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Parts of the Respiratory System - Overview | Dr Matt & Dr Mike | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: Parts of the Respiratory System - Overview
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Video Transcript
hi everybody dr mike here in this video
we're going to take a look at parts of
[Music]
now we're going to follow the pathway of
air from being inspired from the outer
atmosphere all the way down into our lungs
lungs
and have a look at some of the major
anatomical compartments
or structures that that air needs to
move through what we call the conducting pathways
pathways
first of all when air is first inspired
it enters something called
now once it enters the nasal cavity it
moves to the back of the throat
and that area we call the pharynx and
there's actually three parts to the pharynx
pharynx
so i'm going to highlight this entire
area here
now sometimes we can inspire air through
the mouth and so obviously
that's going to go through the oral
cavity now with the pharynx we've got
the nasal portion
which we call the nasopharynx we've got
the oral portion which we call the oropharynx
oropharynx
and we've got the next portion here
called the larynx
and this part of the back of the throat
just where the larynx is is called the
laryngo pharynx which means that the
next component
now what we've just highlighted here
from the nasal cavity to the three
aspects of the pharynx
to the larynx is what we call the upper
now this is important clinically because
you've heard of upper and lower
respiratory tract
infections so obviously upper
respiratory tract infections
involve these anatomical components so
what do lower respiratory tract
infections refer to well
air passes through the trachea and then
the trachea splits
and this is known as a bifurcation it bifurcates
bifurcates
left and right and once it bifurcates it
turns into the left
and right main stem like the stem of a tree
tree
bronchi so these are called bronchi so
i'm just going to label one but we know
now these bronchi will continue to
branch and they branch around about 23
different times and what you'll find is
that these various branchings
these various branchings result in on
the right hand side
three lobes of the lungs upper
middle lower or superior middle inferior
and on the left side two lobes upper
lower superior inferior now you
the question probably is why three on
this side and why two on this island's because
because
there's a little cut out of the lungs
that you can see
here and this is called the cardiac
notch because
our heart sits a little bit to the left
and we need to make room for the heart
so there's a little bit less lung on the
left hand side and therefore
less room for lobes and so there's only
two lobes on that side
when we look at the bronchi an important
point is that the right stem bronchi
which you can see here
is wider and more vertical which is
important clinically because if some
substance or object is inhaled it's most
likely to be found in the right stem
bronchi now
after these bronchi like i said branch
about 23 separate times they go into smaller
smaller
bronchioles and then they start to turn into
into
alveoli and alveoli are the site of gas exchange
now trachea bronchi
and the lungs which include the alveoli
this is the lower
again very important clinically now
let's have a look at let's start back up
here and work our way down and look at
some important points firstly
in the nasal cavity there are these
various folds called
turbinates now these turbinates are
really important because they're lined by
by
mucus and a lot of blood vessels and
what these turbinates do is when we
inspire gas
when we spy that air from the atmosphere
it spins the air around the air goes in
these through these turbinates and it
spins them
right now what this does is it throws
all the particulates that are in that gas
gas
so maybe pathogens or pollutants or
whatever it may be
and they stick to the mucus which means
we do not inspire
any of these horrible things down into
our lungs
the other thing is because there's a lot
of mucus and blood vessels
it warms that air up and it humidifies
that air which is great because it makes
gas exchange at the alveoli
more beneficial next thing
we go back to the pharynx like i said
nasopharynx laryngeal
oral pharynx and laryngeal pharynx and
then we move down to the larynx now the larynx
larynx
is our voice box this is where we have
our vocal cords and you know where the
larynx is because of the
adam's apple now this is termed the
laryngeal prominence
and it's simply cartilage and both males
and females
have an adam's apple important point
now you can also feel that there is a
underneath the laryngeal prominence
there is a soft
portion here and this portion is very
important as
an accessory airway if the airway is blocked
blocked
superiorly as we move down to the
trachea you can see there's a lot of cartilage
cartilage
lining the trick here and this keeps it
open the term we use is
patent think about sipping through a
straw if you take a straw and put your
finger on the end
and suck on it the straw collapses
because there's a negative pressure you
take all the air out so the pressure is
negative inside that straw
now same thing would happen in the
trachea because air moves in and out
simply due to pressure changes so we
have cartilage
lining the trick here to keep it strong
and open
now as we move through from the trachea
through to the bronch bronchi through to
the smaller bronchioles
the the amount of cartilage diminishes
and the amount of muscle increases which
then means that
as we move through these smaller airways
this is where
muscle plays an important role and they
can open and close because that's what
muscle does
it relaxes and constricts and this is
important clinically
because asthma is a disease of the
bronchioles where the smooth muscle is
because it constricts it's not a disease
of the trachea
or bronchi then as we begin to move down
into our lungs and we have our alveoli
these are little air sacs and the
surface area of the alveoli is about
that of a tennis court
which means there's a huge area for gas
exchange to occur and simply
what happens is the inspired oxygen will
jump into the bloodstream
and the carbon dioxide in the
bloodstream will jump out
into the alveoli and move in the
opposite direction and we will
expire so these are the various parts of
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