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Experts: Life on Proxima B Could Be Unlike Anything We've Ever Imagined!

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it would take between 1,000 and 81,000

years for a spacecraft to reach Alpha

centor if we used conventional

propulsion plus astronauts would have to

deal with the countless risks of the

mostly unexplored interstellar medium

but there might be a way out of this

seemingly hopeless situation GRS scale

spacecraft that rely on lasers when it

comes to traveling through space one of

such Concepts is called the swarming

Proxima centuri and it has recently been

chosen for the NASA Innovative advanced

concepts program you see traveling

through Interstellar space is a question

of speed energy and distance Proxima

centuri sits 4.25 light years away from

the solar system that's 25 trillion

miles which is incredibly far away for

comparison the farthest distance ever

traveled by a spacecraft is 15 billion

miles from Earth Voyager 1 has been

moving in outer space for more than 46

years reaching a maximum speed of over

mph traveling at the speeds that we can

allow at the moment will make

Interstellar Transit exceptionally long

and totally impractical and don't forget

about the energy requirements such a

journey would demand anything other than

a tiny spacecraft weighing a few grams

doesn't look feasible but the solution

might have been found bouncing photons

off of a laser sale could solve the

speed problem but since a single Photon

doesn't have much momentum a lot of them

are needed and since even in a couple of

decades we probably won't have a lot of

power available the thrust will be weak

that's why the mass of the probes has to

be minuscule not tons but grams The

Proposal suggests using a 100 gaw laser

Beamer boosting thousands of tiny space

probes with laser sails to a speed of 10

to 20% of the speed of life

this Mission concept might be ready for

development around

midcentury then the probes could reach

Proxima centuri as early as

2075 the researchers involved in the

project have already demonstrated how a

fleet of a thousand spacecraft could

deal with the difficulties of

interstellar travel while maintaining

Communications with Earth at the same

time the 8-year roundtrip time lag

caused by Interstellar distances and

general rela ity makes it impossible to

control the swarm of the probes from our

planet that's why the fleet must possess

a great degree of autonomy when it comes

to navigation and deciding what data

should be delivered to Earth one more is

Su is the cost of such a mission the

greatest expense will be the Lasser ra

while the tiny Probus might be

reasonably cheap to produce the

scientists believe that their project

can be developed with a budget of $100

billion it's not so much much compared

to the usefulness of such a mission

which is likely to be astronomical how

come Red Dwarf Proxima centor which is a

member of the alpha centor star system

has an earthlike Planet orbiting it

Proxima centor B it's the closest

exoplanet to Earth its mass is similar

to that of our planet and it travels in

the habitable zone of its parent star

which means there might be water in this

world as well as an atmosphere rich with

oxygen

this planet might Harbor life or it

could be a dry Rock in any case it's a

promising Target in the search for alien

life unfortunately we can't detect the

planet's bio signatures because our

usual methods for detecting them don't

work with Proxima centor B most

exoplanets are discovered and explored

through the transit method where a

planet regularly passes in front of its

parent star and we see a recurring dip

in the star's brightness that's how we

know that the planet is there but

Proxima centor B isn't a transiting

Planet it was discovered by a different

method when we look at the light coming

from Proxima centuri we can notice that

the gravitational pull of Proxima

centuri B makes the star wobble a bit

that's how astronomers found out that

the planet was there they also managed

to estimate its size and mass but no one

can figure out much more than that

hopefully a swarm of tiny space probes

will help us solve this mystery

[Music]

Venus has more volcanoes than any other

planet in the solar system more than

1,600 and a day on Venus measured by how

long it takes to rotate once on its axis

takes longer than the time it takes to

complete a full orbit of the sun wow and

that's just Monday an extreme greenhouse

effect warms the planet surface up to

87° F hot enough to melt out L winds

there reach the speed of 450 mph in the

middle Cloud layer faster than the

speediest tornadoes on our planet the

pressure on Venus's surface is 90 times

higher than that at sea level on Earth

what a great place for a vacation huh

and recently this incredible place has

become even more intriguing in the toxic

venutian atmosphere there's something

that might mean the existence of life

unfortunately scientists haven't had a

chance to collect any microb specimens

or snap any pictures of Life there but

they've discovered a chemical called

phosphine and it's a big

deal if it's not some previously unknown

chemistry that produces the gas then

there must be a kind of microbial life

involved in the process phosphine is

made up of three atoms of hydrogen and

one atom of phosphorus this gas is toxic

to any normal life form that needs

oxygen including us humans on our planet

phosphine can be found in places with no

or little oxygen for example marshes and

swabs the gas is created by complex

mixtures of bacteria living there they

can also be produced industrially the

weirdest thing is that phosphine isn't

supposed to be in Venus's atmosphere at

all this gas needs precise pressure and

temperature and tons of hydrogen to form

it wouldn't be all that surprising to

find it on Saturn or Jupiter the famous

gas giants but on Venus totally

unexpected there's no way phosphine can

be produced naturally on this planet

tiny amounts of it can be created during

volcanic eruptions lightning storms

minerals blown up to the surface or

meteorites entering Venus's atmosphere

but it's not nearly enough to explain

what the astronomers have observed it

would only make one 10,000th of the

phosphane the telescope saw but let's

start from the very beginning in 2017 a

group of scientists led by James Greaves

from Cardiff University started to use

the James Clerk Maxwell radio telescope

in Hawaii that's a mouthful the main

idea was to search for phosphine gas it

would be a sign of Life on Venus when

the data came back and the researchers

analyzed it they were shocked the

phosphine signal was powerful the team

checked the results several times they

wanted to make sure no other substance

mimic the presence of phosphine gas so

now does it mean there's life on Venus

well not necessarily if this gas is

created by some mysterious organisms

it's a big question how they survive on

Venus on our planet some microbes can

thrive in the environments with the

acidity of 5% but no more on Venus

though clouds are almost entirely made

of acid and even though they have a

rather Pleasant temperature of 86° f

these clouds contain more than 90% of

sulfuric acid DNA amino acids proteins

life components on Earth would be

dissolved there in the blink of an eye

the surface of the planet is too hot for

any kind of complex molecules to make up

life the venutian atmosphere is almost

50 times as dry as the driest place on

our home planet there's a theory that

microbes might hide in scarce water

droplets floating in the atmosphere but

it hasn't been proved yet right now the

research team's waiting for more

telescope time they're going to look for

other gases associated with life

but even if they find more evidence life

forms on Venus will be made up of

building blocks absolutely different

than those on Earth or they might be

protected by a sulfuric acid resistant

shell it can be made of such substances

as sulfur wax graphite or something else

we can't imagine of course some experts

question the idea of Life on Venus they

think the gas might be produced during

some geologic or atmospheric processes

happening on the planet but the

supporters of both theories agree on one

thing the discovery is extraordinary

interestingly astronomers have always

tried to find Signs of Life on giant

planets icy moons or even closer on Mars

but they've never seriously considered

Venus if additional telescope

observations and future space missions

confirm that phosphine is produced by

living organisms we can be in for a

bunch of exciting surprises then people

would know of a planet with an alien

biosphere well alien to us and this

planet would be just next door to earth

now speaking of visiting Venus though

would it be possible for people to land

on this planet after all robots are

already tooling around the red planet

surface on the proide Venus is closer to

Earth than Mars but it also has much

harsher conditions the planet is hotter

than Mercury even though Venus is almost

double the distance from the Sun the

temperatures are higher than the melting

point of many metals and some of them

like lead or bismuth can fall as snow on

the highest mountain peaks if you set

foot on the planet you'll find nothing

but Barren Rock giant basaltic Plains

are littered with volcanoes and

mountains in some places the surface

melts because of the heat underneath

after it releases some of it the rock

solidifies again if people ever go to

this planet they will most likely build

floating cities in the Clouds of Venus's

atmosphere spere at about 31 Mi above

the surface the conditions like the

pressure and gravity are similar to

those on Earth the temperature is rather

manageable too at around 167° F think

Death Valley California on a really hot

day the atmospheric pressure is half of

what we have at sea level on our planet

if you went outside you'd be fine

without a pressure suit the pressure

you'd feel would be the same as at the

top of Mount Kilimanjaro Plus this

Colony would be protected from the sun's

radiation better than one on Mars if the

atmosphere was the mission's final

destination Landing a spacecraft or

rather making it hover in the air would

look very different the idea is to use

an airship in the upper atmosphere for

long periods of time the Airship wrapped

in an arrow shell would enter the

planet's atmosphere at a speed of 24,000

ft per second in the next 7 Minutes its

speed would drop to around 50 00 ft per

second after that a huge parachute would

open it would slow the spacecraft down

even more and then things would get a

bit hectic the arrow shell not needed

anymore would drop away the Airship

would then inflate itself all the while

hurling through the atmosphere toward

the planet surface its speed would be at

least 330 ft per second it would get

larger and larger and its drag and lift

would increase soon the parachute

wouldn't be needed anymore the crew

would get rid of it and the Airship

would fill with air completely if

everything went as planned it would stop

30 Mi above Venus's surface after that

the Airship would travel around the

planet it would be moved by the wind

which can reach a speed of 220 mph at

the top of the cloud layer if you

decided to move closer to the surface

though you'd have to be extremely

careful the wind in the middle layer can

get twice faster the Airship could be

filled with a breathable mixture of

hydrogen and oxygen gases such a

combination would be less dense than the

venutian atmosphere it would provide the

needed boyancy you know to stay up there

Venus is famous for its super dense

clouds these clouds make the planet

shine bright enough to be seen from

Earth Venus reflects more than 75% of

the light that comes from the sun this

reflective Cloud layer exists thanks to

a haze of sulfuric acid droplets in the

atmosphere and they gather exactly at

the height where they Airship would

float luckily people already have a

method to overcome the problem of

acidity a few materials for example

Teflon and some types of plastic have an

amazing acidic resistance they could

protect the outsides of the ship so

let's say you needed to work on a

platform outside then you'd be able to

do it wearing only a chemical Hazard

suit and carrying necessary oxygen

supply ooh sounds like fun huh yeah me

neither

[Applause]

you're gazing up at the night sky wow

for much of our history we've been

looking for life among these stars and

the planets near

them but space has eyes too and there's

someone out there looking at us

maybe scientists claim that at least 29

distant planets may be watching us right

now

so comb your hair and smile we've so far

identified at least

1,715 neighboring star systems in the

Milky Way that can detect our planet

with conventional

telescopes these stars are located in

our galaxy so if they were to point

their telescopes at our sun sooner or

later they would see a small dot that

passes between our home star and the

Observer this is called a Transit it's a

method of detecting planets in astronomy

for example you can observe Transit

phenomenon right at home with a

telescope you have to point it at the

Sun and wait then you'll see Mercury

that's the closest planet to the Sun and

now you see it as a small dot Mercury

Transit process can last about 5 hours

and this phenomenon happens about 14

times in a century you'll be able to

observe the next transit on November

13th 2032 mark your calendar

likewise you can observe Venus the

second planet from the Sun but because

it's farther away its transits are less

frequent the last one was in 2004 and

2012 the next pair of transits is

expected in 217 and

2125 hey I won't be around

then so these star systems have the

opportunity to observe our planet but

long range telescopes work a little

differently actually The Observer will

not see a black dot with the sun in the

background the telescope will measure

the brightness of our star when Earth

begins its Transit between the Sun and

the Observer the telescope will record a

slight drop in the brightness of the

star because our planet is blocking the

path of the sun's

Rays those far away scientists of

extraterrestrial civilizations will be

able to calculate this drop in

brightness and determine the size of our

planet

but not all 1700 plus star systems may

have extraterrestrial life scientists

have narrowed it down to 29 planets near

some of these Stars they're potentially

habitable that means these planets are

roughly earthlike in size and within the

habitable zone of their host star that

means they're not too close to the star

so it's not too hot for a potential life

the water doesn't evaporate there like

in a Boiling Pot and they're not too far

away away so it's not too cold and the

water doesn't freeze into thick sheets

of ice and since water is the basis of

life we can assume that Civilization

might exist there theoretically these

planets could have seen Earth transits

in the last 5,000

years so while we were building the

Pyramids of Giza or

Stonehenge an extraterrestrial

civilization may have been watching

us one of these planets is only 11 light

years from our home

near the Ross 128 star a red dwarf in

the constellation Virgo there's an

exoplanet about twice the size of Earth

and right in the habitable zone of its

host

star theoretically the inhabitants of

this planet could see Earth Transit the

sun on a regular basis for 2,000 years

but about 900 years ago the planet lost

its position and can no longer continue

observation the other planet where Earth

can be seen transiting is 12 .5 light

years away near the star called Tea

Garden the window for observing our

planet will open there in about 29

years we're betting heavily on the

trapist one star system it hosts at

least seven exoplanets almost like our

solar system and four of them are in the

habitable zone of the star but they

won't be able to start observing Earth

until 16th centuries from

now but we can try to make contact with

these planets right now

they're all close enough to us to pick

up our radio

signals radio waves can travel through

space at the speed of light and our

planet has been emitting radio signals

continuously since

1895 so we're like noisy neighbors in

the radio spectrum if there's a planet

somewhere with an intelligent

civilization within 125 light years of

us our radio noise would have already

reached them the only problem is it

would take about the same time to get a

response from that

Civilization the other problem with

radio is that any civilization uses it

for a relatively short period even now

on Earth we use Bluetooth and fiber

optics more than radio except for maybe

traffic reports and over time all the

radio noise we create will simply

disappear also radio communication

assumes that an extraterrestrial

civilization is Advanced enough to use

this technology

but who knows maybe there are life forms

in space that are really different from

ours our radio signals already could

have reached that planet but its

inhabitants simply aren't capable of

receiving

them and the moment these life forms

build antenas to receive the signal will

no longer emit them but we don't lose

hope and we even send encrypted radio

signals into space to communicate with

extraterrestrial civilizations in 1974

we sent the aasbo message into

Interstellar

space if some civilization can decipher

it they'll get a rectangle like this it

has all the information about Humanity

at the top is our number system then the

atomic numbers and then our DNA which is

pictured below then a human being itself

of course below is a diagram of our

solar system earth the third planet from

the Sun is slightly elevated this is how

the extra terrestrial civilization will

understand which planet this message

came from below is a diagram of the

aasbo radio telescope

itself another option how to deliver a

message to a distant planet is to

literally send a mail delivery there it

could be a space probe and we've already

done that these are voyagers 1 and two

they were launched in 1977 and are still

operational in 2012 Voyager 1 became the

first ever human-made object in

interstellar space it travels to distant

stars and carries a message written on a

golden record the disc contains

greetings in 55 Earth languages a lot of

music from different parts of our planet

different sounds like ocean noise human

voices and animal

sounds in addition there are 116 images

on the record these are pictures of

people and Earthly landscapes in these

pictures there's information about the

sun and our

DNA the record case contains

instructions and a needle to play the

record there's also a map of our

Galaxy's Pulsar so that astronomers from

an extraterrestrial civilization can

find our solar system the main

disadvantage of sending a message this

way is time Voyager 1 will reach its

first stop the galise 445 star in 40,000

years Voyager 2 will reach the Ross 248

star in 42,000 years and in about

296,000 Years it'll pass Sirius the

brightest star in the night sky I can't

wait also an extraterrestrial

civilization can detect us with

calculations and formulas all it takes

is a little observation of the Sun in

Star systems with planets the host star

doesn't stand still it rotates around a

small

orbit this is because the heavy star

attracts the planet but the planet also

has its own gravity and resists this

shifts the star a little and causes it

to orbit around an extraterrestrial

civilization can calculate the shift of

the Sun and determine the mass of the

planets near the star using such a

method astronomers were able to find 548

exoplanets now suppose we made contact

with an extraterrestrial civilization

near the closest star Proxima centuri

there's indeed an exoplanet there but

radiation from the host star would

destroy any life forms but imagine we

still got a return signal it would be

the slowest chat in history because our

message would take 4.2 years to reach

the planet and we'd have to wait another

4.2 years to get a response and so we

arranged to

meet this civilization doesn't know how

to fly into space so we have to take the

first step although though Proxima

centuri is the closest star to our solar

system it takes about 73,000 years to

travel there by conventional rocket so

we have to learn to travel at the speed

of life but even then it would take 4.2

years to travel there imagine if we

found extraterrestrial life on the other

side of the Milky Way our galaxy is

100,000 light years wide so the journey

from edge to edge would take 100

millennia

so we either have to cheat the laws of

physics or transfer all of human

civilization to a giant spaceship that

will travel from star to star for

thousands of years and when it launches

from Earth only the great great great

great and many more greats of the first

crew will be able to see another star

system from the spaceship portal hey can

you move your head I'm trying to see out

the

window one of the biggest questions that

has been tor string the minds of

astronomers and common folks is why

haven't we found aliens yet you'd think

with a universe so big and filled with

tons of stars and planets we'd have

already bumped into some

extraterrestrial neighbors by now this

question was first asked by famous

physicist enrio fmy during a lunch with

his fellow scientists they were chatting

about UFO sightings and aliens and

suddenly fmy asked where is everyone it

seemed like a casual comment but it

sparked a huge debate if the universe is

packed with stars planets and the

possibility of alien life how come we

haven't seen any yet this discussion

gave birth to something we now call the

fairy Paradox it goes like this based on

what we know there should be Advanced

alien civilizations out there perhaps

even many of them they'd likely have

technology that could allow them to

travel across space or at least send us

signals to let us know they're there but

here's the kicker to despite all of our

technology and all the searching we've

done we haven't found a single shred of

solid proof that these Advanced

civilizations do exist so where are they

over the years a lot of theories trying

to explain this Paradox have seen the

light of day let's talk about some of

the most interesting ones the rare earth

hypothesis claims that Earth might just

be super rare and planets like ours with

life are incredibly

uncommon in this case we could be the

only planet in the the Milky Way

harboring life or at least intelligent

life we might also be the first

intelligent civilization in our galaxy

to reach this level of development in

other words we could be Pioneers however

unbelievable it may sound at the same

time it's not very scientific to rely on

a rare Chance some people think that

maybe Advanced civilizations were once

here but left the Milky Way perhaps they

developed the technology of interstellar

travel enabling them to fly between

galaxies or they could use other exotic

ways like wormholes hypothetical

structures connecting disperate points

in SpaceTime maybe they found more

interesting and pleasant places to live

far away from us one sad possibility is

that when a civilization becomes too

advanced it ends up destroying itself

whether through War environmental

destruction or something else it could

be that most civilizations don't last

long enough to reach out to others now

imagine an advanced civilization being

wiped out by a disease before they could

even start exploring stars in other

words it's possible that civilizations

just don't survive long enough to meet

others another hypothesis not very

flattering to us what if these aliens

are using technology that we just don't

understand maybe they're communicating

in ways we can't detect like using

signals beyond our current understanding

of physics scientists are discussing

such possibilities but haven't found any

any yet aliens might also be

intentionally avoiding us they could be

out there but staying Silent not so

eager to reveal themselves until we're

ready speaking of being ready some

people think that aliens could be

waiting for us to reach a certain level

of development before they make contact

maybe they don't want to interfere with

our growth until we're more advanced

advanced civilizations could also go

into virtual realities and if they can

live in digital worlds they might stop

caring about exploring the physical unit

Universe why bother another wild idea is

that some civilizations might go into a

type of hibernation waiting for the

universe to cool down because it might

be more energy efficient to do so and

last but not least there's this creepy

possibility that our entire universe is

a computer simulation and aliens are

hidden from us on purpose it's something

like a video game that doesn't reveal

all its Secrets at once until you get to

the next level

now let's talk about the odds of Life

out there we know that in just our

galaxy The Milky Way There are probably

around 20 billion planets that are

roughly Earth sized and located in the

habitable zone which means they're just

the right distance from their stars to

have liquid water but how many of these

planets actually have life could it be

most of them just a few or almost none

and out of the planets that do have life

how many host intelligent beings with

technology

in the 1960s a scientist named Dr Frank

Drake tried to estimate the number of

civilizations in our galaxy that could

equation later called the Drake equation

it looks complicated but the idea is

pretty simple it helps us calculate the

number of intelligent civilizations

based on things like how many stars are

born each year how many have planets how

many planets could support life and how

long a civilization might last

here's what it looks like let's look

into this equation in more detail n is

the number of intelligent civilizations

that could contact us R is the rate of

star formation in our galaxy FP is the

fraction of stars with

planets NE is the average number of

planets per star that could support life

f is the fraction of those planets where

life actually develops fi is the

fraction where intelligent life

arises FC is the fraction of

civilizations that can and want to

communicate L is how long these

civilizations last before they disappear

the problem is we don't know the exact

values for most of these factors so when

we plug in numbers which we know with

large errors we get answers with very

large errors too depending on the values

the number of civilizations in our

galaxy could be anywhere from almost

zero to tens of thousands right now the

best estimate we can come up with gives

us a very small number close to zero in

other words even though our galaxy is

huge it's possible we're all alone here

or nearly alone one big reason we

haven't met any aliens yet is that even

if they do exist we might not be able to

visit them at least not with our current

technology the speed of light is a hard

limit in physics meaning nothing can

travel faster than it this makes

Interstellar travel super slow the

situation could be better if there were

exotic ways of travel such as wormholes

and warp drives one day they may turn

out to be real but so far there is

little hope for that even if we can't

meet Aliens face to face there are still

ways we might discover them one of the

biggest projects is called seti search

for extraterrestrial intelligence seti

scientists use huge telescopes to listen

for radio signals from distant planets

if an alien civilization is sending out

signals we might be able to pick them up

and if we have a very powerful telescope

we might use it to take super detailed

pictures of distant planets maybe even

earthlike ones hundreds of light years

away this could give us a whole new way

to search for signs of alien life in any

case even though we haven't found aliens

yet the search is far from over whether

it's through new technology better

understanding of physics or just

listening to the Stars we might one day

find that we're not alone in in the

universe until then the question where

is everyone keeps sparking

curiosity chances are we're going to

find life beyond Earth by 2035 and

there's no need to travel to a galaxy

far far away our Milky Way galaxy is

full of totally suitable environments

don't get too hyped up though we're

talking about microbes or chemical

markers not Hollywood like green

humanoids even so when we finally find

traces of life it will change how we see

our place in the

universe NASA's Kepler space telescope

discovered something incredible almost

every Star has planets and many of these

planets might be habitable rocky planets

like Earth and Mars are even more common

in our galaxy than gas giants like

Saturn and Jupiter also we already know

that our galaxy is very rich in water

there's water in interstellar clouds

where stars and planets form in the deis

fre discs around other stars in comets

just everywhere what's really hard

though is finding life

itself ideally to finally find it we

need to land on every single planet out

there and literally check under each

Rock but thanks to the newest research

we can at least narrow down the search

to potentially habitable

Worlds the James web Space Telescope a

super powerful telescope that was

launched into space in 2021 is on to

this it checks the atmospheres of nearby

super Earths rocky planets that are a

bit bigger than Earth it searches for

Life related gases chemicals that can

only be produced by living things and

they already found some clues for

example they detected signs of such a

chemical on a planet called

k218b this planet is 120 light years

away which is pretty close on a space

scale this planet is in the goldilock

zone which means a Zone around the star

where the temperatures are just right

for liquid water to exist it orbits a

red dwarf star the smallest type of star

there is such stars are a bit fainter

than our sun it will take about a year

to check if these hints of Life are real

if so it would mean that life is much

more common than we previously thought

but even if it's not there are 10 more

Goldilocks planets on their list to

study the James web Space Telescope is a

very very cool tool but it has limits it

can't detect small earthlike planets due

to their size to fix this NASA plans to

launch another tool the Widefield

infrared survey telescope this one will

be even better at spotting such planets

and Life rated chemicals and also we

have the seti project seti stands for

search for extraterrestrial intelligence

this project has been on a hunt for

extraterrestrial creatures since the

1980s they also believe that we'll find

signs of life within the next 10 years

not so long ago they started a super big

and cool project it's called Cosmic and

it uses an array of radio telescopes in

New Mexico you might have seen those in

the movie

contact Cosmic allows scientists to

listen to hundreds of thousands and

potentially millions of star systems at

the same time if there are any

interesting signals scientists can check

them right away instead of waiting for

weeks or even months the signals

themselves are often very sudden and

short but Cosmic can detect even the

shortest ones that last Nan seconds

Cosmic can also help with other research

like studying mysterious and unexplained

fast radio bursts or even Dark Matter

this is the biggest and most powerful

tool for searching for extraterrestrial

life we've ever created but it's not

enough to just listen why don't we reach

out ourselves NASA has sent some signals

into deep space in 2002 their deep space

Network sent a signal to the Pioneer 10

satellite but there was an obstacle in

the path a white dwarf star 27 light

years away from Earth if there's a

planet around this star perhaps the

signal reached them too if there are any

intelligent species there we could

receive a reply by

2029 the DSN keeps sending powerful

Transmissions into space these signals

will bump into 222 Stars within the next

three centuries maybe someday we'll

receive a reply from somewhere far away

but why haven't we received a response

yet there are about 200 billion galaxies

in the universe each with around 100

billion stars if just 1% of those Stars

had one planet that's still two 200

quintilian possible planets and we can

narrow it down even further if the

chance of them having life is one in a

trillion that would still leave us a few

hundred th000 planets so where is

everyone this is a famous question known

as the firmy

Paradox the first possibility isn't that

terrifying it's possible that the

universe is full of life but this life

isn't intelligent in our traditional

sense some planets might have microbes

birds or space dinosaurs this is called

the Great filter Theory it suggests that

there are certain filters that life has

to overcome in order to become

intelligent and maybe other species just

haven't overcome them yet think about it

life on earth started in the ocean then

crawled onto land Diversified into many

forms went extinct in massive events

five times evolved again and eventually

led to to humans we built societies

developed healthc care and only then

started searching for another life

there's another idea called the guian

bottleneck hypothesis which suggests

basically the same thing while it might

not be too hard for basic life to start

it's incredibly tough for that life to

survive and thrive over long periods

Venus might have had oceans and

earthlike conditions too but something

went wrong its oceans boiled away way

because of a runaway greenhouse effect

now it's sterile Mars also had liquid

water on its surface once and both the

moon and Mercury had thick atmospheres

for a short time meanwhile Earth has had

liquid water on its surface for almost

its entire existence it's super rare and

remarkable for a planet to hold

temperatures from 32 to 22° F for

millions of years so maybe it's a

mistake to look for intelligent life

especially the one that uses the same

technology as we do it evolved under

completely different conditions after

all that's also where the so-called

Drake Equation comes in it's a formula

that gives us a chance to calculate the

potential of Life becoming intelligent

on a

planet to calculate the result we need

to know several variables how many stars

there are how many of them have planets

the chance of these planets having life

and and so on unfortunately we don't

know these numbers yet and the result

might be insignificant but let's assume

that there is at least one other

intelligent species why haven't we met

yet there might be many reasons maybe

they don't think we're interesting

enough or maybe the problem is with us

perhaps we keep missing their signals or

maybe we miss the entire species itself

the universe is insanely huge and

ancient it's over 14 billion years old

if we compress Earth's entire

evolutionary history into a 24-hour Day

Life starts at 4:00 a.m. dinosaurs go

extinct at 11:40 p.m. humanlike

creatures appear 2 minutes before

midnight in this analogy humans have

existed for just 77 seconds and are

technology capable of detecting

extraterrestrial life is even newer less

than a second with such vast distances

and time spans the chances of us

existing at the same time as other

civilizations are slim if their

civilization lasted only a few Millennia

we could easily miss them entirely but

that doesn't mean we should give up our

search scientists were worried that

Earth's radio signals had dimmed over

time but a recent study showed that it's

actually the opposite the numbers of our

satellites keeps growing and this makes

our planet more

detectable by the end of the decade we

could have a 100,000 satellites making

Earth incredibly bright in the radio

spectrum if there is an advanced

civilization out there they will easily

spot us even from very far distances

astronomers are super optimistic about

it there is a high chance they'll find

extraterrestrial creatures while you and

I are still around the search for et is

on it's most definitely on with the

successful launch of the James web

telescope the search for Earth likee

planets has become a riveting topic of

worldwide attention apart from the James

web telescope other tools are being used

to find good earthlike candidates the

test satellite and the Kepler Telescope

are at the Forefront of searching for

other Earths after we first clear the

air of a few pesky philosophical

questions we'll take a close look at

these two searches and what the James

web telescope hopes to find so why are

we searching for earthlike planets well

because we can incredible advances and

Earthbound telescope technology have

enabled Ultra precise observations of

Starlight which led to the earliest

discovery of exoplanets as planets go

around Stars there's a gravitational

interaction between the planet and the

star they pull each other the planets

pull upon the star will cause the

Starlight to wobble back and forth ever

so slightly as the planet or planets

orbit the star this has always been the

case but the wobble of the staright was

never able to be detected because

Starlight always twinkles you know

twinkle twinkle Etc Adaptive Optics

inside telescopes is the technological

breakthrough that first enabled

astronomers to find exoplanets by taking

the twinkle out of Starlite mechanical

springs on the underside of telescope

mirrors bend the mirrors ever so

slightly to neutralize the Distortion

the twinkle caused by Starlight passing

through Earth's atmosphere without the

glimmer of Starlight the slight wobble

caused by planets pulling

gravitationally on the stars is observed

able the bigger the Wobble the more

planets it's called the astrometric

method of exoplanet detection isn't that

a mouthful whole star systems and

literally thousands of exoplanets were

inferred to exist around nearby Stars by

analyzing the wobbly patterns of

Starlight but the planets themselves

could not be seen suddenly our solar

system was not unique anymore

astronomers got giddy over the

inescapable conclusion that probably

every Star had planets it became

impossible not to ask the poignant

question is the earth unique or are

there other Earths what's the big deal

about finding earthlike planets anyways

well considering all the financial

resources the developed countries are

spending on finding earthlike planets it

can be said without a doubt that it's

definitely a big

deal including the launched James web

telescope which cost 10

billion the Kepler space telescope which

cost $550 million and the test satellite

which cost $200 million the investment

in finding earthlike planets is

certainly eyebrow raising now if you

keep in mind that these costs are just

for the hardware and to get a sketch of

the full magnitude of the search you

must also include the salaries of a team

of data miners PhD analysts and

postgrads all across the globe in

universities National Space agencies and

private institutions we will conclude

that finding another Earth is truly an

immense undertaking now suppose we find

one then Earth is not alone anymore it's

not that we can actually go to any of

these planets anytime soon Interstellar

travel requires some breakthroughs in

physics and technology and well we

aren't there yet but knowing that there

are planets out there in the Milky Way

that are like Earth in all the essential

respects like liquid water oxygen and

habitability will make space less foring

more welcoming more exciting to study

and explore it may also give us more

pride in our home planet and make us all

better earthlings the triple Mission

looking for other Earths the Kepler

Telescope the test satellite and the

James web telescope use distinct

approaches to find exoplanets and the

synonym test tells us what that method

is the T stands for transiting and

that's the key to the whole exoplanet

search e stands for you guessed it

exoplanets the target of the excellent

investigation of another Earth s stands

for survey because Tess looks at

hundreds of thousands of nearby stars

and S stands for satellite because Tess

is orbiting Earth unlike the James web

Space Telescope which will orbit the sun

when a planet passes in front of a star

that is called a Transit the planet will

block some of the light coming from the

Star this decrease or dimming of the

star can be measured the dimming of

Starlight tells lots of things about the

planet by knowing how bright the star is

and how much the star's light was dim by

a transition in front of the star we can

tell how giant the planet is or how

close it is but we won't know which is

it big or is it close until the planet's

orbit is also tied it means our test

satellite must take long duration videos

of the Stars ooh video of the Stars

Hollywood should like that the test

satellite doesn't have a telescope it

uses four CCD cameras to stream live

long duration videos of as many stars as

possible hundreds of thousands of stars

why so many well because for a Transit

of a planet to be observed it must pass

directly between the test satellites

cameras and the star if the planet is

not on the exact line of sight angle

between the star and Tessa's cameras it

cannot be seen because it will not cut

off any star lights planetary transits

are rare for example Venus passes across

Earth's view of the sun only every

couple hundred years yet Tessa's cameras

are seeing many planetary trans it among

the hundreds of thousands of stars it

takes streaming long duration videos of

and you know what that means it means

there must be hundreds or thousands of

times more planets than are observed by

the transiting method it is therefore an

inescapable conclusion that every Star

has planets planets are

everywhere and now the James web Space

Telescope with its giant 21t 4in wide

mirror is entering the search it is a

technological Marvel a wonder of the

modern world a miracle of advanced

engineering anticipation is reaching a

fever pitch but with the heightened

anticipation comes an almost equal

amount of trepidation and some things

can still go wrong before the James web

Space Telescope returns its first

pictures after the Hubble Space

Telescope for example was launched in

1990 a repair Mission had to be launched

1993 the mirror on the Hubble was not

very well ected and its pictures were

very blurry astronauts had to go up and

execute a spectacular space walk to fix

the

mirror after the fix the pictures Hubble

sent back were more precise than it was

ever designed for this is how an

improved model

appeared that cannot happen with the

James web telescope the Hubble orbits

the earth and is accessible to

astronauts the James web Space Telescope

orbits the Sun and is well beyond the

moon out of the reach of astronauts

because their there is no spacecraft

equipped to carry him there it cannot be

manually fixed if something goes

wrong adding to the challenges the James

web Space Telescope has only one onboard

camera to inspect any damage it may

suffer or mechanical malfunctions that

might develop in the harsh environment

of interplanetary space any remote fixes

will need to be done blind from Earth

the James web Space Telescope is now

fully deployed the at mirror segments

will need to be aligned to produce a

single image this critically important

process will take several months to

complete once the telescope is fully

deployed 70 of the first 286 observation

assignments of the telescope Target

exoplanets using data from previous

exoplanet searches it will not have to

waste time searching for exoplanets

their locations and orbits are already

known the James web telescope will go

right after them the James web Space

Telescope is not an optical telescope in

the same sense as the Hubble Space

Telescope or any ordinary telescope that

sees visible light it sees infrared

light the pictures of planets are

expected to be bright dots somewhat

fuzzy if they have atmospheres the

Spectra of the planets will yield the

most information about the exoplanet any

gases around an exoplanet will absorb

some Starlight as the Starlight passes

through the planet's atmospheres Suppose

there is methane in the planet's

atmosphere oxygen or carbon dioxide the

gas is that most indicate life in that

case the James web telescope will be

able to pick them up by spectroscopic

analysis an entire portrait of the

exoplanet can be formed from the

infrared information its temperature

ranges atmospheric content the

likelihood of liquid water and even the

probability of life and that's a big

deal the James web Space Telescope has

other missions to perform too it's

assigned to examine star formation and

Planet formation in nebula in the Milky

Way understanding how solar systems form

is part of the search for another Earth

by detecting infrared light the James

web Space Telescope will appear to the

farthest away galaxies galaxies whose

visible light gets blocked by dust and

gas these distant galaxies were formed

shortly after the big bag Galaxy

formation is an essential mission for

the James web telescope these most

disting galaxies are accelerating away

so fast that the light they emit is

stretched below the frequency of the

visible spectrum into the infrared the

great telescope can see these previously

invisible galaxies we hope to learn

about the mysterious dark energy that is

causing the universe to expand at an

ever increasing velocity hope is high

that the James web Space Telescope will

significantly expand our knowledge of

this amazing Universe we all live

in okay quick space riddle why is the

search for life in the the universe like

a tree because you're always looking for

a place to plant it you know plant it

plant it okay settle down anyway water

is the basis of life in any part of the

universe so potentially inhabited

planets must have liquid water on them

to support life an incredible number of

circumstances must come together for

this the planet must be in the habitable

zone of the star then the temperature

and atmospheric pressure on the planet

surface will be suitable for simple life

forms to begin to evolve a little closer

to the star and the water will evaporate

leaving no chance for oceans and seas to

form this is what happened on Venus it

has a size and mass similar to the Earth

but it's too close to the Sun and no

life can exist on its surface too far

from the star and the planet becomes too

cold water can only exist in the form of

ice on the surface and there just might

be liquid water deep

below Neptune is one example of this in

addition the planet must be solid and

have an atmosphere that protects it from

solar radiation and allows living

organisms to breathe in our galaxy alone

there are countless Stars really you

can't count on them near each one of

them may be a planet they're called

exoplanets and some of them may be in

the habitable zone and have everything

for life to form on them from a list of

4,500 known exoplanets scientists have

identified 24 that can be superhabitable

this is the type of planet that is

suitable for the Existence and evolution

of life even more than the earth such

planets must be twice as massive as the

Earth and 1.3 times larger a bigger size

means stronger gravity and a denser and

warmer atmosphere this will ensure a

greater diversity of all living

organisms on the planet in addition we

should pay attention to the host star

around which the superhabitable planets

will orbit and there should be a

McDonald's nearby ideally it should be

smaller than the Sun and have a lifespan

of at least 15 to 30 billion years for

comparison the lifespan of the sun is

under 10 billion years and it took about

4 billion for complex life forms to

appear here Stars such as the sun can

simply run out of fuel before life can

develop on its

exoplanet scientists suggest focusing on

dwarf stars they're smaller and less

luminous than the Sun but their lifespan

can be between 20 and 70 billion years

this will give living organisms enough

time to develop and evolve climactic

conditions on superhabitable planets

will also be different the average

temperature should be 8° F higher than

on Earth and there should be more water

in the form of clouds liquid and

humidity these conditions are the most

favorable for biodiversity so the whole

planet would be looking like tropical

forests on Earth all 24 candidates for

the title of better than Earth hey are

more than 100 light years away from us

and with the Advent of the new

generation of telescopes we'll probably

be able to find out exactly if there is

life there and if the conditions there

are suitable for humans now let's take a

look at the potentially inhabited

exoplanets T garden B it's an exoplanet

that orbits a red dwarf star about 12

light years away from the solar system

typically red dwarfs can emit flares

that blow away the atmosphere of the

planets in its orbit but this host star

is calm and relatively passive T garden

B has almost the same mass as the Earth

it makes a complete circle around its

star in about 5 days yep you got it

right a year on tea garden B is less

than a week on Earth hold on your hats

the furthest potential inhabited planet

is Kepler 1638 B it's in the

constellation signis about 3,000 light

years away from us it belongs to the

super Earth class it's twice as wide and

four times as heavy as our home planet

the gravity on it will feel much

stronger even a normal jump will be much

harder for you than on Earth although if

this planet is really inhabited local

life is used to such

conditions LHS

1140b this planet is very Rocky and

solid although its size is only 40%

larger than the earth it's seven times

as massive it has a strong gravity of

3.25 GS for comparison when you take off

on an airplane you experience an

overload of about 1 and 1/2 G's so on on

this planet you'd barely be able to

stand on your feet because of its large

mass this planet has a thicker

atmosphere and because of the greenhouse

effect its temperature can be above 19°

F and it rotates around its star quite

quickly it makes a full circle in just

24 days and now let's look at the

constellation Aquarius here's an ultra

cold dwarf trapist one a small planet

orbits in its habitable zone it's three

times lighter than the earth its

temperature is similar to ours but the

gravity is half as weak but we would

still feel comfortable there remember

the people that went to the moon there

the gravity is only 16% of the Earth's

that's what makes the astronauts move so

funny Kepler 452b is in a system that

resembles the older sister of ours the

hostar is only 11% older than our son

and is almost 2 billion years old older

the exoplanet itself is 6 1/2 billion

years old compared to 4 1/2 billion of

earths but these sisters are very far

from each other if you travel at the

speed of the New Horizon spacecraft it

will take about 26 million years to get

there so bring a big

lunch this is the closest exoplanet to

us Proxima centari B it orbits the Red

Dwarf Proxima centuri which is the

closest a star to the sun this planet is

just 4.2 Lighty years away from us its

size and mass are very similar to those

of the earth it probably has an icy

structure like Neptune although Proxima

centari is the closest star after the

sun we can't see it with a naked eye

because it's too

dim so all these planets including the

24 that scientists have recently found

are in the habitable zone of their host

stars and and in theory we can colonize

them and make them suitable for human

life in the future but here we'll have

to solve one big problem even the

nearest exoplanet is too far away for us

today our modern rockets can fly at five

times the speed of sound and even at

such speeds it will take us more than

100,000 years to get to proximus centari

on one of them well we need to come up

with something a bit faster to travel to

a a new home on one of these exoplanets

and perhaps scientists already have the

answer warp drive ooh this is a piece of

technology that will allow us to

manipulate space and time it creates a

kind of a bubble in which the normal

Laws of Motion don't work so the

spacecraft will be able to significantly

exceed the speed of light and this isn't

science fiction Humanity already has

such technology although just in theory

yet it's aluer warp drive and no I

didn't make that up since no object that

has mass can travel at the speed of

light we need to do one trick the

spacecraft has to move by compressing

the space in front of it and expanding

it behind it thus not only the ship is

moving but also the space time inside

this warp drive bubble and the maximum

speed can be 10 times that of light but

to warp the SpaceTime the ship must be

incredibly large and to power it will

need the amount of energy close to what

the whole planet of Jupiter generates

still recent calculations of NASA's jet

propulsion lab show that the ring around

the ship which should create the

so-called warp field shouldn't be

perfectly round as it was thought before

it can be more donut shaped ah Donuts

this will greatly simplify the design

and construction and will make it

possible to test this technology on a

spacecraft the size of a Voyager 1 Pro

even though it still seems impossible

scientists are already saying that there

is hope and while we don't know what

technology will be used in 2069 NASA

plans to launch its first Interstellar

mission to explore potentially habitable

planets outside of our solar

system various rumors say that the speed

of light can be achieved with Laser

Technology if the probe is very small it

can be launched to the alpha centari

star at almost the speed of light there

are also two other alternatives to power

spaceships these are nuclear energy and

energy from matter and antimatter

collisions oo these Technologies are

still a mystery to humanity though well

for the time being stay

[Music]

tuned 2022 and 23 have been Landmark

years for discovering new fascinating

worlds last year NASA surpassed 5,000

confirmed exoplanets the list is

incredibly diverse it includes Rocky

super Earths gas giants like Jupiter ice

giants like Neptune and so on and this

is just the beginning there might be

more than a trillion exoplanets in our

galaxy alone but the most important

question is how many of them are

habitable you know for us are there

there any planets on this list that

could have life on them or that could be

a future home for us of course there

are and in 2022 2023 we found as many as

five of them so buckle up and hang on

for a wild ride beyond our solar

system the first planet on our list is

Wolf

1069b a boring and stodgy designation so

I'll simply nickname it Wolfie because

hey who's going to stop me NASA

a new study conducted by 50 star ey

astronomers confirms something awesome

this exoplanet Wolfie which is located

just 31 light years away from us could

potentially be a rocky World in other

words theoretically it's a habitable

planet the team behind this discovery

used a technique called radio velocity

to detect the exoplanet this is a way

scientist study the movements of stars

and planets it's as if when you're

playing catch with a friend as they thr

throw the ball to you you can see it

coming closer and closer it's kind of

like radial velocity when a planet is

moving towards us it makes the stared

orbits appear to be coming closer to us

when the planet is moving away from us

it also makes the star look more distant

scientists can use this information to

figure out what the planet is doing and

how big it is and that's how they found

Wolfie this exoplanet is estimated to be

the Earth's size and about 1 and A3

times the mass of our planet it's

orbiting a red dwarf star who all call

Wolfie's Mama but here's the real kicker

Wolfie orbits within its star's

habitable zone which means it's a prime

candidate for liquid water to exist on

its surface that's like hitting the

exoplanetary jackpot ooh wish I had a

ticket the study estimates that if

Wolfie does have an earthlike atmosphere

temperatures could rise as high as 55° F

which would mean liquid water could pull

on the planet's day side but here's the

catch the exoplanet is tidally locked to

its star meaning that the same side

always faces the star just imagine one

side of the planet is always Bast in the

warmth of its star while the other is in

Eternal Darkness like Middle School just

kidding the team behind the discovery

believes it's a prime candidate for

further studies but we'll probably have

to wait another 10 years for answers

until then we'll just have to keep

searching the skies with our telescopes

and crossed

fingers our next planet is toi 700e H

what's a good nickname NASA has just

discovered a new planet that's set to

take the galaxies by storm or shall we

say by orbit I'll nickname it toys were

us it's almost the size of Earth most

likely has liquid water on its surface

and it's only 100 light years away we're

not talking about a road trip of course

but this is close enough in the grand

scheme of things

toys were us is the fourth planet in its

system and it's got a bit of a short

orbit just 28 days to Circle its star

well at least you would have a birthday

every month hooray this time the

discovery was made using the transit

method planets themselves are incredibly

small and hard to attack but when a

planet is in front of its star it blocks

some of the light coming from it making

it look a little bit dimmer as soon as

the planet moves away the star gets

brighter again so to find the planet

scientists watch very carefully to see

if the star's brightness changes if it

does that means there's probably a

planet playing hideand-seek with us and

that's how they discovered toys were us

the test mission discovered it it

discovered 66 new exoplanets and 2,100

more candidates waiting to be confirmed

Tess has been very busy creating Imaging

for 75% of the sky talk about efficiency

toy is where us is located in the

optimistic habitable zone between

planets C and D but it may be tily

locked just like Wolfie so we might have

to settle for a one-sided Water World

the discovery of toys were us is a

promising Prospect for future followup

observations and it demonstrates the

potential for tests to find even smaller

exoplanets in the future who knows it

may find a new home for Humanity Among

the Stars one day or at least a new

vacation spot

next we have twins GJ 1002b and GJ

1002c the Galaxy just got a little bit

closer to us with the discovery of two

exoplanets which I'll nickname Hansel

and grle that are just a stone throw

away from our solar system that's right

these two earthlike planets are located

less than 16 light years away which is

just a hop skip and a jump in space

terms for comparison Proxima centuri B

is the closest Earth Mass exoplanet at

4.2 Lighty years away so these two new

neighbors are among the closest to us

they both orbit a red dwarf star with

barely 1/8 the mass of the sun it's

quite cool and faint but that's okay

since both planets are very close to it

Hansel takes 10 days to orbit its star

while grle takes just over 21 days even

more birthdays I guess the discovery was

made by an international scientific team

and was no small feed the team had to

work together with two instruments

espresso and carmenes the result a cafe

lat nah what they got were measurements

so accurate you could practically count

the number of craters on the planet

surfaces the big deal is the planets are

located in the habitable zone of their

star and are just the right size making

them excellent candidates for future

atmospheric studies the lead author says

nature seems bent on showing showing us

that earthlike planets are very common

with these two we now know seven in

planetary systems quite near to the sun

who knew our neighbors could be so

friendly in conclusion the discovery of

Hansel and gredle is a giant leap for

human kind so let's all raise a glass of

H2O or whatever they drink on exoplanets

and celebrate

it the last planet on our list is LP

Bob this super Earth located about 98

light years away is roughly 40% larger

than our home planet moreover it has a

twin which I'll nickname Ray which is up

to 75% larger than Earth more space is

always good right the two planets orbit

around the red dwarf star unfortunately

Ray is quite hot to the touch with an

estimated temperature of

253° f so don't touch its sibling Bob is

located in the habitable zone of its

star making it a prime candidate for the

potential of life but let's remember

that the actual temperature of the

planets depends on their atmospheres

it's possible that Bob being the

outermost planet has a runaway

greenhouse effect making it more like

Venus than Earth so it might be too hot

to be habitable at all but let's not

lose hope yet the James web Space

Telescope launched in December 2021 is

on the case with its cuttingedge

technology and Powerful instruments

including spectrographs it can peer into

the atmospheres of exoplanets and reveal

which ones might be habitable so let's

see what it discovers this planet has

been listed as the second most favorable

habitable zone terrestrial planet now

it's on the list with seven other

earthlike planets all about 40 light

years away from us maybe they'll become

our new homes in the future maybe we

should fix the home we have but until

then enjoy this moment and celebrate all

these new discoveries who knows how many

more planets we'll find in the future

considering how much technology develops

each year thousands millions meanwhile

Bob and Ray anel and grle toys Were Us

Wolfie and her mama will all be out

there waiting for

us you take off from Earth and park your

spacecraft somewhere near the moon

you're now almost 240,000 Mi away from

your home planet that's almost 100

widths of the United States

now you take out a giant hammer and an

enormous chisel using the robotic arms

of your spaceship you place the Chisel

at the Earth's north pole and strike its

head with the hammer Earth splits open

like an eggshell and you see it another

planet it's Thea and it's hiding inside

our planet like a yolk in an egg you'd

need to go back in time 4.5 billion

years to find out how it got

there this beautiful nebula will soon

become our solar system colored dust and

various space debris are slowly coming

closer toward the Common Center soon

this jigsaw puzzle of debris becomes too

heavy and dense the temperature inside

the giant is rising soon it gets so high

that it triggers a nuclear Chain

Reaction Another Second and Bam there's

an explosion so powerful that the shock

waves travel far into dark space and the

blinding Flash from this blast can be

seen from the other side of the Milky

Way galaxy when the dust clears a little

you can see that a bright light is still

shining at the very center of the

explosion this newborn star is the sun

it weighs as much as 333,000 Earths if

the sun was a bucket you'd need 1.3

million earth-sized planets to fill it

you're interested in a small object over

there 93 million mil away from the Sun

this pile of rocks and hot lava is Earth

right now now the planet is busy forming

its core while the oceans of lava are

gradually cooling down but a few tens of

million years after the sun's birth you

notice a strange object hurdling toward

Earth it's Thea this small planet was

born at about the same time as Earth and

now it's following a crazy spiral

trajectory at enormous speed scientists

believe Thea was kind of a ball Jupiter

and Venus played with Venus was pulling

Thea in One Direction then and Big

Brother Jupiter pulled it back but the

sun makes up 99.8% of the mass of the

entire solar system that's why the star

sets its own rules it makes Thea move in

almost the same orbit as Earth so they

inevitably come closer and closer to

each other until they become Nextdoor

neighbors we see that Thea is the size

of Mars and as wide as the Atlantic

Ocean from New York to

Portugal a collision can't be avoided

Thea is traveling toward Earth at nearly

9,000 mph that's 11 times faster than

the speed of sound if the smaller Planet

crashes into Earth at a particular angle

Earth will most likely be torn apart as

well as Thea itself the Collision will

cause a huge blast visible on other

planets even on a bright day nothing

will be left but some burning dust and

debris even if Thea touches Earth only

lightly it'll still knock out a chunk of

our planet the size of Australia but the

collision with Thea happens at a perfect

45° angle it strikes the Earth at

tremendous speed the explosion literally

vaporizes huge amounts of rock and the

shock wave sends the remaining debris

into Earth's orbit a huge crater is

formed at the impact site soon it gets

filled with boiling lava the remnants of

Thea and the ejected fragments of earth

begin to orbit our planet according to

one version these fragments form Two

Moons at first they travel together but

one day they get too close to each other

and Collide forming one large space body

the other Theory claims that all the

shards start being pulled by the

remnants of Thea sometime later they

form the moon as we now know it at that

point in the past though it's just Red

Hot Rock and lava the collision at this

angle slightly tilts our planet and

accelerates its rotation it's because of

Thea that we have different seasons and

24 hours in a day Earth has lithospheric

plates these are enormous solid pieces

that make up the crust of our planet

after the collision with Thea they start

to break and crack it causes carbon a

primary component of all known life on

Earth to start moving all over our

planet so Earth gets some kind of

metabolism after a few hundred million

years the first living creatures start

to appear on our planet over nearly 4

billion years simple single celled

organisms have been evolving into the

life you see today according to

scientists such a collision is a very

rare event the probability that

somewhere out there there's a planet

like ours that has survived the same

catastrophe is extremely small this may

be the reason why we are yet to find

traces of other civilizations out there

space meanwhile the remains of Thea are

still here on Earth of course it doesn't

look like an entire planet stuck inside

our own most of the fragments have

melted and blended into the Earth's

crust if you take the top layer off our

planet you'll see two huge lava blobs

the size of entire continents they're

right below Africa and the Pacific Ocean

presumably these are the remains of Thea

they didn't mix with Earth's mantle

because of different densities it's like

mixing water and oil in a glass the oil

will always float up over the water and

create an even layer on top of it but if

you raise those lava patches up to the

surface they'd be 100 times higher than

Mount Everest other remains of Thea

might be on the moon the Apollo space

missions brought back many soil samples

for analysis scientists have concluded

that the Moon is very similar to Earth

in structure people could drill deep

down and take samples there then they'd

analyze the blobs from Earth if their

structure matched it'd be 100% proof

that Thea did hit Earth 4.5 billion

years ago and that's how we got the moon

but for the time being Thea remains

somewhat mysterious scientists are still

not sure that the planet actually

existed the whole idea perfectly fits

the model of the moon's creation but in

fact this incredible Collision may have

never

happened hop on the bright side of life

together with our brand new te's hoodies

and more click the link to pick your

choice now you travel 41 Lighty years

away from Earth to the Planet 55 kry e

it's about twice the size of Earth and

eight times heavier you take out your

giant hammer again and use it to hit the

Chisel the planet cracks and you see

it's a giant Diamond the temperature on

this planet is tens of times higher than

that of earth and its soil is rich in

carbon the heat puts a lot of pressure

on this carbon its structure changes

first it turns into graphite some more

pressure and graphite turns into diamond

on Earth diamonds form at depths below

60 M where the pressure is 50,000 times

greater than on the surface the

temperatures there rise over 1,000°

which is as hot as fire diamonds are

rejected closer to the surface in

volcanic eruptions still people have to

dig mines 1500 ft deep to find these

beautiful gems the golden jubilee

diamond is the biggest cut and faceted

diamond on Earth it weighs as much as a

chocolate bar and is the size of a

hamster its price is about $12 million

now imagine a diamond the size of an

entire

planet you decide to fly back to the

solar system your destination is

Jupiter's moon Europa it's as wide as

the distance between Seattle and Houston

and its mass is less than 1% the mass of

Earth its surface is enclosed in an icy

crust it's about 19 Mi thick but what if

you crack this crust with your giant

hammer wow Europa is completely covered

in water it's freezing here three times

colder than at the North Pole on Earth

the water turns into ice almost

instantly but the ocean beneath the

surface is still liquid Europa interacts

with Jupiter gravitationally just like

the moon with Earth this creates tidal

forces and heats europa's core the core

melts the ice around it the result is a

huge ocean 2 to three times larger than

all of Earth's oceans combined

scientists believe that water is the

basis of life it may mean that life may

exist on Europa there could be thermal

Springs just like at the bottom of our

oceans the water there is probably much

warmer and even though the pressure and

temperature in such places are likely to

be extreme simple bacteria may live

there Europa is almost the same age as

Earth this means there's been enough

time for living organisms to appear and

evolve who knows maybe some Advanced

civilization is already blooming under

this crust of ice they may be building

big cities and dreaming of conquering

space right now but the only thing

people can do at the moment is send a

probe to Europa and find out if life is

possible

there this is Neptune the next stop is

Pluto stand clear of the closing doors

please one day with top-notch future

Technologies One Stop from Neptune to

Pluto won't see much further than Time

Square from Bryant Park today there are

huge ice mountains on Pluto valleys that

go further than your eyes can see 160 m

large craters almost as big as the

largest one on earth and no life the

reasons are obvious the long distance

between Pluto and the sun guarantees

freezing temperatures on that dwarf

planet it also ensures a trip of a few

billion miles plus it's smaller than the

moon so it would get crowded very soon

if people started dwelling there still

there's one reason which makes life

there not that far-fetched the sun has a

lifespan and Cycles within it our solar

system used to be nothing but a cloud of

gas and dust as a result of a

gravitational collapse at the center of

this Cloud the gas and dust started

gathering in specific denser places

these pulled more and more matter as

time went on and something called

conservation momentum made the mass

start rotating and heating up because of

immense pressure later there appeared a

disc similar to what Saturn has but it

was made of entirely different

substances and right in the center there

was the ball that eventually became the

Sun a protostar is a young star that's

still Gathering its mass and that's

exactly what the sun was before the

temperatures and pressures inside of it

lighted up its core millions of years

later it became the sun we see every day

but it won't stay this way forever it

will heat up even more and eventually

get bigger and denser turning into a red

giant it may one day get big enough to

swallow up Venus and Mercury chances are

it might swallow even planet Earth even

if it doesn't devour our planet the sun

might get close enough to touch us well

if this happened life on Earth wouldn't

be possible but then in just a few

minutes the sun loses about 40% of its

mass and shrinks about 10 times what it

used to be it's not as bright and indeed

not as hot as it used to be by this

moment Earth will have already been

deserted people might want to start

traveling around base or settle down on

another planet where life is sustainable

like the exoplanet Kepler 62f which by

the way is even bigger than Earth while

all of this was happening Pluto was

changing before every resource was

frozen inside of the dwarf planet water

gases like methane carbon monoxide you

name it but as the sun was reaching its

peak Luminosity Pluto was slowly warming

up and losing a lot of what it had to

the vastness of space at the same time

an atmosphere formed up if the

atmosphere gets thick enough it would

create favorable life conditions then

instead of spaceships a tiny percentage

of us would be able to set up colonies

on the dwarf planet the temperature is

comfortable there almost t-shirt weather

it even resembles Earth a tiny bit

Canyons filled with water beautiful

endless Fields with trees and lots of

space to run around and mineral water

pockets on the ground good enough to

drink Pluto's rotations are different

than Earth's an earth day is 24 hours

and sometimes it still feels like it

never ends but on Pluto a whole rotation

around the sun takes 153 hours because

it's pretty far away from the Sun after

several hours without sleep we get tired

and our eyes get red it means we'd have

to take several naps throughout the day

on Pluto a year on Pluto equals 248

Earth years unless we come up with some

sort of technology to get us to live

that long our entire lifespan would be

less than half a year on the dwarf

planet so houses on Pluto might need to

be equipped with cryo Chambers whenever

you feel like dreaming for a long time

you jump in it and wake up 50 Pluto days

later on the dwarf planet there are also

seas and beaches so it's just like a

tiny Earth far away from the actual

Earth the food on Pluto could be tastier

we might find a way to make the

ingredients more Savory and even try to

grow them faster during the trip you

plant a carrot and 2 days later it's

ready to be in your salad there could

also be new ingredients for our salads

on Pluto maybe 2 m tall mushrooms we've

never seen before the animals we would

take with us on the trip would get

released into their new home forever and

with time they would evolve and adapt to

their new environments the law of the

Jungle could change a bit too Lions

might not be Kings anymore deer are

their antlers are twice the size of what

they used used to be but to be fair so

are the deer most of the animals that

were already here used to live

underwater but with time the amphibian

started shifting to the surface just

like Earth at the beginning of Life

Pluto could only be a temporary home

though once the sun has finally reached

its Final Phase Pluto would get Frozen

and lifeless again people instead would

need to try to find a planet that stays

in the goldilock zone of another galaxy

the goldilock zone is the exact proper

distance from the Star like the sun

where the temperature is perfect for the

water to stay liquid it's the rule

scientists search for when looking for

other planets that can sustain life we

can try setting new colonies on one such

planet or even try to set up our own

artificial home not exactly a planet or

a spaceship but a combination of both

something huge built right in space say

a wheel with gravity everywhere we go so

we don't fall off it would float in

space toward the new exoplanet capable

of fitting enti States in this whole

trip might happen just because the sun

first grew too much and then having

reached the culmination of its life

cycle it would finally become a white

dwarf it's going to be a pretty long

journey and entire Generations will be

born here you'll have a choice sleep

your way through the Journey until

humans finally reach their new exoplanet

or enjoy the trip in this fantastic

spaceship there's all you need on board

malls bigger than those on Earth large

futuristic cities even places to farm

Fields with rich soil made artificially

and finally after a long journey the

exoplanet it's even somewhat better than

Earth the planet is Giant and has more

continents the continent's center isn't

as far from oceans which means there

aren't as many desert areas though the

sun of this planet is an orange dwarf

it's not as hot as our yellow dwarf sun

today it's a bit smaller but here's the

kick orange dwarfs live somewhat longer

they remain stable for between 15

billion and 45 billion years despite

that this new planet is full of

rainforests because the planet itself is

warmer it means more biodiversity and

creatures we've never seen before but

even if nothing out there is suitable we

could try and terraform this planet

instead if we take Mars as an example we

could create a greenhouse effect by

Smashing icer comets and releasing

ammonia in them making the planet warmer

we could also start planting trees we'd

probably need some Earth soil to do that

or we'd have to modify mars' soil to be

similar to ours sooner rather than later

the atmosphere would be close to the one

we have on Earth we'd be able to breathe

too because of the trees then we can

melt Mars's polar ice caps and voila

water the problem is the solar winds and

sun explosions that might strip it of an

atmosphere just as quickly as we can

create one if not faster it has no

magnetosphere either which means it

can't protect us from radiation so

long-term Mars wouldn't be a good choice

maybe out there in the vastness that is

space there is a perfect Planet waiting

for

us we'll start with one of the most

recent and shocking discoveries of 2020

perhaps our solar system has life beyond

Earth this is Venus the second planet

from the sun and the sister of our home

planet it's called so because it has a

similar size and mass but the conditions

on it are simply terrible the

temperature on its surface reaches 890

de fight because of the Greenhouse

Effect and the atmospheric pressure on

it is as strong as if you were 3,000 ft

underwater but in this hostile World

there can actually be life for many

years there have been discussions on

this subject in 2007 scientists

discovered there once had been an ocean

on Venus that is in the distant past

there could have been some form of

life but in the fall of 2020 there was

an epic argument in which scientists

tried to find out whether life on Venus

exists right now in September the

discovery of a new life marker on Venus

was announced the alma telescope in the

atakama desert found found phosphine gas

above the planet and the amount of this

gas suggested that it may have been

produced by certain

microorganisms but already in October

the data was analyzed again and the new

results indicate it was an

error so today we consider Venus to be

uninhabited once more but who knows

maybe soon we'll get new data and new

disputes will arise in scientific

circles and while some scientists are

scratching their heads and still

concentrating on Venus others have

looked into distant space and discovered

24 planets on which life can exist and

on all of them living conditions are

much better than on Earth such planets

are called super habitable these super

planets must be 1.3 times larger than

the earth and twice as massive thus they

will have stronger gravity and as a

consequence a denser and warmer

atmosphere so the climate on

superhabitable planets must be similar

to the tropical climate on Earth this

will ensure the maximum diversity of

living

organisms the host star of such a planet

must be a red dwarf they're much smaller

than the Sun and not so bright but their

lifespan can reach 70 billion

years for comparison the lifespan of the

sun is seven times shorter and it's

already passed half of it slow slow and

steady wins the race it will give enough

time for potential life to develop and

evolve and here's a suitable planet for

the title of superh habitable Kepler

1649c in 2020 it was named the most

similar planet to Earth it's only 6%

larger than our home World it orbits a

red dwarf a quarter the size of our sun

the planet is in the habitable zone of

the star and makes a complete circle

around it in 19 18.5 days the climate on

Kepler remains a mystery it's known to

receive about 75% of the light we get

from the Sun so the temperature on its

surface may be close to Earth's but we

still don't know the composition of the

atmosphere and other necessary

conditions for life to appear

there the next Discovery is one of the

most amazing spectacles ever seen by

Humanity it's the Collision of a star

with a black hole in September 20 2019

scientists began watching how for 6

months a sunlike star was being

spaghettified light from this event

traveled 215 million light years and we

saw a star about 860,000 Mi wide slurped

up by a black

hole this black disc is so heavy that it

has incredibly strong gravity nothing

can leave its gravitational field and

now we see a star slowly approaching it

first first the glowing light layers of

the star begin to stretch towards the

black hole it looks as if the star is

simply unrolling like a ball of

thread then we see this hot plasma

lingering at the edges of the black hole

and it may seem these particles are now

orbiting it but it's just an illusion

this ring of light is called The Event

Horizon the black hole curves not only

space but time as well this close to it

time slows down to the Observer it looks

as if the light near the edge of the

black disc has almost stopped but in

fact it has long been absorbed by the

dark

abyss when a black hole eats a certain

amount of star material it starts

spitting it out powerful beams of energy

are ejected at speeds of over 6,000

m/s this is the light that attracted

scientists attention in the end the

black hole has completely absorbed about

half of the star and spit out the other

half into space and even though we

watched this process for only a couple

of minutes it was happening for 6

months and here is one of the youngest

planetary systems that Humanity has ever

observed Au

microscopi it's so young there's still a

disc around it from the debris this

system was made of but this time we

don't even hope to find life here the

host star of this exoplanet continually

emits radiation flares that would wipe

out any form of life from the planet's

surface the planet that orbits this

dangerous star is called Au mckb and

it's just a newborn baby by astronomical

standards it's so close to its star that

it makes a complete circle around it in

8.5 days the age of this planet is only

12 million years so at the time Au MCB

was born mastadons walked on the surface

of our planet

and Meadows and savanas were covering

the Earth's face so you and I can

consider ourselves oldtimers because the

age of the Earth is almost 4.5 billion

years the next Discovery took place in

early 2020 and it's very similar to a

landscape from Science Fiction it's a

planet with two suns well more precisely

it doesn't orbit around a single star as

we are used to in our solar system but

around a binary star system toi

1338 the first big star is like the sun

the other is a red dwarf which is three

times smaller these Stars completely

Circle each other in a little over 14

days the planet that orbits these stars

is the size of Saturn which is much

larger than the earth although the

sunsets and sunrises there look

incredibly beautiful this planet is

unlikely to be suitable for any form of

life it's outside the habitable zone of

its host Stars so it probably doesn't

have liquid

water mysterious radio signals from

outer space have also been received in

2020 we're talking about fast radio

bursts scientists recorded such signals

before but recently they have managed to

prove that they are repeated after a

certain period of time the new data have

forced the scientists to come up with a

very bold theory that their Source may

be a

magnetar a magnetar is a neutron star

that is small and has a huge mass

compared to ordinary stars like the Sun

but they have the strongest magnetic

field in the entire universe their

lifetime is very short though only 1

million

years but what baffled scientists the

most this year was discovering that the

Moon is rusting corrosion needs oxygen

and water to take place but the moon

doesn't have its own atmosphere to have

both the main Theory says the solar wind

is to blame it moves at great speed and

scrapes oxygen from the upper layers of

the Earth's atmosphere the wind

continues to carry oxygen molecules

through space and eventually they reach

the surface of the Moon and cause metal

ore to

rust by the way the signature red color

of Mars was created because of the rust

for a long long time there was an

atmosphere and water in combination with

iron on its surface it triggered a long

process of rusting which has lasted

since ancient

times another stunning Discovery was

found on the surface of the Moon with a

stratospheric telescope it's an aircraft

that carries a telescope the plane

raises it to an altitude of 8 m and this

allows it to have a picture quality

comparable to that of space telescopes

and with the help of such an usual

Observatory scientists were able to find

water on the surface of the Moon water

molecules were found in one of the

largest craters on the visible side of

the satellite but the number of water

molecules is still extremely small there

the Sahara Desert has about 100 times

more water than the surface of the

Moon among all the planets of the solar

system our Earth is unique since it's

the only one that has developed life but

what if we got a competitor what if a

second Earth appeared out of nowhere

then there would be two different

scenarios the first is the destruction

of both planets the second has an

unexpected but pretty logical ending but

let's start with the catastrophic

scenario the second Earth with the same

conditions could only exist if it

received absolutely the same amount of

sunlight as our planet the orbit that

our Earth follows is perfect for getting

the necessary amount of solar heat if we

were a little further away the entire

surface of our planet would resemble

Antarctica and if Earth were a little

closer to the Sun we'd all live in a

huge desert inhabited by very few living

beings so for the second Earth to be

identical to ours it would need to

follow the orbit of our

planet two massive objects can exist

close to each other the union of Earth

and the moon is a great example but if

the second object was as heavy and huge

as our planet there wouldn't be enough

space for both of them the gravity of

Two Earths would be a huge problem the

Two Worlds would Collide because they

would be pulled toward each other this

process would last for hundreds of

millions of years and in the end the two

planets would transform into one giant

world and their remnants would be flying

around the newly formed Planet

resembling the rings around Saturn or

one of the planets would push the other

out of its orbit in this case one of the

earths would hurdle toward the Sun and

burn like a match in its atmosphere it's

also important to remember that Earth is

moving at a speed of 67,000 mph at all

times this is more than 80 times faster

than the speed of sound and now imagine

two huge planets that are flying toward

each other at such a speed even a

microscopic organism living in the mouth

of a volcano wouldn't stand a chance to

survive the Collision Of Two Earths even

the moon would be Torn to Pieces by the

blast wave but let's imagine that

Earth's twin is following another orbit

somewhere between Mars and Earth even in

this situation people's lives would

change Forever by the way the theory

that Earth might have a twin appeared

long ago scientists of the past believed

that the second planet could be hiding

on the opposite side of the sun thanks

to Modern Technologies and astronomy we

know this Theory isn't true otherwise

our telescope sces and other equipment

would have already caught some signals

from this planet scientists study space

objects thousands of light years away

from us so they would definitely notice

another world in the neighborhood but

anyway let's imagine that the second

Earth does exist and we've discovered it

recently the entire field of astronomy

and astrophysics will immediately

receive hundreds of billions of dollars

in funding the study of Earth's twin

will become a priority goal for people

experts will put forward hundreds of

hypothesis about what the second earth

looks like and what's happening there

the planet is almost at the same

distance from the Sun as we are this

means the weather must be the same there

soon scientists find out that Earth's

doppelganger has liquid water and

continents but they aren't like ours

their shapes and location are different

most likely life exists there too but

what is its origin there's a hypothesis

that life on our planet appeared thanks

to amino acids brought here by a

meteorite it's highly improbable that

the same thing happened to another world

life most likely emerged there in a

completely different way perhaps the

fish didn't get out of the water on that

planet and the first intelligent

creatures appeared in the ocean these

could be amphibians with scales and fins

or octopus-like Monsters with huge

tentacles fish on the second Earth could

have come out of the water and grown

limbs but what if they didn't like

walking on the ground then this world

might be inhabited by intelligent bird

people or life could have originated

deep in the soil then Evolution would

create humanoid moles or highly

developed

worms to find out for sure scientists

send a Rover there a similar Mission to

Mars was a success so there shouldn't be

any problems with this one people on

Earth are waiting what will the Rover

find on the other side it will take

several years for the ship to get there

strangely 2 days after the launch it

returns but wait this is not our space

probe all this time the inhabitants of

the second Earth have been watching our

planet too at one point they also sent a

probe it's made of the same materials as

ours it has a camera and a recording

device but people are worried because

the Rover looks similar to a mechanical

spider can it be that giant tarantulas

live in that world scientists understand

that that we need to communicate we send

our guests a radio signal with some

information about our civilization they

catch this message and send their own it

contains strange symbols that resemble

scratches linguists all over the world

are trying to decipher it meanwhile

astronomers send the guests a recording

of human speech a few days later our

satellites catch a message from our

space neighbors with their voices

scientists are about to play the

recording the whole world is listening

with baited breath

and it's a growl a terrible an

absolutely incomprehensible growl it has

pauses and an unusual Rhythm but it's

nothing resembling human speech the

whole planet is panicking all countries

are preparing for an invasion the most

important thing now is to build Shields

to protect the planet no one can decrypt

the message it's possible that our

neighbors can't understand us either

people make a last attempt to establish

some contact we send a video to explain

to our guests with the help of gestures

and signs that we only want peace and

collaboration the answer doesn't take

long to wait our satellite receives

their video file scientists play back

the recording and it's shocking we see

dinosaurs in robotic suits life on the

second Earth has been developing in the

same way as on our planet but the

infamous colossal meteorite didn't fall

there over millions of years of

evolution dinosaurs have have become

sensient in the video they're growling

and pointing with their claws at the

picture of our Earth then they start

growling even more loudly and is it

laughter the recording ends people

consider this the announcement of the

invasion several years have passed

during this time scientists have

exchanged messages with Dinosaurs

several times and it seems we're

beginning to understand them it turns

out that the reptiles also want peace

they say that their planet was once

inhabited by humanoids similar to humans

but a massive flood wiped them away

dinosaurs managed to survive and evolve

into intelligent beings it will take

many years before people set foot on

their planet and when this happens

Humanity will feel relieved realizing

that we're not alone but what if there

was no intelligent life on the second

Earth people would also be happy we

would know that we'd always have another

home perhaps we'd start exploring

Earth's twin right away or begin mining

its resources to replenish ours in any

case our lives wouldn't change

immediately because that land would be

too far away from our planet dozens of

generations would pass before people

begin settling on the second Earth our

homeland Planet would be losing more and

more resources so everyone would want to

move to a new world in the beginning

only the richest would be able to do it

but with time space travel would become

cheaper people would probably invest a

lot of of money to build a paradise on

the second Earth if this happened we'd

be visiting this world during our

vacation to breathe fresh air and enjoy

nature in any case the human population

would grow this means that sooner or

later the second Earth would become as

loaded as the first one and then people

would start searching for a new home

Among the Stars by the way if any life

exists on a planet similar to ours it's

likely to look like octopuses there's

even a theory that o puses came to Earth

from some other world any animal has

several evolutionary stages of

development for example elephants and

mammoths descended from one common

ancestor 5 to 6 million years ago

looking even further almost all mammals

evolved from one ancestor they shared

with reptiles each species has been

changing over millions of years but not

octopuses they suddenly appeared on a

family tree from the point of view of

evolution squids would have to evolve

into octopuses Millions of years from

now but look they're already here

besides octopuses are incredibly smart

their genetic code is much more diverse

than the human one they may be visitors

from another planet that is similar to

ours but of course this is only a

hypothesis hop on I've prepared a tour

around Earth's fellow planets let's

start with Mercury the smallest planet

in the solar system during the day the

temperature on the surface of this

planet can reach 800° f and during the

night it can drop to - 290° F the

temperatures here are so extreme because

the planet has no atmosphere instead of

it mercury has a thin exosphere that's

one of the reasons why Mercury is not

habitable the temperatures and solar

radiation are too extreme for any

organism to survive there now let's

imagine there's a way to live on Mercury

then what would life there look like

Mercury surface resembles that of the

Moon Over time meteorite left lots of

marks on it unlike the moon's surface

Mercury is grayish

Brown now look up the sun on Mercury

would appear almost three times as large

as it does on Earth the sunlight would

be almost seven times brighter I wonder

what type of sunglasses people would

wear if we lived there can life appear

on this planet in the future don't get

your hopes up it's very

unlikely now how about landing on Venus

you might think the hottest planet in

our solar system is mercury since it's

the closest to the Sun but in reality

this title goes to Venus what is it that

makes Venus boil the biggest reason is

its atmosphere it's made up almost

entirely of carbon dioxide the

atmosphere is so thick that it leads to

the planet warming up non-stop basically

the gases in the atmosphere prevent

thermal radiation from leaving Venus so

the planet simply can't cool down the

water on its surface constantly turns

into vapor if the surface of Venus was

food then its atmosphere would be the

microwave that's why the temperatures in

this world can go up to

87° fhe what would it be like to live on

Venus on Earth seasons change because of

the planet's tilt but Venus doesn't

experience any significant changes

throughout the year things are pretty

constant at night and during the day too

and what about the view of the sky the

clouds on Venus appear yellow or bright

white they're mostly made of poisonous

sulfuric acid but then why does Venus

appear reddish orange when you look at

it from Earth talking about the true

colors of planets can be a tricky

business the Hue of a space body might

be different when you look at it from

another planet if we traveled all the

way to Venus a reddish brown surface

would welcome us the molecules of carbon

dioxide and sulfuric acid block sunlight

coming into Venus's surface hence the

reddish orange color of the planet oh

and did you know that Venus is often

called Earth's twin both planets are

nearly equal in size both have

relatively young surfaces and thick

atmospheres with clouds plus the orbit

of Venus is also the closest to Earth

that might raise a question about the

possibility of Life on Venus I'm sorry

to break the news but nope Venus is not

habitable the next destination is Mars

unlike Venus Mars has Seasons due to the

planet's tilt on its axis it also has a

the secondary seasonal effect caused by

its highly elliptical orbit the southern

hemisphere has colder Winters and hotter

Summers than those in the northern

hemisphere the average temperature on

Mars is 80°

F but temperatures can also range from

the poles to the equator and they can

change very dramatically within a single

week still not that bad compared to the

previous two planets huh is Mars

habitable the number one thing a living

organism should worry about out here is

space radiation Earth has a magnetic

field and a thick atmosphere to protect

its surface from radiation Mars has

neither the planet's gravity is 1/3 of

Earth's so weaker gravity and a thinner

atmosphere make it harder for any living

being to survive on the red planet in

2013 NASA reported an ancient freshwater

lake that could have been a hospitable

environment for microbial life this is

evidenced now that liquid water once

flowed on Mars This confirmation

suggests that Mars could have had the

necessary environment to support life

but what happened to the water on Mars

the most popular explanation is that the

planet's atmosphere became too thin and

cold to keep liquid water on Mars's

surface The Disappearance of water might

also be related to the loss of early

magnetic fields or the reason might be

the red planet's size Mars is probably

too small to keep water so for now Mars

is not habitable but you know scientists

keep sending missions to Mars maybe

they'll find some new information let's

wait and

see now Jupiter have you ever wondered

what it might be like to live on the

biggest planet in our solar system

Jupiter's environment is an unlikely

place to support life the temperatures

on this planet and its composition are

too extreme for any organisms to appear

there Jupiter has layers of gas mostly

hydrogen and helium these gases fill the

entire planet quite literally there is

no solid surface on the planet gases go

all the way to the core below the

surface they become liquid and turn into

plasma because the atmospheric pressure

there is way more intense than any place

on Earth to put it into perspective an

organism on Jupiter has to resist 1,00

times more atmospheric pressure than it

would on Earth can a living being

survive in such conditions un likely

Jupiter is completely uninhabitable but

hey have you heard that its Moon Europa

might be a possible habitable zone

change of scenery Saturn it's the second

largest planet in our solar system like

Jupiter Saturn is a gas giant ball

mainly consisting of hydrogen and helium

what about temperatures on Saturn it's

freezing plus there are extremely

powerful winds there the winds in

Saturn's upper atmosphere reach the

speed of 1,000 600 ft per second let's

compare them to storms on Earth to have

a better understanding the strongest

hurricane ever recorded on Earth was

moving at 350 ft per second so the

answer to the question is there life on

Saturn seems pretty obvious Life as we

understand it doesn't exist there the

next stop is Uranus one of the largest

ice giants Uranus's atmosphere is

dominated by ice but it's not the only

reason that causes the planet's blue

color it's also the methane in the

atmosphere it absorbs red light and

reflects blue the same goes for Neptune

Uranus is the coldest planet in the

solar system the temperatures there can

be as low

as371 de

fenhe life on earth needs sunlight to

get energy but there's nothing on Uranus

that can produce any energy for life

forms to thrive the bottom line is

Uranus doesn't have the environment to

sustain life

heading for Neptune the second ice giant

what is there on the planet furthest

from the Sun obviously it's incredibly

chilly there's neither a source of

energy that bacterial life can exploit

nor a source of liquid water currently

scientists believe it's unlikely to find

life on Neptune because of such

unfriendly conditions so what makes our

planet so livable and I'm not just

talking about human life I mean any

living organisms even microbes life

requires very special conditions to

exist all living beings need some sort

of food water and the right temperature

to develop the atmosphere is a vital

element humans for instance need oxygen

to breathe and they can only survive in

temperatures that aren't extremely hot

or cold another thing is gravity all the

other planets I've mentioned don't have

exactly the same conditions as Earth

life there would probably be different

than what we have here all living beings

on earth have a adapted to our

atmosphere and life forms elsewhere

would need to be able to survive in that

planet's conditions is that Earth you

can see at a distance right just look at

it floating in space hanging out with

its Planet buddies you spot orange red

Mars and Jupiter with its asteroid belt

even tiny Pluto is

there all these planets keep their

distance from each other moving along in

their own orbits they're not very social

you see but that's a good thing it would

cause nothing but trouble if they

started to bump into each

other but even though there are others

Earth is the only planet we know that

has life and we've even figured out why

it's because it was lucky enough to

appear in the best spot in our solar

system in the goldilock

zone scientists say the key ingredient

for life is water but well there's water

on Mercury this planet has deposits of

water ice at its South and North Poles

but only because those places never see

the light everywhere else water simply

evaporates from the surface of the

planet Mercury is way too close to the

Sun Pluto has some water too astronomers

even think the dwarf planet might be up

to 30% water but it's frozen unlike

Mercury Pluto's too far away from the

Sun which is why all its water is in the

form of

ice but Earth hovers in a perfect spot

called the habitable zone it has the

right temperature for the water to

remain liquid and for all forms of life

to flourish but what if Earth was the

only planet in the solar system no Mars

no Jupiter no Mercury no Venus things

might have turned out a little different

than what we're used to remember that

massive asteroid that hit the Earth

around 66 million years ago well without

Jupiter and its asteroid belt our planet

would be constantly hit by meteorites

and asteroids and some of them would be

just as big as the one that caused all

that sorrow to the

dinosaurs these Rocky fellas would be

roaming around in space with no one and

nothing to stop them and if Earth was

the only planet out there it would also

be their only

target but that's not all look at all

this huge space Earth would have all to

itself it means our planet would have an

opportunity to travel a bit it could

even choose to leave the goldilock Zone

but then would life on the planet still

be the same so let's say earth started

drifting away from the Sun then it'd

soon get too cold on the planet picture

a place where the sun doesn't shine

anymore dark cold covered in ice and

snow all year round that would be our

Earth if it traveled further from the

Sun if this happened our cities would

start to look very

different right now Earth is full of

Life come to any park and you'll see

green trees and grass everywhere there

will be people walking sitting on the

benches enjoying the sun you'll

definitely spot someone playing soccer

or frisbee on the parks Lawns there will

be people resting on their blankets

soaking up the Sun a few people will be

reading their books

looking relaxed and happy back in space

you see Earth again the planet is still

in its favorite spot that's why life is

so beautiful down there but wait is it

moving our planet is definitely further

from the Sun now has it changed things

for Earth it actually looks a bit Bluer

now down there Famous Golden California

is not so golden anymore it's gloomy and

dark much like like all other places on

Earth New York is covered in ice even in

the hottest places the temperatures are

now below freezing including tropical

destinations like the

Bahamas after a while liquid water turns

into ice the oceans now look like giant

skating ranks except there's no one to

skate there since the planet has become

way too cold to support

life okay then what if instead of

drifting further away from the sun earth

moved closer with people still aboard

who the temperatures here are crazy too

hot to handle the climate would be

getting hotter and hotter natural

disasters would start to occur more

often hurricanes and floods would be a

common thing on earth now and pretty

soon the planet would get too hot for

people to handle particles from the Sun

would become a serious threat the

atmosphere would be struggling to

protect Earth from solar radiation but

this Shield would be growing weaker

liquid water would be nowhere to be

found anymore maybe only in underground

deposits Earth would look a bit like

Mars all Rocky and Barren the

Mississippi River would dry up and leave

behind a huge Canyon all the oceans

would be gone too at the moment the

Mariana Trench is the deepest known

place on Earth it's incredibly hard to

reach its bottom because of the immense

water pressure there

but without water trips to the deepest

spot on Earth would be possible it would

help people uncover some more of Earth's

Secrets if people still lived on the dry

and scorching hot planet that is in

other words if someone was to explore

Earth after the planet had moved closer

to the Sun everything would be

completely different but what if Earth

didn't move at all and everything

remained the same the only difference

there would be no other planets around

us it would change the way people

explore space sure there would still be

navigation communication and weather

satellites and maybe space telescopes

but there wouldn't be any other space

objects close enough for people to send

missions there this would affect the

future too if people had no desire or

opportunity to go to space they would

invest in their home planet they would

build Sky cities instead of looking for

other planets to

colonize these days if you get a

state-of-the-art telescope you'll see

distant stars and other planets the

better the telescope the more detail

there is for you to see but with no

other planets out there the picture of

space wouldn't be so exciting Stars

would still be visible and you might

even spot a meteorite or two and you'd

definitely see the moon but that's about

it space agencies would mostly be

focused on keeping Earth secure mainly

because asteroids would become fre qu

visitors to protect the planet

scientists would have to figure out ways

to get rid of them like a massive laser

beam when turned on it could go all the

way to the moon and even

further instead of building Rockets to

explore space SpaceX and NASA would be

in the asteroid clearing

business people wouldn't even think of

trying to contact other civilizations if

there were no planets similar to Earth

they would consider it a wasted effort

this means no radio signals being

constantly sent out to space a curious

fact in February of 2008 the beetle song

Across the Universe was beamed into deep

space it was done to celebrate both the

song's 40th anniversary and NASA's 50th

anniversary in the 70s people also sent

a radio signal out into space it

contains some basic information about

humans and the solar system but it was

more a feat of strength for technology

than an attempt to contact any alien

buddies we might have with no planets

around the world of sci-fi would change

too there would be no more movies about

deep space exploration no massive

spaceships and Rockets would appear on

the big screen and since there would be

no expeditions to other planets no

Rovers would be sent to space to look

for signs of life and explore new worlds

like what the Rovers on Mars are doing

right

now people would concentrate more on

their own planet for example they would

begin to explore its insides new

technologies would allow us to dig much

much deeper all the way through Earth's

crust and further and doesn't a trip to

the planet's core sound

exciting instead of astronauts there

would be explorers of the deep

underground new Drilling Technologies

would be invented to make the digging

process more effective there would be

new types of vehicles they would be

created to drill and protect explorers

from the enormous underground pressure

while exploring the world under the

planet surface people would likely find

absolutely new life forms those would be

mysterious creatures that evolved to

survive in the dark in extreme

temperatures and with barely any food it

certainly helped people understand more

about their home planet

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YouTube Transcript:Experts: Life on Proxima B Could Be Unlike Anything We've Ever Imagined!

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Experts: Life on Proxima B Could Be Unlike Anything We've Ever Imagined!