeeded in using a carbon filament
made from burned cotton threads placed inside a vacuum-sealed glass bulb,
and he connected it to a DC dynamo.
And the result, my friend? A bulb that glows warmly for more than 40 hours.
Just like that, it was the end of that nighttime, when we didn’t do anything:
we didn’t study nor write nor create,
we didn’t do anything except sleep,
or at least try to sleep because we couldn’t even see anything.
Then the bulb came and said: "You have 12 more hours in the day. Don’t waste them.
You could take advantage of that!"
Suddenly, we've unlocked a new level of productivity and free time;
to entertainment and everything else.
Anyway, we're now in October 21, 1879.
Edison presents the bulb to the world for the first time,
and lets people walk in the electrically lit streets of Menlo Park.
From that moment on, people realized electricity wasn’t just for scientists.
It was for everyone.
That citizen who hesitated to buy Edison’s bulb was hesitant no more.
Only one person stayed hesitant, my friend, guess who? Tesla’s current.
On June 18, 2024, something very important happened:
El-Daheeh released an episode about Tesla.
"Abo Hmeed, you're not the center of the universe. Just do your job."
I consider that a foundational and important day in electrical field.
That episode, my friend, we talked about the current wars
Edison vs. Tesla: DC vs. AC.
The episode ironically ended with Tesla’s current winning, but also Tesla losing;
and Edison’s current losing, but Edison winning.
If you want to know more, go watch the episode.
But for now, what matters is that during this war, the world was benefiting.
Edison’s bulbs and DC current lit up the world.
As I told you, the day became longer, people could work longer.
Then Tesla’s AC came along and created effective power plants.
We could generate electricity in a central location and transmit it long distances
with minimal power loss.
This happened because after the invention of the transformer in the mid-1880s,
we were able to increase the voltage at the plant
and lower it again at homes and factories.
In the same period, the world finally understood what electricity really was
when Thomson discovered that what moves through a wire
is a negatively charged particle,
smaller than an atom.
He called it the "electron"
after "amber" which, if you remember, when rubbed with wool, generated electricity.
That’s how we started the episode, 2600 years ago.
So, my friend, after all those huge leaps and revolutionary inventions,
and with our ability to generate, transmit, and safely use electricity
came the true technological revolution.
Machines that used to run on steam or by hand started running on small electric motors.
Instead of shoveling coal,
you now do it by a press of a button.
This opened the door for massive production lines.
That's what sparked the modern industrial revolution.
from textile factories to electric cars.
Marconi used Tesla’s inventions to send the first wireless radio signal.
Radio was used in armies, ships, and navigators
then found its way into homes.
Homes bloomed beyond expectation, my friend.
The status of the house before electricity was nothing like it is after.
I believe that before electricity, laziness didn’t even exist.
there were no fridges, no fans, no washing machines, no TVs.
Homes lit up, my friend.
The scientific research about electricity didn’t stop.
In 1904, Scientist John Ambrose Fleming was thinking about a problem
with radios and telegraphs at that time.
Signals were often weak or weren't there at all.
So Fleming invented the diode,
a valve that allowed current to flow in only one direction.
converting AC to DC and filtering signals.
2 years later, it evolved into the triode
with Lee de Forest
which not only controlled the current but amplified signals.
That's what we call the amplifier, my friend.
And since we’ve reached the amplifier, let me take you to another important date
July 20, 2021.
That's when El-Daheeh released an episode titled "the transistor".
An episode everyone benefited from, but only Jens Hong understood.
And even he didn’t really understand it, because he’s Taiwanese.
After watching this episode and the one about Tesla, go watch that episode.
Revise your chapter quickly, then answer a couple of old exams.
And you're good to go.
By now, theoretically, you should have what you need to pass physics,
success in life and career is out of my hands.
Research and development in electricity is still ongoing.
Ironically, the future is returning to what I told you about, to the past.
Japan, for example, is trying to do what Franklin did over 200 years ago
and store lightning energy.
It isn’t commercial yet, but the Japanese government is trying.
Like in the BYD episode, there are advancements in battery and electric cars,
and replacing gasoline with electricity.
And here’s the big one, there’s a dream to eliminate batteries altogether.
It’s still a dream, just like Tesla’s old dream of wireless electricity.
Tesla wanted a global power system with no wires,
your phone charging in your pocket.
The dream is that humans would stop relying on batteries
and use the Earth and atmosphere as a medium for energy transfer.
Tesla had already started working on this dream in 1901,
but unfortunately, in 1906, he stopped
when JP Morgan pulled his funding, sensing that this could provide free electricity.
"This might not be profitable! Why would I fund it then?"
That's almost the same concept as the agreement between light bulb companies
to make bulbs with a limited lifespan so they can keep selling them.
You can’t sell a light bulb that lasts a lifetime, they're ain't your mama.
But in fact, some companies today are trying to revive Tesla’s dream.
Some have already done it: wireless charging for cars and phones.
Countries like Germany and Sweden are building roads with electric coils underneath
so they can recharge cars while on the move.
That's all still in the research phase.
One day, what we dream about and watch in sci-fi movies could come to life.
Maybe someone watching this episode will be inspired.
Inspired, and boom, an invention, a startup, funding,
a multi-billion dollar company, then get invited to talk shows and say
that they'd like to give all that wealth and credit
to El-Daheeh who explained the concept of Ohm
using a water hose analogy.
Honestly, I'll thank them. I won’t turn down the gift.
So yes, my friend, dream!
Maybe in a few years' time, all those things we see in movies will become real.
The story of electricity had no clear beginning, and has no end.
It’s a story of electric fish shocking fishermen, of a frog moving after death,
of self-powered vehicles. It’s a puzzle,
each scientist, inventor and businessman added a piece.
No one had the full picture, but everyone played their part.
No one knew what we’d use this for in the future,
or where its limits were. Is it about entertainment or something deeper?
Is it just a stage performance? Or a true change that would alter humanity?
No one knew what would happen in the future.
But everyone knew there was something we needed to explore,
a whole unknown world that could change our lives.
We just needed to understand it.
Surely, someone will find ways to benefit from our discoveries.
It’s funny how the electron
that travels through a wire might harm or kill a human,
and yet it can create this rich scientific knowledge base in our world;
without which there wouldn’t be Internet, computers nor devices
that heal and help people around the world all the time.
That electron can kill and cure.
That's it. Don’t watch the old episodes if you still have studying to do.
When you're done, watch the new episodes and the old ones.
Check the sources below and subscribe if you're on 'YouTube'.
This isn’t just a revision episode, it’s a standalone scientific episode.
We just took advantage of the exam season
and target students because they're a reliable customer.
If you didn’t understand the episode, you have a second chance.
Watch it again. Let's get these views up!
Let me close with a joke to lighten the mood.
-An electrical engineer went to prison. -"Why, Abo Hmeed?"
-Because he committed wire fraud. -"That's not so good."
-But it's the effort that counts. -"Not really."
You're re-volt-ing!
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