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AP Gov | Unit 4 Review | NEW!

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hey everybody welcome back it's time for

unit 4 so let's

go get out your study guide fill it in

pause the video whenever you need to

this unit is American political

ideologies and beliefs and the three big

picture ideas that we're looking for are

how do our core beliefs about the role

of government affect our Behavior why

are some opinion polls better than

others how can policy makers use polling

information to make decisions all right

let's get it this unit focuses a lot on

areas of disagreement but we're going to

start with is some core American values

that provide some common ground for most

Americans first rule of law is the idea

that no person is above the law it

doesn't matter how rich or powerful a

person is everybody should be equal

before the law and most Americans

support limited government a government

that only has so much power and that

power is limited by the Constitution

individualism means that each person is

basically responsible for themselves we

have the freedom to decide what to do

and then we have to live with the

consequences of our decisions equality

of opportunity is the belief that

everybody should have an equal chance to

succeed but notice this does not

guarantee equal outcomes and lastly the

US economic system is founded on

principles of free enterprise which

means that it's mostly based on markets

and that people have the freedom to

choose what to buy and sell and what

career to pursue while there's

disagreement and debate over the best

way to achieve these various values

these widely shared values and beliefs

about the norms and thoughts about how

politics should be carried out help

Define us political culture along with

things like like democratic ideals and

principles like natural rights popular

sovereignty and the social contract

political ideology on the other hand

refers to a consistent set of ideas and

beliefs about the purpose and scope of

government for now we're going to focus

on political socialization which refers

to the process of a person obtaining her

political beliefs the most significant

source is typically a person's parents

and family additionally peers schools

religious organizations and the media

can also influence person's beliefs

about the size and scope of government

we usually think of globalization in

terms of trading Goods internationally

but ideas and values also cross borders

so Americans have both influenced and

been influenced by the values of other

countries and this affects the political

socialization of Americans two more

reasons for differences in political

beliefs are generational and life cycle

effects generational effects refer to

different voting patterns and political

beliefs of people from different

Generations typically each younger

generation is more liberal than the

previous generation especially on social

issues life cycle effect suggest that

people focus on different issues at

different points in life for example

younger voters might care more about a

candidate's proposal to reduce the cost

of college while an older voter might

care more about Medicare and Social

Security broadly speaking younger people

often favor more freedom and become more

focused on security as they age

additionally political scientists argue

that major political events that

occurred during young adulthood have a

large influence on that person's

political attitudes and beliefs

experiencing the 1960s protest movements

or 9/11 or covid at an impressionable

age can lead to these events shaping a

person's political beliefs far into the

future shifting gears now will focus on

how political scientists collect and

measure public opinion there are two

broad methods used to gather information

focus groups and math surveys a focus

group gathers a small group of Voters

for an in-depth discussion featuring

open-ended questions about candidates or

issues in which respondents are invited

to share their thoughts and their

feelings the information gathered can be

much more detailed than from a typical

poll however the results aren't sign

ific because of the small

non-representative nature of the group a

mass survey measures public opinion by

interviewing or polling a large sample

of population typically at least a, to

1500 people for a nationwide survey this

is the most common method used by

political scientists and pollsters to

try to measure public opinion and it

includes the four specific types of

polls that we're going to discuss now

first is an opinion poll and it measures

opinion on an issue let's say we wanted

to know how people feel about legalizing

marijuana this is the poll that we would

conduct a tracking poll is a continuous

poll used to chart changes in opinion

over time so ask the same question every

time such as about presidential approval

and it may even contact the same group

of people and then it just tracks the

changes in response to that question

over time Benchmark polls are typically

conducted by a campaign before the

candidate has even officially announced

that they're running it lets them gather

information such as the strengths and

weaknesses of a candidate helps them

find out if people have favorable

attitudes towards the candidate stuff

like that this last type of poll is

different though whereas the first three

are most likely contacting people via

the phone or Internet entrance and exit

polls are done in person they're

interviewing people as they enter or

exit the polling place and are trying to

gain insight into voting behavior to

help campaigns and news organizations

predict the outcome of the election

before the votes have actually been

counted they're usually trying to figure

out which demographic group showed up

and voted and what the key factors

affecting voter Choice were in that

particular election another thing we

need to discuss are the elements of

scientifically valid polls one

characteristic is that the sample must

be random meaning everybody in the

population must have an equal chance of

being selected for the poll think of a

random number generator or something

like that but this alone isn't enough

the sample also needs to be stratified

where in the population is divided into

subgroups and weighted based on the

demographics of the population for

example your poll doesn't want to over

or under sample certain groups otherwise

this would negatively impact the

validity of the poll we're thinking here

of things like race gender party fil

ation education level income age and

location now even if you've done

everything properly your poll will still

contain a sampling error but you pulled

only a sample of the population you

didn't ask everybody so some of your

result might be the result of chance

variation a sampling error of plus or

minus 3% is generally acceptable but

understand what this means means the

result of a given polar response with

such an error could actually be 3

percentage points higher or lower than

what's indicated additionally the

wording of the question must be neutral

and unbiased as any effort to push

respondents towards a specific response

makes the poll invalid the type and

format of questions also will affect the

results for example whether the question

is open-ended or multiple choice or ring

Choice Etc will affect the results a

poll reliability refers to the fact that

you get consistent repeatable results

and veracity refers to the accuracy of

that data all right the rest of this

unit is mostly about political

ideologies and how these various

perspectives affect policymaking once

again political ideology is about what

you think the government should and

shouldn't do how big and strong or small

and weak should the government be APG

focuses on just three ideologies

conservative liberal and libertarian but

the first thing to know is that the

Democratic party is aligned closely with

liberal ideological positions while the

Republican party is more conservative

let's start with a very basic broad

sketch of each ideology and then we'll

get into more specifics about economic

and social policies in this section the

key factor is where each ideology stands

an issue of individual liberty versus

governmental policies attempting to

promote stability and order again

broadly speaking conservatives favor

more Liberty and economic areas and

support government policies regulating

social freedoms don't worry I'll get

more specific in a minute Liberals are

the opposite and support more government

regulation of the economy but favor

Liberty and social issues Libertarians

are the easiest they want maximum

Liberty and both economic and social

areas so now let's get into more detail

on this specifically regarding Economic

Policy okay so we have two schools of

economic thought that we're going to

consider keying economics and supply

side economics keying economics is named

for the fame 20th century economist John

Maynard KES he argued that when the

economy is in a recession government

spending should be increased and that

this will jump start the economy

liberals often Advocate keesing economic

policies supply side economists have a

different Preference they argue that to

fight recessions the government should

cut taxes and that this encourages

businesses to grow and it leaves more

money in people's pockets and that this

will help get the nation out of a

recession so they both agree that there

is a role for the government in fighting

economic downturns but they disagree on

the specific tactic by the way whenever

we're talking about government tax and

spending policies this is fiscal policy

remember that Congress has the power of

the purse so along with the president

they are in charge of fiscal policy

another type of economic policy is known

as monetary policy and is about the

money supply and adjusting interest

rates to stabilize the economy Insider

tip be prepared to compare fiscal and

monetary policy an important difference

is that the Federal Reserve conducts

monetary policy the Federal Reserve is

an Independent Regulatory Commission and

the idea is to remove these important

monetary policy decisions from politics

so whereas fiscal policy is very

political monetary policy is not

supposed to be political at all the

Federal Reserve has a dual mandate from

Congress meaning that they have two

policy goals for the economy to achieve

maximum employment and price stability

that's the fancy way of saying that they

want to keep us out out of recessions

and keep inflation low If the Fed wants

to reduce inflation the correct monetary

policy is to decrease the money supply

and increase interest rates if the fed's

goal is to decrease unemployment they

would do the opposite increase the money

supply and decrease interest rates

finally let's revisit our three

ideologies one last time and fully

discuss what they each favor both

economically and socially going

alphabetically let's start with

conservatives when it comes to the

marketplace conservatives favor less

economic regulation and lower taxes but

when it comes to government spending on

domestic policy conservatives favor

cutting spending on things like

entitling programs especially those for

people with low income on the other hand

they often favor increased defense

spending and a larger role for the

government in crime and punishment

favoring more police and more punishment

of crime they also believe that the

government should protect Traditional

Values and if that sometimes comes into

conflict with individual personal

freedoms well the protection of those

Traditional Values is more important

ultimately providing security and

protecting Traditional Values is a key

purpose of government in the minds of

conservatives and speaking of

Traditional Values conservatives

typically support vouchers to attend

private schools including religious

schools next let's talk about liberals

who usually favor more economic

regulation often arguing that

corporations are too powerful so they

favor higher taxes on people who earn

higher incomes because they tend to

focus more on economic equality than

economic freedom so they want more

spending on entitlement programs and

they advocate for more expansive federal

spending on things like Healthcare and

college subsidies on the other hand

liberals typically want to decrease

defense spending and when it comes to

Crime and Punishment they usually focus

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AP Gov | Unit 4 Review | NEW!