0:00 the deeper we look into the universe the
0:03 more Mysteries it reveals to
0:05 us Gravity the invisible force that
0:08 binds the cosmos together may not be as
0:10 unchanging as we once
0:12 thought from ancient civilizations to
0:16 Einstein's groundbreaking discoveries
0:18 our understanding of gravity has
0:20 constantly
0:22 evolved however recent discoveries
0:24 suggest that there may be a cosmic
0:26 glitch on the grandest of scales a
0:30 deviation in the force governing
0:33 galaxies and
0:34 stars ancient scientists pondered the
0:37 nature of gravity laying the foundation
0:39 for Newton's elegant laws but it was
0:42 Einstein in the early 20th century who
0:44 changed our
0:45 perception his theory of general
0:48 relativity describes gravity not as a
0:50 force but as a curvature of SpaceTime
0:54 itself despite its success in predicting
0:56 phenomena such as black holes and
0:58 gravitational waves Einstein's theory
1:01 has its
1:02 limitations when we turn our eyes to the
1:04 scale of Galaxy clusters and Beyond we
1:07 encounter
1:09 inconsistencies gravity seems to weaken
1:11 slightly over billions of light years
1:14 and it's this phenomena that researchers
1:16 Now call a cosmic
1:18 glitch this anomaly May hint at new
1:21 physics perhaps an extension of the
1:23 standard cosmological model to include a
1:26 varying gravitational constant such a
1:29 modification could reconcile these
1:31 inconsistencies without reversing the
1:34 established successes of general
1:36 relativity the discovery of a cosmic
1:38 glitch is forcing us to rethink our
1:41 understanding of
1:42 gravity could this be the first clue in
1:45 a new puzzle that will eventually lead
1:48 us to a theory that unifies the
1:50 fundamental forces of nature
1:53 [Music]
2:01 long before the Scientific Revolution
2:04 ancient civilizations had encountered
2:06 the concept of gravity although they
2:08 understood it in very different ways the
2:11 Greeks for example believed in the
2:13 geocentric model in which the Earth was
2:16 the center of the universe Aristotle
2:18 argued that objects fall in the
2:20 direction of their natural place and
2:23 this Theory dominated Western thought
2:25 for
2:26 centuries in Ancient India Hindu
2:28 scriptures describe the concept of
2:30 gravity as an inherent force that pulls
2:33 objects toward the Earth similarly the
2:36 Chinese philosopher mosy in the 4th
2:38 Century BC suggested that objects fall
2:40 because of the force of the Earth's
2:42 energy these early ideas although
2:45 primitive by modern standards laid the
2:48 foundation for future scientific
2:50 research it was not until the
2:52 Renaissance that are more precise
2:54 understanding emerged the work of cernus
2:58 Galileo and Kepler challenged
3:00 aristotlean views Paving the way for the
3:03 pioneering work of Isaac Newton Newton's
3:06 formulation of the law of universal
3:07 gravitation in the 17th century was a
3:10 Monumental
3:11 leap he described gravity as the force
3:14 that attracts two bodies to each other
3:17 proportional to their
3:18 masses and inversely proportional to the
3:21 square of the distance between them this
3:24 elegant equation United the heavens and
3:27 the Earth under a single Universal
3:32 La in the early 20th century Albert
3:35 Einstein revolutionized our
3:38 understanding of gravity he proposed the
3:40 general theory of relativity which
3:42 described gravity not as a force but as
3:44 a curvature of SpaceTime caused by mass
3:47 and
3:49 energy Einstein's equations suggested
3:51 that massive objects such as stars and
3:54 planets warp the fabric of SpaceTime
3:56 creating what we perceive as gravity
4:00 this concept was visually confirmed
4:02 during the 1919 solar eclipse Expedition
4:05 led by Sir Arthur
4:07 Edington by observing the bending of
4:09 Starlight around the Sun Edington
4:11 provided one of the first experimental
4:13 confirmations of the general theory of
4:17 relativity consider this almost a
4:20 century ago Einstein added fudge factor
4:23 to his equations to bring them in line
4:26 with the then accepted idea of a static
4:28 universe and later called this Factor
4:31 his greatest
4:32 mistake however this very constant
4:35 Lambda reappeared many years later to
4:37 explain the accelerating expansion of
4:39 the
4:41 universe Einstein's theory also
4:43 predicted phenomena such as black holes
4:47 and gravitational waves that we have
4:49 only begun to observe in recent years
4:52 further confirming the validity of his
4:55 theory The Event Horizon telescope's
4:58 image of a black hole in 2019 19 and
5:01 ligo's detection of gravitational waves
5:03 in 2015 were Monumental achievements in
5:06 modern
5:08 astrophysics despite its successes
5:10 however general relativity has its
5:13 limitations it's inconsistent with
5:15 quantum mechanics the basis for
5:18 understanding the subatomic
5:19 world this has led scientists to search
5:22 for a more comprehensive theory that
5:24 unites these two pillars of physics
5:31 in the quest to understand the universe
5:33 scientists have discovered anomalies
5:35 that challenge our generally accepted
5:38 understanding of
5:39 gravity these inconsistencies indicate
5:42 that our current theories while robust
5:45 may be
5:47 incomplete the general theory of
5:49 relativity proposed by Albert Einstein
5:51 has become a Cornerstone of modern
5:53 physics the theory has been remarkably
5:56 successful in explaining a wide range of
5:58 phenomena from from the orbits of
6:00 planets to the behavior of light around
6:03 massive
6:04 objects however Recent research points
6:07 to potential inconsistencies when the
6:09 general theory of relativity is applied
6:11 at Cosmic
6:13 scales Recent research conducted by
6:16 Robin ywen and colleagues in 2024
6:19 hypothesized a cosmic glitch in
6:22 gravity their research suggests that the
6:25 gravitational constant may not be
6:27 exactly constant over vast Cosmic
6:30 distances in particular gravity appears
6:32 to be about 1% weaker when it comes to
6:36 distances of billions of light
6:38 years this anomaly causes difficulties
6:41 in our understanding of what's happening
6:43 because it implies a deviation from
6:45 Einstein's theory of extreme
6:47 scales to solve this problem scientists
6:51 propose a modification of the standard
6:52 cosmological model known as Lambda cold
6:56 Dark
6:57 Matter this adaptation involves adding a
6:59 new parameter that slightly corrects the
7:02 gravitational constant on Cosmic scales
7:05 without affecting its proven accuracy on
7:07 smaller
7:08 scales the conflict between general
7:11 relativity and quantum mechanics further
7:13 complicates our understanding of
7:16 gravity general relativity best
7:18 describes large scale structures such as
7:21 galaxies and black holes well quantum
7:24 mechanics provides the best framework
7:26 for understanding particles on the
7:28 smallest scales
7:30 however the two theories are
7:31 fundamentally
7:34 incompatible one of the most striking
7:36 proofs of this contradiction is the
7:38 behavior of black
7:39 holes the general theory of relativity
7:42 predicts the existence of singularities
7:44 points of infinite density at the
7:47 centers of black
7:48 holes in contrast Quantum mechanic
7:51 suggests that such Infinities cannot
7:54 exist indicating the need for a new
7:56 theory that could unify the two systems
8:00 recent advances in technology such as
8:03 precise measurements of the cosmic
8:05 microwave background satellite have
8:08 provided new data that both confirm and
8:11 refute existing
8:13 theories these observations have led to
8:16 the discovery of the Hubble tension a
8:18 significant discrepancy between the
8:20 observed and predicted expansion rate of
8:23 the
8:23 universe the Hubble contradiction
8:26 suggests that either our understanding
8:28 of the early universe or the nature of
8:30 dark matter and gravity needs
8:33 revision the cosmic glitch Theory which
8:36 introduces a small change in the
8:38 gravitational constant offers one
8:40 potential solution to this
8:43 problem in addition the detection of
8:46 gravitational Waves by the ligo and
8:48 Virgo collaborations has opened new
8:50 possibilities for testing gravitational
8:52 theories these observations provide an
8:54 opportunity to observe the universe in a
8:56 new way potentially revealing deviations
9:00 from the general theory of relativity
9:02 that could not be detected
9:04 before the intersection of these
9:06 anomalies with the predictions of
9:08 quantum mechanics could lead to
9:10 revolutionary
9:12 discoveries experiments conducted at
9:14 CERN at the large hadrin collider are
9:16 aimed at exploring the boundaries
9:18 between these two Realms searching for
9:21 evidence that could bridge the gap
9:23 between general relativity and quantum
9:25 mechanics
9:31 in search of understanding of
9:33 gravitation some scientists suggest that
9:35 it may not be a fundamental
9:37 Force but rather an emergent phenomenon
9:40 arising from deeper
9:43 principles this idea does not cross the
9:45 traditional ideas about gravitation but
9:48 rather opens new ways of theoretical
9:51 research one well-known alternative is
9:54 modified Newtonian Dynamics or M
9:57 proposed by morai mg in the early 1980s
10:01 the theory suggests that Newton's Laws
10:03 need adjustment at the very low
10:05 accelerations characteristic of the
10:07 outskirts of
10:09 galaxies according to Mond these changes
10:12 can explain the observed rotation curves
10:14 of galaxies without involving Dark
10:17 Matter M has had some success in
10:20 predicting the behavior of stars and
10:22 galaxies where traditional theories of
10:24 gravity
10:25 fail however it is unable to explain
10:28 phenomenon on large Cosmic scales such
10:31 as Galaxy clusters and the cosmic
10:33 microwave background where Dark Matter
10:36 remains a more acceptable
10:40 explanation another interesting theory
10:42 is emergent gravity Eric Verlin proposed
10:45 in 2010 Verlin suggests that gravity is
10:48 not a fundamental interaction but arises
10:51 from thermodynamic principles of
10:53 information storage on holographic
10:56 screens from this point of view the
10:59 Universe can be described as a hologram
11:01 where gravity arises from changes and
11:04 entropy associated with the information
11:06 stored on these
11:08 screens to simplify imagine the universe
11:11 as a giant laboratory where books
11:14 information are stored on shelves
11:16 holographic
11:18 screens the arrangement and number of
11:21 books change over time affecting the
11:24 overall structure and creating what we
11:26 think of as gravity
11:29 Berlin's emerging gravity has intriguing
11:32 implications for our understanding of
11:34 Dark
11:36 Matter instead of invisible particles
11:39 the effects attributed to Dark Matter
11:40 may be a consequence of emerging
11:42 properties of SpaceTime
11:44 itself this Theory allows us to take a
11:47 new look at the connection between
11:48 gravitation and
11:53 thermodynamics in addition to Mond and
11:55 Berlin's Theory there are several other
11:57 alternative approaches one such theory
12:00 is modified gravity or simply MOG
12:03 proposed by John Moffett which
12:05 introduces additional gravitational
12:07 fields to explain the rotation curves of
12:10 galaxies and the Dynamics of Galaxy
12:13 clusters without Dark
12:15 Matter MOG suggests that these
12:18 additional Fields modify the strength of
12:20 gravity on different
12:22 scales in addition the concept of
12:24 entropic gravity closely related to
12:27 verin's ideas suggests that grav arises
12:30 from the Tendencies of systems to
12:31 increase
12:33 entropy this thermodynamic
12:35 interpretation is consistent with the
12:37 principles of statistical mechanics
12:40 providing a new lens through which
12:42 gravitational interactions can be
12:45 viewed these alternative theories
12:47 although not universally recognized open
12:50 before us New Perspectives and require
12:53 further research and
12:54 experiments they force us to reconsider
12:57 the view of gravitation not as an
12:59 inherent force of nature but as a
13:02 consequence of deeper fundamental
13:08 principles as we move toward the middle
13:11 of the 21st century our quest to
13:13 understand gravity continues to push the
13:16 boundaries of technology and
13:18 knowledge state-of-the-art experiments
13:21 and missions are being designed to test
13:23 the limits of our gravitational theories
13:26 yielding new insights and potentially
13:28 revolutionary discover
13:30 iies one of the most significant ongoing
13:33 projects is of course the acclaimed
13:35 James web Space
13:37 Telescope jwst observations to date have
13:40 been crucial for testing theories of
13:43 gravity on the largest
13:45 scales especially those that predict
13:47 deviations from general
13:50 relativity another key player in
13:52 gravitational research is the large
13:54 hadrin collider at
13:56 CERN this particle gas p the largest and
14:00 most powerful in the world collides
14:02 protons at unprecedented
14:05 energies these collisions allow
14:07 physicists to study fundamental
14:09 particles and forces including the
14:12 potential discovery of particles that
14:14 can mediate gravitational interaction at
14:16 Quantum
14:18 scales experiments of the LHC are
14:20 critical to understanding how gravity
14:22 can combine with other fundamental
14:26 forces space missions such as the LA
14:29 interferometer space antenna Lisa also
14:32 Loom on the
14:34 horizon planned for launch in the mid
14:36 2030s Lisa will consist of three
14:38 spacecraft forming a giant triangular
14:41 interferometer in space this facility
14:44 will detect gravitational waves with
14:46 much greater sensitivity than existing
14:49 groundbased detectors such as ligo and
14:52 Virgo the goal of Lisa is to observe
14:55 gravitational waves from the merger of
14:57 super massive black holes
15:00 which will test Einstein's general
15:01 theory of relativity and provide new
15:04 insights into dark matter and dark
15:08 energy but let's get closer to home
15:11 where Event Horizon telescope continues
15:14 to make groundbreaking
15:16 contributions in 2019 EHT obtained the
15:20 first ever image of the black hole
15:23 m87 demonstrating the power of
15:25 synchronizing telescopes around the
15:27 world to create a plane sized
15:31 interferometer EHT is now focused on
15:34 even more precise observations of black
15:36 holes including the one at the center of
15:39 our galaxy Sagittarius
15:42 A these observations will test the
15:45 predictions of the general theory of
15:47 relativity in extreme gravitational
15:51 fields in addition let us recall the
15:53 already mentioned recent study by when
15:55 at all which proposes a cosmic glitch in
15:58 gravity
16:00 suggesting that the gravitational
16:02 constant may vary over Cosmic
16:05 distances this study will be further
16:07 tested with data from the plank
16:09 satellite and future Cosmic microwave
16:12 background
16:14 experiments upcoming missions such as
16:16 the Simons Observatory and CMB S4 aim to
16:21 make more precise measurements of the
16:22 CBB that can confirm or refute the
16:25 existence of such a glitch offering a
16:28 deeper understand understanding of the
16:29 nature of gravity at the largest
16:32 scales in addition the Vera C ruin
16:35 Observatory which will soon become fully
16:38 operational will conduct the Legacy
16:40 survey of space and time this survey
16:42 will map billions of Galaxy providing a
16:46 detailed view of the structure and
16:47 evolution of the
16:49 universe the data from llst will help
16:52 test theories of Dark Matter dark energy
16:55 and gravity and possibly reveal new
16:58 phenomena that will will change our
16:59 current
17:02 understanding another exciting Frontier
17:05 is the search for quantum gravity using
17:07 benchtop
17:09 experiments these experiments use highly
17:11 sensitive equipment to detect tiny
17:13 gravitational effects on very small
17:16 scales where quantum mechanical effects
17:18 become significant such experiments are
17:21 designed to bridge the gap between
17:23 general relativity and quantum mechanics
17:26 which may lead to a unified theory of of
17:31 gravitation these state-of-the-art
17:33 experiments and missions represent The
17:35 Cutting Edge of gravitational research
17:38 they are designed not only to test
17:40 existing theories but also to discover
17:43 new phenomena that could revolutionize
17:45 our understanding of the
17:51 universe revising our understanding of
17:53 gravity could have profound implications
17:56 for cosmology astrophysics and Tech
17:59 technology the anomalies and alternative
18:02 theories that we've studied suggest that
18:04 our understanding of gravity is far from
18:08 complete as our models improve we can
18:11 expect significant progress in several
18:13 key areas in cosmology a more accurate
18:16 model of gravity could solve existing
18:19 Mysteries such as the nature of dark
18:21 matter and dark
18:23 energy If gravity behaves differently
18:26 over vast Cosmic distances it could Pro
18:28 provide a new explanation for the
18:30 accelerated expansion of the universe
18:32 and the distribution of
18:34 galaxies this could lead to a unified
18:37 model of the cosmos that better
18:39 integrates general relativity and
18:41 Quantum
18:43 Mechanics for astrophysics improved
18:46 gravitational theories can improve our
18:48 understanding of black holes neutron
18:50 stars and Other Extreme
18:53 environments by accurately describing
18:56 the behavior of matter under the
18:57 influence of intense gravitational
18:59 fields we can better understand the life
19:01 cycle of stars and the Dynamics of
19:05 galaxies this knowledge may even reveal
19:07 new types of astrophysical objects or
19:11 phenomena technologically advances in
19:13 the understanding of gravity will
19:15 undoubtedly spur Innovations in various
19:17 fields for example accurate measurements
19:20 of gravitational waves can improve
19:22 navigation systems and geophysical
19:25 Research In addition breakthroughs in qu
19:28 quantum gravity could lead to new
19:30 technologies based on Quantum
19:32 information and
19:34 communication revolutionizing Computing
19:37 and data
19:38 transmission imagine a future in which
19:41 our understanding of gravity will enable
19:43 Ultra precise space-time sensors leading
19:47 to the development of autonomous
19:49 vehicles Precision Agriculture and
19:52 disaster prodiction
19:54 systems as we wait for the launch of New
19:57 Missions projects and discoveries the
20:01 anticipation
20:03 grows each step forward brings us closer
20:06 to unlocking the mysteries of the
20:09 universe promising a future in which our
20:12 understanding of gravity and the cosmos
20:15 is richer and deeper than ever
20:25 before surely you've heard by now that
20:27 black holes can be so massive that they
20:30 can outshine entire
20:32 galaxies but some of them are quite
20:35 mobile so much so that they roam the
20:38 Milky Way like Cosmic ghosts
20:41 undetectable of course you may be
20:43 confused or even mesmerized by the fact
20:46 that the nearest black hole to Earth is
20:48 not as far away as you think and when
20:51 these Cosmic Giants Collide they
20:53 generate frequencies as unique as
20:56 fingerprints frequencies that may hold
20:58 the key key to unlocking the deepest
21:00 Mysteries of the
21:02 universe but did you know that these
21:04 waves interact in a far more complex way
21:07 than we ever
21:08 imagined get ready for an extraordinary
21:11 Journey as we begin to delve into the
21:13 mysteries of black holes the truly
21:16 enigmatic Titans of the
21:21 universe in the cosmic pattern black
21:24 holes are Weavers of riddles and
21:27 paradoxes although were're familiar with
21:29 small black holes the remnants of dying
21:32 stars and super massive ones lurking in
21:35 the hearts of galaxies there is an
21:37 enigmatic class that eludes our
21:40 telescopic gaze intermediate Mass black
21:46 holes the Hubble Space Telescope our Eye
21:49 in the Sky recently focused its
21:52 attention on Messier
21:54 4 the ball cluster closest to Earth
21:59 what he discovered was nothing short of
22:01 groundbreaking a black hole with a mass
22:04 about 800 times the mass of our
22:08 sun this celestial object is somewhere
22:10 between 6,000 and 7,200 light years away
22:14 from us why is this so important you ask
22:18 well for years astronomers have
22:20 struggled with a gap in the black hole
22:22 genealogical tree we've had evidence of
22:25 both small black holes a few times the
22:28 mass of of our sun and super massive
22:31 black holes with masses in the millions
22:33 or billions of solar masses but black
22:37 holes of intermediate Mass turned out to
22:39 be a missing link mysterious relatives
22:43 about which everyone has heard but no
22:45 one has
22:46 met an equally interesting question is
22:49 how these black holes of intermediate
22:51 Mass form one Theory suggests that they
22:54 could be the nuclei of dwarf galaxies
22:57 that lost the router stars when they
22:59 merged into larger galaxies another
23:02 theory states that they could have
23:04 formed from the collision and merger of
23:06 smaller black
23:07 holes identifying these elusive black
23:10 holes is no easy task it requires a
23:13 symphony of scientific instruments from
23:15 x-ray observatories to precise
23:18 calculations based on the motion of
23:19 surrounding
23:21 Stars the Hubble Space Telescope with
23:24 its unprecedented resolution has played
23:26 an important role in this discovery
23:29 the presence of a black hole affects its
23:31 Cosmic environment by studying the
23:33 gravitational choreography of stars
23:35 orbiting this massive object scientists
23:38 have been able to estimate its mass it's
23:40 like understanding the character of an
23:42 invisible Puppeteer by watching the
23:44 puppets dance the discovery of
23:47 intermediate Mass black holes could
23:49 rewrite the cosmic narrative they may be
23:52 key players in the formation of galaxies
23:54 and may even hold Clues to the
23:56 mysterious dark matter that makes up
23:58 most of of the
24:01 universe in a cosmic world where
24:04 distances are often
24:05 incomprehensible the term neighbor takes
24:08 on new meaning while our closest
24:11 Celestial neighbor the Moon is only
24:14 238,857 Mi away our nearest neighboring
24:19 black hole Gaia bh1 is thousands of
24:23 light years away from
24:25 Earth but what does that proximity me in
24:28 the context of black holes and why is
24:31 this proximity important in 2020 the
24:34 European Southern Observatory ESO made
24:37 headlines when it announced the
24:39 discovery of a black hole in the HR 6819
24:42 system located just 1,000 light years
24:46 away this would make it the closest
24:49 known black hole to Earth however this
24:52 claim was later disproved subsequent
24:55 research by Abigail Frost of the
24:56 University of louen in Belgium found
24:59 that HR 6819 does not contain a black
25:02 hole at all instead it's a double star
25:05 system in which one star absorbs the
25:07 mass of the other a process known as
25:10 Stellar
25:12 vampirism this Revelation was more than
25:14 just a correction it opened up new
25:16 possibilities for studying Stellar
25:18 Evolution and
25:20 interactions after the ejection of HR
25:23 6819 the title of the closest black hole
25:26 to Earth went to Gaia bh1
25:29 this black hole was discovered by the
25:30 Gaia space Observatory a mission of the
25:33 European Space Agency Esa the main task
25:36 of Gaia is to map the Milky Way in
25:39 unprecedented detail and it was thanks
25:41 to this painstaking work that Gaia bh1
25:44 was discovered as the closest known
25:47 black hole to Earth Gaia bh1 offers a
25:50 unique opportunity for scientific
25:52 observations and research its relative
25:55 proximity allows for more detailed
25:56 measurements and may help answer
25:59 fundamental questions about the
26:00 properties of black holes such as mass
26:03 rotation and behavior near their event
26:07 Horizons study of black holes like Gaia
26:09 bh1 relies on several observational
26:12 instruments from x-ray observatories to
26:15 radio
26:16 telescopes each instrument represents a
26:19 piece of the puzzle the closer a black
26:21 hole is the more accurately these
26:24 instruments will be able to measure its
26:26 properties offering a more complete
26:28 picture of these mysterious
26:31 objects Beyond its scientific
26:33 significance the idea of a nearby black
26:36 hole captivates the public imagination
26:39 it makes the cosmic more personal and
26:42 provides a tangible Focus for education
26:44 and Outreach the story of Gaia bh1 can
26:47 serve as a Gateway for people to
26:49 astronomy and astrophysics enriching our
26:52 Collective understanding of the
26:56 universe in the cosmic theater black
26:59 holes often play the role of mysterious
27:02 villains lurking in the centers of
27:03 galaxies or double star
27:06 systems but what happens when a black
27:08 hole is left to roam the universe alone
27:11 unconnected to any Galaxy or Star what
27:14 causes these black holes to become Rogue
27:17 and how do astronomers even manage to
27:19 find such elusive objects let's dive
27:22 into the Mysterious World of Rogue black
27:27 holes the scientific Community was
27:29 ecstatic when astronomers announced the
27:31 first ever unambiguous discovery of a
27:33 Wandering black
27:35 hole located 5,000 Lighty years away
27:38 from Earth this black hole weighs 7.1
27:42 times the mass of our sun and moves at a
27:44 staggering speed of about 28 m per
27:48 second the key to this revolutionary
27:50 Discovery lies in a phenomena predicted
27:52 by Einstein's general theory of
27:54 relativity known as gravitational
27:56 lensing
27:58 when a massive object such as a black
28:00 hole passes in front of a background
28:03 star its intense gravitational field
28:06 deflects the light of that star this
28:08 creates a brief brightening phenomena
28:11 which is how this wandering black hole
28:13 was
28:15 discovered as we know the birth of a
28:17 Wandering black hole is nothing short of
28:19 a dramatic event when a massive star
28:22 exhausts its nuclear fuel its core
28:24 collapses leading to a supernova
28:27 explosion
28:28 ocean the energy released can be so
28:31 enormous that it ejects the newborn
28:34 black hole from its Stellar cradle
28:36 sending it on an endless journey through
28:39 space and this is how our newly
28:41 discovered wandering black hole likely
28:43 began its Cosmic
28:45 Odyssey what is even more intriguing is
28:48 the speed at which this wandering black
28:50 hole is traveling its speed is about 28
28:54 m/s which is a very large value relative
28:56 to the nearest star
28:58 this speed is likely the result of the
29:01 very impact of a Dying massive star
29:03 sending it on a lonely
29:05 Journey the discovery of this lone black
29:08 hole is just the tip of the iceberg in
29:11 upcoming missions such as the European
29:13 space agency's Gia telescope and NASA's
29:16 nacy Grace Roman Space Telescope
29:19 astronomers expect to find even more
29:21 such space
29:22 Travelers these future discoveries will
29:25 not only increase the number of known
29:28 Rogue black holes but also refine our
29:31 theories about their properties and
29:35 frequencies each Galaxy is like a cosmic
29:38 dance floor where Stars gas and dust
29:42 swirl in a complex choreography at the
29:45 center of this dance is a super massive
29:47 black hole that sets the Rhythm and
29:49 Temple of the entire galaxy research
29:52 published in the monthly notices of the
29:54 Royal Astronomical Society shows that
29:56 galaxies and their Central black holes
29:59 grow together regardless of their
30:01 location in the
30:02 universe astronomers have long been
30:04 puzzled over the relationship between
30:06 the mass of a galaxy and its Central
30:09 black hole the two seem to be aware of
30:11 each other even though the black hole is
30:13 much smaller than the Galaxy in which it
30:16 resides this relationship implies a deep
30:19 Cosmic connection a kind of cosmic
30:22 codependency where the growth of one
30:24 affects the other one of the most
30:27 intriguing question questions in
30:28 astronomy is which came first the Galaxy
30:31 or its Central black hole the answer
30:34 remains
30:35 elusive what is clear however is that a
30:38 close connection was established very
30:40 quickly on a cosmic scale Paving the way
30:42 for a complex interplay of growth and
30:45 evolution let's dive into the young
30:48 gas-rich galaxies the Cradle of giant
30:51 black holes these galaxies are like
30:54 Cosmic nurseries teaming with the raw
30:57 materials needed for Star formation and
30:59 black hole growth studies show that such
31:01 galaxies known as blue nuggets have
31:04 exceptionally High star formation rates
31:07 they are fed by nearby gas streams which
31:09 not only accelerate star formation but
31:12 also contribute to the rapid growth of
31:14 their Central black holes when black
31:17 holes are fed they become active the gas
31:20 around them heats up and emits powerful
31:23 waves of radiation this heated gas is
31:26 less likely to hit the black hole
31:28 creating a feedback loop that stabilizes
31:31 the size of the black hole however as
31:33 the Galaxy grows it can push more gas
31:36 toward the center allowing the black
31:38 hole to feed and Grow
31:41 Again the relationship between galaxies
31:43 and their black holes adjusts itself if
31:47 a black hole is too large for its Galaxy
31:49 it grows slower and if it's too small it
31:53 catches up due to the abundance of gas
31:55 and dust in the
31:56 Galaxy so some galaxies defy the norm
32:00 these blue nuggets despite their small
32:03 size have exceptionally large Central
32:06 black
32:06 holes as these galaxies age their star
32:10 formation stops and they turn into red
32:13 nuggets still retaining their huge black
32:17 holes as we move farther into the black
32:19 hole Abyss it becomes apparent that
32:22 young gas-rich galaxies serve as the
32:24 birthplace of various black hole
32:26 phenomena whether they're luminous black
32:29 holes or intermediate Mass wandering
32:32 black holes hurtling through space or
32:34 the nearest black holes to Earth their
32:36 Origins can often be traced back to
32:38 these Bright Young
32:41 galaxies understanding the Cradle of
32:42 these Cosmic Giants helps us unlock the
32:45 Mysteries that black holes
32:49 hold now let's look at something really
32:52 rare there is a situation where black
32:54 holes
32:56 Collide in doing so they create a cosmic
32:59 Symphony of gravitational waves around
33:01 them that vibrate in the very fabric of
33:05 SpaceTime these waves first detected by
33:07 the laser interferometer gravitational
33:10 wave
33:10 observatory in 2015 opened a new
33:13 frontier in
33:15 astronomy however Recent research shows
33:18 that these waves interact in complex
33:21 ways as they propagate thereby testing
33:23 our understanding of gravity and the
33:26 general theory of relativity
33:29 traditionally scientists have used
33:31 linear models to describe these waves
33:33 however a new study has revealed
33:35 non-linear effects that reveal a more
33:38 complex picture it's akin to the
33:40 difference between a calm pond and a
33:43 rough
33:44 sea in a calm Pond or linear Pond the
33:47 throw of a stone creates an isolated
33:49 Ripple in a stormy sea or nonlinear
33:53 however multiple forces interact to
33:55 create complex wave patterns
33:59 when black holes Collide they emit
34:02 unique frequencies or
34:03 [Music]
34:08 chirps these sounds are like individual
34:11 notes in our Cosmic Symphony each
34:13 telling us something about the
34:14 properties of colliding black holes they
34:17 offer a new way to test the limits of
34:19 the general theory of relativity and may
34:22 even provide clues to the nature of Dark
34:25 Matter recent discoveries have shown
34:27 that PA pairs of black holes and dwarf
34:29 galaxies are on a collision course these
34:32 dwarf galaxies attract gas that feeds
34:35 their black holes causing them to grow
34:37 even before they merge this process is a
34:40 microcosm of the larger universe where
34:43 galaxies and their Central black holes
34:45 grow in
34:47 tandem these colliding dwarf galaxies
34:50 offer a glimpse into the early Universe
34:52 which was filled with similar small
34:54 galaxies most of these eventually merged
34:57 to formar larger galaxies like our Milky
35:00 Way understanding these processes helps
35:03 us piece together the cosmic mystery of
35:05 Galaxy and black hole
35:09 formation as we travel deeper into the
35:12 abyss of black holes we discover that
35:14 each type from luminous black holes of
35:17 intermediate Mass to wandering black
35:20 holes hurtling through space plays a
35:22 unique role in this great Cosmic
35:26 Symphony the next next generation of
35:28 gravitational wave detectors will likely
35:30 deepen our understanding of these Cosmic
35:33 phenomena and of course each Discovery
35:36 from the frequencies they generate to
35:38 the nature of gravity itself undoubtedly
35:41 adds a new level to our understanding of
35:43 the
35:45 universe as our telescopic eyes become
35:48 sharper and computational models become
35:51 more sophisticated who knows what other
35:54 Cosmic Mysteries these Giants of the
35:56 cosmos will reveal
36:03 imagine a single point just a speck of
36:07 light hovering in an Endless Sea Of
36:10 Darkness it's not just a random dot it's
36:13 our home Earth but what if we told you
36:16 that this dot is just a fleeting moment
36:19 in a cosmic Panorama so vast and complex
36:24 that it defies human
36:26 comprehension imagine a night sky
36:29 decorated with stars each representing a
36:32 sun many of which have their own planets
36:34 now multiply that image by 100 billion
36:38 even in this case you've barely touched
36:40 the surface beyond our Earth beyond our
36:44 sun even beyond our galaxy lies a
36:47 structure so vast that everything you
36:49 know seems like a single thread in an
36:53 unfathomable Cosmic web the human mind
36:56 which is itself a Marvel struggles to
36:58 grasp this scale our brains are built to
37:01 comprehend the Rises and slopes of
37:03 mountains and the vastness of oceans but
37:06 how do we comprehend a structure that
37:07 stretches billions of light years today
37:10 we're on a journey to explore these
37:12 Galactic threads the Senus and muscles
37:15 of the universe itself we will venture
37:18 into a realm of the almost
37:19 incomprehensible where even the speed of
37:22 light seems
37:24 pedestrian spiners weave in rric at webs
37:28 thin but strong each thread connected to
37:33 the other in a complex pattern
37:36 architects of nature create these webs
37:38 to survive capture prey and probe the
37:43 environment now imagine a web woven not
37:46 by spiders but by the very fabric of
37:49 space and time itself a web that links
37:53 galaxies star clusters and dark matter
37:56 into a complex
37:58 web this is the cosmic web the grand
38:01 architecture of our
38:03 universe each node you see here is not a
38:06 single star or Planet but an entire
38:09 galaxy a colossal cluster of billions of
38:12 stars planets and other celestial
38:15 objects Bound by
38:17 gravity but what gives this network this
38:20 structure the answer lies in something
38:22 we can't even see Dark Matter dark
38:26 matter which s scientists believe makes
38:28 up about 27% of the universe acts as the
38:31 framework on which this web is built
38:34 although invisible its presence is felt
38:36 through the gravitational pole that
38:37 determines the formation of galaxies and
38:40 the paths they take the cosmic web was
38:43 not always as we see it today it evolved
38:47 over billions of years beginning with
38:49 tiny fluctuations in the density of the
38:52 early
38:53 Universe these fluctuations grew pulled
38:56 together by gravity eventually forming
38:58 the Majestic filaments and nodes we now
39:02 see one of the most impressive examples
39:05 of a galactic filament is the Great Wall
39:08 of Hercules Northern Corona this
39:11 colossal structure spans a distance of
39:13 up to 23 billion light years making it
39:16 one of the largest known structures in
39:18 the
39:20 universe understanding this network is
39:22 not just an academic exercise it's a
39:24 quest to understand our place in the
39:26 universe
39:28 are we simply an accidental byproduct of
39:31 cosmic Evolution or is there a grander
39:34 design at work
39:36 here scientists use a range of tools to
39:39 study this network from telescopes that
39:42 can see distant galaxies to simulations
39:44 that model the behavior of Dark Matter
39:47 each Discovery is a piece of a puzzle a
39:49 thread of a story that spans the entire
39:55 universe here it is Earth a pearl of
39:59 blue and green suspended in the vastness
40:02 of space a planet teaming with life from
40:06 microscopic to
40:08 magnificent it's easy to think of the
40:10 earth as the center of everything but in
40:11 the grand scheme of the universe it's
40:14 just a
40:15 spec in our solar system alone Earth is
40:19 only one of eight planets orbiting the
40:21 Sun and yet it stands out for its unique
40:24 ability to support life the oceans the
40:27 atmosphere the magnetic field all these
40:30 elements are in delicate balance zoom
40:33 out even further and our entire solar
40:36 system becomes a tiny dot in one of the
40:38 Spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy a
40:41 Galaxy that's home to hundreds of
40:43 billions of stars each potentially
40:45 containing its own system of planets in
40:48 the Milky Way it's just one Galaxy in a
40:51 cosmic web of hundreds of billions of
40:53 galaxies each of these galaxies is a
40:56 node a full FAL point in this
40:58 unimaginable
41:00 structure even within our galaxy the
41:02 Earth is influenced by forces Beyond its
41:05 control Dark Matter the invisible
41:08 backbone of the cosmic web shapes the
41:10 structure of the Galaxy and as a result
41:13 the environment around the earth yet
41:16 despite its seemingly insignificant
41:18 place in the cosmos Earth is unusual for
41:21 one reason it has life it's the only
41:25 known Celestial body where life not only
41:27 originated but has evolved to an
41:30 incredible level of diversity and
41:33 complexity Humanity's quest to
41:35 understand its place in the universe has
41:37 led to remarkable scientific advances
41:40 telescopes peer into remote corners of
41:42 the universe and supercomputers simulate
41:45 the cosmic web helping to answer
41:47 fundamental questions about the nature
41:49 of
41:53 reality for example look at the sun the
41:56 Blazing B all of plasma that lights up
41:58 our sky and warms our planet it's the
42:01 reason you can see these very images the
42:04 reason life exists on Earth but in the
42:06 context of the cosmic web the sun is
42:09 just one node a lone star among
42:12 countless others close to the sun we
42:16 find other stars some smaller and cooler
42:19 others larger and hotter each of these
42:22 stars is like a bead on a huge Cosmic
42:25 thread linked together by gravity and
42:28 dark matter our sun is located in the
42:31 Orion sleeve of the Milky Way a small
42:33 spiral arm located about 27,000 light
42:37 years from the center of the
42:39 Galaxy even within our galaxy it is far
42:42 from special just one of about 400
42:45 billion
42:47 stars in The Great expanse of the cosmic
42:49 web stars like our sun form complex
42:53 nodes that connect larger structures
42:55 such as galaxies and Galaxy clusters
42:58 they are the building blocks the
43:00 fundamental units that give the web its
43:03 shape so what powers this Celestial
43:06 Beacon the answer is nuclear fusion deep
43:09 in the sun's core hydrogen atoms Collide
43:12 and fuse to form helium releasing
43:15 massive amounts of energy this energy
43:17 not only Powers the Sun but also
43:20 balances the gravitational forces trying
43:22 to compress it this energy has
43:24 far-reaching consequences
43:27 it provides the Earth with the heat and
43:29 light necessary for life it drives our
43:32 weather systems Powers photosynthesis
43:35 and even influences earth's climate over
43:37 the long
43:39 term understanding the sun is crucial to
43:42 understanding The Cosmic web various
43:44 missions such as the Parker solar probe
43:47 and the Solar Dynamics Observatory have
43:50 been launched to study the sun's
43:52 behavior these missions provide insights
43:54 into solar Cycles magnetic fields and
43:57 even the future of the
44:01 sun although the sun serves as a vital
44:05 node in the cosmic web nourishing life
44:07 on Earth and influencing our local space
44:10 environment it's just one example in a
44:13 universe teaming with Stellar diversity
44:15 every Star regardless of its size or
44:18 lifespan plays a role in shaping the
44:20 cosmic web from the tiniest red dwarfs
44:24 massive blue giants each star is a
44:27 unique knot contributing to the overall
44:30 structure of Galactic
44:33 filaments stars are often classified by
44:35 their mass and brightness and plotted on
44:38 a graph known as the herzsprung Russell
44:40 diagram this diagram shows the life
44:43 stage of a star and gives clues about
44:46 its future
44:47 fate take for example a red dwarf the
44:51 most common type of star in the universe
44:53 they're small cold Stars also called M
44:56 type
44:57 Stars often less than half the mass of
45:00 our sun they make up for their lack of
45:02 size with longevity burning for tens to
45:05 hundreds of billions of
45:07 years red dwarfs are Frugal they turn
45:10 hydrogen into helium much more slowly
45:13 than larger Stars this slow lifestyle
45:16 allows them to be among the longest
45:18 lived objects in space now compare that
45:21 to O type Stars the rare Titans of the
45:24 Stellar World these stars are more than
45:27 15 times more massive than the Sun and
45:30 can be a million times brighter yet they
45:33 live fast Tai young often in spectacular
45:37 Supernova
45:39 explosions O type Stars dramatically end
45:42 their lives they collapse under their
45:44 own gravity and then explode as supern
45:47 noi these explosions scatter elements
45:50 such as carbon oxygen and iron into
45:54 space promoting the formation of new
45:56 star stars and
45:58 planets star clusters are like Cosmic
46:01 nurseries places where stars of
46:03 different types are born these clusters
46:05 serve as nodes in the cosmic web linking
46:08 different regions of the Galaxy and even
46:10 connecting galaxies to each other
46:13 through filaments computer simulations
46:15 help astronomers understand how
46:17 different types of stars contribute to
46:19 the cosmic Network these virtual models
46:23 can simulate billions of years of cosmic
46:25 evolution in a matter of weeks showing
46:28 how Stars serve as the building blocks
46:30 of larger Cosmic
46:35 structures so we've already found out
46:38 stars are not Eternal they are born live
46:42 and eventually
46:44 die the life cycle of a star is a cosmic
46:47 Journey spanning billions of years a
46:49 journey that plays a key role in the
46:51 evolution of the universe and the
46:53 structure of the cosmic web the birth of
46:56 a R is a spectacle of cosmic proportions
47:00 it begins in a nebula a vast cloud of
47:03 gas and dust gravity pulls these
47:05 particles together getting denser and
47:08 hotter until nuclear fusion ignites a
47:11 new Star is Born once a star reaches the
47:15 main sequence Stage IT enters a period
47:18 of relative stability the hydrogen and
47:20 the core turns to helium releasing
47:22 energy that balances the gravitational
47:25 forces trying to compress the star this
47:27 is the longest phase of a star's life
47:30 and it's where our sun is now but even
47:33 stars like our sun must face change in
47:36 about 5 billion years the sun will run
47:39 out of hydrogen fuel its core will
47:42 shrink but its outer layers will expand
47:44 turning it into a red giant this phase
47:47 is the Prelude to the final fate of the
47:49 star depending on its mass a star will
47:52 meet one of several ends stars with less
47:55 Mass such as our sun will shed their
47:57 outer layers leaving behind a white
48:00 dwarf more massive stars May undergo a
48:04 super NOA explosion resulting in a
48:07 neutron star or black
48:09 hole these deaths are not in vain the
48:12 death agonies of stars scatter important
48:15 elements into space elements that will
48:17 become the building blocks of new stars
48:19 planets and even
48:22 life thus the life and death of stars is
48:25 an integral part of the cycle of cosmic
48:27 creation and
48:32 destruction the cosmic web from
48:34 Individual stars to entire galaxies is a
48:38 complex network of interconnected
48:40 structures but what binds these galaxies
48:43 together what are the threads that weave
48:45 the complex fabric of the universe the
48:48 answer lies in Galaxy
48:50 clusters Galactic clusters are massive
48:53 collections of galaxies bound together
48:56 by gravitational force they may contain
48:59 only a few or thousands of galaxies and
49:02 often span millions of Lighty years
49:05 across just as dark matter plays a role
49:07 in individual galaxies it also acts as
49:10 an invisible glue in Galactic clusters
49:14 even though we can't see it we know it
49:16 exists holding the cluster together and
49:19 forming its overall structure within a
49:22 cluster galaxies are not static they are
49:24 in constant motion so some of them may
49:27 be heading toward the center of the
49:28 cluster While others may be on their way
49:30 to its Edge under the influence of
49:32 complex gravitational
49:35 interactions sometimes these
49:37 interactions can lead to dramatic events
49:40 such as Galactic collisions when
49:42 galaxies Collide Their Stars gas and
49:45 dark matter merge to form a new larger
49:48 Galaxy these events are crucial to the
49:51 evolution of Galaxy clusters and by
49:53 extension the cosmic web
49:57 but clusters are not the end of the
49:58 story they often cluster together to
50:01 form superclusters which are among the
50:04 largest known structures in the universe
50:06 these super clusters serve as the main
50:09 nodes of the cosmic web linking numerous
50:12 clusters and
50:14 filaments understanding Galaxy clusters
50:17 is the key to unlocking the mysteries of
50:19 the cosmic web they serve as threads
50:22 connecting galaxies forming the paths
50:25 along which matter and energy flow on
50:28 Cosmic
50:32 scales having studied the Colossal
50:34 structures of Galactic clusters the
50:37 threads that weave the cosmic web we now
50:39 turn our eyes to an even more mysterious
50:43 phenomenon what if there were actual
50:45 threads strings of pure energy that
50:48 stitched together the fabric of the
50:51 universe these hypothetical
50:53 onedimensional defects in SpaceTime
50:55 could be the loose threads of the
50:58 universe remnants of the first moments
51:01 after the big
51:03 bang imagine the universe just moments
51:06 after the big bang a hot dense state of
51:10 pure
51:11 energy as the universe cooled and
51:13 expanded this energy condensed into
51:16 matter and
51:17 structure however not everything went
51:19 smoothly in some regions Kinks occurred
51:23 leading to the formation of cosmic
51:25 strings cosmic strings if they existed
51:28 would be unimaginably thin but
51:31 incredibly
51:33 dense a string less than an inch wide
51:36 could weigh as much as the
51:38 Earth they would stretch across the vast
51:41 expanse of the universe perhaps even
51:43 from one end to the other because of
51:46 their enormous Mass cosmic strings would
51:49 exert a strong gravitational pull
51:51 affecting the motion of galaxies and
51:53 even bending light they could serve as
51:56 Cosmic highways directing the flow of
51:59 matter and energy through the universe
52:02 the search for cosmic strings continues
52:05 scientists are using a combination of
52:07 theoretical physics and observational
52:09 astronomy to search for these elusive
52:15 structures if the existence of strings
52:17 is confirmed they may become the missing
52:20 links that will help us understand not
52:22 only how the universe is organized but
52:24 also why it is organized this way
52:27 however let's return to structures of
52:29 unfathomable
52:31 scale superclusters they are the
52:34 gravitational anchors that hold together
52:36 vast networks of galaxies and Galaxy
52:39 clusters imagine moving away from our
52:42 Milky Way galaxy past our local group of
52:46 galaxies and even beyond our local Virgo
52:49 supergroup you'll find a network of
52:52 superclusters each containing hundreds
52:54 to thousands of individual gall IES
52:57 bound together in a complex dance of
52:59 gravity the superclusters are unevenly
53:02 distributed they form a kind of cosmic
53:04 skeleton around which galaxies and
53:07 Galaxy clusters are located this
53:09 skeleton gives the cosmic web the shape
53:12 that defines the large scale structure
53:14 of the
53:15 universe within the supercluster
53:18 galaxies and clusters are in constant
53:20 motion under the influence of the
53:22 collective gravitational pull of the
53:24 entire structure this Dynamic flow of
53:27 matter and energy is what keeps the
53:30 cosmic Network alive and Ever
53:32 Changing among the most intriguing
53:35 aspects of superclusters is the presence
53:37 of gravitational anomalies like the
53:40 great attractor these are regions with
53:43 such a strong gravitational pull that
53:45 they influence the motion of the entire
53:47 supercluster serving as the pivots of
53:50 the cosmic
53:52 web understanding super clusters is
53:55 crucial to Cosmo ology they serve as the
53:58 largest Laboratories for studying the
54:00 expansion of the universe the
54:02 distribution of dark matter and even the
54:04 mysterious force of dark
54:09 energy the observable universe is
54:11 estimated by scientists to contain two
54:14 trillion galaxies and yet what we can
54:17 see represents less than 5% of the
54:21 universe standing over the precipice of
54:24 cosmic understanding we are humble
54:26 by the scale and complexity of the
54:29 Universe from the smallest particles to
54:32 the largest Galactic filaments each
54:35 element serves as a piece of the
54:37 puzzle here we are a pale blue dot a
54:41 mere Speck in the cosmic web yet it is
54:45 from this vantage point that we've begun
54:47 to unravel the deepest Mysteries of the
54:49 universe armed with telescopes capable
54:52 of looking billions of light years away
54:54 we become not just spectators
54:57 but active participants in this Cosmic
55:00 journey and each new discovery is a step
55:02 towards the answer to the Eternal
55:04 question that prompts all of us to
55:06 ponder what other Mysteries does the
55:09 universe hold that we have yet to un
55:18 rvel the solar system has served as a
55:21 reliable bul workk for life but one day
55:24 Humanity will have to leave its native
55:26 of Earth to continue existing in recent
55:29 decades scientists have been desperately
55:31 looking into the dim depths of space in
55:33 search of a Haven for life so far none
55:37 of the exoplanets we've found have
55:38 refuted the hypothesis of the uniqueness
55:41 of life but what if we're simply looking
55:43 in the wrong place perhaps it's not the
55:45 planets that hold all the answers but
55:48 their moons in the mystical deep space
55:52 exomoons are unlike any other satellite
55:54 in the solar system the size of our
55:57 Earth these hidden Giants have an
56:00 amazing feature life can be found in
56:02 their interior many times more often
56:05 than on ordinary
56:06 exoplanets today we'll dive into the
56:09 mysterious distant universe and try to
56:13 discover why exom moons May someday
56:16 change
56:19 Humanity let's go back to the very
56:21 beginning of the history of exoplanet
56:23 science since astronomy received a
56:26 strong impetus only in the middle of the
56:27 20th century scientists began to study
56:30 the first exoplanets not so long ago the
56:33 first confirmed exoplanets were recorded
56:36 in
56:36 1992 it was a group of Earth Mass
56:39 planets orbiting the Pulsar PSR B 1257
56:44 +2 just 3 years later scientists found
56:47 the first planet orbiting the star 51
56:50 pegasi similar to our sun this was the
56:53 birth of exoplanetary science which is
56:56 dedicated to the study of planetary
56:58 systems outside our solar system and in
57:01 addition the search for places where
57:03 humanlike life could originate other
57:07 exoplanets available in our visible
57:09 Universe didn't have to wait long either
57:11 in the following years astronomers found
57:14 several more exoplanets until in 2009
57:18 the Kepler space telescope was sent to
57:20 explore outer space in just 5 years of
57:23 operation it was able to confirm about 7
57:26 115 exoplanets with a size and
57:29 conditions similar to Earth's as of now
57:32 we already know about more than
57:35 5,500 planets outside the solar system
57:38 and the recently sent James web
57:40 telescope were likely to be able to show
57:42 us more distant planets further in 2013
57:46 scientists were able to determine the
57:48 planet's color for the first time and a
57:50 year later they were able to record the
57:52 magnetic field and later volcanic
57:55 activity
57:56 finally in 2018 astronomers made a new
57:59 potentially breakthrough Discovery for
58:02 the first time a possible exomoon was
58:05 recorded near the Planet Kepler
58:07 1625b while this may not seem like such
58:10 an incredible Discovery at first plance
58:12 exomoons open a new chapter in modern
58:15 astronomy not only is novel hitherto
58:18 unexplored space objects but also as
58:20 potential elements for supporting life
58:22 on exoplanets and satellites themselves
58:26 every year knowledge about distant dim
58:28 exoplanets deepens bringing scientists
58:31 closer to a complete picture of the
58:33 history of the entire universe but how
58:36 did the scientists manage to confirm so
58:38 many planets in such a short time when
58:40 it's impossible to take a photo of each
58:43 one only 69 planets were found with
58:46 images the most popular method is the
58:48 transit method which you may already
58:50 know when an exoplanet passes by its
58:53 Central Star the same star becomes SL
58:56 slightly dimmer which reveals the
58:57 presence of an object orbiting it
58:59 although this method doesn't allow us to
59:01 directly observe the planet and may turn
59:04 out to be just a glitch it is currently
59:07 the most effective of
59:09 all exoplanet exploration plays a
59:12 crucial role in all of astronomy and the
59:14 future of all of humanity exomoons as a
59:18 new chapter in exoplanet science may
59:21 have great potential for the search for
59:23 extraterrestrial life however despite
59:26 this exos satellites are of not much
59:29 interest to current research the main
59:31 problem associated with the search for
59:33 these exoplanets is their elusiveness to
59:36 telescope radar although no scientists
59:39 deny that some exoplanets may have
59:42 satellites it's an extremely difficult
59:44 and to some extent even impossible task
59:48 for our current Technologies to
59:49 investigate them the transit method or
59:53 more precisely the method of studying
59:55 the shift in the spectrum of stars can
59:58 confirm an exoplanet but a satellite
60:01 orbiting it almost under no
60:03 circumstances unless for example the
60:05 spacecraft is in the closest possible
60:07 proximity to the object of observation
60:09 due to a completely insignificant change
60:12 in the brightness of the star thus even
60:14 the very first exomoon found by Kepler
60:17 and the ones discovered later near the
60:19 planets Kepler 1708b and Kepler
60:23 1513b are still not perceived as
60:25 full-fledged proof of their existence
60:27 and therefore there is a possibility
60:29 that it could be just some kind of
60:31 technical error during the observation
60:33 which is not so far from the truth since
60:35 further observations did not yield any
60:38 encouraging results however as in the
60:40 case of the giant planet satellite
60:42 Kepler
60:43 1625b an exomoon can be seen if it is
60:47 large enough so far the first
60:49 hypothetical exomoon could be the size
60:51 of the Earth and have a strange tilted
60:53 orbit like Neptune's moon Triton
60:57 such a huge size of a possible Moon may
61:00 become one of the most important
61:02 elements in the further search for other
61:03 moons thus more than 20 exomoon
61:06 candidates are currently known all of
61:09 them are gigantic probably at least for
61:12 Kepler
61:13 1625b it's the star around which it
61:16 orbits it is a red giant this dying star
61:20 can hate the moon's atmosphere
61:22 increasing its effective diameter and
61:24 allowing scientists to detect satellites
61:26 more often however perhaps right now
61:30 exomoons are not of too much scientific
61:32 importance for scientists to invest a
61:34 lot of resources in developing
61:36 Technologies to find them at this stage
61:38 of our science exomoons don't seem to be
61:41 a higher priority than other space
61:43 objects such as
61:45 exoplanets the satellites of distant
61:47 planets are too complex to study and
61:50 have a very high chance of a false
61:52 positive result therefore it may take
61:55 months or even years of observation and
61:57 Analysis to confirm one satellite when
62:01 it seems more rational to spend this
62:03 resource on exploring a planet with
62:05 potential support for life including
62:07 human life of course it is possible that
62:10 exomoons may hide life in their interior
62:14 but Alternatives in the form of Rocky
62:16 exoplanets like Earth are still of much
62:18 higher importance in scientific
62:21 circles but we're going to focus on the
62:24 exomoons themselves and try to
62:26 investigate them is there any need to
62:28 study these mysterious and hidden moons
62:30 at all in fact these moons contain a lot
62:34 of information for our complete
62:36 understanding of the structure of the
62:37 universe but this will only be possible
62:39 in the future albe it not in the near
62:41 future the first thing that draws
62:44 scientists attention to even just
62:45 candidates for exomoons is their size
62:49 the largest moon in the solar system
62:51 ganim meat orbiting Jupiter has a
62:54 diameter of 3,200 1 73 Mi or
62:58 5,268 km but recorded exomoons can reach
63:03 the size of the Earth or even Neptune
63:06 therefore since such moons are even
63:09 difficult to distinguish among
63:10 exoplanets it's incredibly exciting to
63:13 imagine what moons might look like and
63:15 what activity they exhibit it's possible
63:18 that some large axom moons have many of
63:21 the features of planets and that their
63:23 study could overturn everything we know
63:25 about
63:26 satellites their similarities to other
63:29 exoplanets such as their likely geologic
63:31 activity bring us to the next important
63:34 point for careful study in the future
63:36 and that is the support of life we know
63:39 that several moons of the solar system
63:41 such as Enceladus or Europa despite
63:44 their low surface temperatures and small
63:46 size could hypothetically be a Haven for
63:49 living organisms due to the presence of
63:52 global oceans however what about the
63:54 much more massive Moon
63:56 which not only can support a dense
63:57 atmosphere but also have more access to
64:00 building chemicals both from the inside
64:02 and outside according to a study by the
64:05 University of Washington exomoons have
64:08 more potential to support life than even
64:11 exoplanets they also have a habitable
64:13 zone although it's slightly different
64:16 but the main argument for exomoons is
64:18 one of the most intriguing places for
64:20 life to exist is the availability of
64:23 several heat sources for them the first
64:25 source is the star itself and the second
64:28 is their Planet the moons are heated by
64:31 the gravitational pull of the planet
64:33 which keeps the probable water in the
64:35 interior of the Moon in a liquid state
64:38 moreover heating from an exoplanet can
64:40 stimulate geological activity such as
64:42 volcanic eruptions creating enough gas
64:45 inside the moon to maintain an
64:47 atmosphere for a long time and also
64:50 bringing various crucial chemical
64:52 elements to the surface so exomoon are
64:56 not as simple as they may seem perhaps
64:58 the difficulty of finding them will be
65:00 rewarded with a potential breakthrough
65:02 in science finally exomoons may become
65:05 the necessary tool to study the
65:07 formation of our universe thus the
65:10 analysis of exomoons near different
65:12 stars and planets can reveal to
65:14 scientists how space objects are formed
65:17 what factors are responsible for
65:18 supporting life and what the history of
65:21 other planetary systems is in general in
65:24 particular compar ing the moons of the
65:26 solar system with those of distant
65:29 systems can give scientists an
65:31 understanding of the specifics and
65:33 conditions of their development as well
65:35 as an approximate value of the abundance
65:37 of systems where complex intelligent
65:40 life has developed the Earth
65:42 hypothetically may be almost the only
65:44 planet on which life could have formed
65:46 at least in the visible universe and any
65:49 clues on exomoons with potentially
65:51 higher chances of supporting living
65:53 organisms can confirm or deny
65:56 this however for now deep exploration of
65:59 exomoons is only a matter of the future
66:03 on the other hand the James web Space
66:05 Telescope Mission will continue for
66:07 several more years so perhaps the hope
66:09 of finding an exomoon for the first time
66:11 in this decade is not going away
66:14 nevertheless since the search for
66:15 exomoons is an extremely difficult and
66:18 almost impossible task for our current
66:21 Technologies exomoons are likely to
66:23 become one of the drivers of
66:24 technological progress as we know the
66:27 transit method or gravitational lensing
66:30 will not help to look for micro signs of
66:32 the presence of exomoons so this factor
66:34 is already challenging scientists to
66:36 modify or even create new technologies
66:39 to capture such subtle objects but this
66:42 is a task for the near future in the
66:44 long term both intriguing moons and
66:46 exoplanets will require much more
66:48 thorough analysis including using images
66:51 and samples of the atmosphere or even
66:53 soils so if interest in candidates where
66:57 extraterrestrial life exists are ever
66:59 found then comprehensive space missions
67:01 are likely to follow advancing human
67:04 knowledge of the research Focus the only
67:06 step we have left to take is to find
67:09 such an exoplanet or
67:11 exomoon in 2026 the European Space
67:15 Agency plans to send the Plato Mission
67:18 which will continuously look at several
67:20 areas in outer space to capture
67:22 transiting objects the mission will last
67:25 for 6 Years and may be the one to make
67:27 this expected Discovery however the
67:29 benefits of exomoon search and
67:31 exploration do not end with a
67:33 technological breakthrough exomoons are
67:36 very valuable natural Laboratories
67:39 located near various planets and stars
67:42 analyzing the impact of these bodies on
67:44 the moons will not only deepen what's
67:46 known about the formation of planets but
67:49 also demonstrate to scientists the
67:51 variety of conditions under which life
67:53 can develop for example traces of biome
67:56 or even techno signatures created by
67:59 civilizations on various moons can
68:01 provide a clear picture of the signs for
68:04 the development of intelligent life thus
68:06 building more prioritized paths for
68:09 future missions to the most likely
68:10 planets or Moons for aliens to live on
68:14 but for now we can only wait for the
68:15 moment when we find the first exomoon
68:18 and begin a long but lifechanging
68:21 scientific and technological ascent
68:25 exomoons despite their invisibility and
68:28 skeptical insignificance May one day
68:31 critically change everything known to
68:33 the entire human race about our vast
68:35 Universe even a small observation can
68:39 eventually become the main driver for
68:41 revolutionary
68:43 discoveries continued research will
68:46 reveal more and more answers and only by
68:49 pursuing this knowledge will the
68:50 cumbersome mysterious Cosmos One Day
68:54 become less conf confusing to us but in
68:57 the face of the vast Universe we must
69:00 never lose our enthusiasm for learning
69:02 no matter how difficult and distant our
69:05 desired
69:08 [Music]
69:11 outcome amidst the peace and Tranquility
69:14 of the celestial bodies of the solar
69:16 system there is one object that greatly
69:19 disturbs the Peace of the rest the moon
69:24 io on like any other orbiting the mighty
69:27 Jupiter shrouded in mystery IO is a
69:30 world of fire and fury a star contrast
69:34 to the icy moons and calm planets that
69:37 share its Cosmic neighborhood this
69:40 mysterious moon the most volcanic body
69:42 in our solar system is a testament to
69:44 the dynamic forces at work in the cosmos
69:48 its surface riddled with hundreds of
69:50 active volcanoes tells the story of the
69:53 relentlessly complex gravitational pole
69:56 of Jupiter and other moons meet Juno
70:00 NASA's Intrepid Explorer on a journey to
70:03 this fiery world its mission is to
70:06 unravel the mysteries of IO capture its
70:09 fiery Essence and uncover the secrets
70:11 that have long lurked beneath its
70:13 tumultuous surface as Juno makes its
70:17 closest approach in two decades we stand
70:19 on the threshold of new discoveries and
70:21 are ready to unravel the mysteries of
70:23 this volcanic moon
70:26 what will Juno tell us about io's
70:28 turbulent volcanoes how does the
70:31 turbulent nature of this moon affect
70:32 giant Jupiter and its other moons and
70:35 what can IO tell us about the forces
70:37 that shape our solar system let's find
70:42 out discovering new space Vistas Juno a
70:46 spacecraft made not only of metal and
70:48 circuitry but also of ambition and
70:51 curiosity he's embarking on a journey
70:53 that hasn't been taken in more than two
70:55 decades for the first time in 20 years a
70:58 spacecraft dares to come so close to IO
71:01 that we can come face to face with a
71:03 world of extreme volcanic activity
71:06 Juno's close approach is not just a
71:08 routine flyby but a bold dive into the
71:12 unknown the spacecraft equipped with
71:14 state-of-the-art instruments is designed
71:16 to withstand the harsh radiation
71:18 environment of Jupiter and its moons as
71:21 it approaches the rough surface of aisle
71:23 at a distance of 900 30 Mi Juno sensors
71:27 come to life taking highresolution
71:29 images and collecting valuable data in
71:32 late 2023 the probe made its closest
71:35 flyby of a taking some incredible images
71:37 in the process in them Jupiter's moon
71:40 appears to glisten with sulfuric Hues
71:44 and its surface is speckled with spots
71:46 created by the ongoing volcanic activity
71:48 that rages on it by combining data from
71:52 this flyby with our previous
71:53 observations the Juno science team is
71:55 studying how io's volcanoes vary says
71:58 astronomer Scott Bolton of the Southwest
72:01 Research Institute we are looking for
72:03 how often they erupt how bright and how
72:05 hot they are how the shape of the lava
72:08 float changes and how io's activity is
72:11 connected to the flow of charged
72:12 particles in Jupiter's magnetosphere the
72:15 heart of this Mission lies in the
72:17 technological prowess that Juno
72:19 possesses the spacecraft's Juno cam
72:21 continues to take spectacular images
72:24 despite the challenges of Jupiter's
72:25 intense radiation the Stellar reference
72:28 unit's Stellar navigation camera is also
72:31 a scientific instrument providing the
72:33 highest resolution images of iio surface
72:35 to date on earth scientists are studying
72:39 the data coming from Juno each bite of
72:41 data is a piece of the puzzle revealing
72:44 new information about the volcanic
72:45 nature of IO analyzing this as a window
72:48 into our solar systems past present and
72:51 future so late last year NASA's Juno Pro
72:55 took the highest resolution images of
72:57 this moon to date among these images one
73:00 that stands out is one taken on December
73:02 30th which vividly depicts the volcanic
73:05 nature of IO this image enhanced to
73:08 emphasize details shows a volcanic plume
73:11 erupting from io's surface with plumes
73:14 reaching more than 60 mil given that the
73:17 moon's diameter is about 2,200 mil as
73:21 Juno continues its Journey around
73:23 Jupiter each orbit brings new
73:25 opportunities new challenges and new
73:31 discoveries among the planet's other 95
73:34 moons IO stands out not only for its
73:37 proximity to Jupiter but also for the
73:39 dramatic geologic activity that this
73:41 proximity provokes the volcanic nature
73:44 of the moon is a direct consequence of
73:46 Jupiter's enormous gravitational
73:49 forces IO is not a huge moon it's only
73:52 slightly larger than the one orbiting
73:54 our plan planet however as the largest
73:57 planet in our Solar System Jupiter has
74:00 tremendous gravity this enormous Force
74:03 stretches and squeezes IO creating what
74:06 is known as tidal heating the
74:09 satellite's orbit itself is not a
74:10 perfect circle resembling more of an
74:12 ellipse so the moon experiences varying
74:15 degrees of gravitational pull from
74:18 Jupiter as it approaches Jupiter the
74:20 planet's gravity stretches IO and as it
74:24 moves away it compresses it this
74:27 constant stretching creates tremendous
74:30 internal heat within aisle leading to
74:32 its intense volcanic
74:35 activity this junocam image captures a
74:38 plume of material ejected from the
74:40 Unseen volcanic Prometheus indicated by
74:43 the red arrow the plume is just visible
74:46 in the darkness below the Terminator the
74:48 line dividing day and night the image
74:50 was taken by spacecraft on October 15th
74:52 2023
74:55 tidal heating is so intense that it
74:57 turns io's interior into a bubbling
75:00 cauldron of molten rock this heat leads
75:03 to the volcanic activity that defines
75:05 io's landscape hundreds of volcanoes
75:08 doted surface some of them spewing lava
75:10 fountains up to hundreds of kilometers
75:13 high there are about 400 active
75:15 volcanoes on aisle about 150 of which
75:18 are erupting at any given time but
75:22 Jupiter is not the only player in this
75:24 gravitational conf confrontation the
75:26 other Galilean moons Europa ganim and
75:29 Kalisto also exert their influence on iO
75:32 their gravitational attraction helps to
75:34 maintain io's elliptical orbit thus
75:37 playing a crucial role in the tidal
75:39 heating process this complex
75:42 gravitational interaction is a perfect
75:44 example of how Celestial mechanics
75:46 determine the fate of a moon the title
75:49 forces of Jupiter and its moons don't
75:51 just heat I they create a world in which
75:54 geologic activity is the norm not the
75:58 exception Isle a moon shrouded in fire
76:02 and brimstone plays a key role in The
76:04 Grand Theater of Jupiter's system its
76:07 incessant volcanic activity not only
76:10 shapes the landscape but also
76:12 significantly affects the very nature of
76:14 Jupiter's
76:15 magnetosphere as we mentioned earlier
76:17 the volcanoes on this satellite are the
76:19 most active in the solar system in doing
76:22 so they spew huge amounts of self sufur
76:25 dioxide or SO2 into space this
76:29 outgassing a direct result of intense
76:31 internal heating contributes to an
76:33 atmosphere rich in Sulfur
76:36 compounds but io's influence extends far
76:39 beyond its own atmosphere as IO rotates
76:42 within Jupiter's massive magnetosphere
76:44 sulfur dioxide and other volcanic gases
76:47 ionize becoming charged particles these
76:51 particles become trapped in Jupiter's
76:53 magnetic field forming a plasma Taurus
76:56 along io's orbit this Taurus a glowing
77:00 ring of ionized particles is a direct
77:03 manifestation of the moon's volcanic
77:05 power the plasma Taurus is not a static
77:08 feature it changes in response to io's
77:11 volcanic activity the ejection of
77:14 material from volcanoes feeds the Taurus
77:17 affecting its density and composition
77:19 this complex interaction between io's
77:21 volcanism and the plasma Taurus
77:24 illustrates the interconnectedness of
77:26 Jupiter's system it's also thought to be
77:29 responsible for powerful permanent
77:31 auroras at the planets
77:34 PS volcanic emissions once in the
77:36 atmosphere Escape into space here they
77:39 undergo rapid R neutralization a process
77:43 that ejects these particles at High
77:45 Velocity in a plane perpendicular to the
77:47 local magnetic field this phenomenon
77:50 continues to the formation of extended
77:52 sodium nebuli and adding another layer
77:56 to the complex environment around
77:58 Jupiter observational Studies have been
78:00 crucial in shedding light on these
78:02 interactions for many years telescopes
78:05 like Trappist have followed the
78:06 variability of iio sodium Cloud these
78:10 observations have shown that the
78:12 physical properties of the sodium jets
78:13 for Mayo are highly variable and
78:16 interestingly do not always correlate
78:19 directly with the global brightening of
78:20 Jupiter's plasma Taurus or the extended
78:23 sodium nebula
78:25 this study highlights the complexity of
78:27 the surface atmosphere magnetosphere
78:30 coupling in the Jupiter system current
78:33 research aims to reveal the precise
78:35 mechanisms by which io's volcanoes
78:37 Supply material to the plasma Taurus and
78:40 how io's sodium jet contributes to
78:43 filling the plasma reservoirs of
78:46 theere thus io's Relentless volcanic
78:49 activity and its interaction with
78:51 Jupiter's magnetic fields are not just
78:53 isolated phenomena
78:55 they play a fundamental role in shaping
78:57 the Dynamics of Jupiter's magnetosphere
79:00 producing plasma structures and neutron
79:03 clouds that are key to understanding the
79:06 complexities of planetary
79:08 magnetospheres ongoing research and
79:11 observations allow us to separate the
79:13 layers of these interactions offering a
79:15 deeper understanding of the workings of
79:17 our solar
79:21 system as we look to the future of space
79:24 expor exploration the fiery Moon IO
79:27 appears as a beacon of mystery and
79:30 potential the next phase of IO
79:32 exploration is poised to reveal secrets
79:35 that have remained hidden beneath its
79:37 stormy surface for
79:39 centuries introducing the Jupiter icy
79:41 moons explore Mission abbreviated as
79:44 juice juice aims to study Jupiter's icy
79:47 moons offering intriguing opportunities
79:49 to further our understanding of IO
79:52 although Juice's primary focus is on
79:54 ganim Europa and Kalisto its extensive
79:58 Suite of instruments can provide
79:59 valuable insights into io's Dynamic
80:03 environment the interplanetary
80:05 spacecraft was launched on April 14th
80:08 2023 from the Guana Space Center in
80:11 French Guana by the European Space
80:13 Agency the spacecraft is expected to
80:16 reach Jupiter in July 2031 after four
80:19 gravity assists and an 8-year Journey as
80:23 juice passes through the Ju juper system
80:25 its trajectory May provide opportunities
80:28 to observe Isle these encounters May
80:30 provide additional data on the
80:32 satellite's volcanic activity and its
80:35 effect on Jupiter's magnetosphere
80:37 complimenting the conclusions drawn by
80:39 missions directly targeting
80:41 IO equipped with sophisticated
80:43 instruments designed to study magnetic
80:46 fields plasma environment and
80:48 Atmospheric composition juice has the
80:50 potential to indirectly expand our
80:52 knowledge of IO by by studying Jupiter's
80:55 magnetosphere and the interactions
80:57 within it juice can provide a broader
81:00 context for the satellites role in the
81:02 entire Jupiter
81:04 system another mission IO volcano
81:07 Observer or Ivo is a bold initiative
81:10 that represents the next leap at our
81:13 quest to understand this volcanic moon
81:15 Ivo is a proposed Mission designed to
81:18 study io's intense volcanic activity its
81:20 subsurface structures and the complex
81:23 processes that drive its geologic
81:26 dynamism ivo's mission is to enter orbit
81:28 around IO and make multiple close
81:31 flybys equipped with state-of-the-art
81:33 instruments Ivo will map io's volcanic
81:37 heat flows study lava composition and
81:40 probe the moon's internal structure this
81:43 Mission aims to answer fundamental
81:45 questions about the mechanisms of
81:47 volcanism on iO and the role of tidal
81:50 Heating in its Activity one of the most
81:52 interesting aspects of the ivvo mission
81:54 he's exploring the bowels of the Moon
81:57 What Lies Beneath its fiery facade Ivo
82:01 seeks to shed light on this Mystery by
82:04 studying the moon's internal structure
82:06 seismic measurements and magnetic field
82:09 analysis May reveal the presence of
82:11 subsurface magma
82:13 Chambers and provide insight into the
82:15 moon's volcanic flow system the
82:18 potential for new discoveries about io's
82:20 volcanic mechanisms is enormous ivvo
82:23 observation could revolutionize our
82:26 understanding of volcanic processes not
82:28 only on I but throughout the solar
82:31 system by studying io's unique volcanism
82:34 we'll be able to gain insight into the
82:36 thermal evolution of planetary bodies
82:39 and the role of tidal forces in shaping
82:41 planetary
82:43 geology in the meantime Juno continues
82:46 to work with many more observations
82:48 planned not only of IO but also of the
82:51 other Galilean moons and of course
82:53 Jupiter itself the spacecraft will
82:56 continue to operate until September 2025
82:59 or until it breaks down whichever comes
83:02 first in the meantime we'll look forward
83:04 to more images taken by the next
83:10 flyby in the vastness of our solar
83:13 system beyond the belt of asteroids and
83:16 gas giants lies a world shrouded in
83:20 mystery Neptune the eighth planet from
83:23 our sun a distant ice giant has long
83:27 captured our imagination for decades
83:30 we've imagined it as a dark blue sphere
83:32 at the edge of our Cosmic neighborhood
83:35 but what if the vision of this distant
83:37 world was an elaborate
83:40 illusion this mysterious planet named
83:43 after the Roman god of the sea has
83:45 hidden its true colors from us cloaked
83:48 in a shroud of Deep Blue Neptune has
83:51 been the subject of many stories and
83:53 scientific investigations
83:55 but recent discoveries have removed this
83:57 Azure facade revealing a reality far
84:00 more complex and fascinating than we
84:03 could have
84:04 imagined for years our telescopes have
84:07 been pointed at this distant giant
84:09 capturing its Essence and pixels and
84:11 data what we saw however was not the
84:14 reality of the planet but a reflection
84:16 of our own technological and perceptual
84:19 limitations the deep blue color we
84:22 associated with Neptune was actually the
84:24 result of our own interpretations and
84:27 enhancements a story We unwittingly
84:30 created and
84:32 believed today we invite you to explore
84:35 Neptune like never before delve into its
84:38 true colors understand its Dynamic
84:41 atmosphere and unravel the secrets of
84:44 its moons and
84:47 [Music]
84:49 rings for centuries Neptune was
84:52 portrayed as a dark blue world whose
84:54 color reflected its cold distant nature
84:58 in the solar system this representation
85:01 deeply ingrained in our Collective
85:02 Consciousness has become the Cornerstone
85:05 of our understanding of this icy giant
85:08 but what if this image was a reflection
85:10 of our perceptions rather than the
85:12 planet's true
85:14 appearance Neptune's color is a story of
85:17 scientific Evolution and the search for
85:20 truth it begins with a Voyager 2 probe
85:23 launched by NASA in
85:26 1977 sent to the outer reaches of the
85:29 solar system it took the first close-up
85:31 images of Neptune painting a picture of
85:34 the planet a wash in a stunning blue
85:37 color however these images were not a
85:40 direct window into the true color of
85:42 Neptune in fact they were
85:44 interpretations the result of processing
85:46 the data through the lens of human
85:48 understanding and the technological
85:50 capabilities of the time the deep blue
85:53 color we saw was the the product of
85:54 enhancements made by scientists to
85:57 emphasize certain features of the
86:00 planet this story began to unravel with
86:02 the Advent of more advanced telescopes
86:05 such as the Hubble Space Telescope and
86:07 the very large
86:09 telescope these instruments equipped
86:11 with state-of-the-art technology allowed
86:13 astronomers to see the true color of the
86:15 planet again the results of this study
86:18 Were
86:20 Striking the new images revealed that
86:22 Neptune's color was not the previous
86:24 deep blue but rather a more muted and
86:27 varied shade this discovery was not just
86:31 aesthetic but a fundamental shift in our
86:34 understanding of the
86:36 planet the reason for this color
86:38 misconception lies in the way we process
86:41 and interpret astronomical data colors
86:44 in space images are often enhanced or
86:47 altered to emphasize certain features or
86:50 to make them more distinguishable to the
86:52 human eye in the case of Neptune these
86:55 enhancements over time have led to a
86:57 collective opinion of its deep blue
87:04 color so what led to this discovery the
87:08 key lies in a meticulous study entitled
87:11 modeling the seasonal cycle of Uranus's
87:13 color and magnitude and comparison with
87:17 Neptune this study led by Patrick GJ
87:20 Irwin of Oxford University along with a
87:22 team of experts set out to unravel the
87:25 mysteries of Uranus's seasonal color
87:27 changes however their Journey will
87:30 inadvertently shed light on the true
87:32 colors of Neptune disproving long-held
87:36 beliefs the team carefully analyzed a
87:38 huge array of data obtained from L
87:41 Observatory over six
87:43 decades these data supplemented by
87:46 hubbles Space Telescope observations
87:47 produced a detailed picture of Uranus's
87:50 dis averaged color and photometric
87:53 magnitude revealing the complex
87:55 interplay of its seasonal
87:57 changes one of the most important
87:59 aspects of this study was the focus on
88:01 the reflectivity of Uranus and the
88:04 abundance of methane the researchers
88:06 unraveled a complex relationship between
88:08 the lower methane content at polar
88:11 latitudes and the different reflectivity
88:13 of aerosol
88:15 particles this complex interaction of
88:18 elements in the atmosphere of Uranus was
88:20 thought to be influenced by the presence
88:22 of methane ice particles adding a new
88:25 layer of complexity to our
88:28 understanding in parallel the study
88:30 allowed for a fascinating comparison
88:32 with Neptune contrary to popular belief
88:35 the difference in blue hues between
88:37 Neptune and Uranus was less
88:41 pronounced this discovery was the result
88:43 of a critical reassessment of Neptune's
88:46 color disproving the image of Deep Blue
88:49 that had been ingrained in our
88:51 minds the methodology used by the team
88:54 was a combination of quantitative
88:56 analysis atmospheric modeling and
88:58 advanced spectroscopic
89:01 observations they converted measured
89:04 reflectance Spectra into radians Spectra
89:07 and then into Tri stimulus values this
89:11 process mimicked the visible colors of
89:13 the planets as perceived by the human
89:16 eye Bridging the Gap between the raw
89:18 data and our visual
89:21 interpretation the use of advanced
89:23 telescopes such as Hubble and the very
89:25 large telescope played an important role
89:28 in this
89:29 endeavor these technological Marvels
89:32 allowed the team to revisit and
89:34 reexamine the true colors of Uranus and
89:37 by extension Neptune with unprecedented
89:44 accuracy as we delve deeper into the
89:47 mysteries of Neptune we find ourselves
89:50 amid a melstrom of atmospheric activity
89:54 in stark contrast to the relative calm
89:57 of its Stellar neighbor
89:59 Uranus Neptune's atmosphere a turbulent
90:02 and dynamic formation is home to some of
90:05 the most extreme weather in our solar
90:09 system one of the most striking features
90:11 of Neptune's atmosphere is the presence
90:13 of colossal storms the most famous of
90:16 which is the big dark spot discovered by
90:19 the Voyager to spacecraft in 1989 this
90:23 massive storm
90:24 similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot is a
90:27 testament to the turbulent nature of the
90:30 planet a large dark spot a giant
90:34 rotating storm is a window into
90:37 Neptune's intense atmospheric Dynamics
90:40 these storms are caused by the strongest
90:42 winds in the solar system reaching
90:45 speeds of up to
90:46 1,300
90:49 milph however to this day the power and
90:52 magnitude of these winds are mystery to
90:54 scientists raising questions about their
90:57 origin and the energy sources that drive
91:00 them in contrast neighboring Uranus is a
91:04 picture of Tranquility its atmosphere
91:07 although composed of hydrogen helium and
91:10 methane does not have the same violent
91:12 storms and extreme winds as Neptune the
91:15 difference in atmospheric activity
91:17 between these two ice giants is one of
91:19 the many mysteries of our solar
91:22 system another intriguing aspect of
91:24 Neptune's atmosphere is the presence of
91:26 unusual hot spots where temperatures can
91:29 reach a staggering
91:31 750°
91:33 Kelvin these hotpots represent a paradox
91:37 because they exist on a planet so far
91:39 from the Sun the source of this heat
91:42 remains a mystery but theories suggest
91:44 it could be caused by internal processes
91:46 such as auroras or magnetic reconnection
91:50 in the plasma
91:51 layers the origin of these hot thoughts
91:54 and the extreme weather conditions on
91:55 Neptune are the subject of ongoing
91:57 research they force us to seek new
92:00 answers to questions about planetary
92:02 atmospheres and hint at complex internal
92:05 processes that have yet to be
92:12 understood stepping outside Neptune's
92:15 turbulent atmosphere we enter a realm of
92:18 celestial Harmony where moons and Rings
92:21 swirl around this icy Giant
92:25 turning our gaze to Triton Neptune's
92:27 largest and most intriguing Moon we
92:30 discover a world of seasonal changes and
92:32 Atmospheric
92:33 Mysteries Triton a unique moon with a
92:37 retrograde orbit was the last solid
92:39 object visited by the Voyager to
92:41 spacecraft during its historic Journey
92:44 Through the outer solar system because
92:47 of its retrograde orbit indicating that
92:49 it was captured by Neptune's gravity
92:51 Triton stands Out Among the moons of our
92:53 soul solar system its surface covered in
92:56 nitrogen ice is geologically Young and
92:59 active with dark green streaks
93:02 indicating the presence of geyser
93:03 spewing nitrogen
93:06 gas Triton's thin atmosphere whose
93:09 thickness varies with the seasons is a
93:11 fascinating study in extraterrestrial
93:15 meteorology observations with the
93:16 European Southern observatory's very
93:18 large telescope have revealed the
93:21 Triton's southern hemisphere is in the
93:23 height of sun
93:24 this distant Moon despite its relative
93:27 distance from the Sun is experiencing
93:29 significant atmospheric
93:32 changes the heat of the Summer Sun
93:34 causes the thin layer of Frozen nitrogen
93:37 methane and carbon monoxide on Triton
93:39 surface to sublimate into
93:42 gas this process causes the icy
93:45 atmosphere to thicken as the season
93:47 continues in
93:49 Neptune's 165 earthier orbit around the
93:52 sun
93:54 the season on Triton lasted more than 40
93:56 years and the southern summer solstice
93:59 occurred in
94:01 2000 the discovery of carbon monoxide in
94:03 Triton's atmosphere as well as the
94:05 confirmation of the presence of methane
94:07 marked a significant advance in our
94:10 understanding of this
94:11 Moon the presence of these gases
94:14 especially the enrichment of ice with
94:16 carbon monoxide in the upper surface
94:17 layer feeds the atmosphere and
94:19 determines its seasonal
94:22 Dynamics these findings required a
94:25 revision of Triton's climate and
94:27 Atmospheric models the complex
94:29 interaction of nitrogen methane and
94:31 carbon monoxide not only determines
94:33 atmospheric conditions but also provides
94:36 insight into the geologic and climatic
94:39 history of the
94:40 moon but Triton is not alone the planet
94:44 is accompanied by a retinue of smaller
94:46 moons each contributing to our
94:48 understanding of this distant World
94:51 these moons also show seasonal changes
94:53 and provide insight into the complex
94:55 gravitational interactions and
94:57 environmental conditions around
95:03 Neptune when we turn our gaze from the
95:06 moons to Neptune's rings we encounter
95:09 another aspect of this planet's
95:11 mysterious nature Neptune's rings made
95:14 up of a mixture of dust and ice
95:16 particles are dull yet
95:19 mesmerizing they testify to the planet's
95:21 Dynamic history
95:24 scientists believe their remnants of
95:26 moons that were destroyed by collisions
95:28 were torn apart by Neptune's
95:31 gravity the composition and
95:33 characteristics of these rings are
95:35 closely related to Neptune's true color
95:37 and Atmospheric phenomena the subtle Hue
95:40 of the Rings which were affected by
95:42 light scattering in Neptune's atmosphere
95:45 add another layer to the planet's color
95:48 pallet the Rings reflecting and
95:50 refracting light from the sun create the
95:53 overall all appearance of Neptune seen
95:55 from
95:57 afar in 2022 the James web telescope
96:01 captured the clearest view of the Rings
96:04 of this distant planet in 30 years
96:07 photographed with unprecedented Clarity
96:10 these rings have changed the way we
96:12 think about this distant
96:14 planet the most striking thing about the
96:16 new web image is the clear view of
96:19 Neptune's rings some of these Rings dim
96:22 and Dusty have not and detected since
96:24 the historic Voyager to flyby in
96:28 1989 the web telescope with its enhanced
96:31 capabilities has brought these elusive
96:34 Rings back into
96:36 Focus Neptune's rings are made up of
96:39 several bright and narrow as well as
96:41 fainter dust bands infrared Imaging by
96:44 the web telescope has put these rings in
96:46 a new light revealing features that were
96:49 previously hidden in the darkness of
96:51 space this is the first time these rings
96:55 have been seen in the infrared Spectrum
96:58 providing new insights into their
97:00 composition and
97:01 behavior Neptune's rings like the planet
97:04 itself are characterized by a unique
97:08 composition unlike the gas giants
97:10 Jupiter and Saturn Neptune is an ice
97:13 giant rich in elements heavier than
97:16 hydrogen and helium this composition
97:19 also reflected in the planet's signature
97:21 blue color invisible wavelengths caused
97:24 by a small amount of methane gas in
97:27 infrared images taken by webs near cam
97:30 near infrared camera Neptune does not
97:33 appear blue in contrast to the darkened
97:35 appearance one would expect due to
97:37 methane absorption of light in infite
97:39 images taken by the Space Telescope
97:42 Neptune appears as a luminous glowing
97:44 white
97:46 sphere this absorption also affects the
97:48 appearance of Neptune's rings as they
97:51 reflect and refract light traveling
97:54 through the planet's atmosphere this
97:56 unexpected brightness in the infrared is
97:58 the result of a unique interaction
98:00 between the planet's atmosphere and
98:02 infrared light while methane gas absorbs
98:05 red and infrared light high altitude
98:08 clouds in Neptune's atmosphere reflect
98:11 sunlight before it's
98:13 absorbed these methane ice clouds appear
98:16 as bright streaks and spots that cast a
98:20 ghostly glow on the planet in the
98:22 infrared Spectrum
98:24 by the way you may wonder why Triton
98:26 looks like a dazzling point of light
98:28 adorned with shining spikes as opposed
98:31 to the more subdued image of Neptune
98:33 these defraction Spike patterns are a
98:36 characteristic feature of the Imaging
98:38 telescope they're not physical
98:40 structures but rather Optical artifacts
98:43 created by the telescope's design light
98:46 from Triton passing through the mirrors
98:47 and Telescope structure is defract
98:50 resulting in these striking Peaks
98:52 emitted by the moon
98:54 defraction in simple terms is what
98:57 happens when a wave such as light
98:59 travels around the edge of an object or
99:01 through a small opening imagine light in
99:04 the form of water waves flowing through
99:06 a narrow slit in a wall when the waves
99:09 pass through the slit they diverge in
99:12 different directions instead of just
99:14 going straight through this propagation
99:16 of waves after passing through a hole or
99:19 around an edge is what we call
99:21 defraction
99:23 in the context of the James web Space
99:25 Telescope and its images def fraction
99:27 Peaks arise because of the way the
99:29 mirrors and structure of the telescope
99:32 are arranged when light from a bright
99:34 object such as a star or Triton in
99:37 images of Neptune enters the telescope
99:39 it's bent slightly by the edges of the
99:41 mirrors and other parts of the telescope
99:44 as a result of this bending the light
99:46 diverges and forms the star-like spikes
99:50 we see in the
99:52 images the study of Neptune's rings
99:55 especially in the infrared provides
99:57 valuable insights into the atmospheric
99:59 conditions and internal composition of
100:01 the planet the interaction of the Rings
100:04 with Neptune's atmosphere particularly
100:06 the methane ice clouds provides insights
100:09 into the planet's climactic and
100:11 environmental
100:13 processes the bright equatorial band
100:15 that girdles the planet hints of the
100:17 global atmospheric circulation a key
100:19 driver of the planet's winds and storms
100:24 the atmosphere which sinks and warms
100:26 near the equator glows more intensely in
100:30 the infrared than the cooler gases that
100:32 surround
100:36 it as we conclude our journey through
100:39 the Mysterious World of Neptune we
100:41 reflect on the impact these discoveries
100:43 are having on the broader field of
100:45 planetary science and exoplanet
100:49 exploration Neptune wants a distant blue
100:52 spot
100:53 is now a testament to space exploration
100:56 Dynamic and ever evolving
100:59 nature discoveries concerning Neptune's
101:01 true color its atmospheric phenomena and
101:04 the intricate details of its rings and
101:06 moons go far beyond our solar system
101:09 they provide a crucial example for
101:11 understanding similar IED Giants and
101:14 exoplanets in the far reaches of our
101:17 galaxy The insights gained from Neptune
101:19 will help astronomers decipher the
101:21 mysteries of these distant world
101:24 and enrich our knowledge of the
101:26 universe as we continue to gaze into the
101:30 cosmos Neptune reminds us of the
101:33 Limitless potential for Discovery its
101:36 example encourages us to keep looking
101:39 asking questions and unraveling the
101:43 mysteries of the
101:50 universe Saturn has captivated the human
101:53 human imagination from ancient
101:55 civilizations to Modern astronomers the
101:58 mauy of New Zealand separated by vast
102:01 oceans and without telescopes somehow
102:03 knew that Saturn had Rings how the
102:07 mystery
102:09 deepens Saturn has long been a symbol of
102:12 the unknown and mysterious its iconic
102:15 rings have been the subject of Wonder
102:17 and speculation since the time of
102:20 Galileo but what if we told you that
102:23 that these Rings however Eternal they
102:25 may seem are actually a fleeting Cosmic
102:29 phenomenon adding to the Intrigue is a
102:31 storm twice the width of Earth with a
102:34 mysterious hexagonal shape that's raging
102:36 at Saturn's North Pole what forces could
102:39 have created such a geometrically
102:41 perfect formation but the Mysteries
102:43 don't end there Saturn's satellites
102:46 Titan and Enceladus offer conditions
102:49 that could potentially support life
102:52 Lakes of liquid methane and geysers
102:54 spewing water and organic material into
102:57 space make these satellites more than
102:59 just celestial bodies their potential
103:02 homes for
103:03 Life join us for a closer look at this
103:07 enigmatic Giant and its Cosmic
103:13 Mysteries our journey begins with
103:15 Galileo galile the Italian astronomer
103:18 who first pointed his telescope at
103:20 Saturn in 1610 what what he saw puzzled
103:24 him a planet with something like ears he
103:27 didn't realize he was looking at the
103:29 edges of Saturn's magnificent Rings a
103:31 feature that would puzzle astronomers
103:33 for centuries to come Galileo's
103:36 telescope was primitive by today's
103:38 standards and the true nature of
103:40 Saturn's ears remained a
103:43 mystery it was not until 1655 that
103:46 Christian Hans armed with a more
103:48 advanced telescope correctly identified
103:50 them as a system of rings surrounding
103:52 the
103:55 Planet moving into the modern era we
103:57 witnessed the pioner 11 Mission the
104:00 first spacecraft to fly past Saturn in
104:04 1979 this Mission provided us with the
104:06 first close-up images of the planet and
104:09 its rings revealing intricate details
104:11 that were once inaccessible to Earth's
104:13 telescopes and
104:15 us but it was the Cassini mission that
104:18 truly revealed Saturn in all its Glory
104:22 launched in 199 97 and arriving at
104:24 Saturn in 2004 Cassini spent 13 years
104:28 studying the planet its rings and its
104:31 satellites from discovering plumes of
104:33 water ice on Enceladus to capturing the
104:36 Ethereal beauty of a hexagonal shaped
104:39 storm at Saturn's North Pole Cassini
104:43 revolutionized our understanding of this
104:45 distant
104:47 world and here's an interesting point
104:49 long before the Advent of telescopes the
104:52 M People of New Zealand had myths that
104:54 described Saturn as having a pararo or
104:57 belt around it how they knew this
104:59 remains a matter of debate and
105:01 speculation but as we'll see later
105:03 Saturn holds more than one mystery what
105:06 do you think could have created a
105:08 hexagonal storm with an area larger than
105:10 the Earth
105:15 itself Saturn Harbors a geometric enigma
105:19 at its North Pole a six-sided storm
105:22 that's puzzled some scientists for
105:23 decades the six-sided wonder is not just
105:26 a superficial feature but a deep and
105:29 enduring mystery that breaks down the
105:31 understanding of fluid dynamics and
105:33 planetary atmospheres the hexagon was
105:36 first discovered in 1981 by the Voyager
105:40 spacecraft but it wasn't until the
105:42 Cassini Mission which orbited Saturn
105:45 from 2004 to 2017 that we got a front
105:48 row seat to this Cosmic spectacle
105:51 cassini's high resolution images showed
105:53 a symmetrical jet stream surrounding the
105:56 hurricane likee vortex at the center of
105:58 a hexagon unlike Earth's chaotic weather
106:02 systems Saturn's hexagon is a
106:04 masterpiece of geometric Precision so
106:07 what's causing this hexagonal storm
106:10 researchers at Harvard University have
106:12 developed a 3D model that suggests deep
106:14 thermal convection in Saturn's outer
106:17 layers may be the culprit this model
106:19 shows that the storm could spread
106:22 thousands of K km deep into Saturn's
106:24 atmosphere well beyond what we can
106:27 see interestingly scientists have been
106:29 able to reproduce the hexagonal pattern
106:32 in a laboratory setting although these
106:35 experiments do not capture all the
106:37 nuances of Saturn's complex atmosphere
106:39 they provide a glimpse of
106:41 extraterrestrial
106:43 phenomena Saturn's hexagonal Vortex
106:46 contrasts sharply with Earth's polar
106:48 vortex which is irregular and less
106:51 stable this difference raises questions
106:53 about the fundamental properties that
106:55 distinguish the atmospheres of the gas
106:57 giants from the earth group
107:00 planets the longevity of the hexagon is
107:03 another mystery it's been observed for
107:06 at least four decades and possibly much
107:09 longer this steady feature suggests that
107:12 everything that feeds the hexagon is not
107:14 a temporary phenomenon but a stable
107:17 perhaps even permanent aspect of
107:20 Saturn's internal Dynamics
107:26 let's shift our attention from The
107:28 Mystery of the hexagon to another Wonder
107:30 of Saturn Saturn's rings are more than
107:33 just Celestial jewelry they're Dynamic
107:36 everchanging systems that interest
107:39 astronomers and the public
107:41 alike but what are these rings made of
107:44 and why are they so
107:46 short-lived Saturn's rings are composed
107:49 mostly of water ice with a mixture of
107:51 dust and Rocky material they range in
107:54 size from tiny particles to huge chunks
107:57 the size of houses these ice particles
108:00 are not static they're in constant
108:02 motion under the influence of Saturn's
108:04 gravity and the gravitational pull of
108:06 its
108:07 satellites the Rings are divided into
108:10 several subdivisions and gaps each with
108:12 its own unique
108:14 characteristics most notable are the a b
108:16 and c Rings separated by gaps such as
108:20 the Cassini ring a gap 3 ,000 miles
108:23 between the A and B
108:26 Rings the origin of Saturn's rings has
108:30 been the subject of
108:31 debate one popular Theory suggests that
108:34 they formed from the remnants of a
108:35 shattered
108:36 Moon another theory states that they're
108:39 the remnants of material from the
108:40 formation of the solar system captured
108:43 by Saturn's gravitational
108:45 pull Recent research has also shown that
108:48 the Rings may be much younger than
108:50 Saturn itself perhaps around 400 million
108:53 years old based on the rate of dust
108:56 contamination Saturn's rings don't last
108:58 forever they're slowly disappearing
109:01 because of a phenomenon known as ring
109:04 rain in which ring particles are drawn
109:07 into Saturn's atmosphere this process is
109:10 accelerated by microm meteoroid
109:12 bombardment and interaction with
109:14 Saturn's magnetic
109:16 field at the current rate some
109:18 scientists predict that Saturn's rings
109:20 could disappear within 100 million
109:24 years the depletion of the Rings would
109:26 not only change Saturn's appearance but
109:28 could also have consequences for its
109:30 atmosphere and magnetic
109:33 field as we pause for a moment we
109:35 realize that even the most fascinating
109:37 features of our universe are not immune
109:39 to the inexurable forces of physics
109:42 doomed to disappear into the chronicle
109:45 of
109:50 Eternity Saturn the ring giant of our
109:53 solar system is not just a Celestial
109:56 Wonder it's also a cosmic playground
109:59 that contains some of the most
110:00 intriguing
110:02 satellites two of which Titan and
110:05 Enceladus have fascinated scientists and
110:07 sparked debate about the potential for
110:09 life beyond
110:11 Earth Titan Saturn's largest satellite
110:14 is a world shrouded in
110:17 mystery its dense atmosphere is rich in
110:20 organic compounds and there are lakes
110:22 and Riv of liquid methan on the surface
110:25 but what's truly amazing is Titan's rate
110:27 of removal from
110:29 Saturn 100 times faster than previously
110:32 thought amounting to a staggering 4.3 in
110:36 per
110:37 year this rapid drift suggests a dynamic
110:40 and evolving relationship between Titan
110:43 and Saturn could this drift affect
110:46 Titan's internal
110:47 Dynamics and perhaps even its potential
110:50 for the existence of life
110:53 an atmosphere rich in organic compounds
110:55 such as nitrogen and methane and the
110:58 possibility of an underground ocean make
111:00 Titan a tempting Target for the search
111:02 for extraterrestrial life but the
111:05 question remains What would life look
111:07 like in an environment so radically
111:10 different from
111:11 Earth's and let's remember Enceladus
111:14 another satellite of Saturn that's very
111:16 different from Titan it's an icy world
111:19 with a highly reflective surface that
111:22 outshines any other body in the solar
111:24 system Enceladus takes the concept of an
111:27 ocean world to a new level not only does
111:30 it have a subsurface ocean but it also
111:33 sprays it into space where samples of it
111:36 can be collected by a space
111:38 probe this ocean contains most of the
111:41 chemical ingredients necessary for life
111:43 including hot mineral-rich water
111:46 erupting from hydrothermal
111:49 vents hydrothermal vents can provide the
111:51 necessary condition for Life as We Know
111:54 It On Earth these vents are teeming with
111:57 life forms that thrive in extreme
112:00 conditions could enceladus's vents be
112:03 home to similar but alien life
112:06 forms Enceladus also contributes to
112:09 Saturn z-ring a unique characteristic
112:12 that further enriches the dynamic
112:14 relationship between the Moon and its
112:16 host Planet the icy particles in this
112:19 ring open a window into the moon's
112:21 internal chemistry
112:23 providing clues that may reveal its
112:27 Secrets Titan and Enceladus are two
112:30 moons orbiting the same Planet but quite
112:33 different in their
112:34 characteristics both present compelling
112:37 arguments in favor of the potential for
112:39 Life fueling our
112:42 curiosity as we Ponder the possibilities
112:45 of Life on Saturn's satellites it's
112:48 worth noting that our curiosity is not
112:50 limited to telescopes and computer model
112:52 in upcoming missions aim to study these
112:55 satellites up close and perhaps answer
112:57 some of our most pressing
113:00 questions meet dragonfly NASA's
113:03 ambitious mission to Titan scheduled for
113:06 launch in the 2030s this rotorcraft will
113:09 fly over Titan diverse terrain from
113:12 Dunes to impact
113:14 craters dragonfly's main goal is to
113:17 search for the building blocks of life
113:19 it will analyze complex organic
113:21 compounds in the atmos osphere and on
113:23 the surface providing invaluable data on
113:26 Titan's
113:27 chemistry equipped with a suite of
113:29 scientific instruments dragonfly seeks
113:32 to understand the geologic processes on
113:34 the moon and how they relate to its
113:37 potential for Life Could Titan's unique
113:40 chemical composition and liquid methane
113:42 Cycles offer a different recipe for
113:45 Life although no missions to Enceladus
113:48 are currently planned the moon's
113:50 potential for life has made it a Prime
113:53 candidate for future exploration
113:55 scientists are proposing missions that
113:57 could fly through enceladus's plumes and
114:00 directly sample its underground ocean
114:03 such a mission could analyze the
114:04 chemistry of the plumes in search of
114:06 signs of life or Prebiotic chemistry the
114:10 presence of hydrothermal vents in
114:12 enceladus's oceans adds another layer of
114:15 intrigue suggesting an environment in
114:18 which life could potentially thrive
114:22 despite the technical challenges a
114:24 mission to Enceladus could revolutionize
114:27 our understanding of the potential for
114:29 life in the solar system it could
114:32 provide direct evidence for the
114:34 existence of extraterrestrial life or at
114:36 least provide clues to the conditions
114:39 necessary for life to
114:43 [Music]
114:45 exist as we mentioned Saturn's rings
114:48 don't last forever as we once thought
114:50 recent Studies have shown that a process
114:52 that can last hundreds of millions of
114:55 years is causing these icy wonders to
114:57 slowly fade away but what significance
115:00 does this have for Saturn and its
115:02 complex atmospheric
115:04 Dynamics according to a study by the
115:07 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency this
115:10 material composed mostly of water causes
115:13 a decrease in electron density in
115:15 Saturn's
115:17 atmosphere this phenomenon known as ring
115:19 rain significantly affects Saturn
115:22 atmospheric
115:24 conditions ring rain is not just a
115:26 trickle it's a stream that carries away
115:29 water and amounts equivalent to an
115:30 Olympic siiz swimming pool every half
115:34 hour compounding the mystery is the
115:36 relative youth of Saturn's
115:38 rings although Saturn itself is about
115:41 4.6 billion years old data from NASA's
115:44 Cassini Mission suggests that the Rings
115:47 may be only a few hundred million years
115:50 old this leads us to wonder if Saturn's
115:53 rings are so young what catastrophic
115:56 event could have led to their
115:58 formation was it the destruction of a
116:00 moon or perhaps the capture of a passing
116:05 Comet cassini's space dust analyzer has
116:08 added another layer of complexity over
116:11 13 years it's collected 163 dust
116:15 particles that came from outside the
116:17 Saturn system surprisingly the Rings
116:20 turned out to be quite clean suggesting
116:23 that they hadn't existed long enough to
116:25 accumulate excess Cosmic
116:27 dust this cleanliness raises the
116:30 question if the Rings are young why
116:33 haven't they collected more Cosmic
116:36 dust the absence of cosmic dust in the
116:38 Rings challenges our understanding of
116:40 their age and their interaction with the
116:43 wider Cosmic
116:44 environment it's as if the Rings are in
116:46 a cosmic laboratory room or clean room
116:50 isolated from the dust that permeates
116:53 the rest of the solar
116:54 system as the Rings are depleted
116:57 Saturn's appearance will undergo a
116:59 dramatic transformation these rings have
117:02 been the planet's homework their
117:03 disappearance would not only change
117:05 Saturn's appearance but could also have
117:07 unknown consequences for its atmosphere
117:10 perhaps even affecting the planet's albo
117:12 and heat
117:14 retention the loss of the Rings could
117:16 have a cascading effect on Saturn's
117:18 atmosphere potentially altering wind
117:21 patterns and even affecting the planet's
117:23 iconic
117:24 storms the full extent of these changes
117:27 is still unknown making them a subject
117:29 of intense scientific
117:32 interest interestingly the fate of
117:34 Saturn's rings may be inextricably
117:37 linked to its
117:38 satellites some theories suggest that
117:40 gravitational instability may have
117:43 destroyed some of the icy satellites
117:44 orbiting Saturn providing enough
117:47 material to form the
117:49 Rings Saturn's rings and satellites are
117:51 like like Partners in a cosmic dance
117:55 each affecting the other in subtle but
117:57 significant
117:58 ways as we continue to study these
118:01 celestial bodies we can say
118:04 unequivocally that the fate of one Can
118:07 Shed light on the mysteries of the
118:15 other in the vast theater of our solar
118:18 system were planets like Jupiter and
118:21 Saturn often attract attention with
118:23 their Majestic rings and violent
118:27 storms lies a distant World shrouded in
118:30 mystery and Intrigue this is Uranus an
118:35 enigmatic ice giant that often goes
118:37 unnoticed but holds secrets that may
118:40 unravel some of the most enduring
118:42 Mysteries of the cosmos far beyond the
118:46 asteroid belt nestled between the orbits
118:48 of Saturn and Neptune Uranus travels
118:52 through the cold and dark corners of our
118:55 solar system it's a world that lives at
118:58 a different Rhythm spinning on its side
119:00 an odity that's long puzzled astronomers
119:03 and spawned countless
119:06 theories discovered in 1781 by William
119:09 hersel Uranus was the first planet
119:12 discovered through a telescope extending
119:14 the known boundaries of our solar system
119:17 for centuries this distant world was
119:19 just a speck of light in our telescopes
119:22 a ghostly blue ball distant and aloof
119:26 keeping its
119:27 Secrets but now with the Advent of the
119:30 James web Space Telescope a new chapter
119:32 in the exploration of Uranus is
119:35 opening jwst with its unprecedented
119:39 Vision peels back the layers of this icy
119:42 giant revealing a world of amazing
119:44 Beauty and
119:47 complexity Let's Travel together to this
119:49 mysterious ice Giant and learn about the
119:52 latest discoveries made by the James web
119:54 Space
119:58 Telescope in the quest to understand the
120:00 universe humankind has launched a
120:03 sentinel into space a Marvel of
120:05 engineering and a testament to our
120:08 insatiable
120:09 curiosity this Sentinel is the James web
120:12 Space Telescope the most advanced and
120:15 Powerful Space Telescope ever built the
120:17 successor to the legendary Hubble Space
120:20 Telescope
120:22 equipped with a set of advanced
120:23 instruments and a mirror more than 6
120:26 and2 m in diameter jwst is designed to
120:30 observe the universe in light invisible
120:32 to the human eye the infrared
120:35 Spectrum this allows the telescope to
120:38 peer through clouds of cosmic dust
120:40 discover distant galaxies and study the
120:43 atmospheres of
120:45 exoplanets the telescope's journey into
120:47 space was a feat in itself launched on
120:50 an Aryan 5 rocket wwst traveled to a
120:53 point in space known as the second
120:55 lrange point or L2 a million miles from
121:00 Earth here in this stable orbit jwst can
121:04 observe the universe with minimal
121:06 interference from Earth and the Sun jwst
121:09 capabilities are not limited to
121:11 observing the early universe or distant
121:13 galaxies it plays a key role in
121:16 unlocking the mysteries of our solar
121:18 system its powerful instruments such as
121:21 the near near infrared camera near Cam
121:24 and the mid infrared instrument Miri
121:27 reveal new details about planets moons
121:30 and other celestial bodies closer to
121:32 home take Uranus for example in the past
121:36 our view of this distant planet was
121:38 limited to faint images from telescopes
121:41 such as
121:42 Hubble but now thanks to jwst enhanced
121:46 infrared capabilities we can see Uranus
121:48 in a new light the telescope sensitive
121:51 instruments of allow us to observe the
121:53 planet's atmosphere weather patterns and
121:55 even its mysterious rings with
121:58 unprecedented
122:00 Clarity by analyzing the light of Uranus
122:02 jwst can decipher the chemical
122:05 composition of its atmosphere revealing
122:07 the presence of Gases such as methane
122:09 and hydrogen this not only helps us
122:12 understand the current state of Uranus
122:14 but also provides clues about its
122:16 formation and evolution
122:22 the James web Space
122:23 Telescope to exceed expectations
122:26 revealing more details about our
122:28 universe every day its latest Triumph is
122:32 a series of images of Uranus taken very
122:34 recently surpassing even the stunning
122:36 observations made in April
122:38 2023 in early 2023 gwst provided us with
122:43 unprecedented views of Uranus allowing
122:46 us to look at the planet's atmospheric
122:48 Dynamics and ring system in a new light
122:52 the recent images however are a step
122:54 further not only are they clear they
122:57 reveal aspects of Uranus that were
122:59 previously hidden or obscured even in
123:02 April
123:03 observations take the rings of Uranus
123:06 for example the latest images show them
123:08 with even greater Clarity we can now
123:10 observe finer structures within the
123:12 Rings and even detect faint dust bands
123:15 that were previously invisible such as
123:17 the zetto ring the incredibly thin ring
123:20 closest to the planet
123:23 the strength of jwst Lies not only in
123:25 its one-off observations but also in its
123:28 ability to continuously track celestial
123:31 objects continuous observations of
123:33 Uranus have allowed us to observe
123:35 changes in the planet's atmosphere track
123:38 the movement of its clouds and observe
123:40 the evolution of its storms over time
123:43 the changes in the polar regions are
123:45 particularly striking bright white caps
123:48 and dark bands near the poles the origin
123:51 of which is still unclear have shown
123:53 marked changes this continuous
123:56 observation provides invaluable data for
123:59 understanding the seasonal changes and
124:01 long-term climate patterns of
124:07 Uranus in the set of planets in our
124:09 solar system Uranus stands out with a
124:12 peculiar feature an extraordinary axial
124:15 tilt unlike any other planet Uranus
124:18 rotates practically on its side tilted
124:21 at an Ang angle of about
124:24 98° this unique orientation has long
124:26 intrigued astronomers and sparked a
124:29 quest to understand its origin and
124:31 consequences to understand the
124:33 significance of this tilt we must travel
124:35 back in time to the early days of our
124:37 solar
124:38 system Uranus probably formed with a
124:41 much less severe tilt the prevailing
124:44 Theory suggests that a catastrophic
124:46 event perhaps a collision with a
124:47 planet-sized object dramatically changed
124:50 its orientation
124:52 this colossal impact would have thrown
124:55 Uranus aside changing the definition of
124:57 its axis of rotation such a dramatic
125:00 event in the planet's history probably
125:02 not only changed its rotation but also
125:04 left an indelible mark on its entire
125:07 system including its satellites and
125:10 Rings today this lateral rotation is a
125:14 unique spectacle each pole of Uranus is
125:17 alternately flooded with sunlight and
125:20 plunged Into Darkness
125:22 at intervals of 42 years this extreme
125:26 tilt results in extreme Seasons unlike
125:29 those observed on other
125:31 planets the implications for planetary
125:33 observations and research are enormous
125:36 Uranus's tilt allows us to observe its
125:39 rings and satellites from different
125:41 perspectives offering insights into
125:43 their composition and Dynamics for
125:46 example when Uranus's rings face the
125:49 Earth they become nearly invisible
125:51 exposing fainter dust bands and smaller
125:55 satellites compare that to wor which has
125:57 tilted only
126:00 23.5° Uranus's extreme tilt causes
126:03 drastic changes in its weather patterns
126:06 which is a gold mine for scientists
126:08 studying planetary climate tilt also
126:11 affects the circulation of Uranus's
126:13 atmosphere prolonged exposure to
126:15 sunlight of the poles can result in
126:17 complex weather systems as seen in
126:20 recent JW St images these systems are
126:24 very different from those on other
126:25 planets and provide a unique laboratory
126:28 for understanding atmospheric
126:33 physics let's take a journey on one
126:36 Uranian year each season on Uranus lasts
126:40 about 21 Earth years a consequence of
126:42 its 84-year orbit around the
126:45 sun this extended duration means that
126:48 each hemisphere experiences long periods
126:51 of daylight followed by equally long
126:53 nights as a result the planet undergoes
126:56 dramatic changes in appearance and
126:58 climate because one pole of Uranus basks
127:01 in uninterrupted sunlight Summers along
127:05 while the opposite pole plunges into a
127:07 deep dark
127:09 winter this dark contrast creates unique
127:12 atmospheric conditions causing complex
127:15 weather patterns and climatic shifts the
127:18 impact of these seasonal changes on
127:20 Uranus's atmosphere is Prov profound
127:22 when the sun illuminates the planet
127:24 surface it warms the atmosphere creating
127:27 colossal storms and dynamic Cloud
127:30 systems these atmospheric phenomena are
127:32 not static they evolve and change with
127:36 the seasons painting an Ever Changing
127:38 portrait of the planet among the most
127:41 striking features are the bright Cloud
127:43 tops that appear when the sun
127:45 illuminates the planet's
127:47 atmosphere these clouds composed of
127:49 Frozen methane and other gases reflect
127:52 sunlight creating a dazzling spectacle
127:55 conversely Dark Storm patches that look
127:58 like giant hurricanes roam the planet's
128:04 surface moreover the planet's seasonal
128:07 phenomena affect not only the planet
128:08 itself but also its
128:10 moons one recent study of Uranus's moons
128:14 or rather a phenomenon that's
128:15 particularly intriguing is the
128:17 development of temporary atmospheres on
128:19 these moons a spectacle caused by the
128:22 unique conditions of the Uranus system
128:24 the key to understanding these temporary
128:27 atmospheres lies in the extreme tilt of
128:29 Uranus's axis and its effect on the
128:32 satellites
128:33 orbits as these satellites orbit the
128:36 planet they experience dramatic changes
128:38 in solar exposure alternating between
128:41 long periods of intense sunlight and
128:43 prolonged
128:45 Darkness during the long summer exposed
128:48 to sunlight the icy surfaces of these
128:50 satellites undergo a process known as
128:53 sublimation the ice composed mainly of
128:56 water methane and carbon dioxide
128:59 transforms directly from solid to a gas
129:02 bypassing the liquid phase this
129:04 sublimation creates thin temporary
129:07 atmospheres or exospheres that envelop
129:10 the
129:11 satellites these exospheres are most
129:14 pronounced when moons are
129:16 warmest Recent research by the James web
129:18 Space Telescope shows that this
129:20 phenomena is more more Dynamic and
129:22 complex than previously thought
129:25 exospheres are heterogenous they vary in
129:28 composition and density depending on the
129:30 Topography of the moons and the
129:32 intensity of solar
129:34 radiation as the satellites enter their
129:36 winter phase the exospheres gradually
129:39 dissipate gases recondense on the
129:42 surface returning to an icy
129:45 State this cycle of atmosphere creation
129:48 and disappearance is a unique character
129:51 istic of Uranus's satellites opening a
129:54 window into the interaction between
129:56 solar radiation and surface
130:02 ice the rings of Uranus Often
130:05 overshadowed by The Majestic rings of
130:07 Saturn hold their own tale of cosmic
130:10 Intrigue and
130:12 dynamism a recent comparative study of
130:14 the Rings of Uranus Saturn and Jupiter
130:17 sheds new light on these lesser known
130:19 but no less fascinating Celestial
130:22 features in contrast to the wide and
130:24 bright rings of Saturn the rings of
130:26 Uranus are narrow dim and less extensive
130:30 extending to four planetary
130:32 radi this includes elusive Rings such as
130:36 the MU and new
130:38 Rings the study delves into the
130:40 gravitational influence of Uranus's main
130:43 satellites on these Rings a key factor
130:45 in their formation and evolution the
130:48 significant influence of Uranus's five
130:50 major satellites Miranda Ariel umel
130:54 Titania and Oberon plays a central role
130:57 in the history of the
130:58 Rings these satellites much more massive
131:02 than their smaller counterparts dominate
131:04 the gravitational Dynamics within the
131:06 Uranus system their positions and masses
131:09 relative to Uranus provide a better
131:12 understanding of the formation of the
131:13 satellites and the gravitational
131:15 formation of the Rings the formation of
131:18 Uranus's rings is attributed to a
131:20 combination of processes including
131:22 collisions satellite breakup and gas
131:25 release from the main
131:27 satellites these dynamical processes
131:30 affect the material composition of the
131:31 Rings and are influenced by the
131:33 everchanging environment of the Uranus
131:36 system the stability of the Rings is
131:39 intrinsically linked to their dynamical
131:41 interactions with the satellites of
131:43 Uranus the study examines how
131:45 accretionary processes occur within the
131:48 RO limit and how the Dynamics of
131:50 shepherding moons play a crucial role in
131:53 maintaining the Rings in addition the
131:56 Rings provide a unique opportunity to
131:59 understand the internal structure of
132:00 Uranus through seismological studies
132:03 modeling results show how these
132:05 satellites shape the ring system
132:07 affecting its structure and stability
132:09 over time the modeling predicts
132:11 significant material loss within the
132:13 ring system primarily due to
132:15 gravitational interaction with the
132:18 satellites The Complex dance between
132:20 Moon and Rings is a key aspect of the
132:23 uranous system the dynamic exclusion
132:26 zones created by the satellites and the
132:29 influence of these zones on the material
132:31 distribution of the Rings are crucial to
132:33 understanding the structure and the
132:35 evolution of the
132:37 Rings the study also examines the role
132:39 of satellite to satellite interactions
132:42 in the evolution of the system
132:44 especially past resonances between
132:46 satellites such as Ariel and umbel and
132:49 their impact on the orbits and GE ology
132:51 of satellites especially
132:57 Miranda but the Mysteries surrounding
132:59 this planet don't end there you've
133:01 probably heard of the Aurora Borealis
133:03 well the latest Discovery concerns the
133:05 auroras of Uranus which also has them
133:09 however its auroras unlike Earths occur
133:12 in the infrared
133:14 Spectrum using the keku telescope
133:17 astronomers observed enhanced emissions
133:19 of trihydrogen in the planet's
133:22 atmosphere this is a groundbreaking
133:24 discovery that sheds light on the unique
133:26 magnetic field and dynamics of Uranus's
133:31 atmosphere Uranus's magnetic field which
133:33 is significantly deflected from the
133:35 planet's axis of rotation creates a
133:38 unique coupling of the magnetosphere
133:41 ionosphere and
133:43 thermosphere the detection of these
133:45 infrared auroras is crucial because it
133:47 opens up a new window into these
133:49 processes previous ly elusive due to the
133:52 lack of such detections on
133:55 Uranus comparing the polar auroras of
133:57 Uranus with those of Jupiter and Saturn
134:00 reveals their different
134:02 characteristics unlike Jupiter where the
134:04 H3 plus emissions have short lifetimes
134:07 that smooth out the variability of the
134:09 UV emission the brightest infrared
134:11 emissions of Uranus do not necessarily
134:14 coincide with the brightest UV emissions
134:16 of the other
134:17 planets this unique aspect of Uranus's
134:20 polar lights provides valuable
134:23 information for exoplanet studies
134:25 especially for the worlds of warm ice
134:28 giants the study delves deeper into the
134:31 unusual heat spots on Uranus observed
134:34 near the latitudes of the UV Northern
134:36 Lights these spots analyzed for
134:39 temperature column density and total
134:41 emission suggest that the enhancement is
134:44 not caused by temperature but rather by
134:46 increased ionization probably due to
134:49 Polar Aurora activity
134:51 polar lights play a significant role in
134:54 heating the atmosphere and on Uranus The
134:57 increased H3 plus emissions associated
134:59 with these auroras suggest their
135:01 involvement in atmospheric
135:04 processes by studying such unique things
135:07 we gain a deeper understanding of
135:08 similar processes in different planetary
135:11 environments enriching our knowledge of
135:13 how auroras shape planetary atmospheres
135:16 affecting not only thermal properties
135:18 but also the overall dynamics of the
135:20 ionis spere and
135:23 [Music]
135:26 magnetosphere in the quest one rvel the
135:29 mysteries of our solar system the ice
135:31 giants Uranus and Neptune are distant
135:34 Enigma beckoning closer
135:36 exploration Recent research including a
135:39 fresh analysis of Voyager images has
135:41 revealed that the two planets actually
135:44 have similar shades of greenish blue
135:46 color fundamentally changing our
135:48 long-held beliefs Uranus and nept tun
135:51 share many common characteristics
135:53 they're roughly the same size have the
135:55 same mass and are surrounded by Deep
135:57 atmospheres of comparable
136:00 materials nevertheless it was long
136:02 thought that their appearance was quite
136:03 different this misconception has now
136:06 been corrected both planets are shown in
136:09 their true colors largely influenced by
136:11 the methane layer in their
136:14 atmospheres the need for a dedicated
136:16 mission to Uranus has never been greater
136:19 such a mission would not only deepen in
136:21 our understanding of the planet itself
136:23 but also provide a comparative view of
136:25 Neptune and other similar icy
136:29 Giants the mission's potential goals
136:31 range from studying the unique magnetic
136:34 field and complex ring system to
136:36 investigating atmospheric Dynamics and
136:38 internal structure in an important
136:41 achievement for Planetary Exploration
136:43 the Uranus Orbiter and probe Mission has
136:46 been elevated to the highest priority
136:48 for NASA Flagship Mission Within the
136:51 2023 2032 planetary science decadal
136:55 survey future launch Windows are
136:58 available between 2030 and
137:01 2034 key science goals will include a
137:03 detailed analysis of the unusual tilt of
137:06 Uranus's axis and its effect on the
137:08 planet's climate and weather
137:10 patterns the mission can also study the
137:13 Intriguing phenomena of infrared auroras
137:16 and their role in heating the atmosphere
137:19 providing a comparative study with other
137:22 planets studying Uranus and Neptune will
137:26 also provide valuable information about
137:29 planetary Evolution and
137:32 Dynamics understanding why Uranus
137:34 appears slightly wider perhaps due to
137:36 its more stagnant atmosphere allowing
137:38 methane Haze to accumulate can tell us a
137:41 lot about atmospheric processes on the
137:43 ice
137:44 giants as we await a future mission to
137:47 Uranus we stand on the threshold of
137:50 discoveries that could would redefine
137:51 our understanding of the gouter solar
137:54 system exploring this distant ice giant
137:57 will not only unravel its Mysteries but
137:59 will also expand our knowledge of
138:01 planetology as a whole shedding light on
138:04 the complex picture of our Cosmic
138:12 home there's an interesting mystery in
138:14 our world generated by the equations of
138:17 Einstein's general theory of relativity
138:19 it's the theoretic iCal analog of the
138:21 black hole familiar to many we call it a
138:25 white hole imagine a region of space
138:28 where unlike an all consuming black hole
138:31 nothing can penetrate Instead This
138:34 Cosmic anomaly defies our expectations
138:37 by ejecting matter and energy glowing
138:41 violently on the dark canvas of space in
138:45 a universe governed by the concept of an
138:47 arrow of time where events flow from
138:50 past to Future a white hole is a
138:52 tantalizing Paradox it's like watching a
138:56 space movie In Reverse where the rules
138:58 of gravity and time seem to be Rewritten
139:01 but are these Celestial wonders just
139:04 mathematical Curiosities or do they hold
139:07 the key to understanding the deeper
139:09 truths of our universe let us delve into
139:13 the mysteries of white holes exploring
139:15 their theoretical underpinnings their
139:18 enigmatic characteristics and their
139:20 their potential role in the great
139:22 history of the
139:25 universe in the early 20th century
139:28 Albert Einstein revolutionized our
139:30 understanding of the universe by
139:32 creating the general theory of
139:34 relativity this groundbreaking theory
139:36 proposed a radical idea gravity is not a
139:39 force pulling objects together but
139:42 rather a curvature of space-time caused
139:45 by mass and energy imagine SpaceTime as
139:48 a fabric stretched like a cosm
139:51 trampoline when an object of mass such
139:53 as a star or Planet lands on this fabric
139:56 it causes a dip this curvature directs
140:00 the motion of other objects which Move
140:02 Along curved trajectories in SpaceTime
140:05 this is gravity as Einstein envisioned
140:08 it Einstein's theory led to the
140:11 prediction of black holes regions in
140:13 space with a gravitational pull is so
140:16 strong that nothing not even light can
140:19 escape these Cosmic Giants form when
140:22 massive stars collapse under their
140:24 gravity distorting SpaceTime to the
140:27 extreme introducing Carl Schwarz child
140:30 child a brilliant physicist who while
140:32 fighting in World War I found an
140:34 interesting solution to Einstein's
140:36 equations Swartz child solution
140:38 described SpaceTime around a spherical
140:40 nonrotating Mass such as a star Schwartz
140:44 child work laid the foundation for
140:46 understanding black holes but it also
140:49 hinted at something even more more
140:51 mysterious if a black hole is a region
140:54 from which nothing can escape could its
140:56 polar opposite exist a region where
140:58 nothing can enter but only leave this
141:01 led to the birth of the concept of a
141:03 white hole just as a black hole is the
141:06 end point of gravitational collapse a
141:08 white hole can be thought of as a
141:10 reverse black hole a cosmic Fountain
141:13 ejecting matter and energy however
141:16 unlike black holes which have already
141:18 been observed white holes remain a
141:20 theoretical concept A tantalizing
141:23 possibility in the vast Cosmic
141:27 mystery in the field of astrophysics the
141:30 path from mathematical abstraction to
141:33 physical reality is often long and
141:35 difficult and white holes are no
141:37 exception these theoretical entities
141:40 arise from the complex equations of the
141:42 general theory of relativity the same
141:44 mathematical structure that predicts the
141:46 existence of black holes the math of
141:48 white holes is robust
141:51 but it's like a jigsaw puzzle with
141:53 missing pieces we understand their
141:55 theoretical basis but the real challenge
141:57 is to relate these mathematical models
142:00 to observable
142:02 phenomena imagine a universe in which
142:05 instead of collapsing inward a region of
142:07 SpaceTime does the opposite it
142:10 explosively ejects matter and energy
142:13 this is the essence of a white hole a
142:15 mirror image of a black hole in which
142:18 the flow of time and matter is reversed
142:21 but can these mathematical abstractions
142:23 exist in our physical reality the debate
142:26 among scientists is ongoing and
142:29 multifaceted some theorists suggest that
142:32 white holes may be remnants of the early
142:34 Universe exotic structures woven into
142:36 the fabric of SpaceTime itself others
142:40 suggest they may represent the other end
142:42 of a black hole a kind of cosmic exit
142:45 door from which matter and energy
142:47 reappear after being swallowed up by the
142:49 black hole
142:51 the novel idea of quantum gravity
142:53 suggests that as a black hole evaporates
142:56 over many epochs losing mass it may
142:59 reach a point at which it can no longer
143:01 sustain itself as a black hole at that
143:03 point it may turn into a white hole
143:06 releasing the trapped contents back into
143:09 the universe however there are serious
143:12 problems with the physical existence of
143:14 white holes the laws of thermodynamics
143:17 especially the concept of entropy
143:19 presents a serious obstacle entropy a
143:22 measure of disorder tends to increase in
143:24 the universe white holes by their nature
143:28 decrease entropy which contradicts this
143:31 fundamental principle moreover the
143:33 stability of white holes is a
143:35 controversial issue some theories
143:37 suggest that if they did form they'd be
143:40 extremely unstable and would probably
143:43 collapse almost instantaneously into
143:45 black holes in outer space white holes
143:48 represent one of the most enigmatic and
143:51 paradoxical Concepts these mirror images
143:54 of black holes have characteristics that
143:57 challenge our traditional understanding
143:59 of physics let us understand in more
144:01 detail what is the concept of a white
144:04 hole in theoretical physics at the heart
144:07 of a white hole is its Event Horizon a
144:10 boundary not of inescapability as it is
144:13 with black holes but of
144:16 impenetrability this event horizon marks
144:18 the point where matter and energy are
144:21 ejected creating a spectacle of cosmic
144:24 proportions unlike a black hole which
144:26 takes over everything a white hole is
144:29 the source of the expulsion the cosmic
144:31 Fountain from which matter and energy
144:34 arise one of the most intriguing aspects
144:36 of white holes is the concept of time
144:39 reversal in the universe time usually
144:41 Flows In One Direction from the past to
144:44 the Future however white holes seem to
144:47 reverse this flow it's like watching a
144:50 Space movie played backwards where the
144:53 usual rules of time and space are
144:57 reversed deepening into the nature of
144:59 white holes we realm of paradoxes and
145:03 problems one of the most important is
145:05 their connection with the previously
145:06 mentioned entropy according to the
145:08 second principle of thermodynamics
145:10 entropy or the measure of disorder
145:13 should always increase in a closed
145:15 system however white holes seem to
145:18 ignore this law decreasing ENT ropy and
145:21 ejecting matter in an ordered State this
145:24 apparent violation of thermodynamic laws
145:27 presents a serious problem for our
145:29 understanding of physical processes in
145:31 the universe how can such an object as a
145:33 white hole exist if it contradicts such
145:35 a fundamental principle another Paradox
145:38 lies in the concept of the arrow of time
145:41 where the Universe moves inexorably
145:43 forward in time white holes suggest a
145:46 scenario in which time can flow backward
145:49 at least from a certain point of view
145:51 this concept breaks not only our
145:54 understanding of time but also the very
145:56 nature of causality in the
145:58 universe let us summarize the
146:00 characteristics of white holes their
146:02 event Horizons the expulsion of matter
146:05 and the concept of time reversal present
146:07 a fascinating but paradoxical picture
146:10 for theories that while we're looking to
146:12 solve these problems white holes remain
146:14 in the realm of theoretical
146:18 physics as we delve deep into the
146:20 mysteries of the cosmos the concept of
146:22 white holes invites us to rethink our
146:25 understanding of the universe these
146:27 theoretical objects are not just
146:29 surprising anomalies they may have
146:31 profound cosmological
146:33 implications consider the Big Bang the
146:36 Colossal explosion that marked the
146:38 beginning of our universe some theorists
146:40 suggest that this pivotal moment in
146:43 Cosmic history was not just a random
146:45 explosion but that the event may have
146:47 been a white hole of unimagined aable
146:50 magnitude an eruption of matter and
146:53 energy that gave birth to the cosmos
146:56 this view offers a radical new
146:59 interpretation of the origin of our
147:00 universe suggesting that white holes may
147:03 play a role in Cosmic
147:05 Genesis imagine a white hole not just as
147:08 a theoretical construct but as the very
147:11 source of the creation of our universe
147:13 in this scenario the Big Bang could be
147:16 envisioned as a white hole of
147:18 unfathomable scale spewing out matter
147:21 energy and SpaceTime that subsequently
147:24 evolved into the Stars galaxies and
147:27 planets we observe today this view
147:30 offers a radical rethinking of the Big
147:32 Bang instead of an undefined Singularity
147:35 we have a white hole an entity defined
147:38 by the laws of physics albeit in a form
147:41 that stretches our understanding to its
147:43 limits this white hole may have been the
147:46 first Spark that set the stage for
147:48 subsequent Cosmic evolution
147:51 if the Big Bang was indeed a white hole
147:54 it raises profound questions about the
147:56 nature of our universe what was the
147:58 source of this white hole was it the
148:01 result of a collapse of the universe
148:03 From Another Dimension or the result of
148:05 processes beyond our current scientific
148:08 understanding this concept also changes
148:10 our perception of time and causality if
148:14 the Big Bang was a white hole it
148:16 suggests the existence of a universe
148:18 with a more complex timeline
148:20 in which the beginning and end of cosmic
148:23 phenomena are intertwined in ways we've
148:25 yet to understand this idea of the Big
148:29 Bang is a white hole organically
148:31 combines with the big bounce Theory
148:34 According to which the beginning of our
148:35 universe may be the result of the
148:37 collapse of the previous Universe it
148:40 unites the idea of cyclical universes
148:42 suggesting that each Cosmic end can give
148:45 rise to A New Beginning similar to the
148:48 explosive Genesis of a white hole
148:50 the existence of white holes may also
148:52 confirm the concept of parallel
148:55 universes if white holes can eject
148:57 matter and energy could they be a
148:59 gateway to other universes this
149:01 possibility is related to the Multiverse
149:04 Theory which postulates the existence of
149:06 multiple possibly infinite universes
149:09 along with our own in parallel universes
149:12 there may be different versions of
149:14 physics alternate histories and perhaps
149:17 even variations of ourselves another
149:20 intriguing connection relates to
149:21 wormholes hypothetical tunnels in
149:25 SpaceTime theoretical models suggest
149:27 that worm holes could link distant
149:29 regions of space and perhaps even
149:31 different universes if white holes are
149:34 connected to wormholes they could serve
149:36 as Cosmic portals opening paths to
149:39 remote corners of the universe or other
149:42 dimensions altogether this connection
149:44 raises tantalizing questions about the
149:46 nature of space and time could white
149:49 holes and wormholes allow travel over
149:52 vast Cosmic distances or even between
149:55 different
149:56 universes looking into the future of
149:58 astrophysics we see that at the moment
150:01 there's a lot of scientific research in
150:03 one way or another affecting the subject
150:05 of white holes but two research papers
150:08 Stand Out Among the rest shedding light
150:10 on the mysterious nature of these Cosmic
150:12 objects and offering new ideas and
150:14 possibilities that could revolutionize
150:16 our understanding of white holes the
150:19 first paper takes us on our journey to
150:21 the very edge of black and white holes
150:24 exploring the close connections between
150:26 them and refocusing on the physics
150:28 occurring near their Horizons the
150:30 authors introduced the concept of
150:32 horizon penetrating coordinate systems a
150:35 revolutionary approach that allows us to
150:38 distinguish between the horizons of
150:40 black and white holes they differ from
150:42 standard curvature coordinates in a
150:44 small near Horizon region to emphasize
150:47 the distinction between black and white
150:50 Horizons which depends on near Horizon
150:52 physics the study suggests that black
150:55 holes may not be the cosmic dead ends we
150:57 once thought instead they may be in
151:00 Quantum superposition with white holes
151:03 creating a scenario in which observed
151:06 phenomena May hint at the existence of
151:08 these theoretical white
151:11 counterparts the paper also delves into
151:13 the role of quantum physics in these
151:15 near Horizon regions suggesting that
151:17 Quantum effects May dominate leading to
151:20 significant implications for our
151:22 understanding of white holes however the
151:24 authors emphasize that there's a problem
151:26 in observational astrophysics in which
151:29 there is substantial observational
151:31 evidence for black holes but relatively
151:33 weak observational support for white
151:36 holes moving on to the second paper
151:38 titled new black to white hle Solutions
151:41 with improved geometry and energy
151:43 conditions we find that the focus here
151:45 is on the way to convert black holes
151:48 into white holes Guided by the
151:50 principles of quantum gravity this study
151:52 presents models in which the effects of
151:54 quantum gravity prevent the formation of
151:56 singularities inside black holes
151:59 providing a smooth transition to white
152:01 holes this solves the long-standing
152:04 Paradox of information losss by assuming
152:06 that matter can pass through a black
152:08 hole and appear in a white hole the
152:11 paper also explores geodesics Within
152:13 These models confirming the completeness
152:15 of particle trajectories in the
152:17 transition from the black hole region to
152:19 the white hole region this supports the
152:21 idea of a continuous unimpeded flow of
152:24 matter changing our understanding of
152:26 these Cosmic
152:28 phenomena by integrating these
152:30 theoretical developments with emerging
152:32 Technologies we stand on the threshold
152:34 of a new era in
152:37 astrophysics the future of white hole
152:39 research promises to reveal new aspects
152:41 of the universe where the boundaries
152:43 between quantum mechanics and general
152:46 relativity are
152:47 blurring to summarize we can say that
152:50 the future of white hole research is
152:52 very bright who knows perhaps very soon
152:55 we'll be able to discover indirect
152:57 evidence for the existence of these
152:59 intriguing
153:04 objects are we alone this question is in
153:07 some ways as old as the Starlight that
153:10 travels through the eons to reach us
153:13 since the earliest civilizations our
153:15 ancestors have looked up at the night
153:17 sky and wonder their imagination fired
153:20 by the flickering lights
153:22 overhead today armed with the power of
153:25 modern science and technology we still
153:28 await the answer to this age-old
153:30 question but our goal is not just to
153:32 find primitive life but to discover The
153:35 Whispers of civilizations that might
153:37 share this Grand Cosmic stage with us
153:41 the Breakthrough listen project the most
153:44 ambitious search for these Whispers
153:46 techn signatures is pushing the limits
153:48 of our hearing in an attempt to capture
153:51 the murmurs of extraterrestrial
153:55 life as we stand to this Crossroads of
153:58 Discovery several teams of scientists in
154:00 the Breakthrough listen study and other
154:02 seti projects have already published
154:04 several scientific papers moving us
154:06 closer to answering this
154:08 question so how close are we to the goal
154:11 in this Grand Quest what non-trivial
154:14 decisions have been made to ensure a
154:16 seamless search for signals and improve
154:19 our chances let's get to the bottom of
154:22 it in our Celestial Odyssey to unlock
154:25 the mysteries of Life Beyond earth
154:27 scientists have charted two major paths
154:30 across the cosmic Seas the search for
154:32 Bio signatures and the search for
154:35 technos
154:36 signatures each path offers a unique
154:39 lens through which to view the potential
154:41 for life in the universe Guided by the
154:43 principles of astrobiology and the
154:46 Advanced Technologies at our disposal
154:50 bios signatures the chemical
154:51 Fingerprints of Life serve as beacons in
154:54 our search for biological activity on
154:56 Distant Worlds these signatures are not
154:59 just markers but signs of complex
155:01 interactions between living organisms
155:04 and the environment every molecule from
155:07 the oxygen and ozone created by
155:10 photosynthetic life forms to the methane
155:12 and carbon dioxide produced by
155:14 biological and geological processes
155:17 carries a story of potential
155:20 life the James Webb Space Telescope jwst
155:24 with its unprecedented sensitivity to
155:26 the infrared spectrum is our most
155:29 advanced Scout in this
155:31 endeavor using transmission spectroscopy
155:34 jwst can analyze dissect light from
155:38 distant stars as it passes through the
155:40 atmospheres of orbiting
155:42 exoplanets this light Bears the
155:44 Fingerprints of various molecules each
155:47 absorbing certain wavelengths and
155:49 leaving behind a spectral signature that
155:51 jwst can detect and
155:54 analyze peering into the depths of space
155:57 jwst searches out these spectral lines
156:00 with Precision allowing us to infer the
156:03 presence of water vapor carbon dioxide
156:06 methane and other potential bio
156:08 signatures in the atmospheres of
156:10 exoplanets this method not only hints at
156:13 the possibility of life but also
156:15 provides insight into the atmospheric
156:17 composition climate and habitability of
156:20 these Distant
156:21 Worlds parallel to the search for Bio
156:24 signatures is the search for techn
156:26 signatures the Hallmarks of advanced
156:29 technological
156:30 civilizations unlike bio signatures
156:33 which indicate the presence of life in
156:34 any form techn signatures suggest a leap
156:37 to complexity where life has evolved to
156:40 use and manipulate its environment in
156:43 profound ways from radio signals to Mega
156:46 structures orbiting distant Stars techno
156:49 signatures embody the potential to
156:50 detect not only life but also societies
156:54 that may have mastered the art of cosmic
156:57 communication the pursuit of techn
156:59 signature spans the Galaxy initiatives
157:02 like the Breakthrough listen project
157:03 utilize vast networks of radio
157:06 telescopes to listen to and EES drop
157:09 through space these telescopes scan the
157:12 sky for narrowband radio signals
157:14 anomalies in the natural Cosmic Radio
157:17 phone that may indicate deliberate
157:19 Transmissions from intelligent
157:26 beings bio signatures are Whispers of
157:29 Life embedded in the fabric of a
157:31 planet's atmosphere providing a glimpse
157:33 into invisible worlds orbiting distant
157:37 Stars among the vast number of potential
157:40 bio signatures four stand out for their
157:42 significance oxygen and ozone phosphine
157:46 and ammonia methane and carbon dioxide
157:50 and mysterious unexpected combinations
157:52 of
157:54 molecules oxygen the Breath of Life on
157:57 our planet and its companion ozone form
158:01 the first pair of key bio
158:03 signatures on Earth oxygen is a
158:06 byproduct of photosynthesis the process
158:08 that formed our atmosphere and allowed
158:11 life to thrive the presence of ozone a
158:14 molecule formed from oxygen by the sun's
158:16 ultraviolet radiation provides a prote
158:19 active layer shielding the surface from
158:21 harmful
158:23 radiation the discovery of these
158:25 molecules in the atmosphere of an
158:26 exoplanet could indicate the presence of
158:29 a thriving biosphere perhaps similar to
158:32 our
158:33 own phosphine and ammonia less common
158:37 but no less intriguing represent a
158:39 second pair of Bio
158:40 signatures phosphine a gas associated
158:43 with anerobic ecosystems on Earth has
158:46 been proposed as a potential marker of
158:48 biological activity ity on other
158:50 planets ammonia another molecule with
158:53 biological ties May indicate the
158:56 presence of life especially in
158:57 environments where it's not expected to
159:00 exist in significant quantities due to
159:02 non-biological
159:05 processes methane and carbon dioxide
159:08 form the third Cornerstone of our
159:10 quartet of BIOS
159:12 signatures methane a potent greenhouse
159:15 gas can be produced both biologically by
159:18 organisms such as methanogens and
159:21 abiotically by geologic
159:25 processes carbon dioxide a critical
159:27 component of Earth's carbon cycle is a
159:30 product of respiration and volcanic
159:33 activity the simultaneous presence of
159:35 methane and carbon dioxide especially in
159:38 unexpected ratios May hint at biological
159:42 processes in
159:44 nature finally with the fourth point we
159:47 move into the realm of unexpected combin
159:49 ations of molecules methane and carbon
159:52 dioxide which cannot be stably present
159:55 in more or less large quantities
159:57 simultaneously without being transformed
159:59 into other substances such combinations
160:02 defy conventional expectations and point
160:05 to the possibility of Life functioning
160:07 based on alien biochemical
160:11 processes the James web Space Telescope
160:15 jwst Humanity's most advanced
160:17 Observatory is designed to study the
160:19 atmospheres of exoplanets in search of
160:21 these very bio signatures using
160:24 transmission spectroscopy jwst studies
160:28 light from a star as it passes through a
160:30 planet's atmosphere during its Transit
160:33 when light passes through atmosphere a
160:35 gases certain wavelengths are absorbed
160:38 by the molecules leaving behind a
160:40 spectral fingerprint that jwst can
160:43 detect and analyze
160:49 on the other hand techn signatures like
160:51 the Fingerprints of advanced
160:53 civilizations offer a different path in
160:56 our quest to discover not just life but
160:58 societies that have reached a level of
161:01 technological sophistication perhaps
161:03 similar to or or even Superior to our
161:06 own unlike bio signatures which hint at
161:10 the mere presence of Life techno
161:12 signatures speak of the ability of
161:14 civilizations to alter the environment
161:17 on a grand scale Comm communicate across
161:20 the stars and harness energy in ways
161:22 we're only beginning to
161:25 imagine techn signatures cover a wide
161:28 range of signals and structures from
161:31 radio waves unintentionally emitted by a
161:33 planet's communication networks to
161:36 deliberate beacons aimed at the stars
161:38 from colossal energy collectors known as
161:41 Dyson spheres to the barely perceptible
161:45 glow of city lights on the exoplanet's
161:47 night side these signatures if detected
161:51 will not only indicate the presence of
161:52 life but will also provide deep insights
161:55 into the technological capabilities of
161:57 alien
161:59 civilizations our own planet is a prime
162:01 example of a world teaming with techno
162:04 signatures every radio broadcast every
162:07 satellite and every piece of space
162:09 debris orbiting the Earth creates a
162:11 symphony of signals that to the distant
162:14 Observer unmistakably indicate the
162:16 presence of an advanced civilization
162:19 the very fabric of our daily lives from
162:22 Global Communications networks to space
162:24 probes venturing into the unknown
162:27 generates a Cascade of signals that
162:29 radiate out into space making our
162:32 presence known to all who can hear
162:34 us but why are techn signatures a more
162:38 accurate way to search for
162:39 technologically advanced civilizations
162:42 the answer lies in their specificity and
162:45 the intentional or significant nature of
162:47 the signals and structures they
162:48 represent
162:50 while bios signatures can occur from
162:52 simple microbial life to complex
162:54 ecosystems technos signatures clearly
162:57 indicate a level of technological
162:59 development and
163:02 intent the discovery of a techno
163:04 signature not only confirms the
163:06 existence of life but also indicates
163:08 that this life has crossed the threshold
163:11 of cognitive and technological
163:13 capability engaging in activities that
163:16 leave an indelible mark on the cosmic
163:18 canvas
163:24 breakthrough listen was launched in 2016
163:27 with an ambitious mission to scour the
163:29 cosmos for signs of technologically
163:31 advanced civilizations the project
163:34 represents one of the most comprehensive
163:36 searches for alien techno signatures
163:38 ever
163:39 undertaken armed with state-of-the-art
163:42 technology and unprecedented scope the
163:45 project utilizes some of the most
163:46 powerful radio telescopes in the world
163:49 including the green Bank telescope and
163:52 Parks
163:53 Observatory these colossal ears tune to
163:57 the quiet Whispers of the universe can
163:59 detect a range of signals from faint
164:02 radio emissions from distant stars to
164:05 potential Transmissions of
164:07 extraterrestrial origin at the heart of
164:10 the mission is the desire to detect
164:11 tecto signatures signals that by their
164:15 nature can only be produced by
164:17 technological means these can range from
164:20 narrow band radio signals that differ
164:22 from the natural background noise of
164:23 space to powerful laser pulses that cut
164:27 through Cosmic
164:29 clutter the project had previously
164:31 focused on the Milky Way galaxy for
164:33 strategic reasons to begin the search in
164:36 our Cosmic neighborhood where such
164:38 signals may be strongest and most
164:40 detectable the Milky Way with its
164:42 billions of stars provides fertile
164:45 ground for such work each observable
164:48 star is a potential poal Sun for other
164:50 planets each planet a potential cradle
164:53 for Life as we know it or life yet to Be
164:57 Imagined the project was originally
164:59 designed not just to search for signals
165:01 in our galaxy but to explore in depth
165:05 the nature of life and intelligence in
165:07 the
165:12 universe sifting through the cosmic
165:14 expanse of the Milky Way looking for
165:16 signs of life is akin to searching for a
165:19 single word spoken in a whisper in the
165:23 middle of a bustling metropolis a galaxy
165:26 of about 100 billion stars can easily
165:29 conceal the signals of other
165:31 civilizations the task of monitoring
165:33 such a vast array of targets for techno
165:35 signatures is Monumental not only
165:38 because of the large number of stars but
165:40 also because of the complex array of
165:41 cosmic phenomena that can obscure or
165:44 mimic the signals we are looking
165:47 for the problem is compounded by the
165:50 limitations of our current technology
165:52 and the limited resources at our
165:54 disposal even with the most advanced
165:57 radio telescopes we can only listen to a
165:59 small fraction of the stars in the
166:01 galaxy at any given time huge distances
166:05 dilute the signals making them fainter
166:07 as light years pass and various natural
166:10 Cosmic phenomena such as the emission
166:12 from pulsars and nebuli add further
166:14 complexity to the
166:16 search in the face of these challenges
166:19 astronomers and scientists have looked
166:21 beyond the familiar boundaries of the
166:23 Milky Way To The Wider Universe by
166:27 observing galaxies as individual
166:29 entities each made up of billions of
166:31 stars we can try to pick up the
166:33 cumulative signals of advanced
166:36 civilizations this extra Galactic
166:38 strategy is based on the premise that a
166:40 sufficiently advanced civilization can
166:43 harness technologies that affect its
166:45 entire galaxy from building Mega
166:48 structures white Dyson spheres to
166:50 harnessing the energy of super massive
166:52 black
166:53 holes such grandiose Endeavors could
166:56 lead to techn signatures that in theory
166:59 could be found in vast Intergalactic
167:04 voids the transition to extra Galactic
167:07 studies comes with some challenges from
167:10 even greater distances to the need for
167:12 more sensitive instruments and more
167:15 sophisticated methods of data
167:17 analysis now nevertheless each Galaxy
167:20 observed and each data set analyzed
167:23 brings us closer to understanding
167:25 whether we're truly alone in the
167:27 universe or part of a grander galactic
167:36 World extra Galactic exploration is
167:39 exactly what Carmen chosa and her team
167:41 did in
167:43 2023 using the Robert SE bird Green Bank
167:46 telescope the team has embarked on an
167:48 ambitious mission to observe the centers
167:50 of 97 nearby galaxies studying them for
167:54 5 years this work one of the largest of
167:57 its kind used to search for narrow band
167:59 Doppler drift in four frequency bands
168:02 from 1 to 11
168:04 GHz the goal was to detect signals that
168:08 could come from civilizations capable of
168:10 using energy equivalent to that of a
168:11 kardashev type 2
168:14 civilization the most important aspect
168:17 of this study was the implement a of a
168:19 turbo setti pipeline a sophisticated
168:22 tool designed to search for Doppler
168:24 drift this pipeline played a crucial
168:27 role in analyzing the vast amount of
168:29 data collected during the study to
168:31 combat the persistent problem of radio
168:33 frequency interference called RFI which
168:36 often mimics extraterrestrial signals
168:39 the team adopted an onsource off-source
168:42 Cadence pattern this method involves
168:45 alternating between observations of a
168:47 Target Galaxy on source and a nearby
168:50 region devoid of the Target off source
168:54 and is repeated three times for each
168:56 Galaxy because RF interference and
168:59 localized noise are present regardless
169:01 of the telescope's pointing they'll
169:03 appear in both onsource and off-source
169:07 observations in contrast a true
169:10 astronomical signal should only manifest
169:12 itself in observations from the source
169:15 and not in the observations Beyond The
169:17 Source this approach helped to
169:19 distinguish real astronomical signals
169:22 from terrestrial interference which
169:24 improve the reliability of the
169:27 results despite careful methodology and
169:29 advanced technology the study faced
169:32 significant challenges primarily due to
169:35 radio frequency interference the team's
169:37 Innovative radio interference mitigation
169:40 strategies including signal injection
169:43 and Recovery tests were crucial in
169:45 differentiating terrestrial and
169:47 potential extr terrestrial
169:50 signals these efforts emphasize the
169:52 difficulty of finding techno signatures
169:55 especially since signals must be
169:56 significantly more powerful than those
169:58 detectable within our galaxy to be
170:01 considered extra
170:04 Galactic the exhaustive search resulted
170:06 in 6,
170:09 34,313 hits across all observed
170:13 galaxies these matches represent cases
170:16 where the data analysis pipeline has
170:18 ident identified signals that
170:19 potentially stand out from the
170:21 background noise and maybe of interest
170:23 for further
170:25 study from the original 6,
170:28 34,313 matches further refinement and
170:32 Analysis using a computer algorithm
170:34 narrowed the field to 1, 1519 events of
170:38 particular interest these events were
170:41 then scrutinized by the research team
170:43 which attempted to distinguish potential
170:45 extraterrestrial signals from the all
170:47 pervasive r R fi noise despite the
170:51 complexity the team eventually concluded
170:53 that all
170:55 1,519 events were associated with
170:58 terrestrial sources or natural Cosmic
171:02 phenomena however the work done by chosa
171:05 and her team not only illuminates the
171:08 path we've traveled but also beckons us
171:10 to New
171:11 Horizons the ability to reanalyze data
171:14 through the subtle prism of machine
171:16 learning promises us a chance to uncover
171:19 signals that previously remained obscure
171:22 or were perceived as
171:24 noise this changing landscape of seti
171:27 research constantly enriched by
171:29 technological innovation invites us to
171:32 look
171:33 deeper as we move forward armed with
171:36 improved tools and a deeper
171:38 understanding of the challenges that
171:39 await us the search for extraterrestrial
171:42 techos signatures
171:45 continues in the meantime we'll be
171:47 eagerly aw waiting new opportunities to
171:50 solve the mysteries of the
171:56 cosmos in the shadowy depths of our
171:59 solar system far beyond the last known
172:02 gas giant lies a world shrouded in
172:05 intrigue and mystery this is Pluto once
172:09 considered the ninth planet it now
172:11 occupies a separate category at the
172:13 center of he debate and scientific
172:16 curiosity for decades Pluto remained a
172:19 blurry Speck of light in our most
172:21 powerful telescopes a distant dot at the
172:24 edge of our vision it was a world
172:26 waiting to be discovered keeping its
172:29 secrets in the cold dark depths of
172:32 space at the dawn of the 2st century an
172:35 unprecedentedly ambitious Mission began
172:39 the New Horizon spacecraft embarked on a
172:41 billion mile journey to explore Pluto's
172:44 icy Frontiers what it discovered was
172:47 astonishing in its divers
172:49 towering ice mountains huge nitrogen
172:52 glaciers and the legendary heart-shaped
172:55 Tom bow Regio an object so large it can
172:58 be seen from space but these discoveries
173:01 are just the beginning join us as we
173:03 journey together into the icy depths of
173:05 the outer solar system where one dwarf
173:08 planet is eagerly waiting to tell us its
173:12 story in the early 20th century the
173:15 search for ninth planet the mysterious
173:17 Planet X gripped the world of astronomy
173:20 the search was not just about adding
173:21 another name to the list of planets it
173:24 was about understanding the Unseen
173:26 forces that shaped the orbits of the
173:28 then already known celestial bodies
173:30 around us at the center of the search
173:32 was L observatory in Flagstaff Arizona
173:35 where a young astronomer named Clyde
173:37 tomow embarked on a painstaking journey
173:40 through space armed with a telescope and
173:43 photographic plates Tom bow set out to
173:46 scrutinize the night sky in in by inch
173:49 in search of an elusive planet that
173:51 eluded
173:52 detection on a February night in 1930
173:56 Tom Ba's diligence paid off among the
173:59 countless Stars he spotted a moving
174:02 object a tiny speack of light that was
174:05 unlike anything else he had observed it
174:07 was Pluto a distant world named after
174:10 the Roman god of the underworld a
174:13 discovery that would change the
174:14 boundaries of our solar system as the
174:17 decades passed Hubble Space Telescope
174:19 brought us closer to Pluto than ever
174:21 before launched into orbit in 1990
174:24 Hubble's powerful lens pierced the veil
174:27 of distance separating us from the outer
174:29 solar system the first images of Pluto
174:31 were a revelation transforming the
174:33 distant dwarf planet from a mere glowing
174:36 dot to a world with distinct features
174:40 these Hubble images provided the basis
174:42 for a more detailed study they showed
174:44 Pluto's complex surface marked by
174:46 variations in brightness color hinting
174:49 at a dynamic World waiting to be
174:52 explored an odyssey of discovery that
174:54 began with a single blinking dot on a
174:56 photographic plate has brought us to the
174:59 threshold of a new frontier Pluto once a
175:02 mere curiosity at the edge of our solar
175:04 system was about to reveal its Secrets
175:07 through a Relentless pursuit of
175:09 knowledge and a Relentless Spirit of
175:13 exploration 5 4 3 2 1
175:20 we have aign Mission and liftoff of
175:22 NASA's new horizon spacecraft on a
175:25 decade voage to visit the Pluto and then
175:29 in January 2006 Humanity embarked on
175:32 another of its most ambitious Journeys
175:35 New Horizons a spacecraft no bigger than
175:38 a grand piano was poised AC cross the
175:41 vast emptiness of space heading for a
175:43 world barely seen by human eyes its
175:46 mission is to unlock the secrets of
175:48 Pluto a mysterious dwarf planet at the
175:51 edge of our solar system when New
175:53 Horizon soared into the sky it carried
175:56 the aspirations of countless people who
175:58 had devoted years to that moment the
176:01 journey was a marathon of cosmic
176:03 proportions spanning nearly a decade and
176:06 More Than 3 billion miles with Precision
176:10 it plotted a path through the void
176:12 Guided by the gravitational slingshots
176:15 of celestial bodies in its
176:17 path in 2015 after N9 long years as New
176:22 Horizons approached its distant
176:23 destination the whole world watched with
176:26 baited breath the first images were
176:29 simply revolutionary Pluto which was
176:32 once just a speck of light even in the
176:34 most powerful telescopes now appeared to
176:36 be a world of mountains valleys and
176:40 plains the landscape that came into view
176:43 was strikingly varied ice mountains some
176:46 as tall as the Rockies Rose proudly to
176:49 the surface their peaks shrouded in a
176:51 blanket of methane
176:53 snow spotnick Pia a nitrogen ice plane
176:57 stretched across the entire dwarf planet
176:59 its surface modeled with a complex
177:02 pattern of ridges and
177:03 depressions among the most striking
177:06 discoveries are signs of geological
177:08 activity Pluto long thought to be a
177:10 frozen Relic from the dawn of the solar
177:12 system turned out to be alive glaciers
177:16 of nitrogen ice SL slowly flowed across
177:19 the landscape and hints of cryo
177:21 volcanoes indicated that this distant
177:24 world was not as inactive as previously
177:28 thought New Horizons leap into the
177:31 unknown bridge the gap between
177:32 assumptions and reality Pluto was no
177:35 longer just a point of light in our
177:36 telescopes it was a dynamic world full
177:40 of surprises and Beauty waiting at the
177:42 edge of our solar system it was just the
177:44 beginning of a new chapter in our
177:47 understanding of the cosmos
177:51 Pluto's expanse of rugged Landscapes is
177:53 home to one of its most mesmerizing
177:55 features the spotnik plantia this
177:58 enormous heart-shaped Glacier is not
178:00 just a striking visual Landmark it's a
178:03 geological Marvel that's changed the way
178:06 we think about this distant world the
178:09 origin of spotnik Mia is a story of
178:11 cosmic forces this vast Basin stretching
178:15 more than 650 Mi is believed to have
178:18 been formed by the impact of a massive
178:20 Celestial body an event that changed
178:22 Pluto's surface and possibly its entire
178:25 geology the Basin was filled with
178:27 various ices mostly nitrogen creating a
178:31 smooth reflective plane that contrasts
178:33 sharply with the surrounding
178:35 topography the surface of Sputnik clenia
178:38 is modeled with a complex pattern of
178:40 convection cells each the size of a
178:43 country on Earth these cells are the
178:46 surface manifestation of ice in slow
178:48 motion turning and flowing in response
178:51 to the weak heat coming from Pluto's
178:53 interior this lava lamp-like process
178:56 shows that Pluto is far from the inert
178:58 Frozen world we once imagined more
179:02 Mysteries lie beneath the icy facade of
179:05 Sputnik plena the uniform Mass
179:08 distribution in this region obtained
179:10 from spacecraft measurements hints at
179:12 the presence of a denser layer beneath
179:14 the ice scientists speculate that this
179:16 may be a subsurface ocean
179:18 it's possible that this Reservoir could
179:21 contain liquid water isolated by the ice
179:23 crust
179:26 above among other discoveries scientists
179:29 have also found that Pluto has an
179:31 atmosphere hovering above its icy
179:33 surface as thin and fragile as an
179:35 atmosphere can be on the cold fringes of
179:37 the solar system composed mostly of
179:40 nitrogen with traces of methane and
179:42 carbon monoxide this thin veil provides
179:45 Clues to understanding the planet's most
179:47 mysterious ious processes the structure
179:50 of the planet's atmosphere does not
179:51 match the primary expectations when New
179:54 Horizons flew by it found an atmosphere
179:57 extending hundreds of miles above the
179:59 surface much more extensive than
180:01 expected this thin atmospheric layer is
180:04 stratified and has a complex interplay
180:06 of gases that scatter and refract
180:08 sunlight creating a mesmerizing blue hue
180:11 that resembles Earth's Own
180:14 Sky because Pluto's Journey around the
180:17 Sun is unlike any other planet in our
180:18 solar system with an orbital period of
180:21 an unimaginable 248 Earth years each
180:25 season on Pluto can last decades its
180:28 trajectory is markedly elliptical it is
180:31 much closer to the Sun at parth helion
180:33 than at aelan and its axis is tilted at
180:36 an angle of
180:37 120° resulting in extreme seasonal
180:40 variations on its surface as Pluto
180:43 approaches its parhelion the heat from
180:45 the distant Sun though faint is enough
180:48 to cause a remarkable
180:50 transformation surface IES composed of
180:53 nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide
180:55 begin to sublimate a process by which
180:58 these ice change from a solid state to a
181:00 gaseous State without changing to an
181:03 intermediate liquid state this
181:05 sublimation is most pronounced in
181:07 regions exposed to the sun's weak but
181:10 constant Rays resulting in an increase
181:12 in atmospheric pressure as gases
181:15 previously trapped in ice form are
181:18 released to the outside this outgassing
181:21 thickens Pluto's atmosphere making it
181:23 more substantial during these warm
181:25 periods the atmosphere expands Rising
181:28 hundreds of kilometers above the surface
181:31 much more than during colder periods
181:33 this expansion is uneven and it's
181:36 influenced by Pluto's topography and the
181:38 composition of its ice creating a
181:40 complex and dynamic atmospheric system
181:44 as Pluto continues its long journey
181:46 moving away from the Sun and W more
181:48 distant parts of its orbit the
181:50 atmosphere is undergoing a dramatic turn
181:53 of events the gases that once thicken
181:56 the atmosphere are now Cooling and
181:58 condensing falling back to the surface
182:00 as a fine snow of nitrogen methane and
182:03 carbon monoxide this cyclical process of
182:06 sublimation and condensation is a
182:09 defining feature of Pluto's climate
182:11 changing its surface over the centuries
182:14 the stance of ice and Vapor unfolding
182:16 over the course of Pluto's long
182:18 paints a portrait of a world in constant
182:20 motion far from a static Frozen
182:23 Wasteland pluto surface is a dynamic
182:26 environment a reminder of the active and
182:29 everchanging nature of even the most
182:31 distant members of our solar system
182:34 another exciting discovery about Pluto's
182:36 atmosphere is its Escape rate unlike the
182:39 strong magnetic fields and gravitational
182:41 pole that protect the atmosphere of the
182:44 larger planets Pluto's weak gravity
182:46 allows much of its atmosphere to escape
182:49 into space this atmospheric Escape
182:52 contributes to the ionized gas tail an
182:55 invisible comet-like trail that Pluto
182:57 leaves behind it as it orbits the sun
183:00 this leakage is not a steady gentle flow
183:02 but a complex interaction with a solar
183:04 wind a stream of charged particles
183:07 emanating from the Sun these particles
183:10 colliding with escaping atmospheric
183:12 gases create a dynamic and everchanging
183:15 environment around Pluto a minute
183:18 magnetosphere in which the drama of
183:20 solar and planetary forces is played
183:25 out from Pluto's Dynamic atmosphere and
183:28 unique climate we move to its largest
183:31 moon Chon and discover relationships in
183:33 Landscapes that change the very
183:35 definition of celestial bodies in the
183:37 outer part of our solar system Sharon
183:40 Pluto's largest satellite orbits in
183:43 synchronized motion with it discovered
183:45 in 1978 this celestial body turns out to
183:48 be more than just a satellite it is a
183:51 whole world filled with geological
183:53 wonders and a unique history that's
183:56 intertwined with that of
183:58 Pluto as New Horizons flew past cheron
184:01 they saw a landscape of canyons so deep
184:04 and wide they could easily swallow up
184:07 parts of Earth's Grand Canyon these
184:09 chasms stretched across the surface of a
184:12 satellite telling a story of geologic
184:14 upheaval mountains Rising dramatically
184:17 against the lunar surface reveal a
184:19 dynamic history their peaks casting Long
184:23 Shadows over The Valleys below the
184:25 origins of Chon's dramatic topography
184:28 lie in its past marked by internal
184:31 processes and possibly cryo volcanic
184:34 activity as Chon cooled and compressed
184:36 over millions of years its crossed split
184:39 resulting in vast Canyons at the same
184:42 time mountains may have formed from
184:44 tectonic activity as the moon's surface
184:46 flexed and broke pushing some areas
184:49 upward and raising
184:52 Peaks the interaction between Pluto and
184:54 Chon is a kind of gravitational ballet
184:57 in which both bodies are locked in a
184:59 synchronized orbit this means that
185:02 cheron always faces Pluto on the same
185:04 side and vice versa a phenomenon known
185:06 as tidal locking unlike most moons which
185:10 orbit around their planets Pluto and
185:12 cheron orbit around a point in the space
185:15 between them known as The Barry Center
185:17 this unique Arrangement challenges the
185:19 conventional definitions of planets and
185:21 moons suggesting a binary system where
185:24 both bodies are Partners in their
185:26 Celestial
185:27 tandem this gravitational partnership
185:30 extends Beyond Pluto and cheron
185:32 affecting the orbits of Pluto smaller
185:34 moons sticks nicks garos and Hydra
185:38 Chon's presence stabilizes these smaller
185:41 satellites maintaining the complex
185:43 balance of the system the Dynamics of
185:46 this Min solar system give us valuable
185:48 insight into the gravitational
185:50 interactions that shape the orbits of
185:52 celestial bodies throughout the
185:57 Universe located in the vast Realm of
185:59 the Kyper Bel Pluto stands like a
186:02 sentinel at the edge of our solar system
186:05 this region a vast cluster of icy bodies
186:08 extending beyond the orbit of Neptune is
186:10 a relic of the early solar system and
186:13 holds the keys to understanding the
186:15 formation and evolution of our Cosmic
186:17 Neighbors
186:18 Pluto once thought to be the ninth
186:20 planet has found its relatives among the
186:22 vast number of Kyper belt objects or
186:25 KB like dwarf planets like
186:28 haia and macki macki to smaller lesser
186:31 known bodies H kbo has its own story
186:35 that contributes to the picture of the
186:36 solar system Pluto's varied landscape
186:39 from nitrogen ice planes to towering
186:42 mountains and dynamic atmospheres
186:45 reflect the complexity and diversity of
186:47 the Kyper belt landscape the Kyper belt
186:50 is a window to the Past a frozen Archive
186:54 of the birth of the solar system the
186:57 objects included in it including Pluto
186:59 are remnants of the time of planetary
187:01 formation Untouched by the sun's Heat
187:04 their composition ice mixed with rocks
187:07 gives an idea of the materials that
187:09 abounded in the early solar system and
187:11 allows us to understand the processes
187:13 that led to the birth of the planets
187:16 exploring Pluto and its neighbors in the
187:18 Kyper belt has far-reaching implications
187:20 for our understanding of the solar
187:22 system each Mission like the New
187:24 Horizons flyby of Pluto and aroth peels
187:27 away layers of mystery revealing the
187:31 conditions and processes that prevailed
187:33 in the outer solar system billions of
187:35 years ago forcing us to consider the
187:37 Dynamics of planetary formation and the
187:40 boundaries between planets and smaller
187:42 celestial bodies Pluto's position of the
187:45 Kyper belt emphasizes the
187:47 interconnectedness of celestial bodies
187:50 from the smallest piece of ice to the
187:52 largest gas giant the Dynamics of the
187:55 Kyper belt with its resonances and
187:58 orbital interactions influen the
188:00 stability and evolution of the outer
188:02 solar system shaping the trajectories of
188:05 comets and affecting the environment of
188:10 Neptune however New Horizons exploration
188:13 didn't end there after its historic
188:15 flyby Pluto it traveled onward to aroth
188:19 a Kyper belt object meeting it on
188:21 January 1st 2019 marking the next
188:24 milestone in space
188:26 exploration oraco resembling a clay
188:29 snowman demonstrated the soft merger of
188:31 two primordial objects offering
188:34 unprecedented insight into the building
188:36 blocks of the early solar system the
188:39 story of arico's formation is a
188:41 testament to the slow and gentle
188:43 processes that dominated the outer
188:45 regions of the early solar system system
188:48 the large lobe called wenu is not a
188:50 single formation but a cluster of a
188:52 dozen rocks each more than 3 m wide
188:55 huddled around a central slab this
188:58 cluster refutes previous Notions of high
189:00 velocity collisions in planetary
189:02 formation suggesting instead a gradual
189:05 merger at speeds of less than a dozen
189:08 feet per
189:09 second this intricate interaction
189:12 between two lobes losing angular
189:14 momentum and smoothly merging for forms
189:17 an image of a patient Cosmos where the
189:20 building blocks of the planets come
189:22 together in a Heavenly cycle of gravity
189:25 and
189:26 time looking ahead The Horizon of solar
189:29 system exploration is littered with
189:31 potential concepts for the next New
189:33 Horizon's missions are already stirring
189:35 the imagination of scientists and
189:37 Engineers one of them envisions an
189:39 Orbiter capable of mapping pluto surface
189:41 with unprecedented resolution
189:44 penetrating the mysteries of its small
189:45 satellites and even exploring the
189:48 Eternal darkness of the regions
189:50 enveloped by Pluto's axial
189:52 tilt the projected by the legacy of
189:55 Cassini proposes to use Chon's gravity
189:58 to create complex orbital trajectories
190:00 around Pluto allowing for a
190:02 comprehensive study of the dwarf planet
190:05 and its satellites such missions could
190:07 utilize electric propulsion replicating
190:10 the success of NASA's Dawn and could
190:13 potentially go beyond the Pluto system
190:15 and explore New Frontiers in the the
190:17 Kyper belt new technologies such as
190:20 direct Fusion drives promised to propel
190:23 future spacecraft to the outer solar
190:25 system with unprecedented speed and
190:28 efficiency a report titled the fusion
190:31 enabled Pluto Orbiter and Lander from
190:33 NASA's Innovative advanced concepts niac
190:37 program describes a mission to Pluto
190:39 with a direct Fusion
190:41 Drive using a fusion reactor a 1,000 kg
190:45 Orbiter and Landing modules could reach
190:47 Pluto in Just 4 years more than twice
190:50 the speed of New Horizons these
190:53 promising propulsion systems could
190:55 significantly shorten the travel time
190:57 opening new pages in The exploration of
190:59 the Distant Worlds of our
191:03 outskirts as we travel the vastness of
191:06 space exploring Distant Worlds and
191:09 discovering the secrets they hold our
191:11 understanding the cosmos continues to
191:13 evolve the story of Pluto from its
191:16 Discovery to the present day is a vivid
191:18 reminder of the dynamic nature of
191:20 science and our attempts to categorize
191:23 the universe around us Pluto's unique
191:26 orbital interaction with Neptune adds
191:29 another layer to its fascinating story
191:31 during its 248e orbit around the Sun
191:35 Pluto appears closer to the Sun than
191:37 Neptune for a brief time challenging the
191:40 view of its position as the ninth planet
191:43 this Crossing of orbits when Pluto and
191:45 Neptune change places occurs because of
191:48 the elliptical trajectory of Pluto's
191:50 orbit and its inclination relative to
191:52 the plane of the solar system despite
191:54 this temporal shift Pluto's overall
191:57 trajectory ensures that there's no risk
191:59 of collision with Neptune due to their
192:01 Mutual orbital
192:03 resonance the rather lengthy debate over
192:06 Pluto's planetary status has long
192:08 sparked discussion and controversy that
192:10 reaches far beyond the astronomical
192:12 community in 2006 the international
192:15 astronomical Union revised the
192:17 definition of planet in our solar system
192:20 which led to Pluto's reclassification as
192:22 a dwarf planet this moment was not only
192:25 a turning point for Pluto but also a
192:27 catalyst for the reclassification of
192:29 celestial bodies Pluto's history is
192:32 closely tied to the Kyper Bel a region
192:34 teeming with objects that blur the
192:36 boundaries between planets moons and
192:39 smaller celestial bodies studying Pluto
192:42 and its neighbors makes us think about
192:43 the wide range of characteristics that
192:45 celestial bodies can put possess from
192:48 their atmospheres and geology to their
192:50 orbits and
192:52 interactions in the grand canvas of the
192:54 cosmos every thread from the smallest
192:57 asteroid to the mightiest gas giant
193:00 plays a critical role in the history of
193:02 our solar system as we stand at the
193:05 threshold of new exploration Pluto's
193:07 Legacy and the knowledge gained from the
193:10 Kyper belt serve as beacons guiding us
193:12 to a deeper understanding of our place
193:15 in the universe
193:17 rethinking our Cosmic neighborhood is
193:19 not just about the labels we place on it
193:21 but about embracing the diversity and
193:24 complexity of the universe
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