Antarctica, a vast and extreme continent, is a land of scientific discovery and enduring mystery, challenging human exploration and fueling speculation with its unique geological features, isolated ecosystems, and historical expeditions.
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imagine the years 1840 and you're a
Bonnie sea captain in the far South
Pacific when you come upon an
incomprehensibly large wall of ice it's
a mile high and stretches as far as the
eye can see in each Direction so you
sail to the right to see if you can find
a way around it and you sail and you
sail and you sail and no matter how far
you go it never ends and in fact you
wind up right back where you started it
is a literally impenetrable ice wall
that you can never cross obviously this
is where the world ends and obviously
this ice wall was built to keep us from
falling off the edge of the Earth and
obviously the World is Flat except no
any Bonnie SE Captain worth is salt
would have known that the Earth was
round in 1840 he would have known that
he was traveling around in a circle
nobody thought Antarctica was the end of
the world but in terms of accessibility
it might as well have been Antarctica is
a harsh punishing deadly place next to
impossible to survive so even though the
world did not end at Antarctica it is
kind of like a new world begins there's
a reason NASA trains astronauts are
future Mars missions in Antarctica it's
basically another planet down there
people have only taken up residence in
Antarctica in the last 100 years it's
still very much unexplored lands in the
old days unexplored lands were Rife with
Legends and myths and speculations um
Darby dragons and whatnot and Antarctica
is no different today I started looking
into it and I found a mountain of like
wild stories and Mysteries surrounding
Antarctica so in this video let's take a
look at the single most mysterious place
on planet Earth and get to the bottom of
what's going on down [Music]
there if there's one word to describe
Antarctica it's desolate an endless
landscape of white snow and ice
simultaneously one of the driest places
on Earth and home to 60% of the Earth's
fresh water all of it locked up in an
ice sheet that covers 99.6% of the
continent a continent that's way bigger
than you might think
in most map projections you only see a
little sliver of land mass at the bottom
of the map or it gets divided up in some
way but it's more than twice the size of
Australia and big enough to cover the
United States Mexico the Gulf of Mexico
and most of the Southern Canadian
provinces and all of it under an ice
sheet that averages 2,160 M thick that's
1.3 M High average it's also the
windiest place on Earth with an average
wind speed of 10 knots but it can reach
up to 80 knots or 96 miles an hour due
to something called catabatic winds
which are basically caused by a cold
dense air being funneled Through The
Valleys in the landscape it's also
extremely isolated surrounded by some of
the largest oceans in the world with the
mainland more than a th000 miles away
from the closest inhabited continent the
closest point being the Antarctic
Peninsula that reaches out to within 600
Mi of Tira Del fuo and Argentina and of
course between them is the Drake Passage
which is considered one of the roughest
areas of ocean in the
world because of course it is oh it's also
also
old and Lakey there about 400 under
underground lakes in Antarctica or under
ice I guess scientists started finding
these lakes in the 1970s using radar
seismic and satellite Technologies and
some of these are over 3 km deep in the
ice and then in the 1990s Russian
scientists discovered a lake that they
called Lake VTO this is the sixth
largest lake by volume in the
world and for some reason it's not ice
why is it not ice everything around it
is ice it turns out there's a geothermal
vent down there that's warming up enough
of it to keep it liquid but again this
is the sixth largest lake on the planet
and it's under almost a mile of ice 15
milliony old ice geothermal vents of
course are teaming with life in most
places that they're found but this
particular place has been completely
isolated from the rest of the world for
15 million years there was a raging
debate over what kind of sea creatures
might live at the bottom of Lake Bostock
for two decades scientists would get
their answer in
1999 but more on that later there is
just something about us humans that we
see a place like that that remote that
isolated that deadly and we say yeah I'm
totally going to go there so starting in
the early 20th century it was also the
site of a string of tragedies as
explorers raised to be the first to the
South Pole and perhaps no Explorer
exemplifies the hubris of the so-called
heroic age than Robert Falcon Scott
Robert Falcon Scott besides having an
amazing name started his career as a
respected British Navy officer but in
the 1890s both his father and younger
brother died unexpectedly which made him
the loone provider for his mother and sister
sister
so he became desperate to elevate his
status but there just weren't a lot of
advancement opportunities in the Navy at
the time and then in 1899 while home on
leave he had a chance encounter with the
president of the royal geographical
Society a guy named Clemens Markham and
he was funding an expedition to the
South Pole and he needed a commander so
yeah Robert Falcon Scott jumped at the
chance so in 1901 he set sail on his
ship Discovery with fellow explorers
Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson and
they didn't quite make it to the poll
although they did reach 82 de latitude
which is the furthest south anybody had
ever been at that time but yeah they
eventually had to turn back with just
530 Mi to go this was actually kind of a
disaster they ran out of supplies the
crew all came down with scurvy they had
to resort to eating their sled dogs to
survive and still Robert Falcon Scott
wanted to press on it was actually
Shackleton who insisted that they turn
back in order to save the crew um this
actually led to a major falling out
between the two of them that lasted for
years still Robert FAL and Scott
returned to Britain a hero they did
Cover new ground and made new
geographical discoveries there was a sci
ific component to this trip so a lot of
cool science was done and to the British
public who had been kind of demoralized
at this point in history um yeah he was
kind of like proof that Brit still had
some fight and pluck in him he got
invited to balm moral castle by King
Edward iith um he actually promoted him
to the commander of the royal Victorian
order um he became a toast of society
for a while and he eventually met and
married a wealthy socialite named
Kathleen Bruce so in a way he got
exactly what he wanted from that trip
but deep down it always really bothered
him that he never quite got to the South
Pole you know and he and he kind of
blames Shackleton for holding him back
uh and and publicly he was really nice
to Shackleton that he got along and
whatnot but in practice uh he was pretty
antagonistic like in 1907 Shackleton
launched his own expedition to the South
Pole and Robert Falcon Scott forbid him
from Landing in the McMurdo sound which
is the same place where the discovery
had landed when they went the last time
and at the time it was by far the safest
landing spot but Scott insisted that
that was his field of work and he had
right of the area so yeah he was willing
to put shackleton's whole crew in more
danger because of
that swell dude Shackleton landed there
anyway on his ship which was called the
Nimrod and they got a lot closer this
time they got to 88 degrees latitude it
was a mere 95 miles from the south pole
but again supplies ran out dogs were
eaten and Shackleton made the decision
to turn back to save his crew which he
succeeded at doing they all made it back
barely by the way this would happen
again to Shackleton several years later
on the endurance you might have heard
the story of the endurance the ship
basically got destroyed in the sea ice
and he and his crew were stranded there
for about 4 months before they could be
rescued but they did all survive so
while Shackleton never quite made it to
the South Pole he did earn the
reputation as a captain who you know
always put his crew first even if it
meant for goinging personal
Glory something that could not be said
for Robert Falcon Scott in November 1911
the ship teranova landed on Ross Island
and from there Robert Falcon Scott set
off with a crew to the South Pole which
he was going to reach this time no
matter what for once and for all he was
going to beat Shackleton and he was
going to be the first human being to the
South Pole the crew faced all the usual
hardships including sled dog stew but
they pressed on and on January 17th 1912
they did it Robert Falcon Scott reached
the South Pole and what he found
there was a Norwegian flag yeah Ral Emon
got there just a month before him and he
had no idea at least not until he saw
the flag play Ed there so yeah he and
his crew they they turned around and
headed back to their
ship which they never actually
reached one by one they succumbed to the
cold and starvation including eventually
the captain himself and thus ended the
Scott by the way Ral amonson made
getting to the South Pole look easy like
dude just crushed it while everybody
else had struggled and suffered and
often died he had actually trained with
his crew extensively for years
beforehand and yeah the whole thing went
really smoothly they got back to the
boat 10 days early though it does need
to be said his entire mission was
strictly competitive like he was just
there to get to the South Pole there was
no science component to it whereas
Scott's Mission did have a science
component to it in fact when rescue
teams found their final resting place
they had on them the first fossils ever
found in Antarctica and this actually
turned out to be one of the first big
mysteries of Antarctica because these
fossils were petrified
wood meaning Antarctica used to be
covered in
forests what this of course would go on
to become part of the first early
evidence of plate tectonics theory uh
basically proving that Antarctica used
to be part of Pangia and in a much more
temperate region but after Emon and
Scott and Shackleton technology improved
and more and more explorers and
scientists made a lot more discoveries
in Antarctica and with it a lot more
Mysteries so I talked about Lake Bostock
and how deep under the ice it was well
there's another mysterious Lake that's
it deep lake it's an inland Lake in East
Antarctica it's about 55 met below the
sea level and as you go deeper into it
the salinity increases drastically it's
about the same salt content as the Dead
Sea in fact it's 10 times saltier than
the ocean but because that salinity the
water never freezes even though it gets
down to
-20° so you might think that nothing
could possibly live in water that cold
but nope something does live there a
study in 2008 showed that there's
actually three species of a bacteria
called Hyo archa which makes up most of
the biosphere there Halo ARA if you're
not familiar with it it's a single cell
organism that basically it thrives in
salty water there's also a green algae
that grows on the lake surface which is
actually the main food source for the
bacteria living down there and like I
said there's three different species of
Halo ARA and they're all adapted to
different parts of the lake like some
like deeper locations some like to eat
the protein in the water and some like
to eat the sugar that the green Algae
algae I mentioned earlier that 99% of
Antarctica is covered in an ice sheet
well one of the few places that's not
covered by an ice sheet is McMurdo dry
Valley and it kind of looks like Mars
there but one interesting sight there is
Taylor Glacier which has a five-story
waterfall that pours into Lake Bonnie
what's interesting about this particular
waterfall is um it looks a lot like
blood yeah it looks like somebody just
stabbed the GLA and it's bleeding out so
they named it Blood Falls and uh yeah
only recently scientists have been able
to figure out what makes it look that
color yeah Dr Ken Livy is a scientist at
John Hopkins University and he used
transmission electron microscopes to
basically examine samples of the blood
Falls Waters and what he discovered were
tiny iron-rich nanospheres that oxidize
which turns the water red and
nanospheres apparently occur in nature I
think of nanospheres as like a a
molecular thing with graphite or
something like that but they they are
real things that happen in nature
they're about 100 the size of an average
human red blood cell and they've got
their own unique chemical and physical
characteristics and these nanospheres
come from a lake that's about 400 m
underground it's very salty and it's cut
off from the air so it just kind of like
sits there but it's very iron rich so
once it seeps through the fissures and
hits the air the iron rich water rusts
creating Blood [Music]
[Music]
Falls yeah I've got to do it coming this
Sunday to the pipy Civic Center tokomak
and stellarator featuring bloodfall
free Antarctica's largest ice shelf is
the Ross ice shelf named after Dr James
Clark Ross who discovered it in 1841 and
when I say large I mean it's about the
size of France it covers over 500,000
Square km it's also several hundred met
thick all of that very interesting what
really makes it interesting is that it
no that is not the newest Apex Twin
single uh that is an actual ice shelf
vibrating it's caused by winds blowing
across the snow Dunes that create
vibrations on the surface and and those
vibrations create seismic tones the
thing is we can't actually hear those
vibrations they're they're seismic tones
so scientists have to use seismic
sensors to hear the songs what you're
hearing has been ranged up quite a bit
so that we can hear it and it was
discovered by accident they were
actually installing these seismic
sensors to try to observe other things
and they kept hearing these these sounds
and they didn't know where it was coming
from and also the songs change based on
environmental shifts like snow melting or
moving in the late 1950s something
really strange was discovered in the
northern Wilks land in East anartica
it's a gravity anomaly which is exactly
what it sounds like it's where there's a
difference between the predicted value
of gravity at a specific site and what's
actually observed there so yeah um
there's just a place in Antarctica where
gravity Works
differently you know that that thing
what could cause gravity to work
differently in a certain spot well in
this case it looks like it was a giant
impact crater yeah Studies have shown
that there's an impact crater underneath
the ice sheet that's 450 km across which
would make it twice the size of the
chickalo crater in Mexico you know the
one that wiped out all the dinosaurs
NASA is actually who found this gravity
anomaly as part of their Gravity
Research and climate experiment mission
in 2006 now there's still studies to be
done here it's not completely confirmed
yet but if this were an asteroid impact
they think it might have actually been
strong enough to break up gondwana land
as the supercontinent that separated
Antarctica in 2017 a giant hole opened
up in Antarctica how big is this hole
it's the size of
Ireland a hole it's 78,000 Square km
it's actually the largest hole found in
Antarctica since the 1970s which implies
that there were bigger holes found in
the' 70s it's a structure called of Pia
which is basically an area of open water
and sea ice it's located in the wetel
sea in the Southern Ocean and it Formed
basically because the warmer water and
the deeper parts of the sea push the
warm water up causing the ice on the
surface to melt and then as the water
makes contact with the cooler surface
water it sinks again and then it's
reheated and pushed to the surface and
this goes on over and over again now
there's a lot of these types of holes
these penas that have popped up in the
sea ice all around Antarctica but this
one is massive and they're still not
exactly sure how one this big could form
with the uh the methods that they're
mystery in 1964 the British Royal Navy's
HMS protector visited boet Island which
is located here between the Cape of Good
Hope and Antarctica and while there they
found a lagoon and a water logged
Lifeboat this boat didn't have any sails
didn't have any markings just a just a
nameless boat in a lagoon in a remote
part of the world they also found a pair
of ores and a 44g barrel but they didn't
find any signs of life or any human
remains it seemed to have just been this
abandoned Lifeboat and nobody knows who
abandoned it or where they went even
weirder in 1966 another Expedition went
to that same spot and this time the life
boat was gone there was there was no
mention of it like it just disappeared
there are ghost ships are there ghost
lifeboats because this might be a ghost
Lifeboat and now that I've talked about
ghost ships um it's time to Pivot a
little bit everything that I've talked
about so far is just kind of like weird
things that happen in a weird part of
the world there's some really crazy
stuff going around about
that about 10 years ago ago a story
started swirling around regarding Lake
vosto which I was talking about earlier
and the uh life that might live down
there according to this story a Russian
drilling crew was working at Lake bosck
in 2012 when they came across apparently
a monster octopus that they named
organism 46b this monster octopus
apparently had all the kind of qualities
you would expect from an octopus it was
apparently really smart it was actually
able to disable the workers's radio it
paralyzed prey by releasing Venom into
the water and it could shape shift into
other shapes which octopuses are kind of
famous for and according to the story
the researchers were able to capture the
octopus but Russian Authority showed up
and took it away and denied that it ever
existed and that nothing was ever found
there and because of that organism 46b
remains a mystery and some even believe
that Putin plans to breed the octopus as
a bit of a military weapon thanks [Music]
Antarctica speaking of monster some
people believe that Nazis built a secret
base in Antarctica where they took
Hitler at the end of World War II there
have been no shortage of Hitler actually
survive stories that happened since
World War II this is just the anarctica
version of it and people who believe in
the story also believe that from this
base they were able to defeat American
and British military by shooting down
their planes with the use of UFOs the US
did eventually destroy this base in the
1950s with nuclear weapons but you
wouldn't know this because various
governments around the world have of
course you know concealed all this knowledge
and if a Nazi base using UFOs for war
wasn't enough to blow your mind well
guess what we have wound up exactly
where we all expected to
be aliens cuz you know Nazis flying UFOs
that's that's
crazy it's actually aliens and I mean I
guess it makes a little bit of sense if
there are aliens living here on planet
Earth um why not go to the most desolate
and isolated place in the world to set
up a a bit of a base and launch all your UF
UF
from and of course there's no shortage
of photographs that have weird anomalies
in it that you can't quite explain that
look like UFOs and last but not least
are the stories about pyramids or
ancient civilizations that have been
buried under the ice of Antarctica some
people believe that this might have been
like an ancient Egyptian civilization
with the pyramids and stuff some people
believe it might have been Atlantis I
mean after all we we know that
Antarctica used to be a more tropical
continent that was in a you know more uh
suitable place for life and
civilizations to flourish I mean if
you're going to have an ancient city or
civilization get buried under water why
not get buried under ice so what are we
to make of all these crazy stories
coming out of Antarctica you know
mysterious lifeboats monster octopuses aliens
blanket so we can start with that
mysterious life V so in the early 2010s
online researchers actually figured out
what it was was and it turns out it was
a Soviet Antarctic wailing Fleet that
visited boet Island in November of 1958
people were s ashore but the bad weather
said in and people were temporarily
stranded so there's not a whole lot of
story behind this uh a helicopter picked
them up a few days later they weren't
stranded for very long but they did
leave the Lifeboat behind in the lagoon
um why it disappeared later it probably
just sunk further down into the water
the monster octopus in Lake VTO has a
pretty simple explanation it turns out
um yeah it's entirely a work of fiction
it can be traced back to a specific blog
post by a guy named C Michael fory who
was a former writer for yes the weekly
world news remember when you would go to
the grocery store and you would see the
weekly world news and you just knew that
it was fiction and uh and it wasn't real
and it was just like fake stuff
uh feels like we've lost a little bit of
that lately yeah I guess the weekly
world news isn't really around anymore
but he published this on his own
personal blog page and it was clearly
labeled fiction I guess this is kind of
like the uh Sergey P Moreno video that I
did it was a story that kind of took on
a life of its own and turns out the
whole thing was made up but it's easy to
believe because yeah colossal squid do
exist in the Southern Ocean but uh
because it's a subglacial lake it lacks
sunlight has those extremely cold
temperatures it's it's unlikely that a
complex creature of that size could
survive in it especially something as
big and complex as an octopus now
regarding all those pyramids that people
claim to have found in Antarctica it
turns out that there's there's just a
lot of mountains in the world that look
like pyramids especially when shot from
above with the sunlight hitting it at a
certain angle and in Antarctica
especially you have a lot of like the
tops of mountains kind of peeking out
above the glacial ice which it just it
looks like the size of a pyramid but
it's actually a full-on mountain you
just don't see most of the mountain this
by the way is called a NCH that's a
mountain or a hill surrounded by glacial
lice in fact there's a whole range of
mountains in Antarctica called the
Ellsworth mountain range uh it was
discovered in 1935 and yeah it features
a lot of these pyramid-like shapes this
one in particular is
1,265 M tall from the base of the
mountain to the top but all we really
see is is the top of that mountain
sticking out of the ice so yeah it looks
like pyramids to a lot of people as far
as the Atlantis Story Goes Isis covered
Antarctica for 15 million years which is
way longer than humans have walked the
Earth so if we were somehow able to
establish a an ancient civilization at
the South Pole it would have only
happened after everything was completely
frozen over which seems impossible
considering the temperatures and the
fact that there's just not a whole lot
of food there to stay warm and nourished
so yeah stories about Atlantis are
usually vague and lacked any solid facts
so like yeah when when Asians and
Europeans talked about unmapped places
in the past uh they could have been
talking about Australia or Oceania so
now we get to the Nazi conspiracy
theories and here's the deal about that one
one
um there's a little bit of truth to it
Nazis did actually land and camp in
Antarctica but it wasn't for a military
base it was for a whaling station so
that uh Germany wouldn't have to be
dependent on whale oil for of Norway the
Germans actually landed in an area that
was already claimed by Norway called the
drawning mod land but you know they they
planted Flags there and they called it nwab
nwab
land sure I pronounced that perfectly
yeah the area was abandoned by the Nazis
in 1945 uh which makes sense cuz Nazis
were out of power at that point but yeah
thousands of scientists have visited
that area since the 1950s it's been
mapped by satellite
aircraft nothing's there and it is also
true that the US and Britain conducted
military and bombing operations around
Antarctica but those were test missions
they didn't have anything to do with
Nazis well after the World War II uh
they seem to been conflated with the
Nazi base to create stories about secret
missions and UFOs it all just comes
together into a nice conspiracy stew and
speaking of the sightings of UFOs that I
was talking about most of the crashed
UFOs I was talking about can easily be
explained as rocks or mountain peaks or
tipped over icebergs the fact of the
matter is Antarctica is a very strange
alien landscape where things don't look
normal because they're not normal and
it's just really easy to apply wild and
crazy stuff to the things that you see
that don't make sense to you by the way
one more thing I didn't even talk about
this earlier but um the Earth isn't
Hollow and Antarctica isn't a Gateway
into the planet the hollow Earth theory
actually goes back to Edmund hiy um the
same guy behind Haley's Comet who came
up with the idea in the 17th century but
this theory has been disproven since the
1730s and modern science has proven that
the Earth is actually composed of rock
and iron it's all right there trust the
shirt people now what does make
Antarctica really cool is all the
research and scientific experiments that
are being conducted there
including the life in Lake VTO no it's
not a monster octopus but yes they have
found evidence of life down there so in
1998 a joint team of scientists drilled
an ice score down to Lake Bostock
looking for life and by the way if
you're thinking to yourself oh God did
they contaminate a potential ecosystem
years well you're ahead of me the team
was made up of scientists from Russia
France and the US and the ice core they
drilled was one of the deepest ice cores
ever drilled it went down 3,623 M or
11886 ft that's over 2 mil they stopped
thankfully about 100 m above the water
level but even in that ice they found
extremophile microbes so there's there's
definitely life down there in 2012 a
Russian team got a bit more bold and
were're able to actually collect water
from the lake I know that sounds like
they just dipped a ladle down there and
took a sip but they were actually really
careful about it so here's how they did
it they drilled down to like just above
the water barrier and then slowly just a
little bit at a time pushed forward
until the pressure from underneath
forced the water up into the bore hole
and then they pulled the drill out as
soon as the water went up there that
water then froze which plugged up the
hole and then they drilled into that
plug and collected a sample from that
ice that was made from Lake water this
method has been used several times since
then and there are samples that have
been studied and the consensus seems to
be that there's a diverse and teeming
ecosystem down there DNA sequencing
found over 3,500 unique Gene sequences
94% of which were bacteria and 4% were
from more advanced UK carot these
species were described mostly As what
one would expect to find in you know
brackish water around deep sea sediments
and thermal vents but while the vast
majority of the life that was found was
unicellular organisms there was some
multicellular ones in there nothing much
more complex than that
though except a team in 2020 found DNA
that was 97% similar to a type of rock
CA that lives off the coast of
Antarctica called noemia Corps now most
don't think that there's actual species
of cod living down there um it's
expected that's a contamination of some
kind cuz there has been some
contamination yeah Lake VTO has been a
bit of a flas point among
environmentalists because water samples
have shown traces of kerosene and
antifreeze in it yeah one of the
problems that they ran into when they
were drilling this again 2 m long bore
hole is that sections of this bore hole
would freeze over so the Russians
started using kerosene and freon to keep
the holes open and
lubricated and they didn't just use a
little bit they used 60 tons of the
stuff now it wasn't like they were just
pouring it into the lake there were only
trait amounts that have been found in it
but still anyway there's a whole debate
around that but that's just one thing
that's been studied in Antarctica we
studied things like the ozone hole
milliony old DNA neutrinos from outter
space and evidence of fires during the
time of the dinosaurs oh remember that
Mars meteorite that they thought might
have had fossilized bacteria in it yeah
that was that was found in Antarctica
they've also used Antarctica to study
Team D Dynamics for future missions to
other planets all of which is really
cool but this video is already running
really long so I'm going to add an extra
section to the version that I upload to
nebula because I can do whatever I want
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interested it does go almost directly
toward new original content including
some things that I'm working on myself
so it's really like you're helping me
get a dream project made if that helps
on the sidebar if you're on your website
or on your computer there's plenty of uh
videos down there that that the
algorithm should be showing you or you
can just kind of take a look right here
Google thinks you might like that one
take a look at them I invite you to
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anyway that's it for now thank you guys
so much for watching please share down
in the comments what your favorite
anarctica fact is if there's anything
that I missed or whatnot and uh outside
of that you guys have a good rest of
your week stay safe and I'll see you
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