0:00 hey everybody welcome back it's time for
0:01 unit 4 so let's
0:06 go get out your study guide fill it in
0:09 pause the video whenever you need to
0:10 this unit is American political
0:12 ideologies and beliefs and the three big
0:14 picture ideas that we're looking for are
0:16 how do our core beliefs about the role
0:18 of government affect our Behavior why
0:20 are some opinion polls better than
0:21 others how can policy makers use polling
0:23 information to make decisions all right
0:26 let's get it this unit focuses a lot on
0:28 areas of disagreement but we're going to
0:29 start with is some core American values
0:31 that provide some common ground for most
0:33 Americans first rule of law is the idea
0:36 that no person is above the law it
0:38 doesn't matter how rich or powerful a
0:39 person is everybody should be equal
0:41 before the law and most Americans
0:43 support limited government a government
0:45 that only has so much power and that
0:47 power is limited by the Constitution
0:49 individualism means that each person is
0:51 basically responsible for themselves we
0:53 have the freedom to decide what to do
0:55 and then we have to live with the
0:56 consequences of our decisions equality
0:58 of opportunity is the belief that
1:00 everybody should have an equal chance to
1:02 succeed but notice this does not
1:04 guarantee equal outcomes and lastly the
1:06 US economic system is founded on
1:08 principles of free enterprise which
1:10 means that it's mostly based on markets
1:12 and that people have the freedom to
1:13 choose what to buy and sell and what
1:15 career to pursue while there's
1:17 disagreement and debate over the best
1:19 way to achieve these various values
1:21 these widely shared values and beliefs
1:23 about the norms and thoughts about how
1:25 politics should be carried out help
1:27 Define us political culture along with
1:29 things like like democratic ideals and
1:31 principles like natural rights popular
1:33 sovereignty and the social contract
1:35 political ideology on the other hand
1:37 refers to a consistent set of ideas and
1:39 beliefs about the purpose and scope of
1:41 government for now we're going to focus
1:43 on political socialization which refers
1:45 to the process of a person obtaining her
1:47 political beliefs the most significant
1:49 source is typically a person's parents
1:51 and family additionally peers schools
1:53 religious organizations and the media
1:55 can also influence person's beliefs
1:57 about the size and scope of government
1:59 we usually think of globalization in
2:00 terms of trading Goods internationally
2:02 but ideas and values also cross borders
2:05 so Americans have both influenced and
2:07 been influenced by the values of other
2:09 countries and this affects the political
2:11 socialization of Americans two more
2:13 reasons for differences in political
2:14 beliefs are generational and life cycle
2:17 effects generational effects refer to
2:19 different voting patterns and political
2:20 beliefs of people from different
2:22 Generations typically each younger
2:24 generation is more liberal than the
2:26 previous generation especially on social
2:28 issues life cycle effect suggest that
2:30 people focus on different issues at
2:32 different points in life for example
2:34 younger voters might care more about a
2:35 candidate's proposal to reduce the cost
2:37 of college while an older voter might
2:39 care more about Medicare and Social
2:40 Security broadly speaking younger people
2:42 often favor more freedom and become more
2:44 focused on security as they age
2:47 additionally political scientists argue
2:48 that major political events that
2:50 occurred during young adulthood have a
2:52 large influence on that person's
2:54 political attitudes and beliefs
2:55 experiencing the 1960s protest movements
2:58 or 9/11 or covid at an impressionable
3:00 age can lead to these events shaping a
3:03 person's political beliefs far into the
3:05 future shifting gears now will focus on
3:07 how political scientists collect and
3:09 measure public opinion there are two
3:10 broad methods used to gather information
3:13 focus groups and math surveys a focus
3:15 group gathers a small group of Voters
3:17 for an in-depth discussion featuring
3:18 open-ended questions about candidates or
3:21 issues in which respondents are invited
3:23 to share their thoughts and their
3:24 feelings the information gathered can be
3:26 much more detailed than from a typical
3:28 poll however the results aren't sign
3:29 ific because of the small
3:31 non-representative nature of the group a
3:33 mass survey measures public opinion by
3:35 interviewing or polling a large sample
3:37 of population typically at least a, to
3:40 1500 people for a nationwide survey this
3:42 is the most common method used by
3:43 political scientists and pollsters to
3:45 try to measure public opinion and it
3:47 includes the four specific types of
3:49 polls that we're going to discuss now
3:50 first is an opinion poll and it measures
3:52 opinion on an issue let's say we wanted
3:54 to know how people feel about legalizing
3:56 marijuana this is the poll that we would
3:58 conduct a tracking poll is a continuous
4:00 poll used to chart changes in opinion
4:02 over time so ask the same question every
4:03 time such as about presidential approval
4:06 and it may even contact the same group
4:08 of people and then it just tracks the
4:10 changes in response to that question
4:12 over time Benchmark polls are typically
4:13 conducted by a campaign before the
4:15 candidate has even officially announced
4:17 that they're running it lets them gather
4:19 information such as the strengths and
4:21 weaknesses of a candidate helps them
4:23 find out if people have favorable
4:24 attitudes towards the candidate stuff
4:26 like that this last type of poll is
4:28 different though whereas the first three
4:30 are most likely contacting people via
4:31 the phone or Internet entrance and exit
4:34 polls are done in person they're
4:36 interviewing people as they enter or
4:37 exit the polling place and are trying to
4:39 gain insight into voting behavior to
4:41 help campaigns and news organizations
4:43 predict the outcome of the election
4:45 before the votes have actually been
4:47 counted they're usually trying to figure
4:48 out which demographic group showed up
4:50 and voted and what the key factors
4:52 affecting voter Choice were in that
4:54 particular election another thing we
4:56 need to discuss are the elements of
4:58 scientifically valid polls one
5:00 characteristic is that the sample must
5:01 be random meaning everybody in the
5:03 population must have an equal chance of
5:05 being selected for the poll think of a
5:07 random number generator or something
5:09 like that but this alone isn't enough
5:11 the sample also needs to be stratified
5:14 where in the population is divided into
5:15 subgroups and weighted based on the
5:17 demographics of the population for
5:19 example your poll doesn't want to over
5:21 or under sample certain groups otherwise
5:24 this would negatively impact the
5:25 validity of the poll we're thinking here
5:27 of things like race gender party fil
5:29 ation education level income age and
5:32 location now even if you've done
5:33 everything properly your poll will still
5:36 contain a sampling error but you pulled
5:38 only a sample of the population you
5:40 didn't ask everybody so some of your
5:42 result might be the result of chance
5:44 variation a sampling error of plus or
5:47 minus 3% is generally acceptable but
5:49 understand what this means means the
5:51 result of a given polar response with
5:53 such an error could actually be 3
5:54 percentage points higher or lower than
5:57 what's indicated additionally the
5:58 wording of the question must be neutral
6:00 and unbiased as any effort to push
6:02 respondents towards a specific response
6:05 makes the poll invalid the type and
6:06 format of questions also will affect the
6:08 results for example whether the question
6:10 is open-ended or multiple choice or ring
6:13 Choice Etc will affect the results a
6:15 poll reliability refers to the fact that
6:17 you get consistent repeatable results
6:19 and veracity refers to the accuracy of
6:22 that data all right the rest of this
6:23 unit is mostly about political
6:25 ideologies and how these various
6:27 perspectives affect policymaking once
6:29 again political ideology is about what
6:32 you think the government should and
6:33 shouldn't do how big and strong or small
6:35 and weak should the government be APG
6:37 focuses on just three ideologies
6:39 conservative liberal and libertarian but
6:42 the first thing to know is that the
6:43 Democratic party is aligned closely with
6:45 liberal ideological positions while the
6:47 Republican party is more conservative
6:49 let's start with a very basic broad
6:51 sketch of each ideology and then we'll
6:52 get into more specifics about economic
6:54 and social policies in this section the
6:57 key factor is where each ideology stands
6:59 an issue of individual liberty versus
7:01 governmental policies attempting to
7:03 promote stability and order again
7:05 broadly speaking conservatives favor
7:06 more Liberty and economic areas and
7:09 support government policies regulating
7:11 social freedoms don't worry I'll get
7:13 more specific in a minute Liberals are
7:14 the opposite and support more government
7:16 regulation of the economy but favor
7:18 Liberty and social issues Libertarians
7:20 are the easiest they want maximum
7:22 Liberty and both economic and social
7:24 areas so now let's get into more detail
7:26 on this specifically regarding Economic
7:28 Policy okay so we have two schools of
7:31 economic thought that we're going to
7:32 consider keying economics and supply
7:34 side economics keying economics is named
7:36 for the fame 20th century economist John
7:39 Maynard KES he argued that when the
7:41 economy is in a recession government
7:42 spending should be increased and that
7:44 this will jump start the economy
7:46 liberals often Advocate keesing economic
7:48 policies supply side economists have a
7:50 different Preference they argue that to
7:51 fight recessions the government should
7:53 cut taxes and that this encourages
7:55 businesses to grow and it leaves more
7:57 money in people's pockets and that this
7:59 will help get the nation out of a
8:01 recession so they both agree that there
8:03 is a role for the government in fighting
8:04 economic downturns but they disagree on
8:07 the specific tactic by the way whenever
8:09 we're talking about government tax and
8:10 spending policies this is fiscal policy
8:13 remember that Congress has the power of
8:15 the purse so along with the president
8:17 they are in charge of fiscal policy
8:19 another type of economic policy is known
8:21 as monetary policy and is about the
8:23 money supply and adjusting interest
8:25 rates to stabilize the economy Insider
8:27 tip be prepared to compare fiscal and
8:29 monetary policy an important difference
8:31 is that the Federal Reserve conducts
8:33 monetary policy the Federal Reserve is
8:35 an Independent Regulatory Commission and
8:38 the idea is to remove these important
8:39 monetary policy decisions from politics
8:42 so whereas fiscal policy is very
8:44 political monetary policy is not
8:46 supposed to be political at all the
8:48 Federal Reserve has a dual mandate from
8:50 Congress meaning that they have two
8:52 policy goals for the economy to achieve
8:54 maximum employment and price stability
8:56 that's the fancy way of saying that they
8:58 want to keep us out out of recessions
9:00 and keep inflation low If the Fed wants
9:02 to reduce inflation the correct monetary
9:04 policy is to decrease the money supply
9:06 and increase interest rates if the fed's
9:08 goal is to decrease unemployment they
9:10 would do the opposite increase the money
9:12 supply and decrease interest rates
9:14 finally let's revisit our three
9:16 ideologies one last time and fully
9:18 discuss what they each favor both
9:20 economically and socially going
9:22 alphabetically let's start with
9:23 conservatives when it comes to the
9:24 marketplace conservatives favor less
9:26 economic regulation and lower taxes but
9:28 when it comes to government spending on
9:29 domestic policy conservatives favor
9:32 cutting spending on things like
9:33 entitling programs especially those for
9:36 people with low income on the other hand
9:37 they often favor increased defense
9:39 spending and a larger role for the
9:41 government in crime and punishment
9:42 favoring more police and more punishment
9:45 of crime they also believe that the
9:46 government should protect Traditional
9:48 Values and if that sometimes comes into
9:50 conflict with individual personal
9:51 freedoms well the protection of those
9:54 Traditional Values is more important
9:56 ultimately providing security and
9:58 protecting Traditional Values is a key
10:00 purpose of government in the minds of
10:01 conservatives and speaking of
10:03 Traditional Values conservatives
10:05 typically support vouchers to attend
10:07 private schools including religious
10:08 schools next let's talk about liberals
10:10 who usually favor more economic
10:12 regulation often arguing that
10:13 corporations are too powerful so they
10:16 favor higher taxes on people who earn
10:17 higher incomes because they tend to
10:19 focus more on economic equality than
10:22 economic freedom so they want more
10:23 spending on entitlement programs and
10:25 they advocate for more expansive federal
10:27 spending on things like Healthcare and
10:30 college subsidies on the other hand
10:31 liberals typically want to decrease
10:33 defense spending and when it comes to
10:34 Crime and Punishment they usually focus
10:36 more on protecting individual rights
10:38 civil rights and the rights of the
10:40 accused but whereas they prefer
10:41 government regulation over economic
10:43 issues liberals believe that the
10:45 government should not regulate personal
10:48 private matters and that people should
10:50 be afforded the freedom to basically do
10:52 what they want and make their own
10:53 decisions in the area of education and
10:55 religion Liberals are usually major
10:57 supporters of public education and
10:59 therefore they often oppose vouchers for
11:02 two different reasons first they see the
11:03 vouchers as drawing funding away from
11:05 public schools and secondly those
11:07 vouchers could be used to attend
11:08 religious schools so they argue that
11:10 this violates the establishment clause
11:12 and then there's Libertarians they're
11:13 super consistent they want maximum
11:15 freedom in basically every area of life
11:18 so when it comes to the marketplace they
11:20 want little to no regulations Beyond
11:22 protecting private property rights
11:24 similarly they argue that there should
11:26 be minimal Taxation and this makes sense
11:28 given their desire to dramatically
11:30 reduce government spending and the size
11:32 of government they favor dramatically
11:34 cutting spending on en thaum programs as
11:36 they believe that assisting the needy is
11:38 better left to private charity than to
11:40 governments Libertarians also favor a
11:42 dramatic reduction in defense spending
11:44 and when it comes to Crime and
11:45 Punishment they favor decriminalizing
11:48 things that can be described as
11:49 victimless crimes and they are extremely
11:52 concerned with protecting individual
11:54 rights and the rights of the accused
11:56 when it comes to education they favor
11:57 privatizing education aring that
11:59 government schools having a monopoly on
12:01 education is why our education system
12:04 performs so poorly and they favor
12:06 expanding the choices that families have
12:08 over schooling and that's it for unit 4
12:11 you are doing great keep it up make sure
12:13 to finish the study guide do the
12:14 multiple choice practice and I will see
12:16 you in unit 5 until then this has been
12:20 aam money production
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