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The Sixties (2014) - Documentary Series

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This content chronicles the transformative impact of television and major socio-political events on American society during the 1960s, highlighting shifts in culture, politics, and national identity.

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cameras all stand by here we go [Music]

[Music]

one Jeff watch the TV the average time

spent watching television is 5 to 6

hours per day holy residuals there's a

reason for calling it The Boob Tube in

the idiot box let's change the

channel we want to WAP about our

scene here is the

news we must give the American viewer

the kind of Television that he both

desire and

deserve okay let's try it do it again

then we'll see what it comes out this

time television has grown faster than a

[Music]

the TV was the center of the house I

don't remember a time without

TV by 1960 essentially every household

in America had a television it was a new

way of bringing the world to

you when something big happened on

television it really did happen to the

entire country and impacted the entire

country at the same time keep and awaken

eye on the world suddenly television was

the main event everything else changed

even the way in which you went about the

business of getting someone elected [Music]

[Music]

president David will you hit the one

minute button please the 30 seconds and

the cut please in 1960 the Nixon Kennedy

debate was a first in television a lot

of people were watching that night and

it introduced a lot of people to Kennedy

will you let me see the tight shot on

cter one

please you hear me now speaking is that

about the right tone of

voice good evening the television and

radio stations of the United States and

their Affiliated stations are proud to

provide when the networks offered a

debate Kennedy immediately medely said

yes because he was sure he could do

better than Nixon I think Mr Nixon is an

effective leader of his party I hope he

would grant me the same the question

before us is which point of view and

which party do we want to leave the United

United

States Mr Nixon would you like to

comment on that statement I have no

comment if you're live on television and

there's a camera right

here there's really no place to hide

once you see a guy sweating when asked a

question are you sure he's the leader

for you that's the question before the

American people and only you can decide

what you want what you want this country

to be what you want to do with the

future I think we're ready to move if

you saw it on television clearly Kennedy

had won that debate gentlemen thank you

very much for permitting us to present

the next president of the United States

on this unique program other debates in

this it was the beginning of a new form

of political

craftsmanship if you could structure

your message appropriately for the T

camera you could have a huge impact and

if you couldn't you were toast I would

like you now to give a real tonight

welcome to senator from Massachusetts Mr John

Kennedy may I ask you so that I don't

look too naive a tough question right

off the bat whether I'm a Democrat or

Republican people recognized that

television was now the medium that

mattered it wasn't before 196 and it was

every day after 1960 in those presidential

presidential

debates oh honey let's go watch that try

to find Western all right once everyone

had a TV set in their living room and

advertisers had fully gotten a grip on

how effective this was a way to sell

products the very definition of what you

were doing was to create entertainment

that would appeal to as many people as

possible beaver eat your brussels

sprouts sheima I can't my stomach still

L up to my throat now no excuses Leave

it to Beaver was something that a lot of

families understood it's the first show

that was ever shot from the perspective

of a child Beaver most people have had a

lot of the experiences that the beaver

or Wall-E had and everyone in their life

has an Edy Haskell hi Wall-E some dumb

kid fell in a

soup uh good evening Mr Cleaver uh some

poor unfortunate child is trapped up

there everyone has that moment when they

were so embarrassed and they thought

they'd never get over it but they did

tonight's Special Report of the scene of

the 1961 Emy this is whether it's a

situation comedy or whether it's a

western or whether it's a a drama I

think you it's the quality of the show

itself that's important The Andy

Griffith Show Mayberry it's just Kinder

gentler place be hard not to want to

live in Maybury hi Paul hi Barn help the

core of the and Griffith Show was this

rock at the center of it calm wisdom I

have taken the best parts of myself and

people that I've known all my life and

put them into Andy Taylor hope they uh

they comes a time when you have to stop

the play acting tell the truth don't you

believe me

Paul don't you

Paul people appreciate emotional honesty

they appreciate it more than laughs it's

great if you can achieve both

simultaneously and the Andy gri Show

actually did that very often for sitcom

and it shows an unexpected

depth so Al we think in the new format

the second dance number should come

before the big sketch gee I don't know I

like it now I like it yeah me too yeah I

like it too what do you know look at

wearing I only wrote what I knew about

was just my life and if you're writing

about that nobody can say that's not

true it is true I'm living it on the

Dick Van Dy show we could believe the

actions of the characters because we

could relate to them this wasn't a genie

and a bikini in someone's bottle on

their mantle these were real people

women are more more honest and direct no

they're more

courageous we all have the same needs

feelings relationships with husbands and

wives that was the kind of Comedy we did

the problems of living

baby oh Rob don't tell me you're jealous

already the season opening episode for

the 1963 season was seared into my head

now our wife had a baby on the same day

in the same hospital and the hospital

was very busy Mr Peters what am I

getting at they thought they got the

wrong baby from the hospital so he

called the parents of the other kid and

thinks you know uh we may have your kid

kid hi we're Mr and Mrs

W it was beautiful absolutely beautiful

here they're tackling a subject without

tackling it why didn't you tell me on the

the

phone missed the expression on your face

the network worried about the fact that

the African-Americans might be upset by

it the network was always a little

behind there are there's always somebody

back there who doesn't have ba a WLS

balls in Hollywood the winner kyl Riner

I wish somebody had told me I would have

hair I was going to tell you this one

you know you know those knock knock

jokes yeah but they're old now some new

I got a real I got a real funny one all

right go ahead start say knock knock I

say yeah go ahead knock knock who's there

yeah there's only three networks and it

was only one late night show really and

it was Jack par they don't understand uh

how we do the show we just keep talking

with no I it's

Agony Jack Parr invented the late night

television talk show you feel confident

that you there's not a man in the world

to beat me I'm as pretty as Liber r

Jack had in his Corner his personality

his fabulously interesting complex

frightening neurotic but another cases

enthusiastic and informed personality it

made for great television how much time

have I

done I don't have a watch

either how much nine has it been

Charming I'll quit now that I'm

not he here

Johnny Johnny Carson inherited The

Tonight Show but he made it his own it's

going to be wild tonight I can always

married and if his buddies came and they

started playing together you felt like

what it must have felt like to go to

Vegas at 3: in the morning and have the

Rat Pack come

on no but where's the guy you talk to [Applause]

[Applause]

I love that it was a beautiful thing to

watch a guy working at his best okay

Mingo well we have get your ax and let's go

[Music] [Applause]

if you watch it closely he's gauging how

much longer he can wait to let the laugh

die before what he says will be

irrelevant to what happened and he gets

[Applause]

Johnny was the best audience in the

world and he loved comedy and the woman

the woman's watching him she's watching

him from the corner her eyes she says to

him what are you looking at the guy says

lady Johnny was there listening for you

he wanted you to score and when you

scored he scored conductor said now calm

down L he said Madam the Pennsylvania

Railroad will go to any length to avoid

having differences between the

passengers said perhaps it would be more

to your convenience if we were to

rearrange your

seating and as a small compensation from

the railroad if you'll accompany me to

the dining car we'll give you a free

monkey I I'm dick kavat uh funnier than

Chad Huntley taller than Mickey Rooney

and as pure and honest as Newark New

Jersey the dick cavat show was amazing

because you could get people like Norman

maor and Woody Allen my only New Year's

resolution this year I think I'm going

to try and sleep through the Nixon

Administration you know you would have

authors on you would have heavyweight

boxers there were conversations When you

mention the national anthem and uh talk

about playing it in any unorthodox way

you immediately get a guaranteed

percentage of hate mail from people who

say that's not an orthodox that's not an

orthodox it isn't an orthodox no no I

go I just thought anything that's

interesting ought to have a place on a

talk show rather than young pretty

actresses who use the word excited in

every sentence you're not frequently

seen on television is that by choice or

well uh of course it is the most

impressive medium of all uh it's the

medium that's going to either save

America or send a down into demise

there's no question about I'm getting

out of it

myself we'll be back after

this what you do is you book the best

possible guests from different kinds of

businesses maybe not everybody in Show

Business some politics some newspaper

people get them all on a stage together

and hope that something works but it's a

great show it's a great platform for

people who have something to say the

point is that they take these scripts

out of the drawers they change the

things around maybe it doesn't work with

Green Acres but on many of these shows

and that's why night after night you

turn on these cereals and they all seem

box back then you had lots and lots of

copycats You've Got The Adams Family and

then you have the monsters you've got

Bewitched and then you've got I Dream of

Genie you know the the old saying is

imitation is the sincerest form of

Television so if one person is doing

this Fantastical hit we're going to do

that now was that considered a crime I'm

afraid not there aren't any laws to

protect us against Bad TV shows yet so

you're safe thank

you what I'm surprised by are some of

the shows that I can't even imagine the

pitch meetings for like Poogan's Heroes

it's a story about American prisoners of

war in a Nazi concentration camp which

doesn't exactly sound like it's a funny

comedy why don't they trust us

Schultz that shows you how weird the 60s

was right there there's another one of

stop the moving story of an effeminate

driver who is really an astronaut for the

mafia 9:30 eastern time 8:30 Central

Time BBS presents this program in

color I didn't have color television

until I was 16 years old yes I lived

like an animal the following program is

being brought to you In Living Color on

NBC getting the color TV was huge

because suddenly we could watch Walt

Disney's Wonderful World of Color on

Sunday nights which was like just an

acid trip of a show we just could not believe

it Tinker Bell going Bing Bing Bing and

it was like oh it was like special

effects par

color that also happened just

coincidentally at the time when what we

think of as the mod 60s came in colors

were all over the place just as TV could

start to take advantage of them hi well

glad you can make it I remember saying

stay tuned for gigit Next In Color

Wednesday night September 15th in color

on ABC it was a big marketing

thing color TV was a huge step forward

as far as the technology went and yet I

think of Lost in Space Lost in Space

started off as a black and white show

and then went to color it didn't get any

better when it went to color Dr Smith

you're alive of course I'm alive do I

look like a corpse the period has a

reputation for being TV as a kind of

candy sometimes felt like there was this

really aggressive innocence to it you're

only to blow that in an emergency this

is an emergency you're standing on my

foot Gilligan's Island makes no sense

whatsoever logistically got to make a

spider drunk how is the professor able

to build all this stuff but not build a

damn raft with this stick of true

Dynamite that I made it makes no sense

if you pull any single thread on it but

it was just like the kind of show

designed to live forever in syndication

what are you looking for for none who

kidding Flying Nun is the most that is a

crazy show like what is that about look

Carlos it's very simple you see I only

weigh 90 lb and the combination of my

cornette and the win lifts me it was

just complete nonsense let's face it it

was in height of the 60s and every one

was eating granola and dropping out and

doing God knows what else and I

wasn't hello Central I'm switching to my

eyeglasses put a hold on my wallet but

open television more than ever in the

go seemed like it was almost sort of a

willful respit from the stuff that was

going on out in the world and in real

life here's a bulletin from CBS News

there has been an attempt as perhaps you

know now on the life of President

Kennedy he was wounded in an automobile

driving from until the early 60s

television news was by and large seen as

something of a Backwater to print

journalism and even to radio but the

Kennedy assassination was the moment

that television journalism came of age

continue full day coverage of the

presidential funeral and final

procession to Harley more and more

people were depending on television to

give them the headline news of the day

330 Americans were killed in combat last

week in Vietnam but the number of

wounded 3886 was the highest of any week

in the world most of the

1960s the contrast between what you saw

on your entertainment and what you saw

on the news was you know

planetary never has this descent been as

emotional as intense

in the 60s it was one thing after

another each year it was filled with important

events Governor Wallace has ordered 500

Alabama National Guardsmen in Tuscaloosa

at the moment they are under his

control whether it was the civil rights

movement or it was the Kennedy

assassination or the Space Race radi

when there was a huge thing that

happened it happened on TV the witness

to that violence that it seemed to be

unprovoked on the part of the

demonstrators television became the fire

in which the whole tribe gathered around

to listen to the elders tell them what

was going on police reinforcements

good evening ladies and gentlemen

tonight live from New York from

Hollywood from beautiful downtown

Burbank here is the star of our show Bob [Music]

Po variety was the backbone of

Television back then one year there were

like 18 different variety shows

everybody had a variety [Music]

[Music]

everyone was different because of who

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause] [Music]

[Music]

show Dean Martin was just so loose he

acted as though he was doing the whole

show drunk without a rehearsal this a

real International show now where else

could you see a smooth Italian and a slippery

funny he always looked as if he was a bit

bit

lost people thought it was because he

was Tiddly but that was part of the charm

here he is Ed [Music]

[Music] Sullivan

Sullivan

thank no matter who controlled the TV

set the other nights of the week on

Sunday night you know 8:00 you were

going to watch Ed Sullivan Now ladies

and gentlemen a very fine nov act Ed

Sullivan was a phenomenon and he was a

powerful force quiet Peace Quiet the

beauty of the Sullivan kind of variety

show is that if you didn't like

something something else would be around

in 4 minutes no Johnny no no no why why

it is very difficult easy advertisers

wanted everybody and so they got

everybody a little kid and his

grandparents who could watch the same

show they would have an elephant on and

then the next thing somebody doing

Shakespeare and then the next thing a

comic there would be an acrobat and then

an opera singer the next bit which was

will be great when anything that was

current was on The Ed Sullivan Show here

Tri Rodney danger everybody wanted a

showcase and if you got on Sullivan you

knew you can talk about it then next you

see Sullivan my whole life I don't get

no respect no respect from anyone as a

performer you couldn't get a better

when I started out they would say

variety is a man's game uh it's Dean

it's mil Burl it's Jackie gleon it's you

know the guys but variety is what I know

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause]

this she had been so good on the Gary

Moore Show she always know she can sing

and dance and be funny honey where

the on my show I would do Pratt Falls

and jump out of Windows and get pies in

the face and it was Heaven it's a it's a

I I think it's going oh you know I still

I see a rerun of Carol Bernett show I

God damn they're

funny there's never been a better three-

wall scetch show ever she was great in

bed too Dicky remember that you never

went to bed with well you're not

supposed to cut you're supposed to Bow

over when Tim Conway came on and his

goal in life was to destroy Harvey

here's Tim with our own Harvey Corman as

a brand new dentist with his very first

patient we used to have a pool backstage

not as to whether Harvey was going to

break up but as to how far he could get

along in the sketch before he broke up

okay noane here we are no came take a

[Music]

right they never knew what he was going

to do but they knew it was not going to

expected when they did the dentist

sketch none of that was rehearsed he'll

be right with

you poor Harvey was helpless tears

coming down and Tim swears that Harvey

sketch I don't know why that works so

well watching two actors break character

and just crack each other up should not

be as entertaining but somehow when it's

Tim Conway and Harvey Corman doing it it

just uh I could watch that stuff

forever I just thought if we have fun

the audience will we're going to go out

there and do what we do best and it

worked you can plan it you can write it

you can rehearse it but you hope for

some magic and it was it was Carol Carol

the magic of Carol [Music]

Beret are you say he's a TV addict well

perhaps he's been staring at this

electronic blessing the television set

for so long that his life has become his

yeah and he's reached such a stage of

confusion that he no longer knows

whether he's watching the action or is

it you unlock this door with the key of

imagination Beyond it is another

dimension there was a desire on the part

of writers and producers to push the

envelope and stretch the medium and you

certainly saw that with a Twilight Zone

it was a very cinematic show this is not

a new world it has patterned itself

after every dictator who has ever

planted The Ripping imprint of a boot on

the pages of history since the beginning

of time Rod Serling who created The

Twilight Zone came to the realization

that through a lens of fantasy or

science fiction he could actually tell

stories about racism he could tell

stories about fascism tonight I shall

talk to you about glorious Conformity it

was a way to deal with a lot of the

issues that America was starting to go

through at that time but in a fantastic

setting so that there's some divide

between you and the show they sent four

people a mother and a father and two

kids who look just like humans but they

weren't the Twilight Zone had these

little Oh Henry like twists on it and

was allowed to have unhappy

endings they picked the most dangerous

themselves now 6 months of fugitive this

is Richard kemell with a new identity

and for as long as it is safe a new name

The Fugitive was kind of a somber

character study beware the eyes of

strangers keep moving everybody wanted

to see what happens to the fugitive well

the natural question is how long is it

going to go on will we ever find I'm

about ready to give up I'm

tired when it ended it broke the

viewership record set by The Beatles on

Ed Sullivan was one of the first TV

shows that actually went somewhere you

know Youngstown is not exactly on our

course and I lot of ways television was

showing the slices of the world that

people they had never seen before Route

66 was an Innovative show because it was

actually filmed on location so the

audience was being exposed to things

that just weren't part of their local

frontier you know there's a little bit

of the Mayberry aspect to the world of

Star Trek and that's going to sound like

an odd analogy but but follow me here

people want to believe that such a place

can exist the idea of a future in which

a lot of the biases and fears of the

past has evolved out of us where I come

from size shape or color makes no

difference there's one episode where

some of the members of crew were taken

over by these mental Giants this

psychokinetic power of yours how long

have you had it they forced Captain Kirk

and Lieutenant uro to kiss [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause] [Music]

[Music]

television NBC asked me if I would do my

own special and I had always adored Harry

Harry

bellonte yellow we decided to do one

Glory it's an anti-war song and we both

felt very strongly about it and I just

touched his

arm the sponsor went crazy my star

doesn't touch a black man's

arm Pula Clark says I'm not doing it

over and it's my show and it's going in

that way we weren't having any of that

nonsense no way so it went out the way

we wanted it to go out I didn't really

have any other problems with sponsors

but that sort of gave me a taste of what could

could [Music]

[Music]

happening in the TV business the 60s was

probably about the last decade during

which the sponsors had a really iron

grip on content brought to you by

Dash even if they tried to keep TV this

white homogeneous whole milk product the

world found its way in it could it it

just had

to a trouble [Music]

[Music]

driver don't you ever remember to bring

suit with I spy Robert Culp and Bill

Cosby were equals Cosby is this Pioneer

in terms of a black male lead in a drama

he made race a nonissue because he's

undeniable the winner is Bill Cy and [Applause]

I Bobby and I try and put forth an

example of the way it should be racially

in this country we need more people in

this industry to put forth that message

and let it be known to the bigots and

the racist that they don't count thank

you as television changed it was helping

all Americans to understand that this is

what America looks like uh frankly

you're not exactly what I expected no no

not from what I read here did you expect

me to be older or

younger Julia was going to be the first

time that a black woman starred in her

own television show has Mr Colton told

you tell me what I'm colored what color

are you she was was a young black woman

who had been educated raising her son

alone it had a universality that was

just something new and you'll keep out

of Mischief I'll just watch the old TV

good in the 60s America was exploding in

TV stand still Dragnet came back in the

late 60s and Friday was was now in a

very different world than he had been in

in the black and white days and suddenly

they were the damn dirty hippies I'll

make you book he's been dropping that

acid we've been hearing about Jack web

would lecture you about the dangers of

marijuana smoking and crazy drug culture

they're trying to deal with the Counter

Culture but they don't understand it so

it's just basically their stereotypes of

what the hippies were like and it plays

exactly like that keep your nose out of

my purse keep yours out of the asset

a supreme National effort will be needed

to move this country safely through the

1960s there was tremendous anxiety and

fear 25 Russian ships are on route to

Cuba on what may be a collision course

jeffk said to his brother what if

there's a nuclear war and our children

first whatever the president does he

laughing our country would be much

better off with a strong leader I know

but sonato can't do

everything when laughing came along we'

never seen any thing that was kind of

like grown-ups acting goofy and hip that

way you know they had girls dancing in

bikinis and they had the joke

wall who's in there with you Cool Hand

Luke and it was nothing but jokes I was

at the hospital oh anything serious a

black widow bit me well it never would

gentleman J we took it to the network

and the network said what the hell is

this he said this makes no sense I said

right hi you too they acknowledged the

hippie generation yet the hosts were in

tuxedos smoking cigarettes they were

still your parents but the other people

let loose on the show were this kind of young

young [Applause]

[Applause]

time hey she socked it to herself we

knew that sock it to me didn't mean sock

it to me right so we thought oh sock it

to Meck it to

me suck it to

me it was not as subversive as it sounds

yes it was it was it was it was

fun suck it to

me it was the first time presidential

candidate had ever appeared on a comedy

show and that uh may have got him

elected and I've had to live with that

anyway the family that watches laugh in

together really needs to pray together

just seemed like it's happening right

now and it's about right now that was

the greatest thing ever that there was a

fusion of politics and comedy and

everything else into one television show

when we take over I'm going to look out

for you the subjects that were verboten

we don't talk about these things were

starting to come up in TV and because it

was well executed it changed everything

this is the Smothers Brothers Comedy

Hour production 124 air than [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause]

one good evening and welcome to the

Smothers Brothers show if Rowan and

Martin and the Smothers Brothers are the

new stars of TV comedy it is the comedy

itself rather than the comedians which

is more often in the spotlight these two

programs have consciously tried to

Influence People by comedy techniques

that break through the traditional song

and skit routines and by subject matter

that that is often on The Cutting Edge

of what is new our our government is

asking us as Citizens good citizens to

lands okay all you guys in Vietnam come on

home the times were changing so quickly

in the 60s and we didn't change them uh

we we just reflected I can't hear you

what are you doing I'm getting ready to

go to

college CBS gave the Smothers Brothers

that show because they were clean cut

folk sists you know they wore Blazers

they could sing well they were funny mom

likes you best you lower your voice Mom liked

liked

you they told us what they thought we

could do and what we should do and it

was totally wrong and Tommy came in

saying I would like to show where we

could be relevant if you ever get a war

without blood and gore boy I'll be the

Maxim only 18 I got to run to and always

the people in the counterculture start

making these shows and they don't want

to play by the rules that other people

did before then but who would expect the

Smothers Brothers of all people to be

the ones raising this much of a fuss good

good

script I held my breath every time they

did the show cuz I knew that the network

people were beiling their trousers with

fear nothing funny in this here are boys

they said that the social subjects we

touched on were not appropriate for the

9:00 family viewing

hour they came up with any excuse to

make it difficult and I came up with any

excuse to push it yes CBS would like to

give us

notice and some of you don't like the

things we say but we're still here oh

yeah we're still here they were going to

speak truth to power

compromising do you have something

important something very important to

say on American television you know a

lot of times we can't we don't have

opportunity saying anything important

because it's American television every

time you say something and try to say

they well whether you can say it or not

keep trying to say it that's what's

important you get that yeah there's no

way in the world if anything's

meaningful and truthful that you're not

going to offend someone we've got to be

able to uh say what it is say how it is

and take the

consequence CBS announced today that the

Smothers Brothers comedy hour will not

return to the CBS television network

next season Network president Robert

Wood said it became evident that the

brothers quote were unwilling to accept

the criteria of taste established by

CBS CBS News efforts to reach the

unsuccessful I was angry but we never

regretted it we never did regret it what

do you think of Television honestly do

you think it's good yes I do I think

particularly for what it is for the

amount of

hours that it gives you for enjoyment

either in education or for pure

entertainment it's remarkably good what

television did in the 60s was to show

the American people to the American people

people

until then we did not truly know much

about each other we knew only what we

had seen which is very little and what

we had read which was even less few

years ago I thought it was the end of

the world now it's just the beginning I

think people looked at television for

answers maybe that the world's just

confusing as going to hell all over the

place maybe something on here will help

there was no denying shift in attitudes

towards sex towards race relations

towards politics it was all televised

that you will Faithfully execute the

office that I will Faithfully execute

the office when it works television

conveys Impressions and evokes memories

when it works well television makes us

feel good morning it's tus 1 hour 29

minutes and 53 seconds and counting

television created a sense of national

Unity around cultural events okay Neil

we can see you coming down the ladder

now you you could turn on a machine and

be somewhere else looking good here what

television changed absolutely

a supreme National effort will be needed

1960s across the world Soviet missiles

are aimed at United States whatever the

president does he risks nuclear

war BR calls West Berlin a cancerous s

the lines are now

drawn 25 Russian ships are on route to

Cuba on what may be a collision cour no

way of knowing whether Western

Civilization will live or die I think

unless something is done that Humanity

will destroy itself s [Music]

early on in the 60s you have this

backdrop of tension you have capitalism

versus communism and there was palpable

fear in the United States and in the

Soviet Union that the two sides were

going to get into a nuclear

war The Temper of the world is Crisis

crisis as the head of the Soviet Union

Kush was very ideological he believed

that the future belonged to Communism he

said America needs to be contained and

the only way to do it is to create

crises all around the American Empire

kushev came to the UN in

1960 and he said we are grinding out

missiles like sausages We will bury you

and Americans took it seriously the

toughness of the crov speech did add

some propaganda fuel to the fire that is

now raging diplomatically between Moscow and

and

Washington to see if the Soviets were

building nuclear weapons and more

importantly missiles to launch them at

the United States we were flying a spy

U2 I'm Bill Fox State cable editor for

United Press International in New York a

single engine US Air Force plane with

one man aboard was missing today not far

from the Soviet Border in the rugged

to a stunned and startled audience

chrisj announced that an American U2 spy

plane had been shot down in the Soviet

Union HF made the wreckage a public

exhibition to the Soviet Union this

wreckage was a national cause National

outrage over the violation of Soviet

boundaries and so out comes the cover story

the department has been informed by the

NASA a U2 weather research plane piloted

by a civilian has been missing since May

1 Eisenhower had said no that didn't

happen etc etc he'd been drawn into a

trap by kushev the Soviet leader was

able to show not only had they shot down

pilot Francis Gary Powers an ordinary

man caught up in extraordinary

circumstances and in a way magnified by

them I realized that I've committed a

grave crime and I realized that I must

be punished for it the evidence of

Espionage currency presumably for the

Spy to buy his way to freedom and a

spy's Last Resort a poison needle with

which he could kill himself instantly if

captured and threatened with

torture no one wants another Pearl

Harbor this means that we must have

knowledge of military forces and

preparations around the world the safety

of the whole free world demands this our

government was in effect admitting that

we had previously lied and that we had

committed Espionage admissions no Nation

had ever made before how will this

incident uh affect the United States do

you think I feel that it will give the

uh Americans of black ey all over the

earth I think that we ought to uh sink

one of those submarines that have been

spying of cape canabo well I don't think

we should admit it we have a right to protect

protect

ourselves the shootdown was such a big

event that it basically torpedoed dayon

it torpedoed the chance to have a

peaceful period and actually it was the

beginning of the scariest part of the Cold

Cold

War America's public mood was one of

demoralization and there's the feeling

that we can do better and that's when

the election of 1960 comes [Music]

[Music]

along I think the question before the

American people is are we doing as much

as we can do are we as strong as we

should be are we as strong as we must be

if we're going to maintain our

independence Kennedy was a cold warrior

more than Eisenhower was really I want

people in Latin America and Africa and

Asia to start to look to America to see

how we're doing things to wonder what

the president of the United States is

doing and not to look at Kusha or look

at the Chinese Communist the fact is

Kennedy did run to the right of Nixon

and he was saying that they were letting

the Russians get ahead of us in missiles

it frightens people it's not true but it

frightens people and it's very effective

in the campaign

I believe the Soviet Union is first and

outer space you yourself said to Kusha

you may be ahead of us in rocket thrust

but we're ahead of you in color

television I think that color television

is not as important as Rocket truck the

missile Gap was a total lie we outm

missil them at that time better than 100

to one if Eisen now had come forward and

said this kid is not telling the truth

[Music]

election let every Nation know whether

it wishes us well or

ill that we shall pay any

price bear any

burden meet any

hardship support any friend oppos any

foe to assure the survival and the

success of [Applause]

[Applause]

Liberty Kennedy in his inaugural speech

did not have a single mention of

domestic issue he came to the presidency

thinking his job was to run the Cold War

to defeat the Russians I do not shrink

from this responsibility I welcome [Music]

it if you had left New York by car at 7

Minutes 1 this morning by 255 you could

have made Philadelphia 95 m in an hour

and 48 minutes

in that same time this morning a man

went around the world the spaceship was

built in Russia when the Russians put

Yuri gagaran into space it was another

sense of America being knocked back on

its heels we're behind BR greeted the

hero saying now let the capitalist

up for the Russians to be the first to

put a man in space Delta real blow not

only to American Pride but restarted the

whole question about whether the US

government could protect the American

people gagaran spaceship weighed 5 tons

the biggest payload we've been able to

push into orbit weighed only a few

hundred PBS if you can put a man into

space you can put nuclear warheads into

trouble this is norvin Calin Moscow the

people who work back here in the Kremlin

are convinced that the balance of power

in the world has shifted in their favor

and encouraged by this conviction

they've stepped up their activities all

over the world not only in Berlin but

also in Latin

America a great Jam of cameramen here

now an absolute mad house

here the first historic meeting between

Premier Kev and Premier Castro is now

over my father first met Fidel castra in

19 1960 in the United Nations Cubans

became heroes in the Soviet Union it was

like the David H G if every citiz of the

United State could visit Cuba their

opinion they will be [Music]

all in the years since he took Power

theal Castle has become an enemy of the United

United

States in Cuba you have Fidel cast who

is tying himself to the Soviet block

which seems to be threatening the United

States by the possibility that they're

going to export communism to other South

American countries which are in many instances

anti-American krushev is saying that you

have to understand that Cuba matters a

lot to us don't mess with Cuba krusha

was not just using rhetoric the Eastern

block was supporting Castro with

military assistance many Latin Americans

were shocked to find out how much

communist equipment Castro actually has

the sense was that Kennedy had to do

something about Castro when Kenny comes

to the presidency he's briefed on the

fact that there was a plan in place to

topple Castro but the plan that's

presented to him is not what he wants

it's a huge Invasion a noisy Beach it's

going to look like a US invasion of Cuba

so he says to the CIA we can't be

associated with this

I want something that is believably

Cuban this is Ron oen in Miami I'm

standing in one of the many anti-castro

recruiting places scattered throughout

the city the great majority of C were

anti-communist so when we found there

was something against Castro we learned

where there was a recruiting center and

we just approached then and joined we

had no idea it was the CIA since 2:00

this morning men and boys have been

filing through this door behind me

anxious to join the fight in Cuba

against Fidel Castro's government they

were mainly Cuban Exiles they hated

Castro they thought that they could

mount a small scale Invasion which would

gather more and more support until it

ended up overthrowing the regime Cuban

businessmen doctors white collar workers

men who once drove taxis always hoping

the muscle of the United States would

sustain them without the United State

being behind this operation it was no

way we were going to lose and we were run

small force of Invaders landed at a

semi-isolated resort area on the south

coast of Cuba at the Bay of pig asro

alerted his small air force and his

large army and raced toward the scene

The Showdown came at dawn the rebels

managed to move only 20 mi Inland and

those able to move beyond the beach were

growth long live the Revolutionary

forces which are shooting down Yankee

planes and are smashing the Invaders of

the land the Castro control television

network is parading prisoners captured

on the beaches of Las Vegas before the

cameras for public interrogation one

writer called the Bay of Pigs the

perfect failure it was a tragedy on the

beach and in Washington

out of the news of this week the attempt

of Cuban Exiles to reestablish a

foothold in their Homeland a tactical

failure that became a strategic defeat

for Cuban democracy and American

Prestige this act of imperialistic

piraty Falls squarely on the government

of the United States United States has

committed no aggression against Cuba and

no offensive has been launched from

Florida or from any other part of the

United States the American role is

immediately exposed No One Believes that

help the leader of the Free World has

been humiliated on its own doorstep

Castro has prevailed over Kennedy at

least for the moment and it will take a

long time to destroy that image it was a

Calamity Kennedy had been totally

misinformed by American intelligence

about the strength

of the anti-communist movement and the

fact is when these poor people arrived

on the beaches in Cuba they were

decimated on The Landings themselves

Stuart how large were they actually best

indications Walter are they were about

300 men armed only with the weapons they

could carry it's unmistakably clear

Walter from all the evidence available

that the CIA planned this operation it

was the CIA that established the

Revolutionary Council by saying to the

dissident factions get together or else

today in his news conference the

president acknowledged the failure and

took the responsibility for it detailed

uh discussions are not to uh conceal

responsibility because I'm the

responsible officer of the government

victory has 100 fathers and defeat is an

orphan the Russians I think see this as

evidence of a young feckless inexperienced

inexperienced

President Kennedy privately goes around

saying how could I have been so stupid

he's full of self-recrimination

Kennedy listen to The Experts CIA the

military a little bit too much and they

were wrong the lesson he learns from

CIA after the Bay of Pigs Kennedy was

more anxious than ever to meet with kusf

because he knew that he had screwed up

there he is President Kenedy

wi and he thought the meeting in Vienna

would straighten all that out in fact it

made it much

worse Vienna was at its romantic best

almost enough it seemed to remove a bit

of the Chill from the Cold War it began

with a police escort leading Mr

Kennedy's limousine to the Soviet

Embassy Nikita CRF was waiting also for

talks that would explore such issues as

Berlin nuclear testing and

disarmament tell us what you think of

this meeting between the young President

democr John well I think it was long

overdue because the world needs peace

and the world needs

disarmament for kof it is a chance to

test the new president on the subject of

Berlin kof is tough and blunt KV said

West Berlin is a bone in my throat and

we must extract it

Berlin of course is divided at the end

of World War II but Berlin is 110 miles

inside of the East German zone kushev is

threatening to force the integration and

take over West Berlin and Kennedy says

to him Berlin is part of our Western

commitment at World War II don't

challenge us there after two days the

talks end Kennedy did not do well he

allowed himself to be caught in an

ideological argument with kovi been

warned against it he did it anyways and kusov bullied him and pushed him around

kusov bullied him and pushed him around Kush has made the first move in the

Kush has made the first move in the chess game and the president knows it as

chess game and the president knows it as he leaves he says it's going to be a

he leaves he says it's going to be a cold

winter Kennedy thought there might be a basis for dealing with the Soviets

basis for dealing with the Soviets instead he gets the Berlin crisis in

instead he gets the Berlin crisis in July 1,000 East Germans escaped into

July 1,000 East Germans escaped into West Berlin every day now in August they

West Berlin every day now in August they are coming out at the rate of 2500 a day

are coming out at the rate of 2500 a day as a result of tr's threats and demands

as a result of tr's threats and demands East Germany is being bless of its best

East Germany is being bless of its best trained people I went to Berlin to cover

trained people I went to Berlin to cover the bureau and the NBC news desk in New

the bureau and the NBC news desk in New York called on the middle of the night

York called on the middle of the night and said what's this about closing off

and said what's this about closing off the border at the Brandenburg gate at 2

the border at the Brandenburg gate at 2 a.m. the Communist Regime issued a UK

a.m. the Communist Regime issued a UK case no East German could go to West

case no East German could go to West Berlin without special

Berlin without special dispensation what I the sound of

dispensation what I the sound of jackhammers erupts in the night suddenly

jackhammers erupts in the night suddenly East German police appear teir up the

East German police appear teir up the sidewalks and Street the small crowd

sidewalks and Street the small crowd gathered and the East Germans were

gathered and the East Germans were unrolling barbed wire and starting

unrolling barbed wire and starting fences they were sealing off the Border

fences they were sealing off the Border I thought my God this is you know

I thought my God this is you know unbelievable President Kennedy was in

unbelievable President Kennedy was in hyport for the weekend a telephone call

hyport for the weekend a telephone call from Washington that Sunday morning told

from Washington that Sunday morning told him that the Communists had finally

him that the Communists had finally begun to seal the Berlin sector border

begun to seal the Berlin sector border against the East Germans and East

against the East Germans and East berliners through backyards down canals

berliners through backyards down canals across streets all along the 25 mile

across streets all along the 25 mile border between East and West Berlin

border between East and West Berlin telephone lines to West Germany are cut

telephone lines to West Germany are cut the flood of refugees is damned up West

the flood of refugees is damned up West Berlin is isolated

Berlin is isolated [Music]

a communist country like East Germany cannot exist with an open border it must

cannot exist with an open border it must be able to wall its people in and make

be able to wall its people in and make them work till communism

succeeds President Kennedy decided on Thursday to send Johnson to Berlin

Thursday to send Johnson to Berlin because mayor brat had written a letter

because mayor brat had written a letter warning that the city's rotting morale

warning that the city's rotting morale required bold and quick treatment and

required bold and quick treatment and the United States want you to know that

the United States want you to know that the pledge he has given to the freedom

the pledge he has given to the freedom of West

of West Berlin and to the rights of Western

Berlin and to the rights of Western access to

access to Berlin is

firm is kof entirely convinced that our words have meaning and if he is not what

words have meaning and if he is not what can we do short of War to convince him

can we do short of War to convince him that they do 1500 American soldiers

that they do 1500 American soldiers arrived in West Berlin after a 100 10m

arrived in West Berlin after a 100 10m road trip across East Germany and the

road trip across East Germany and the Soviet press and radio described the

Soviet press and radio described the arrival of additional American forces as

arrival of additional American forces as a challenging military act the berliners

a challenging military act the berliners know that Western strength is their only

know that Western strength is their only protection there are all sorts of people

protection there are all sorts of people who say send the tanks and knock the

who say send the tanks and knock the damn wall down and Kennedy no he

damn wall down and Kennedy no he understands this solves his problem will

understands this solves his problem will Crusher try and take over the rest of

Crusher try and take over the rest of Berlin if he's putting up a wall will he

Berlin if he's putting up a wall will he risk a war with us no

risk a war with us no the wall saves us from that kind of

[Music] conflict after the Berlin crisis kushev

conflict after the Berlin crisis kushev test the largest nuclear device ever he

test the largest nuclear device ever he basically is going to say to the

basically is going to say to the Americans you can't scare me I'm going

Americans you can't scare me I'm going to scare

to scare you the West has nuclear jetters people

you the West has nuclear jetters people worry about Fallout about war

worry about Fallout about war Chris chof has turned testing into a

Chris chof has turned testing into a weapon of

weapon of Terror there was tremendous anxiety and

Terror there was tremendous anxiety and fear that if you got into a nuclear war

fear that if you got into a nuclear war it was going to mean the devastation of

it was going to mean the devastation of civilization it was the

civilization it was the apocalypse let us face without Panic the

apocalypse let us face without Panic the reality of our times the fact that atom

reality of our times the fact that atom bombs May someday be dropped on our

bombs May someday be dropped on our cities and let us prepare for survival

cities and let us prepare for survival by understanding the weapon that

by understanding the weapon that threatens us

threatens us [Music]

[Music] the threat of nuclear war was the center

the threat of nuclear war was the center of many of our Lives The Fallout Shelter

of many of our Lives The Fallout Shelter could save your life in a nuclear war

could save your life in a nuclear war the family room of tomorrow it's a truly

the family room of tomorrow it's a truly ship-shaped room only 8 1/2 by 12 ft in

ship-shaped room only 8 1/2 by 12 ft in size but with an amazing amount of

size but with an amazing amount of storage space it just seems unless we

storage space it just seems unless we can control the use of such a thing as

can control the use of such a thing as that that uh at all the civilization

that that uh at all the civilization that we built up over all these uh many

that we built up over all these uh many thousands of years will just be washed

thousands of years will just be washed out it gives you quite a scare to think

out it gives you quite a scare to think about something like that happening to

about something like that happening to us they were close to nuclear war in

us they were close to nuclear war in 1961 and as uh JFK said to his brother

1961 and as uh JFK said to his brother Bobby you know we've had a good life uh

Bobby you know we've had a good life uh but our

but our children what if there's a nuclear war

children what if there's a nuclear war and our children die that's how close

and our children die that's how close War felt

as he said he would Mr kusov has exploded his giant bomb in cynical

exploded his giant bomb in cynical disregard of the United

Nations Kennedy recognizes that he's on the verge of yet another crisis but he's

the verge of yet another crisis but he's looking in the wrong

looking in the wrong direction and then in 1962 there's a lot

direction and then in 1962 there's a lot of political chatter about Cuba if at

of political chatter about Cuba if at any time the Communist buildup in Cuba

any time the Communist buildup in Cuba were to endanger or interfere with our

were to endanger or interfere with our security in any way then this country

security in any way then this country will do whatever must be done to protect

will do whatever must be done to protect its own security and that of its

its own security and that of its allies the CIA had a consultant who

allies the CIA had a consultant who spoted soccer fields all along the coast

spoted soccer fields all along the coast in Cuba and as he said the Cubans play

in Cuba and as he said the Cubans play baseball Russians play

soccer Kennedy approves a series of You2 flights he didn't want to get sucked in

flights he didn't want to get sucked in once again as he had at the time of the

once again as he had at the time of the Bay of Pigs he wanted hard

Bay of Pigs he wanted hard [Music]

[Music] evidence it was the combination of very

evidence it was the combination of very good high level photography plus

good high level photography plus Espionage that made it possible for the

Espionage that made it possible for the US intelligence Community to say Mr

US intelligence Community to say Mr President we are absolutely convinced

President we are absolutely convinced that they are putting missiles in Cuba

that they are putting missiles in Cuba Kennedy gets together a group of his

Kennedy gets together a group of his closest advisers which becomes known as

closest advisers which becomes known as the excom or executive committee of the

the excom or executive committee of the National Security Council how far

National Security Council how far Advanced is this uh sir we've never seen

Advanced is this uh sir we've never seen this kind of an installation before you

this kind of an installation before you in the Soviet Union no sir how do you

in the Soviet Union no sir how do you know this is a meing brange ballistic

know this is a meing brange ballistic missile us intelligence showed him the

missile us intelligence showed him the parts of the United States that would be

parts of the United States that would be hit by a nuclear attack

hit by a nuclear attack and the figure was about 30 million

and the figure was about 30 million Americans were in danger of

Americans were in danger of dying my father he want to be

dying my father he want to be recognized as equal if you not recognize

recognized as equal if you not recognize as equal you challenge opposite

as equal you challenge opposite sight now what kinds of military action

sight now what kinds of military action are we capable of carrying out and what

are we capable of carrying out and what may be some of the consequences we could

may be some of the consequences we could carry out an air strike within a matter

carry out an air strike within a matter of days big debates should we bomb

of days big debates should we bomb should we

should we invade back and forth now after we have

invade back and forth now after we have launched 50 to 100 sorties what kind of

launched 50 to 100 sorties what kind of a world do we live in how how do we stop

a world do we live in how how do we stop at that point I don't know the answer to

at that point I don't know the answer to this most of them thought that we should

this most of them thought that we should attack Cuba Kennedy almost alone did not

attack Cuba Kennedy almost alone did not want to do that Kennedy is the only

want to do that Kennedy is the only person who has a sort of larger view

person who has a sort of larger view there are times when he's not just the

there are times when he's not just the president of the United States He is

president of the United States He is thinking in terms of the survival of the

thinking in terms of the survival of the human race the question really is to

human race the question really is to what action he take which lessens the

what action he take which lessens the chances of the Nu change which obviously

chances of the Nu change which obviously is the final

is the final failure he was frightened that a wrong

failure he was frightened that a wrong move by him could trigger a whole

move by him could trigger a whole sequence of moves by the other side so

sequence of moves by the other side so he wanted to slow everything down and

he wanted to slow everything down and the method he chose was the imposition

the method he chose was the imposition of a blockade

of a blockade President Kennedy will address the

President Kennedy will address the nation tonight on radio and television

nation tonight on radio and television on a subject of the highest national

urgency good evening my fellow citizens this government as promised has

this government as promised has maintained the closest surveillance of

maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military buildup on the

the Soviet military buildup on the island of

island of Cuba these large long range and clearly

Cuba these large long range and clearly offensive weapons of sudden mass

offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction constitutes an explicit

destruction constitutes an explicit threat to the peace and security of all

threat to the peace and security of all the

the Americans to Halt this offensive buildup

Americans to Halt this offensive buildup a strict quarantine on all offensive

a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to

military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated I have directed

Cuba is being initiated I have directed the Armed Forces to prepare for any

the Armed Forces to prepare for any eventuality within minutes after the

eventuality within minutes after the president spoke the Navy announced that

president spoke the Navy announced that it was sustaining a blockade of Cuba

it was sustaining a blockade of Cuba with more than 40 ships and 20,000 men

with more than 40 ships and 20,000 men hate like heck to see us go to war but

hate like heck to see us go to war but if it's necessary to uh to prevent a

if it's necessary to uh to prevent a nuclear war I think the action has to be

nuclear war I think the action has to be taken at this time well I think it's a

taken at this time well I think it's a high time we uh stopped Russia from

high time we uh stopped Russia from having things her own way I know that

having things her own way I know that some actions should be taken but uh he's

some actions should be taken but uh he's going to have to tread very lightly

going to have to tread very lightly short of War but the American people

short of War but the American people were very frightened that they were on

were very frightened that they were on the edge of a cataclysm

the edge of a cataclysm something no one had ever experienced

something no one had ever experienced before a nuclear

before a nuclear war we have been jammed up we have been

war we have been jammed up we have been mob people are buying like food is going

mob people are buying like food is going out of

out of style is this your normal order or are

style is this your normal order or are you stockpiling oh I'm not stock piling

you stockpiling oh I'm not stock piling I feel that if anything would happened

I feel that if anything would happened you wouldn't be able to eat it

you wouldn't be able to eat it anyhow develop a shelter spot where

anyhow develop a shelter spot where there is water food medical supplies a

there is water food medical supplies a guer counter and a radio Congressional

guer counter and a radio Congressional leaders were recalled from their

leaders were recalled from their campaign labors blown back to Washington

campaign labors blown back to Washington in military planes and there were

in military planes and there were reports of troop movements in the

reports of troop movements in the Florida Keys Cuban Premier Fidel Castro

Florida Keys Cuban Premier Fidel Castro told his people that the armed blockade

told his people that the armed blockade is the most dangerous Adventure since

is the most dangerous Adventure since World War II he called President Kennedy

World War II he called President Kennedy a pirate and said a life and death

a pirate and said a life and death struggle is underway between an Empire

struggle is underway between an Empire and the revolution of a small and weak

and the revolution of a small and weak people the Cuban militia was mobilized

people the Cuban militia was mobilized and the country was put on a war footing

and the country was put on a war footing Russia alerted its military forces and

Russia alerted its military forces and warned that the United States is playing

warned that the United States is playing with fire at a special session of the

with fire at a special session of the United Nations security Council the

United Nations security Council the United States Cuba and Russia offered

United States Cuba and Russia offered separate resolutions and traded bitter

separate resolutions and traded bitter charges do you Ambassador Zoran deny

charges do you Ambassador Zoran deny that the USSR has placed and is placing

that the USSR has placed and is placing medium and intermediate range missiles

medium and intermediate range missiles and sites in Cuba yes or no don't wait

and sites in Cuba yes or no don't wait for the translation yes or

no I am not in an American American courtroom sir and therefore I do not

courtroom sir and therefore I do not wish to answer a question that is put to

wish to answer a question that is put to me in the fashion in which a prosecutor

me in the fashion in which a prosecutor does Ino you will have your reply I'm

does Ino you will have your reply I'm prepared to wait for my answer until

prepared to wait for my answer until hell freeze is over if that's your

hell freeze is over if that's your decision you know each side didn't know

decision you know each side didn't know what the other side was doing and there

what the other side was doing and there was a lot of room for

was a lot of room for miscalculation we believe there are

miscalculation we believe there are about 25 Soviet ship moving toward Cuba

about 25 Soviet ship moving toward Cuba if the vessel does not stop refuses to

if the vessel does not stop refuses to heed the

instructions force will be applied to assure that it does stop Nita TR says

assure that it does stop Nita TR says Soviet ships will never submit to the

Soviet ships will never submit to the United States blockade the next few days

United States blockade the next few days are critical who is going to Blink first

[Music] hey dispatch just in a lake development

hey dispatch just in a lake development 25 Soviet ship steam to Cuba if the

25 Soviet ship steam to Cuba if the ship's captains do not stop force will

ship's captains do not stop force will be used to stop them it was all a truly

be used to stop them it was all a truly historic drama taking place every moment

historic drama taking place every moment of every day we are now in the most

of every day we are now in the most dangerous situation since the end of

dangerous situation since the end of World War I the next 48 hours will be

World War I the next 48 hours will be decisive right up to the last minute the

decisive right up to the last minute the first ship looked like it was going

first ship looked like it was going through the barrier and at that point

through the barrier and at that point Kennedy would have had to do something

Kennedy would have had to do something more what it

more what it was uh wasn't even clear to him the

was uh wasn't even clear to him the White House was on the point of being

White House was on the point of being evacuated they thought that this was the

evacuated they thought that this was the early stages of uh World War

early stages of uh World War II you can listen to the tapes of the

II you can listen to the tapes of the Missile Crisis and on the last day when

Missile Crisis and on the last day when we seem so close to war you can hear the

we seem so close to war you can hear the voices becoming a little bit more ragged

voices becoming a little bit more ragged and a little bit more

urgent what my main point is I don't think at this particular point we should

think at this particular point we should show a weakness to Cru chef and I think

show a weakness to Cru chef and I think we would show a weakness if we if we can

we would show a weakness if we if we can can't send a low altitude aircraft

can't send a low altitude aircraft President Kennedy is the calm voice well

President Kennedy is the calm voice well let's be prepared for either one

let's be prepared for either one tomorrow let's wait see if they fire

tomorrow let's wait see if they fire meanwhile I'm not convinced yet of the

meanwhile I'm not convinced yet of the invad

here and at the last minute the Soviet ships turned

ships turned around kof has changed his

around kof has changed his position there was an announcement for

position there was an announcement for Moscow that they would withdraw the

Moscow that they would withdraw the missiles and I said the other guy just

blinked this is the day we have every reason to believe when the world came

reason to believe when the world came out from under the most terrible threat

out from under the most terrible threat of nuclear Holocaust since the end of

of nuclear Holocaust since the end of World War II

World War II the message to President Kennedy was

the message to President Kennedy was long and rambling but for the first time

long and rambling but for the first time Mr kov acknowledged the presence in Cuba

Mr kov acknowledged the presence in Cuba of Soviet missiles he argued they were

of Soviet missiles he argued they were defensive in nature but he said he

defensive in nature but he said he understood the president's feeling about

understood the president's feeling about them he said he would withdraw the

them he said he would withdraw the missiles if President Kennedy would

missiles if President Kennedy would promise not to invade Cuba the following

promise not to invade Cuba the following is the text of President Kennedy's

is the text of President Kennedy's statement of noon I welcome chairman

statement of noon I welcome chairman kav's statesmanlike

kav's statesmanlike decision to stop building bases in Cuba

decision to stop building bases in Cuba this is an

this is an important and

important and constructive contribution to

constructive contribution to peace there was an incredible sigh of

peace there was an incredible sigh of relief uh in the country and in the

relief uh in the country and in the world with the Tranquil courage of the

world with the Tranquil courage of the great leaders of democracy John

great leaders of democracy John Fitzgerald Kennedy said to the Communist

Fitzgerald Kennedy said to the Communist World enough

World enough there have been some back and forth

there have been some back and forth between Kennedy and kushev we'll make

between Kennedy and kushev we'll make our promise not to invade Cuba and

our promise not to invade Cuba and within a matter of months the United

within a matter of months the United States will take this missiles out of

States will take this missiles out of turkey and in return for that kusov

turkey and in return for that kusov publicly and verifiably removed Soviet

publicly and verifiably removed Soviet missiles from

missiles from Cuba the conditions of the Cold War have

Cuba the conditions of the Cold War have been altered in spirit if not in fact by

been altered in spirit if not in fact by what happened in Cuba as a result of

what happened in Cuba as a result of American determination in the crisis

American determination in the crisis morale has been raised throughout the

morale has been raised throughout the non-communist world perhaps this is the

non-communist world perhaps this is the beginning of more understanding between

beginning of more understanding between our

our people both sides realize we need to

people both sides realize we need to stand back from this and we need to

stand back from this and we need to create a framework that's less dangerous

create a framework that's less dangerous I have chosen this time and place to

I have chosen this time and place to discuss a topic on which ignorance too

discuss a topic on which ignorance too often

often abounds and the truth too rarely

abounds and the truth too rarely perceived and that is the most important

perceived and that is the most important topic on Earth peace

topic on Earth peace the following June Kennedy gives the

the following June Kennedy gives the famous peace speech at American

famous peace speech at American University in which he talks about

University in which he talks about changing our attitudes toward the Soviet

changing our attitudes toward the Soviet Union for in the final analysis our most

Union for in the final analysis our most basic common link is that we all inhabit

basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet we all breathe the

this small planet we all breathe the same air we all cherish our children's

same air we all cherish our children's Futures and we are all

Futures and we are all Mortal Kennedy and his people waited for

Mortal Kennedy and his people waited for any reaction from Moscow at

any reaction from Moscow at all and then they got the teletype

all and then they got the teletype saying that for the first and only time

saying that for the first and only time a speech of an American president

a speech of an American president covered a complete page of prda the

covered a complete page of prda the party newspaper kushev decided to change

party newspaper kushev decided to change his world policy the strategy of

his world policy the strategy of creating tension all around the American

creating tension all around the American Empire was dropped and he said to his

Empire was dropped and he said to his colleagues in the presidium you know

colleagues in the presidium you know what let's give him the test B treaty

the United States the Soviet Union and Great Britain promised to end all

Great Britain promised to end all nuclear test explosions in the

nuclear test explosions in the atmosphere outer space and

atmosphere outer space and underwater was big deal in Soviet Union

underwater was big deal in Soviet Union the same as United States and kof was

the same as United States and kof was very proud that they stopped testing and

very proud that they stopped testing and poisoning atmosphere man's long hopeful

poisoning atmosphere man's long hopeful Quest for Peace will cease to be only a

Quest for Peace will cease to be only a dream and will begin to acquire solid

reties the nuclear Test Ban Treaty it's one of the truly great achievements of

one of the truly great achievements of the uh Kennedy presidency we shall not

the uh Kennedy presidency we shall not regret that we have made this clear and

regret that we have made this clear and honorable National commitment to the

honorable National commitment to the cause of man's survival for under this

cause of man's survival for under this treaty we can and must still keep our

treaty we can and must still keep our vigil in defense of freedom

vigil in defense of freedom [Music]

[Music] the people of this country are elated by

the people of this country are elated by the feeling that the United States

the feeling that the United States finally has taken the initiative in our

finally has taken the initiative in our conflict with Communism but all along

conflict with Communism but all along the borders of Communism we and our

the borders of Communism we and our enemies have unfinished

business Mr President the headline and the story of the New York Times

the story of the New York Times yesterday morning has said that

yesterday morning has said that Administration will try diplomacy in

Administration will try diplomacy in Vietnam which I'd assume we've been

Vietnam which I'd assume we've been trying all along uh what can we do in

trying all along uh what can we do in this situation which uh seems to

this situation which uh seems to parallel

parallel other uh famous debacles of dealing with

other uh famous debacles of dealing with unpopular governments in the

unpopular governments in the past well in the first place we ought to

past well in the first place we ought to realize that Vietnam has been at War for

realize that Vietnam has been at War for 25 years Kennedy had treated Vietnam as

25 years Kennedy had treated Vietnam as a second tier issue until

a second tier issue until 1963 he was dealing with Berlin he was

1963 he was dealing with Berlin he was dealing with Cuba he had his domestic

dealing with Cuba he had his domestic challenges he had sent troops to train

challenges he had sent troops to train the South Vietnamese Army but he wasn't

the South Vietnamese Army but he wasn't happy about it the final analysis it's

happy about it the final analysis it's their War they're the ones who have to

their War they're the ones who have to win it or lose it we can help them give

win it or lose it we can help them give them equipment we can send our men out

them equipment we can send our men out there as advisers but they have to win

there as advisers but they have to win at the people of Vietnam against the

at the people of Vietnam against the Communist Kennedy felt that uh the

Communist Kennedy felt that uh the United States had to draw a line against

United States had to draw a line against communist expansion but the Soviets

communist expansion but the Soviets supported the North Vietnam regime we

supported the North Vietnam regime we supported the

South it's what becomes known as the Domino Theory if South Vietnam Falls

Domino Theory if South Vietnam Falls than all the rest of Southeast Asia Leos

than all the rest of Southeast Asia Leos Cambodia the Philippines they might be

Cambodia the Philippines they might be defeated as I believe I reported upon my

defeated as I believe I reported upon my return from previous visits uh I've been

return from previous visits uh I've been very much encouraged by the progress

very much encouraged by the progress which the South Vietnamese forces have

which the South Vietnamese forces have been making and by the assistance which

been making and by the assistance which our forces have rendered to them when

our forces have rendered to them when Vietnam started up they believe that

Vietnam started up they believe that they had so expertly micromanaged the

they had so expertly micromanaged the Cuban Missile crisis that they could do

Cuban Missile crisis that they could do the same in the Southeast Asian Nation

the same in the Southeast Asian Nation 10,000 Mi

10,000 Mi away the North Vietnamese were very

away the North Vietnamese were very different from the Soviets and christov

different from the Soviets and christov and the attempt to resolve the

and the attempt to resolve the Vietnamese crisis through controlled

Vietnamese crisis through controlled escalation simply didn't work the

escalation simply didn't work the government of South Vietnam has been

government of South Vietnam has been overthrown by a military group if we are

overthrown by a military group if we are at all involved I hope we don't have

at all involved I hope we don't have another Bay of Pigs on our hands are we

another Bay of Pigs on our hands are we winning the war in South Vietnam winning

winning the war in South Vietnam winning no we're losing

now Kennedy says to one of his principal AIDs that after he's reelected in 64

AIDs that after he's reelected in 64 then he can talk about getting out of

then he can talk about getting out of Vietnam it's difficult to believe that

Vietnam it's difficult to believe that the story of the United States in

the story of the United States in Vietnam would have followed the same

Vietnam would have followed the same course had John F Kennedy not gone to

course had John F Kennedy not gone to Dallas in 1963

do we know what Kennedy would have done if he had

if he had lived there's all sorts of evidence to

lived there's all sorts of evidence to suggest that he never would have done

suggest that he never would have done what Lyon Johnson did in Vietnam this

what Lyon Johnson did in Vietnam this nation will keep its commitments from

nation will keep its commitments from South Vietnam to West

South Vietnam to West [Music]

[Music] Berlin though LBJ had experienced the

Berlin though LBJ had experienced the same crisis by setting sitting next to

same crisis by setting sitting next to Kennedy he had not come out with the

Kennedy he had not come out with the same conclusions he did not share

same conclusions he did not share Kennedy's suspicion of the United States

Kennedy's suspicion of the United States military or of military advice once

military or of military advice once Kennedy was gone it was inevitable that

Kennedy was gone it was inevitable that US forign policy would change you lost a

US forign policy would change you lost a president who was skeptical of military

president who was skeptical of military advice and gained one who usually took

advice and gained one who usually took [Music]

[Music] it the official Russian announcement

it the official Russian announcement said he resigned the crowds that once

said he resigned the crowds that once cheered kch wildly were left in the dark

cheered kch wildly were left in the dark as just what went on when the Central

as just what went on when the Central Committee met to name Leon brf as the

Committee met to name Leon brf as the new leader of the party my father was

new leader of the party my father was shocked his successor just turn the

shocked his successor just turn the opposite direction and then reverse all

opposite direction and then reverse all his policies he was very

his policies he was very upset he had begun a new age with the

upset he had begun a new age with the Soviet Union a thawing of the Cold War

Soviet Union a thawing of the Cold War not complete but the beginning of

not complete but the beginning of something but things changed

the Cuban Miss crisis showed that neither side could gain a military

neither side could gain a military victory over the other side so therefore

victory over the other side so therefore the competition had to take a different

the competition had to take a different form it was beginning of the very rapid

form it was beginning of the very rapid changes in the relations between two

changes in the relations between two countries Next Period in our history

countries Next Period in our history will compete in the

will compete in the economy in the end we couldn't defeat

economy in the end we couldn't defeat the Soviet Union

the Soviet Union militarily but we could demonstrate that

militarily but we could demonstrate that we had a much better attractive Society

we had a much better attractive Society the United States of America wants to

the United States of America wants to see the Cold War end we want sanity and

see the Cold War end we want sanity and security and peace for all and above all

security and peace for all and above all President Kennedy I'm sure would regard

President Kennedy I'm sure would regard as his best Memorial the fact that in

as his best Memorial the fact that in his three years as president the world

his three years as president the world became a little

became a little safer and the way ahead became a little

safer and the way ahead became a little brighter

Here Comes Air Force number one the president's plane now touching

president's plane now touching down there's Mrs Kennedy and the crowd

down there's Mrs Kennedy and the crowd Ys and the president of the United

Ys and the president of the United States

States and I can see his son's hand all the way

and I can see his son's hand all the way from here looking at how

from here looking at how things actually went it wasn't just a

things actually went it wasn't just a trip to Dallas it was a political trip

trip to Dallas it was a political trip preparing for the 1964 elections shaking

preparing for the 1964 elections shaking hands now with the Dallas people

hands now with the Dallas people Governor Mrs connley governor connley on

Governor Mrs connley governor connley on your

your left it was whether Kennedy could use

left it was whether Kennedy could use his Charisma and his influence to get

his Charisma and his influence to get all the squabbling Democrats in Texas to

all the squabbling Democrats in Texas to come together before the election the

come together before the election the next year and here comes the president

next year and here comes the president now in fact he's not in his limousine

now in fact he's not in his limousine he's Departed the limousine and he is

he's Departed the limousine and he is Reaching Across the fence shaking

Reaching Across the fence shaking hands in those days everybody could get

hands in those days everybody could get a lot closer to the president I was

a lot closer to the president I was standing behind Mrs Kennedy and I saw a

standing behind Mrs Kennedy and I saw a hand reach through the chainlink fence

hand reach through the chainlink fence and break off one of the red roses

and break off one of the red roses thousands of children now swarming

thousands of children now swarming trying to get over the fence the Dallas

trying to get over the fence the Dallas police trying to keep them back this is

police trying to keep them back this is great for the people and uh makes the

great for the people and uh makes the eggshells even thinner for the service

eggshells even thinner for the service whose job it is to guard the man the

whose job it is to guard the man the trip had gone terrifically well in Texas

trip had gone terrifically well in Texas pretty hard to write a script for it

pretty hard to write a script for it going any

going any better thousands will be on hand for

better thousands will be on hand for that motor cave now which will be

that motor cave now which will be downtown Dallas a number of my

downtown Dallas a number of my classmates were gone they were at the

classmates were gone they were at the parade my father had been invited to

parade my father had been invited to have lunch with Kennedy at the Trade

have lunch with Kennedy at the Trade Center there was a a mood a climate of

Center there was a a mood a climate of excitement

excitement the speech of President Kennedy at the

the speech of President Kennedy at the Dallas trademark will be broadcast by

Dallas trademark will be broadcast by 570 radio stay tuned for the president's

570 radio stay tuned for the president's Dallas speech at the trademark on 570

Dallas speech at the trademark on 570 [Music]

[Music] radio at Night Big Boss

me yeah Big Boss Man [Music]

[Music] won't you help me when I

call well you [Music]

[Music] Ain just talling us

Ain just talling us all this bu just into the Kil news

all this bu just into the Kil news terminal line Dallas three shots were

terminal line Dallas three shots were fired at the motor Cate of President

fired at the motor Cate of President Kennedy's day in Downtown Dallas Police

Kennedy's day in Downtown Dallas Police radios are carrying that the president

radios are carrying that the president has been hit hospital has been advised

has been hit hospital has been advised to stand by for a severe gunshot wound

to stand by for a severe gunshot wound this is water gr guide in our Newsroom

this is water gr guide in our Newsroom in there has been an attempt on the life

in there has been an attempt on the life of President

Kennedy uh let's turn the mic on I can't hear you Johnny what do you want you

hear you Johnny what do you want you want me to move back a little bit is it

want me to move back a little bit is it all right now

all right now is this all

is this all right ladies and gentlemen I'd like to

right ladies and gentlemen I'd like to introduce to you the chief cameraman and

introduce to you the chief cameraman and assistant news director of WFA

assistant news director of WFA television this is Bert ship Bert we

television this is Bert ship Bert we have brought the people pretty much up

have brought the people pretty much up to date uh would you tell them exactly

to date uh would you tell them exactly what you know as of this point well Jay

what you know as of this point well Jay I was standing at the uh trademark

I was standing at the uh trademark waiting his arrival there all of a

waiting his arrival there all of a sudden the uh we saw them approaching

sudden the uh we saw them approaching they didn't slow down a matter of fact

they didn't slow down a matter of fact they were going 70 80 M hour past us and

they were going 70 80 M hour past us and then I jumped in the police car and went

then I jumped in the police car and went to

Parkland these two men come running in one of them had a large appeared to be a

one of them had a large appeared to be a machine gun and they was hollering our

machine gun and they was hollering our stretchers and Cs and everything and

stretchers and Cs and everything and Governor they brought him in first what

Governor they brought him in first what happened after this well then the

happened after this well then the president come in and meet behind him

president come in and meet behind him and uh and they took them all the way

and uh and they took them all the way both of them back to the

both of them back to the room Albert Thomas Democrat of Texas

room Albert Thomas Democrat of Texas standing outside the carer of the

standing outside the carer of the emergency room said he's been told the

emergency room said he's been told the president was still alive but in very

president was still alive but in very critical

critical [Music]

[Music] condition the president has not arrived

condition the president has not arrived here a group of secret servic men and

here a group of secret servic men and other officials is gathered where the

other officials is gathered where the president normally would enter And

president normally would enter And discussing heatedly with one another

discussing heatedly with one another some subject or other of course we have

some subject or other of course we have no idea of what now here's an

no idea of what now here's an announcement from the platform Mr Eric

announcement from the platform Mr Eric Johnson uh with an announcement it is

Johnson uh with an announcement it is true our president governor Conley

have been sh we should tell you as much as we know

sh we should tell you as much as we know as soon as we know

as soon as we know anying

anying [Music]

thank a gentleman just walked in our studio that I am meeting for the first

studio that I am meeting for the first time as well as you this is WF TV in

time as well as you this is WF TV in Dallas Texas may I have your name please

Dallas Texas may I have your name please sir my name is Abraham zuda Mr zuda zuda

sir my name is Abraham zuda Mr zuda zuda yes sir zuda and would you tell us your

yes sir zuda and would you tell us your story please

story please sir I got out and uh about a half hour

sir I got out and uh about a half hour earlier and get a good spot to shoot

earlier and get a good spot to shoot some pictures 5-year-old boy and myself

some pictures 5-year-old boy and myself were by ourselves on the grass there on

were by ourselves on the grass there on Palmer Street and I asked Joe to wave to

Palmer Street and I asked Joe to wave to him and Joe waved and I waved and

him and Joe waved and I waved and the man that's all right

the man that's all right [Music]

[Music] sir as he as he was waiting back

sir as he as he was waiting back he was he was the shot L out and he

he was he was the shot L out and he slumped down in the seat and then all of

slumped down in the seat and then all of a sudden this next one popped and

a sudden this next one popped and Governor connley grabbed his stomach and

Governor connley grabbed his stomach and kind of laid over to the side and then

kind of laid over to the side and then another one it was just all so fast and

another one it was just all so fast and President Kenny reached up and grabbed

President Kenny reached up and grabbed looked like he's grabbed his ear and

looked like he's grabbed his ear and blood just started gushing out you see

blood just started gushing out you see the person who fired the no not I didn't

the person who fired the no not I didn't see any person fire the weapon you only

see any person fire the weapon you only heard it I only heard it and I looked up

heard it I only heard it and I looked up and saw a man running up this

and saw a man running up this hill if it's a conspiracy not only the

hill if it's a conspiracy not only the president was hit the governor was hit

president was hit the governor was hit who knows if the next shot would have

who knows if the next shot would have been for Lyon Johnson Johnson's car

been for Lyon Johnson Johnson's car pulls into the emergency Bay at Parkland

pulls into the emergency Bay at Parkland Hospital four agents reach in and they

Hospital four agents reach in and they grab Johnson and pull him out and start

grab Johnson and pull him out and start to run him down one Corridor around

to run him down one Corridor around looking for a safe place Mr Johnson his

looking for a safe place Mr Johnson his whereabouts are being kept secret for

whereabouts are being kept secret for security reasons uh if anyone knows

security reasons uh if anyone knows where Mr Johnson is uh it is not us at

where Mr Johnson is uh it is not us at moment there was a signal moment in our

moment there was a signal moment in our cultural history suddenly it occurred to

cultural history suddenly it occurred to us the right thing to do is to turn on

us the right thing to do is to turn on television reports continue to come in

television reports continue to come in but in a confused and fragmentary

but in a confused and fragmentary fashion president has been given a blood

fashion president has been given a blood transfusion at Parkland Hospital here in

transfusion at Parkland Hospital here in Dallas in an effort to save his life it

Dallas in an effort to save his life it was odd because uh there were no

was odd because uh there were no commercials it was just a continuous

commercials it was just a continuous experience for two priests and have

experience for two priests and have entered the emergency room at Parkland

entered the emergency room at Parkland Hospital where he rests after the

Hospital where he rests after the assassination attempt which now was

assassination attempt which now was about a half hour

ago what are your feelings right now man I'm absolutely shocked stunned alive we

I'm absolutely shocked stunned alive we have the same birthday I'm just

have the same birthday I'm just crazy I me who would want to shoot the

crazy I me who would want to shoot the prisoner what did he do I mean he's been

prisoner what did he do I mean he's been doing so much for the country someone

doing so much for the country someone who goes ahead and shoots him a flash

who goes ahead and shoots him a flash from Dallas

from Dallas two priests who were with President

two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds

Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds this is the latest information we have

this is the latest information we have from

from Dallas I will repeat with the greatest

Dallas I will repeat with the greatest regret two priests who were with

regret two priests who were with President Kennedy say he has died of

President Kennedy say he has died of bullet

wounds Malcolm Kilda the assistant press secretary was filling in for the regular

secretary was filling in for the regular press secretary and then he had to draw

press secretary and then he had to draw himself up to give the most fateful

himself up to give the most fateful announcement that a press secretary

announcement that a press secretary might have ever had to give all the

might have ever had to give all the cameras were rolling and I remember he

cameras were rolling and I remember he put his fingers like this on the desk

put his fingers like this on the desk and pressed very hard to stop his hands

and pressed very hard to stop his hands trembling do it

trembling do it again John F

again John F Kennedy died at approximately 1:00

Kennedy died at approximately 1:00 central standard

central standard time

time today here in

today here in Dallas he died of a gunshot wound in the

Dallas he died of a gunshot wound in the brain slow it

brain slow it [Music]

down I have no other details regarding the assassination of the

president the people standing here are stunned just as all of us are beyond

stunned just as all of us are beyond belief that the president of the United

belief that the president of the United States is

States is dead all over the world people are going

dead all over the world people are going to remember all their lives what they

to remember all their lives what they were doing when they first heard that

were doing when they first heard that President Kennedy had been

President Kennedy had been killed the crowds are standing around in

killed the crowds are standing around in silence and sorrow in the Rain the

silence and sorrow in the Rain the strange thing is you don't even notice

strange thing is you don't even notice it's raining and if you do notice you

it's raining and if you do notice you don't

don't care I just can't believe it I just I

care I just can't believe it I just I feel that um someone in my own family

feel that um someone in my own family that they Dad I just can't believe it

that they Dad I just can't believe it ma'am I can't

ma'am I can't say like a days you don't know what's

say like a days you don't know what's going on why why did it happen who would

going on why why did it happen who would have done such a thing is he

questioned in the first minutes and hours chaos and confusion was radiating

hours chaos and confusion was radiating out from the scene itself was very

out from the scene itself was very pervasive Secret Service agents thought

pervasive Secret Service agents thought the gun fires from an automatic weapon

the gun fires from an automatic weapon fired possibly from a grassy null I saw

fired possibly from a grassy null I saw some police run up this grassy slope I

some police run up this grassy slope I thought they're chasing a gunman I ran

thought they're chasing a gunman I ran with them the report is that they

with them the report is that they attempted assassins we now hear it was a

attempted assassins we now hear it was a man and a woman I got to the top looked

man and a woman I got to the top looked around a policeman went over the fence

around a policeman went over the fence so I went over the fence too there was

so I went over the fence too there was nothing there the television newsman

nothing there the television newsman said that he looked up just after the

said that he looked up just after the shot was fired and saw a rifle being

shot was fired and saw a rifle being withdrawn from A fifth or sixth floor

withdrawn from A fifth or sixth floor window it was originally thought that

window it was originally thought that the shots came from in here and now it's

the shots came from in here and now it's believed that the shots came from this

believed that the shots came from this building here the police officers

building here the police officers running back toward the Texas school

running back toward the Texas school depository building they are going to

depository building they are going to continue searching in that building for

continue searching in that building for the would be assess of the president the

the would be assess of the president the center of downtown Dallas is in a

center of downtown Dallas is in a virtual state of Siege they are combing

virtual state of Siege they are combing the floors at the Texas Book Depository

the floors at the Texas Book Depository building in an effort to find the

building in an effort to find the suspected

suspected assassin in the building on the sixth

assassin in the building on the sixth floor we found an area near a window

floor we found an area near a window that had partially been blocked off by

that had partially been blocked off by boxes of books and also the three spent

boxes of books and also the three spent shells that had apparently been fired

shells that had apparently been fired from

from a prime lab Lieutenant JC day just came

a prime lab Lieutenant JC day just came out of that building with a British 303

out of that building with a British 303 rifle it was a 7.65 moer a high-powered

rifle it was a 7.65 moer a high-powered army or Japanese rifle of 25 caliber a

army or Japanese rifle of 25 caliber a 3030 rifle much of the first things you

3030 rifle much of the first things you here are going to be wrong and to some

here are going to be wrong and to some degree you were constantly trying to

degree you were constantly trying to separate out what seemed to be a fact in

separate out what seemed to be a fact in Dallas a Dallas policeman just a short

Dallas a Dallas policeman just a short while ago was shot and killed while

while ago was shot and killed while chasing a suspect JD tippet a good

chasing a suspect JD tippet a good experienced police officer was shot

experienced police officer was shot three times in the chest in the Oak

three times in the chest in the Oak Cliff section of Dallas then the manager

Cliff section of Dallas then the manager of a shoe store saw the suspect walking

of a shoe store saw the suspect walking into the Texas theater someone has been

into the Texas theater someone has been arrested in one of the downtown theaters

arrested in one of the downtown theaters uh they don't know if it was the man who

uh they don't know if it was the man who shot the policeman or the person who

shot the policeman or the person who actually shot President Kennedy police

actually shot President Kennedy police suddenly jumped this man and started to

suddenly jumped this man and started to drag him out of the theater hustled him

drag him out of the theater hustled him out to the car as the crowd broke and

out to the car as the crowd broke and started to Maul the police officers and

started to Maul the police officers and grab this man trying to run with him

grab this man trying to run with him they shouted murder and the officers

they shouted murder and the officers hustled him into the car and ran away

hustled him into the car and ran away just as fast as they could

as we mentioned a short while ago a number of arrests have been made in

number of arrests have been made in Dallas in the wake of President

Dallas in the wake of President Kennedy's death we have scenes of one of

Kennedy's death we have scenes of one of those arrests in the downtown area this

those arrests in the downtown area this was just after a Dallas policeman was

was just after a Dallas policeman was shot in the vicinity of a downtown movie

[Music] Housey approached him and as he

Housey approached him and as he approached him the man hit McDonald in

approached him the man hit McDonald in the face with his left hand reached the

the face with his left hand reached the pistol with his right hand

pistol with his right hand and as he reached for his pistol I

and as he reached for his pistol I grabbed him along with two or three

grabbed him along with two or three other officers what did he say to you

other officers what did he say to you after he was arrested he just said uh

after he was arrested he just said uh this is it it's all over with

this is it it's all over with [Music]

now this is a picture of him he probably does not look exactly

him he probably does not look exactly like this now after he's been

like this now after he's been questioned that's Lee Oswald the

questioned that's Lee Oswald the president the shot then a police officer

president the shot then a police officer is shot then someone named Lee Harvey

is shot then someone named Lee Harvey Oswald is arrested Oswald may be a

Oswald is arrested Oswald may be a suspect in the assassination who is he

suspect in the assassination who is he Lee Oswald of Dallas a former Marine who

Lee Oswald of Dallas a former Marine who spent some time in Russia who at one

spent some time in Russia who at one time had applied for Soviet

time had applied for Soviet citizenship description that we had of

citizenship description that we had of the suspect n Cliff was similar to the

the suspect n Cliff was similar to the description we had and the man we were

description we had and the man we were looking for as the Assassin but at that

looking for as the Assassin but at that time we had not been able to connect the

time we had not been able to connect the two in any way down there in this third

two in any way down there in this third floor Corridor a crowd of cameramen

floor Corridor a crowd of cameramen reporters wait for a possible appearance

reporters wait for a possible appearance of the man accused of killing President

of the man accused of killing President Kennedy and a Dallas police

Kennedy and a Dallas police officer now there will be a great deal

officer now there will be a great deal of confusion Mr Oswell is put through

of confusion Mr Oswell is put through the door I don't know if you saw

the door I don't know if you saw him Oswell lives at 1026 North

him Oswell lives at 1026 North Beckley he's an employee of a book

Beckley he's an employee of a book binding firm in the

binding firm in the building which the police and Secret

building which the police and Secret Service men believe the president was

Service men believe the president was shot

today Mrs Kennedy accompanied the body in an ambulance from the hospital to the

in an ambulance from the hospital to the airport where it will be flown back to

airport where it will be flown back to Washington they run everyone out of the

Washington they run everyone out of the emergency room of the hospital

emergency room of the hospital completely on the first floor there and

completely on the first floor there and uh they come out and told us that uh we

uh they come out and told us that uh we would have to help remove the remains

would have to help remove the remains into a casket

into a casket lynon Johnson had ordered that the body

lynon Johnson had ordered that the body be brought immediately to Air Force One

be brought immediately to Air Force One so there was a little tug of war they

so there was a little tug of war they almost shook the crucifix off of the top

almost shook the crucifix off of the top of the coffin as they were trying to get

of the coffin as they were trying to get that coffin out of the hospital took him

that coffin out of the hospital took him out and put him into the herse and uh

out and put him into the herse and uh one of the Secret Service men well about

one of the Secret Service men well about two or three of them got into the Hearst

two or three of them got into the Hearst and just drove off and uh left Mr O'Neal

and just drove off and uh left Mr O'Neal and first was just standing

there Vice President Johnson is expected to be sworn in as president to board an

to be sworn in as president to board an airliner before flying back to the

airliner before flying back to the nation's

nation's capital not everyone realized that

capital not everyone realized that Johnson was already the president

Johnson was already the president because he in fact had taken the oath in

because he in fact had taken the oath in January 61 the same oath the president

January 61 the same oath the president takes Johnson wanted to show the

takes Johnson wanted to show the American people that the government was

American people that the government was functioning without interruption and all

functioning without interruption and all so perhaps he wanted to show that his

so perhaps he wanted to show that his predecessors family bore him no ill will

predecessors family bore him no ill will for the

for the assassination Lyndon bains Johnson is

assassination Lyndon bains Johnson is flying back to Washington to take the

flying back to Washington to take the Reigns of government which time

Reigns of government which time President Johnson will have to take into

President Johnson will have to take into his hands the Reigns of the most

his hands the Reigns of the most powerful nation in the

powerful nation in the world we think November 22nd

world we think November 22nd 1963 as a date when a president was

1963 as a date when a president was killed but it was also a date when the

killed but it was also a date when the president was

created is there any doubt in your mind chief that Oswald is the man who killed

chief that Oswald is the man who killed the Pres I think this is the man that

the Pres I think this is the man that killed the president yes is there any

killed the president yes is there any evidence that anyone else may have been

evidence that anyone else may have been linked with Oswald to this shooting at

linked with Oswald to this shooting at this time we don't believe

so I uh I don't know what this is all about

black I work in that building you the naturally if I work in that building yes

naturally if I work in that building yes sir back up man pres no they're taking

sir back up man pres no they're taking me in because of the fact that I lived

me in because of the fact that I lived in

in the I'm just

a this is room 317 Homicide Bureau here at the Dallas Police Station as you see

at the Dallas Police Station as you see they are bringing the weapon that

they are bringing the weapon that allegedly used in the assassination of

allegedly used in the assassination of President John F Kennedy this afternoon

President John F Kennedy this afternoon at 12:30 here in

at 12:30 here in Dallas 6.5 apparently made in Italy in

1940 police have traced a rifle purchased in Chicago by mail order two o

purchased in Chicago by mail order two o he brought it under the Alias of a hidle

he brought it under the Alias of a hidle handwriting experts have established

handwriting experts have established that the hand Lighting on the purchase

that the hand Lighting on the purchase order was in fact made by oswal at the

order was in fact made by oswal at the price of

price of $12.78 the life of the president of the

$12.78 the life of the president of the United States apparently was Bor in the

United States apparently was Bor in the wake of the Kennedy assassination the

wake of the Kennedy assassination the Dallas police on the one hand they they

Dallas police on the one hand they they were committing all of the resources to

were committing all of the resources to trying to solve the crime but you're

trying to solve the crime but you're moving in the doorway when you get them

moving in the doorway when you get them in the doorway the other hand they were

in the doorway the other hand they were ill equipped to handle this

ill equipped to handle this tsunami of reporters

well I was uh questioned by a judge however I uh protested at that time that

however I uh protested at that time that I was not allowed

I was not allowed legal in bringing Oswald out they were

legal in bringing Oswald out they were of course doing something that you would

of course doing something that you would never see happen today but they were

never see happen today but they were trying to cooperate with the Press with

trying to cooperate with the Press with the understanding that there would not

the understanding that there would not be questions shouted at him did you kill

be questions shouted at him did you kill the president no I have not been charged

the president no I have not been charged with that in fact nobody has said that

with that in fact nobody has said that to me yet the first thing I heard about

to me yet the first thing I heard about it was when the newspaper reporters in

it was when the newspaper reporters in the hall uh asked me that question you

the hall uh asked me that question you have been nobody said what sir you

me at 135 this morning a complaint was read it charged that quote Lee Harvey

read it charged that quote Lee Harvey Oswald did voluntarily and with malice

Oswald did voluntarily and with malice of forethought killed John F Kennedy by

of forethought killed John F Kennedy by shooting him with a gun end quote

shooting him with a gun end quote following the reading of the complaint

following the reading of the complaint Oswald said that's

ridiculous within hours of the assassination it was very obvious to

assassination it was very obvious to virtually everyone in Dallas law

virtually everyone in Dallas law enforcement that Oswald had killed

enforcement that Oswald had killed Kennedy Chief can you tell us in summary

Kennedy Chief can you tell us in summary what directly links Oswald to the

what directly links Oswald to the killing of the

killing of the president well the fact that he was on

president well the fact that he was on the floor where the shots were fired

the floor where the shots were fired from immediately before the shots were

from immediately before the shots were fired the fact that he was seen carrying

fired the fact that he was seen carrying a package to the building fact that uh

a package to the building fact that uh when were carrying that package toay

when were carrying that package toay yesterday morning after the shooting in

yesterday morning after the shooting in D Plaza Oswalt was the only employee at

D Plaza Oswalt was the only employee at The Book Depository that fled the

The Book Depository that fled the building 45 minutes later he shoots and

building 45 minutes later he shoots and kills officer JD tippet half hour later

kills officer JD tippet half hour later at the Texas theater he resisted arrest

at the Texas theater he resisted arrest by pulling his gun on the arresting

by pulling his gun on the arresting officer just open during 12 hours of

officer just open during 12 hours of interrogation by the Dallas Police

interrogation by the Dallas Police Department over the weekend he told one

Department over the weekend he told one provable lie after another did you buy

provable lie after another did you buy that rifle dispatches you people have

that rifle dispatches you people have been given but I emphatically deny these

been given but I emphatically deny these charges within a day or so thereafter

charges within a day or so thereafter when they discovered what a complete nut

when they discovered what a complete nut this sky was they were satisfied beyond

this sky was they were satisfied beyond all reasonable doubt that Oswald

all reasonable doubt that Oswald had acted alone there's only one thing

had acted alone there's only one thing that I can tell you without going into

that I can tell you without going into the evidence that this case is cinched

the evidence that this case is cinched that this man killed the

that this man killed the president and there there's no question

president and there there's no question in in my mind about it we plan to

in in my mind about it we plan to transfer this man not tonight you men

transfer this man not tonight you men will be here by no later than 10:00 in

will be here by no later than 10:00 in the morning while it will that will be

the morning while it will that will be early enough Chief do you have any

early enough Chief do you have any concern for the safety of your prisoner

concern for the safety of your prisoner in view of the high feeling among the

in view of the high feeling among the people of Dallas over the assassination

people of Dallas over the assassination of the president no but the cautions

of the president no but the cautions will be taken of course but I'm not uh I

will be taken of course but I'm not uh I don't think that the people will try to

don't think that the people will try to take the prisoner away from

us all right let's do Lee oswal is to be taken soon

taken soon to the county jail that's true and you

to the county jail that's true and you are going to take him there house sir we

are going to take him there house sir we are going to use an armored motor

are going to use an armored motor vehicle to take him Dallas Police meant

vehicle to take him Dallas Police meant to transfer Lee into the regular prison

to transfer Lee into the regular prison during the night to avoid the

during the night to avoid the press and then someone must have

press and then someone must have overruled them so that Lee could be

overruled them so that Lee could be photographed by the Press during the

photographed by the Press during the transfer

transfer we're standing by awaiting the transfer

we're standing by awaiting the transfer of Oswald from City Jail to county jail

of Oswald from City Jail to county jail and uh for that report here is ABC's

and uh for that report here is ABC's Bill Lord at the city jail Bill what's

Bill Lord at the city jail Bill what's the situation well I am presently in the

the situation well I am presently in the basement of the Dallas municipal

basement of the Dallas municipal building and it is like an armed Camp

building and it is like an armed Camp police officials are frankly worried

police officials are frankly worried they don't want anything to happen to

they don't want anything to happen to Oswald it is through this Carter of

Oswald it is through this Carter of newsmen photographers and policemen that

newsmen photographers and policemen that Oswald will be brought to a vehicle for

Oswald will be brought to a vehicle for transfer to the Dallas County Jail a

transfer to the Dallas County Jail a distance of about 15 blocks which

distance of about 15 blocks which ironically is just across from the scene

ironically is just across from the scene where President Kennedy was assassinated

where President Kennedy was assassinated on

on Friday anticipation is built up here in

Friday anticipation is built up here in downtown D Dallas in front of the county

downtown D Dallas in front of the county jail they are waiting for a glimpse of

jail they are waiting for a glimpse of Lee

Lee Oswald there he is he is here he come

Oswald there he is he is here he come another prisoner wearing

it being let out by Captain Fritz there is

Fritz there is a there is

Le he's been shot he's been shot Le Oswald has been shot there's a man with

Oswald has been shot there's a man with a gun absolute Panic absolute Panic here

a gun absolute Panic absolute Panic here in the basement of Dallas Police

in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters Detective have their guns

Headquarters Detective have their guns drawn there is no question about it

drawn there is no question about it oswal has been shot at Point flank range

oswal has been shot at Point flank range fired into his

fired into his stomach he is he is shot

stomach he is he is shot is that shot the man or do you know that

is that shot the man or do you know that is the man that sh to

is the man that sh to man immediately after the shooting our

man immediately after the shooting our only witnesses that we could talk to

only witnesses that we could talk to were other

were other reporters where did he go here when he

reporters where did he go here when he was here he just sh there just put the

was here he just sh there just put the gun there I saw the flash on the

gun there I saw the flash on the blackelly oh yeah right and

blackelly oh yeah right and they I saw there wasn't a group of men

they I saw there wasn't a group of men right

right here is one of us or what I thought he

here is one of us or what I thought he was one of the detective you know he had

was one of the detective you know he had a hat the situation is now that Lee

a hat the situation is now that Lee haral Oswell has been shot The Man Who

haral Oswell has been shot The Man Who Saw the shot fired said it was fired by

Saw the shot fired said it was fired by a man wearing a black hat a brown coat a

a man wearing a black hat a brown coat a man that everyone down here thought was

man that everyone down here thought was a secret service agent

a secret service agent we can hear sirens outside and an

we can hear sirens outside and an ambulance apparently is moving down now

ambulance apparently is moving down now into the basement here comes the

ambulance and Oswald will be removed now the ambulance is being pulled up in

now the ambulance is being pulled up in front of us

front of us here Here Comes Oswald he's he is ashing

here Here Comes Oswald he's he is ashing and unconscious at this time now being

and unconscious at this time now being moved in he's not moving

moved in he's not moving he's in the ambulance now and attendant

he's in the ambulance now and attendant police are quickly climbing

police are quickly climbing in the ambulance is leaving Dallas

in the ambulance is leaving Dallas Police Headquarters where will he be

Police Headquarters where will he be taken I'm assuming Parkland Hospital

taken I'm assuming Parkland Hospital Parkland Hospital the irony of irony is

Parkland Hospital the irony of irony is the place where President John F Kennedy

the place where President John F Kennedy [Music]

died I believe the man don't take the microphone your head up let's start

microphone your head up let's start again what is your reaction to the

again what is your reaction to the shooting of Oswald well I think it's a

shooting of Oswald well I think it's a deplorable uh situation uh the man is

deplorable uh situation uh the man is entitled to a fair trial they should

entitled to a fair trial they should give him a fair trial C killing him just

give him a fair trial C killing him just like that ain't nothing cuz I ain't

like that ain't nothing cuz I ain't going to bring President Kennedy back to

going to bring President Kennedy back to life and after you get a child they

life and after you get a child they should let him out on the street and let

should let him out on the street and let the people kill him they should not only

the people kill him they should not only shoot him but cut him up in pieces put

shoot him but cut him up in pieces put him every 1 hour in a fire inste of up

him every 1 hour in a fire inste of up for one day and then the next day start

for one day and then the next day start again thank

you you got a man that I believe I didn't see it I think it's the man you

didn't see it I think it's the man you got you got him what's he look like I

got you got him what's he look like I can't give you description now he is he

can't give you description now he is he is he is known locally immediately after

is he is known locally immediately after the ambulance left somehow I begun to

the ambulance left somehow I begun to suspect that maybe the shooter was

suspect that maybe the shooter was someone who was known to the police do

someone who was known to the police do you know this subject do you know it

you know this subject do you know it have you seen him before

have you seen him before is he from Dallas

is he from Dallas yes I couldn't tell you do you know what

yes I couldn't tell you do you know what kind of business he happens to be in uh

kind of business he happens to be in uh Bob I wouldn't want to say right uh

Bob I wouldn't want to say right uh Dallas City Hall is normally a public

Dallas City Hall is normally a public building but today it was really under

building but today it was really under armed

armed guard Jack Jack Carousel

Carousel we uh is this a confirmed report as to who did the shooting far as

report as to who did the shooting far as I know I just got it from Vic Robertson

I know I just got it from Vic Robertson uh Vic Robertson from City Hall reports

uh Vic Robertson from City Hall reports that Jack Ruby the owner of the SL which

that Jack Ruby the owner of the SL which is a bar in Dallas did the

brief oswal expired at 10:7

oswal expired at 10:7 p.m. died he died

p.m. died he died at 10:7

at 10:7 p.m. we have arrested the man the man

p.m. we have arrested the man the man will will be charged with murder who is

will will be charged with murder who is he the man the suspect's name is Jack

he the man the suspect's name is Jack Rubenstein I

Rubenstein I believe he goes by the name of Jack

believe he goes by the name of Jack Ruby and here is Associated Press still

Ruby and here is Associated Press still picture of the moment the Split Second

picture of the moment the Split Second as the shot was fired this is the man

as the shot was fired this is the man Dallas Police have identified as Jack

Dallas Police have identified as Jack Ruben Stein and this of course is Lee

Ruben Stein and this of course is Lee Harvey Oswald you see the gun in the

Harvey Oswald you see the gun in the hand of of Ruby and just about to be

hand of of Ruby and just about to be fired I know my own feelings were and I

fired I know my own feelings were and I think they were widely shared by many if

think they were widely shared by many if not most Americans this can't be

not most Americans this can't be coincidental the Assassin is

coincidental the Assassin is assassinated in the police station what

assassinated in the police station what in the hell is going on just learned

in the hell is going on just learned from City Hall from a very authoritative

from City Hall from a very authoritative source that police are working on the

source that police are working on the assumption that there indeed is a

assumption that there indeed is a connection between Jack Ruby and Lee

connection between Jack Ruby and Lee Oswald and that in some manner of

Oswald and that in some manner of speaking Oswald's murder was to shut him

speaking Oswald's murder was to shut him up Captain will Fritz just told me that

up Captain will Fritz just told me that Ruby has said that he did it that it was

Ruby has said that he did it that it was his gun and that he had built up a

his gun and that he had built up a tremendous grievance over the death of

tremendous grievance over the death of the president in Jack Ruby's small mind

the president in Jack Ruby's small mind he thought he was going to become a big

he thought he was going to become a big big hero I mean he killed the guy who

big hero I mean he killed the guy who killed the president to commend what he

killed the president to commend what he did I think he ought have been the

did I think he ought have been the Congressional Medal of Honor for it and

Congressional Medal of Honor for it and a lot of other good American citizens

a lot of other good American citizens think he did exactly the right thing in

think he did exactly the right thing in shooting down this communist word also

shooting down this communist word also in just now from Dallas that homicide

in just now from Dallas that homicide Chief Captain will Fritz has now said

Chief Captain will Fritz has now said that the case of President Kennedy's

that the case of President Kennedy's assassination is now closed with the

assassination is now closed with the death of Oswald it may not however be

death of Oswald it may not however be the opinion of the US Secret Service or

the opinion of the US Secret Service or the Federal Bureau of

Investigation our nation is bered the whole world is poor because of

bered the whole world is poor because of his

his loss but we can all be better Americans

loss but we can all be better Americans because John Fitzgerald Kennedy has

because John Fitzgerald Kennedy has passed our

passed our way because he has been our chosen

way because he has been our chosen leader at a time in history when his

leader at a time in history when his character his vision and his quiet

character his vision and his quiet courage have enabled him to chart a

courage have enabled him to chart a course for

course for us a safe course for us through the shs

us a safe course for us through the shs of treacherous seas that Encompass the

of treacherous seas that Encompass the world and now that he is relieved of the

world and now that he is relieved of the almost superhuman burden we imposed on

almost superhuman burden we imposed on him may he rest in

him may he rest in [Music]

peace Dallas today had even more to mourn it held funeral services for one

mourn it held funeral services for one of its own who was a victim of Friday's

of its own who was a victim of Friday's tragedy officer J D

tippet there was a funeral of a very different sort today in nearby Fort

different sort today in nearby Fort Worth this was the dreary funeral of Lee

Worth this was the dreary funeral of Lee Harvey Oswald alleged murderer of

Harvey Oswald alleged murderer of President Kennedy the pathetic group of

President Kennedy the pathetic group of MERS included Oswald's mother

MERS included Oswald's mother margarit his wife

margarit his wife Marina his brother Robert and Oswald's

Marina his brother Robert and Oswald's two children one of them a babe in

two children one of them a babe in arms the six Paul bearers you see here

arms the six Paul bearers you see here are newsmen there were not enough

are newsmen there were not enough relatives or friends on hand to serve as

relatives or friends on hand to serve as Paul

bearers now there is a new flag of the president of the United States flying in

president of the United States flying in the White House in President Kennedy's

the White House in President Kennedy's old Oval Office Mrs Evelyn Lincoln his

old Oval Office Mrs Evelyn Lincoln his secretary and her AIDS have removed

secretary and her AIDS have removed every scrap every vestage of the signs

every scrap every vestage of the signs of the personal touches of President

of the personal touches of President Kennedy we know from history that one

Kennedy we know from history that one tests of societies is how do they handle

tests of societies is how do they handle the transfer of power at the top lynon

the transfer of power at the top lynon Johnson whatever you thought of him and

Johnson whatever you thought of him and a lot of people disliked him greatly

a lot of people disliked him greatly some even hated him would be the

some even hated him would be the president in the United States I think

president in the United States I think it shouted about the strength of the

it shouted about the strength of the country and that we swear by the rule of

country and that we swear by the rule of [Music]

[Music] law the president of the United

law the president of the United [Applause]

Americans all I have I would have given

have I would have given gladly not to be standing here

gladly not to be standing here today Johnson knows he has to show the

today Johnson knows he has to show the country that the ship of state is

country that the ship of state is sailing on under a new captain but at

sailing on under a new captain but at the same time he can't appear to be too

the same time he can't appear to be too anxious to assume power and he has to

anxious to assume power and he has to keep the Kennedy people on board with

keep the Kennedy people on board with him so that speech means everything no

him so that speech means everything no words are strong

words are strong enough to express our

enough to express our determination to continue the forward

determination to continue the forward Trust of America that he

Trust of America that he [Applause]

began the people of Europe just count cannot believe that a lone Avenger made

cannot believe that a lone Avenger made his way into a major police station and

his way into a major police station and killed without difficulty the most

killed without difficulty the most celebrated and Infamous criminal in the

celebrated and Infamous criminal in the United States one of the most important

United States one of the most important things that happened after Oswald's

things that happened after Oswald's murder was that we you know were forever

murder was that we you know were forever denied the why I mean people at the time

denied the why I mean people at the time believed he did

believed he did it question was why there are questions

it question was why there are questions continuing coming up about the

continuing coming up about the possibility of an international plot

possibility of an international plot there's still all this thought that the

there's still all this thought that the Russians might be behind it or Cuba

Russians might be behind it or Cuba might be behind it Johnson sees there's

might be behind it Johnson sees there's a real danger in that you want to put

a real danger in that you want to put these rumors to

these rumors to rest investigations into all the facts

rest investigations into all the facts of these last 4 days may not be limited

of these last 4 days may not be limited to the state of Texas or the FBI some

to the state of Texas or the FBI some congressmen already have suggested a

congressmen already have suggested a congressional

congressional investigation killing a president wasn't

investigation killing a president wasn't a federal crime at the time so you had

a federal crime at the time so you had the Federal government intervening in

the Federal government intervening in still what was a local murder there

still what was a local murder there certainly was a concern of competing

certainly was a concern of competing investigations there was the Dallas

investigations there was the Dallas criminal investigation there was the

criminal investigation there was the state of Texas Court of inquiry and

state of Texas Court of inquiry and there were committees on both sides of

there were committees on both sides of Congress while of course the FBI had

Congress while of course the FBI had been given the job to conduct a

been given the job to conduct a fullscale

fullscale investigation Johnson realizes something

investigation Johnson realizes something has to be done he realizes that he has

has to be done he realizes that he has to appoint a body that the public will

to appoint a body that the public will respect to look into

respect to look into this yes Mr President I've got to have a

this yes Mr President I've got to have a top Blue Ribbon presidential commission

top Blue Ribbon presidential commission to investigate this assassination I'm

to investigate this assassination I'm going to ask CL and delis and Ford and

going to ask CL and delis and Ford and bogs and c and Russell and chief justice

bogs and c and Russell and chief justice Warren as chairman there's one public

Warren as chairman there's one public governmental official in the United

governmental official in the United States universally respected for his

States universally respected for his Integrity it is the Chief Justice of the

Integrity it is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Earl Warren if there's one

Supreme Court Earl Warren if there's one person in Congress that everyone

person in Congress that everyone respects it's Richard Russell Georgia he

respects it's Richard Russell Georgia he has to get them both on the commission

has to get them both on the commission there is however a problem Russell is a

there is however a problem Russell is a segregationist through and through and

segregationist through and through and despises Warren for the decisions that

despises Warren for the decisions that he's made on the court Johnson thought

he's made on the court Johnson thought if they can agree on a verdict then

if they can agree on a verdict then ought to be satisfying 90% of American

ought to be satisfying 90% of American public opinion Senor wruss

public opinion Senor wruss 2191 I'm highly honored you think about

2191 I'm highly honored you think about me in connection with it but I I I

me in connection with it but I I I couldn't say there with b i I don't like

couldn't say there with b i I don't like that man you can serve with anybody for

that man you can serve with anybody for the good of America and you're going to

the good of America and you're going to do it I can't arrest you and I'm not

do it I can't arrest you and I'm not going to put the FBI on you but you're

going to put the FBI on you but you're goddamn sure going to serve I'll tell

goddamn sure going to serve I'll tell you that Linda Johnson was known as the

you that Linda Johnson was known as the greatest salesman one onone who ever

greatest salesman one onone who ever lived so he meets first with Warren and

lived so he meets first with Warren and he says if I asked you to put on your

he says if I asked you to put on your uniform and fight for America you do it

uniform and fight for America you do it I'm asking you to fight for America in a

I'm asking you to fight for America in a different way then Johnson has to get

different way then Johnson has to get Richard Russell Mr President please no

Richard Russell Mr President please no it's already done it's been announced H

it's already done it's been announced H you mean you yes sir I made the

you mean you yes sir I made the announcement it's already in the papers

announcement it's already in the papers and you on it well I think you did wrong

and you on it well I think you did wrong getting one and no damn well you got

getting one and no damn well you got wrong getting me but do the best can I

wrong getting me but do the best can I think that's what you do that's kind of

think that's what you do that's kind of American both of you are

produced by NBC News which is solely responsible for its content the Warren

responsible for its content the Warren Commission appointed Friday night will

Commission appointed Friday night will investigate and make a report on the

investigate and make a report on the murder as yet it has said nothing about

murder as yet it has said nothing about how it will proceed or when in the

how it will proceed or when in the meantime again the FBI is investigating

meantime again the FBI is investigating every lead it can find and will turn its

every lead it can find and will turn its report over to President Johnson

report over to President Johnson probably this

probably this week it was the FBI's hope that its

week it was the FBI's hope that its report would be uh if not the final word

report would be uh if not the final word the semifinal word and that the

the semifinal word and that the commission's job would be to read it and

commission's job would be to read it and then essentially endorse the findings of

then essentially endorse the findings of the report the members of the Warren

the report the members of the Warren Commission Earl Warren John Sherman

Commission Earl Warren John Sherman Cooper Jerry Ford

Cooper Jerry Ford aenos hail bogs Richard Russell and John

aenos hail bogs Richard Russell and John J McLoy realized at their initial

J McLoy realized at their initial meeting that they had to do an

meeting that they had to do an independent investigation they didn't

independent investigation they didn't want to be a stamp for the FBI or the

want to be a stamp for the FBI or the Secret

Secret Service there are three issues the

Service there are three issues the commission had to Grapple with you know

commission had to Grapple with you know did Oswalt commit the physical act of

did Oswalt commit the physical act of the murder and even if he did the

the murder and even if he did the physical act did he have forces behind

physical act did he have forces behind him and then of course what's Ruby's

him and then of course what's Ruby's involvement in

this you had various branches of the investigation traveling interviewing

investigation traveling interviewing Witnesses collecting evidence bringing

Witnesses collecting evidence bringing it back to the commission let's see the

it back to the commission let's see the time of day was about we're not

fire there were questions how would they deal with the different stories about

deal with the different stories about shooters from the grassy know and

shooters from the grassy know and shooters from different directions the

shooters from different directions the lawyers from the commission took 395

lawyers from the commission took 395 depositions and there were 94 witnesses

depositions and there were 94 witnesses that appeared before the commission

that appeared before the commission Lyndon Johnson wants to report out so it

Lyndon Johnson wants to report out so it doesn't interfere with the election in

doesn't interfere with the election in November Warren left for Dallas because

November Warren left for Dallas because he was a man who spent his early career

he was a man who spent his early career as a as a courtroom prosecutor he

as a as a courtroom prosecutor he understood a crime scene he wanted to

understood a crime scene he wanted to stand in that window and see whether

stand in that window and see whether this was a shot that a marksman could

this was a shot that a marksman could make while he was there Warren felt he

make while he was there Warren felt he should talk to Ruby there was all these

should talk to Ruby there was all these suggestions that Ruby had killed oswal

suggestions that Ruby had killed oswal to silence him so Warren I think wanted

to silence him so Warren I think wanted to hear from Ruby himself the warrant

to hear from Ruby himself the warrant commission realized they were going to

commission realized they were going to have to invest a lot more time than was

have to invest a lot more time than was anticipated from maybe 2 to 3 month

anticipated from maybe 2 to 3 month operation to the conception that it'll

operation to the conception that it'll probably take 6 months

probably take 6 months The Hourglass of time was running out on

The Hourglass of time was running out on them can you say if you still think it

them can you say if you still think it was one man I think we better not get

was one man I think we better not get into that uh area you know the report

into that uh area you know the report will cover all of that in great

will cover all of that in great detail this committee labored 10 months

detail this committee labored 10 months then brought forth a document close to a

then brought forth a document close to a thousand Pages President Johnson

thousand Pages President Johnson received that report today what the

received that report today what the public understood and what I understood

public understood and what I understood is these were very honorable men they

is these were very honorable men they thought that the commission had done a

thought that the commission had done a good job and they would come up with an

answer when the Warren Commission report came out I believed it we were still in

came out I believed it we were still in a time when you tended to believe what

a time when you tended to believe what officials told

officials told you it is now 15 seconds after 6:30 p.m.

you it is now 15 seconds after 6:30 p.m. eastern Daylight time Sunday September

eastern Daylight time Sunday September the 27th

the 27th as of this moment the report of the

as of this moment the report of the president's commission is public record

president's commission is public record for the next half hour we will search it

for the next half hour we will search it for answers first must come the answers

for answers first must come the answers to the two great overriding questions

to the two great overriding questions who killed John F Kennedy the commission

who killed John F Kennedy the commission answers unequivocally Lee Harvey oswal

answers unequivocally Lee Harvey oswal was oswal acting alone or was he a

was oswal acting alone or was he a member of a conspiracy the commission

member of a conspiracy the commission answers he acted alone we knew most

answers he acted alone we knew most people were not going to read all of the

people were not going to read all of the Warren Commission report so CBS News

Warren Commission report so CBS News wanted to be able to bring to air an

wanted to be able to bring to air an understandable form for the public at

understandable form for the public at large what the warrant commission itself

large what the warrant commission itself is found there was nothing to support

is found there was nothing to support the speculation that Oswell was an agent

the speculation that Oswell was an agent employee or informant of the FBI or the

employee or informant of the FBI or the CIA or any other governmental agency

CIA or any other governmental agency Oswalt owned the murder rifle the mail

Oswalt owned the murder rifle the mail order purchase slip for that rifle was

order purchase slip for that rifle was in his handwriting oswalt's palm print

in his handwriting oswalt's palm print was found on a surface of the gun the

was found on a surface of the gun the media had all concluded that this was

media had all concluded that this was the most exhaustive investigation Case

the most exhaustive investigation Case Closed Oswell did it alone the

Closed Oswell did it alone the commission concludes that three shots

commission concludes that three shots were fired all of them from this sixth

were fired all of them from this sixth floor window in the Texas School Book

floor window in the Texas School Book Depository the cumulative evidence of

Depository the cumulative evidence of eyewitness firearms and Ballistic

eyewitness firearms and Ballistic experts and medical authorities

experts and medical authorities demonstrated that the shots were fired

demonstrated that the shots were fired from above and behind President Kennedy

from above and behind President Kennedy and Governor Connelly when the warrant

and Governor Connelly when the warrant commission came out with the report the

commission came out with the report the majority of

majority of Americans uh accepted the findings of

Americans uh accepted the findings of the warrant commission the bullet

the warrant commission the bullet entered here came out just below the

entered here came out just below the president's Adam apple the commission

president's Adam apple the commission believes that the same bullet then

believes that the same bullet then entered the right shoulder of Governor

entered the right shoulder of Governor Conelly passed out through his chest

Conelly passed out through his chest continued through his right wrist and on

continued through his right wrist and on into his left thigh the report has been

into his left thigh the report has been generally accepted throughout the

generally accepted throughout the country I think it reflects the

country I think it reflects the thoroughness with which they went into

thoroughness with which they went into it and I think at least it has dispelled

it and I think at least it has dispelled many of the rumors and the speculations

many of the rumors and the speculations that surrounded this this very tragic

that surrounded this this very tragic event I'm quite satisfied uh that he has

event I'm quite satisfied uh that he has been very well covered entirely it

been very well covered entirely it leaves no doubt in my mind that Lee

leaves no doubt in my mind that Lee actually did assassinate the president

actually did assassinate the president of the United States and kill off the

of the United States and kill off the tippet in the end we find confronting

tippet in the end we find confronting each other the liar the misfit The

each other the liar the misfit The Defector on the one hand and seven

Defector on the one hand and seven distinguished Americans on the other and

distinguished Americans on the other and yet EX ly here we must be careful that

yet EX ly here we must be careful that we do not say too much oswal was never

we do not say too much oswal was never tried for any crime and perhaps

tried for any crime and perhaps therefore there will forever be

therefore there will forever be questions of substance and detail raised

questions of substance and detail raised by amateur detectives professional

by amateur detectives professional Skeptics and serious students as well we

Skeptics and serious students as well we are the jury all of us in America and

are the jury all of us in America and throughout the

throughout the world the reaction to the report

world the reaction to the report initially was very positive but that

initially was very positive but that didn't last very long this book is the

didn't last very long this book is the number one bestseller on the non-fiction

number one bestseller on the non-fiction list in the country rushed to judgment

list in the country rushed to judgment by Mark Lane it's gained a vast number

by Mark Lane it's gained a vast number of readers in the recent ground swell of

of readers in the recent ground swell of skepticism about the findings of the

skepticism about the findings of the Warren report we did not Envision the

Warren report we did not Envision the breath and the scope of the criticism

breath and the scope of the criticism the author has some highly provocative

the author has some highly provocative and controversial things to say so

and controversial things to say so please greet Mr Mark

Lane no matter how illustrous the members were we were not going to be

members were we were not going to be reassured by a commission we're already

reassured by a commission we're already having a little dis agreement here while

having a little dis agreement here while the commercials were on what were you

the commercials were on what were you saying David well I think I disagree

saying David well I think I disagree almost totally with Mark Lane on several

almost totally with Mark Lane on several counts I don't know where to begin let

counts I don't know where to begin let me show you something just in case we

me show you something just in case we have a chance that is a picture of Jack

have a chance that is a picture of Jack Ruby and this was taken 5 minutes after

Ruby and this was taken 5 minutes after the assassination in front of the Texas

the assassination in front of the Texas School Book Depository building the

School Book Depository building the commission said Ruby was not there this

commission said Ruby was not there this is a picture showing how the commission

is a picture showing how the commission published it he wasn't there when they

published it he wasn't there when they published the picture

published the picture because Chief Justice Warren and that

because Chief Justice Warren and that Commission of notable tell me about some

Commission of notable tell me about some facts instead of your deep Faith the

facts instead of your deep Faith the Chief Justice accusing them of

Chief Justice accusing them of deliberate Mal you are part of the media

deliberate Mal you are part of the media which prevented the American people from

which prevented the American people from finding out what happened are alarming

finding out what happened are alarming the American people secet testimony be

the American people secet testimony be alarmed the public had been kept in the

alarmed the public had been kept in the dark for so long about this but had an

dark for so long about this but had an undying

undying thirst which can only be quenched by

thirst which can only be quenched by getting facts we have a right to know

getting facts we have a right to know who killed our president and why he died

who killed our president and why he died and we can't get that from reading the

and we can't get that from reading the Warren report the critics of the Warren

Warren report the critics of the Warren Commission have three different points

Commission have three different points of view one we were simply incompetent

of view one we were simply incompetent two we were thoroughly corrupt and then

two we were thoroughly corrupt and then there's those that say both of the above

there's those that say both of the above I want someone to tell me that to my

face at the start Lane was almost alone now he's just one among a growing band

now he's just one among a growing band of doubters their books and articles are

of doubters their books and articles are on the news stands they're in the

on the news stands they're in the supermarkets now according to a recent

supermarkets now according to a recent pole only one in three Americans remains

pole only one in three Americans remains convinced that the waren report has the

convinced that the waren report has the whole story when you have a great number

whole story when you have a great number of people devoting their lives to

of people devoting their lives to looking at every word every

looking at every word every comma uh they can create a lot of

comma uh they can create a lot of Mischief I believe very firmly that Ruby

Mischief I believe very firmly that Ruby and oswal knew each other and certainly

and oswal knew each other and certainly tippet and Ruby knew each other before

tippet and Ruby knew each other before we proceed with that uh kind of uh

we proceed with that uh kind of uh questioning let me ask you what kind of

questioning let me ask you what kind of uh conspiracy do you think was it a

uh conspiracy do you think was it a communist leftwing a right-wing

communist leftwing a right-wing conspiracy I am convinced that there

conspiracy I am convinced that there were two Riflemen the Warren Commission

were two Riflemen the Warren Commission was set up as you know at the request

was set up as you know at the request and urging of the Communist party it's

and urging of the Communist party it's obvious that he was working for somebody

obvious that he was working for somebody else at that moment and that somebody

else at that moment and that somebody else could not be anyone else than Fidel

else could not be anyone else than Fidel Castro there is no possibility of Oswald

Castro there is no possibility of Oswald having been in the sixth floor window of

having been in the sixth floor window of the Texas schoolbook depository may have

the Texas schoolbook depository may have been the servant of the Castro madong

been the servant of the Castro madong communist School Of Violence there was

communist School Of Violence there was an entire world of assassination Buffs

an entire world of assassination Buffs some raised valid questions could a

some raised valid questions could a bullet which had done as much have come

bullet which had done as much have come out looking like bullet 399 it is

out looking like bullet 399 it is another one of the very many highly

another one of the very many highly improbables that we are asked to accept

improbables that we are asked to accept by the Warren Commission if we are to

by the Warren Commission if we are to accept the validity of their full report

accept the validity of their full report some had had completely mad theories

some had had completely mad theories Cody was killed by karate chop to the

Cody was killed by karate chop to the throat in September I believe of 1964

throat in September I believe of 1964 but everyone I believed had a right to

but everyone I believed had a right to give their views you have apparently

give their views you have apparently succeeded in persuading the majority of

succeeded in persuading the majority of the American people that we cannot trust

the American people that we cannot trust the most August conceivable panel but to

the most August conceivable panel but to do a responsible job you talk about

do a responsible job you talk about faith in these institutions of faith in

faith in these institutions of faith in the FBI as if it's a religious

the FBI as if it's a religious experience to read the waren report I

experience to read the waren report I think that the cont that all we're

think that the cont that all we're supposed to have faith in a democracy is

supposed to have faith in a democracy is in our own ability to look at the facts

in our own ability to look at the facts and reach our own

and reach our own conclusions the decreasing trust by

conclusions the decreasing trust by Americans in their government all

Americans in their government all started with the Kennedy assassination

started with the Kennedy assassination by

by 1966 there's this cultural revolution in

1966 there's this cultural revolution in the United States I mean we're deeply in

the United States I mean we're deeply in mesed in Vietnam there's a lot of

mesed in Vietnam there's a lot of protests there have been riots and

protests there have been riots and there's a sense that things have

there's a sense that things have seriously gone wrong we've gone off the

seriously gone wrong we've gone off the rails since November 63 and the Warren

rails since November 63 and the Warren report is a very important part of that

report is a very important part of that loss of confidence in the government I

loss of confidence in the government I don't think that all the uh facts were

don't think that all the uh facts were brought out I think something was held

brought out I think something was held back I think they were more involved in

back I think they were more involved in it than just Oswell I don't know how in

it than just Oswell I don't know how in the world they could ever reach a

the world they could ever reach a conclusion that one person assassinated

conclusion that one person assassinated him this is ridiculous I saw the whole

him this is ridiculous I saw the whole thing on television I just happened to

thing on television I just happened to be home at that time and I don't think

be home at that time and I don't think that Oswell would I think that he was

that Oswell would I think that he was was uh working for the CIA myself why

was uh working for the CIA myself why doesn't America believe the Warren

doesn't America believe the Warren report because of the conspiracy

report because of the conspiracy theorists who have put this case under a

theorists who have put this case under a high-powered microscope splitting hairs

high-powered microscope splitting hairs and then proceeding to split the split

and then proceeding to split the split hairs the Kennedy case is now the most

hairs the Kennedy case is now the most complex murder case by far in world

complex murder case by far in world history nothing even remotely comes

history nothing even remotely comes close we are left with a series of real

close we are left with a series of real and critical questions about the

and critical questions about the assassination questions which have not

assassination questions which have not been answered to the satisfaction of the

been answered to the satisfaction of the people of the United States when

people of the United States when President Kennedy was killed he was not

President Kennedy was killed he was not killed by one

killed by one man he was shot from a number of

man he was shot from a number of different directions by different guns

different directions by different guns the story has been suppressed Witnesses

the story has been suppressed Witnesses have been killed and this is your

have been killed and this is your country we aren't trying to hide a thing

country we aren't trying to hide a thing from you or from Mr Epstein or Mr lane

from you or from Mr Epstein or Mr lane or the world we are laying it all out

or the world we are laying it all out that it's right here in the notes of

that it's right here in the notes of testimony and if if we have transposed

testimony and if if we have transposed in error a possibly into a probably then

in error a possibly into a probably then we are delighted to have you point it

we are delighted to have you point it out to us but you can do so only because

out to us but you can do so only because we've laid it on the

line the Wen report said that Lee Harvey Oswald shot the president from his

Oswald shot the president from his window in the Texas schoolbook

window in the Texas schoolbook depository 3 years after Kennedy's

depository 3 years after Kennedy's assassination the major question is

assassination the major question is still a simple one did the Wen

still a simple one did the Wen commission with all that time and all

commission with all that time and all these resources get its answers right

these resources get its answers right tonight we'll go over those arguments

tonight we'll go over those arguments one by one area by area as the

one by one area by area as the assassination was taking place a Dallas

assassination was taking place a Dallas businessman called Abraham Z bruda stood

businessman called Abraham Z bruda stood behind that low concrete wall looking

behind that low concrete wall looking down at Elm Street as the president was

down at Elm Street as the president was coming down from Houston Street making

coming down from Houston Street making his turn it was about a halfway down

his turn it was about a halfway down there I had a shot and I had another

there I had a shot and I had another shot or two I couldn't say it was one or

shot or two I couldn't say it was one or two and I saw his head practically open

two and I saw his head practically open up all blood and everything and I kept

up all blood and everything and I kept on shooting the waren commission could

on shooting the waren commission could use the film and each frame to

use the film and each frame to reconstruct each moment of the

reconstruct each moment of the assassination part of the reason why I

assassination part of the reason why I think the film captured the American

think the film captured the American imagination is because it pushes us to

imagination is because it pushes us to think about something more complex and

think about something more complex and each person who looks at it you know

each person who looks at it you know people see different things where did

people see different things where did the shots come from if the shots did not

the shots come from if the shots did not all come from the book depos window then

all come from the book depos window then there was most likely some form of

there was most likely some form of conspiracy I think that the that the

conspiracy I think that the that the massive head wound where the president's

massive head wound where the president's head was literally blown apart came from

head was literally blown apart came from a quartering angle on the grassy null he

a quartering angle on the grassy null he struck and his head doesn't go directly

struck and his head doesn't go directly back this way but it goes back and and

back this way but it goes back and and over this way which would be consistent

over this way which would be consistent with the shot from that direction in

with the shot from that direction in Newton's law of motion seven men on a

Newton's law of motion seven men on a railroad bridge right here said that

railroad bridge right here said that when the shots were fired they looked

when the shots were fired they looked toward the the wooden fence and each of

toward the the wooden fence and each of the seven said he saw puffs of white

the seven said he saw puffs of white smoke come from here I glanced over that

smoke come from here I glanced over that underneath that green tree and you see a

underneath that green tree and you see a a little puff of smoke it looked like a

a little puff of smoke it looked like a puff of steam or cigarette smoke when

puff of steam or cigarette smoke when you stop to think about it no one saw

you stop to think about it no one saw anyone with a gun rifle on the grassy no

anyone with a gun rifle on the grassy no no expended cartridges from a weapon

no expended cartridges from a weapon were found there not one bullet other

were found there not one bullet other than those fired from oswal's rifle has

than those fired from oswal's rifle has ever been found and linked to the

ever been found and linked to the assassination now there were two doctors

assassination now there were two doctors and one priest who claimed that who said

and one priest who claimed that who said flatly that there

flatly that there were uh entrance wounds in the president

were uh entrance wounds in the president snake if the wound in the president's

snake if the wound in the president's throat was an entrance wound then

throat was an entrance wound then clearly this would be proof that the

clearly this would be proof that the bullet came from the front Mark Lane has

bullet came from the front Mark Lane has suggested that this wasn't an exit wound

suggested that this wasn't an exit wound by the president's tie but an entry

by the president's tie but an entry wound but Kennedy was hit in the throat

wound but Kennedy was hit in the throat from the front the doctor at

from the front the doctor at Parkland didn't want to talk about the

Parkland didn't want to talk about the president's injuries but the Press more

president's injuries but the Press more or less forced him to and the wound in

or less forced him to and the wound in the president's throat was pretty clean

the president's throat was pretty clean he thought it was an entrance wound what

he thought it was an entrance wound what about this uh wound that you observed uh

about this uh wound that you observed uh in the in the front of the president's

in the in the front of the president's NE actually I didn't really give it much

NE actually I didn't really give it much thought and I realized that perhaps it

thought and I realized that perhaps it have been better had I've done so there

have been better had I've done so there was a wound in the back of the neck that

was a wound in the back of the neck that had not been seen by the Parkland

had not been seen by the Parkland doctors because they never turned the

doctors because they never turned the body over you did not turn the president

body over you did not turn the president over no there's really no reason to it

over no there's really no reason to it made very little difference to me since

made very little difference to me since um my immediate concern was with an

um my immediate concern was with an attempted resuscitation you can explain

attempted resuscitation you can explain this at infinitum and people will only

this at infinitum and people will only remember that a doctor at Parkland said

remember that a doctor at Parkland said he' been shot you know from possibly the

he' been shot you know from possibly the front so it's you know kind of trying to

front so it's you know kind of trying to put the genie back in the

put the genie back in the bottle a bullet hit the Pres hit him

bottle a bullet hit the Pres hit him from the back bullet hit him from the

from the back bullet hit him from the front the bullet which killed him came

front the bullet which killed him came from the right front unless the laws of

from the right front unless the laws of physics were not working that day the

physics were not working that day the reaction of the

reaction of the president tells us where that shot came

president tells us where that shot came from some critics say by the very fact

from some critics say by the very fact that in the picture you can clearly see

that in the picture you can clearly see the explosion of the bullet on the front

the explosion of the bullet on the front side of the president that that

side of the president that that certainly indicates the bullet came from

certainly indicates the bullet came from the front well I don't believe any

the front well I don't believe any physicist has ever said that quite

physicist has ever said that quite contrary it does indicate that the

contrary it does indicate that the bullet was coming from behind it's a

bullet was coming from behind it's a minor explosion where pieces of material

minor explosion where pieces of material go generally in the direction of the

go generally in the direction of the bullet if you look at the individual

bullet if you look at the individual frames of the zuder film at 312 frame

frames of the zuder film at 312 frame 312 president's heads okay at frame 313

312 president's heads okay at frame 313 1/18th of a second later the president

1/18th of a second later the president is struck in the head in what direction

is struck in the head in what direction is the president's head pushed not

is the president's head pushed not backwards but slightly forward is there

backwards but slightly forward is there any doubt that the wound at the back of

any doubt that the wound at the back of the president's head was the entry room

the president's head was the entry room uh there is absolutely no doubt sir so

uh there is absolutely no doubt sir so at the all important moment of

at the all important moment of impact the president's head is pushed

impact the president's head is pushed forward indicating a shot from the rear

forward indicating a shot from the rear where Lee Harvey Oswald was

CBS News inquiry the Warren report continues the time span between shots

continues the time span between shots it's a point upon which the critics have

it's a point upon which the critics have seized could oswal have fired three

seized could oswal have fired three shots in 5.6 seconds there was a lot of

shots in 5.6 seconds there was a lot of attention being given to the Sauder film

attention being given to the Sauder film and when exactly the president was hit

and when exactly the president was hit first and then hit second CBS News had a

first and then hit second CBS News had a tower and Target track constructed to

tower and Target track constructed to match exactly the Heights and distances

match exactly the Heights and distances in D PL

in D PL [Music]

[Music] if there wasn't enough time then you

if there wasn't enough time then you would have a second shooter Oswalt was

would have a second shooter Oswalt was not an expert shot he was a good shot

not an expert shot he was a good shot but making the shots was not that tough

but making the shots was not that tough at all CBS did it a guy from the

at all CBS did it a guy from the military did

it those three shots he got off in 2.6 seconds the zuder film became the

2.6 seconds the zuder film became the lens through which the assassination was

lens through which the assassination was seen if it didn't happen on the zuda

seen if it didn't happen on the zuda film film it didn't happen zuder started

film film it didn't happen zuder started his camera after the limousine was about

his camera after the limousine was about 70 ft into de Plaza well Oswald had the

70 ft into de Plaza well Oswald had the president in his sights for many seconds

president in his sights for many seconds before that and this gets into the whole

before that and this gets into the whole questions how much time did Oswald have

questions how much time did Oswald have to shoot the

to shoot the president there are so many interesting

president there are so many interesting questions and problems that come from

questions and problems that come from the film we believe so much in the image

the film we believe so much in the image we believe so much in in the sort of

we believe so much in in the sort of ultimate truth of film and of images

ultimate truth of film and of images then they become our

then they become our memory is it impossible that the bullet

memory is it impossible that the bullet would have gone through President

would have gone through President Kennedy gone through Governor Connelly

Kennedy gone through Governor Connelly and not suffered any more damage than is

and not suffered any more damage than is shown in this Photograph I I I would

shown in this Photograph I I I would hesitate really to say that it is

hesitate really to say that it is absolutely 100% impossible but it is

absolutely 100% impossible but it is highly improbable could a single bullet

highly improbable could a single bullet have wounded both President Kennedy and

have wounded both President Kennedy and Governor connley the single bullet

Governor connley the single bullet theory has become perhaps the most

theory has become perhaps the most controversial asp ECT of the report if

controversial asp ECT of the report if the warrant commission couldn't prove

the warrant commission couldn't prove that one shot had hit both men that

that one shot had hit both men that meant there were two Shooters if so

meant there were two Shooters if so facto there's a conspiracy the

facto there's a conspiracy the conspiracy theorists claimed that the

conspiracy theorists claimed that the second shot was a Magic Bullet they

second shot was a Magic Bullet they argue that a bullet would have had to

argue that a bullet would have had to make a right turn and then a left turn

make a right turn and then a left turn in midair the reality is that Connelly

in midair the reality is that Connelly was not seated directly in front of

was not seated directly in front of Kennedy if you figure out the alignment

Kennedy if you figure out the alignment of where the men sat and if if you look

of where the men sat and if if you look down the man liquer Carano as I did and

down the man liquer Carano as I did and as the others did who conducted the

as the others did who conducted the on-site tests and had the automobile

on-site tests and had the automobile placed in the position it is perfectly

placed in the position it is perfectly plain I submit to you that the bullet

plain I submit to you that the bullet that exited from President Kennedy's

that exited from President Kennedy's throat would have to strike either the

throat would have to strike either the automobile which it did not or someone

automobile which it did not or someone else in the automobile to believe that

else in the automobile to believe that it didn't hit Governor Conley that would

it didn't hit Governor Conley that would be a real magic bullet when that

be a real magic bullet when that disappeared in thin air

disappeared in thin air to the Dallas County Courthouse for more

to the Dallas County Courthouse for more developments on the Jack Ruby

developments on the Jack Ruby verdict Jack Ruby has just been found

verdict Jack Ruby has just been found guilty of murder with malice and has

guilty of murder with malice and has been given the maximum sentence death in

been given the maximum sentence death in the electric chair after the jury

the electric chair after the jury deliberated 2 hours and 25 minutes just

deliberated 2 hours and 25 minutes just what do you think of this verdict I

what do you think of this verdict I believe that Jack Ruby was a paid killer

believe that Jack Ruby was a paid killer to close the mouth of my son Lee Harvey

to close the mouth of my son Lee Harvey Oswell the question of whether Ruby knew

Oswell the question of whether Ruby knew Oswald before or was in CS to kill him

Oswald before or was in CS to kill him is one of the most important questions

is one of the most important questions because Ruby knew people in criminal

because Ruby knew people in criminal activities there was a lot of

activities there was a lot of Investigation about a potential

Investigation about a potential conspiracy Ruby would have been one of

conspiracy Ruby would have been one of the most unlikely and worst hit men that

the most unlikely and worst hit men that the mob could ever

the mob could ever get on November the 24th 1963 Lee Harvey

get on November the 24th 1963 Lee Harvey Oswell was supposed to have been

Oswell was supposed to have been transferred at 10:00 at 10:00 the

transferred at 10:00 at 10:00 the evidence is Undisputed that Jack Ruby

evidence is Undisputed that Jack Ruby was at home asleep then he got dressed

was at home asleep then he got dressed and drove downtown the receipt shows

and drove downtown the receipt shows that Ruby was sending a money order to

that Ruby was sending a money order to one of his strippers from a Western

one of his strippers from a Western Union office across from the courthouse

Union office across from the courthouse at 11:17 a.m. we know that at 11:20 3

at 11:17 a.m. we know that at 11:20 3 minutes later a block away Jack Ruby

minutes later a block away Jack Ruby killed Lee Harvey Oswell the evidence

killed Lee Harvey Oswell the evidence showed that he had down there anywhere

showed that he had down there anywhere from 5 to 15 seconds 5 to 15 seconds and

from 5 to 15 seconds 5 to 15 seconds and this is a hired assassin who is supposed

this is a hired assassin who is supposed to have some Advanced information he is

to have some Advanced information he is the world's best

timer what type of man is he uh Jack is a very emotional type person and uh as I

a very emotional type person and uh as I was saying a while ago he's a type man

was saying a while ago he's a type man that probably would give you the shirt

that probably would give you the shirt off his back at one moment and then turn

off his back at one moment and then turn around and do something as nutty as this

around and do something as nutty as this and the next I never used the term angry

and the next I never used the term angry that's not on my Vo Hadler he was known

that's not on my Vo Hadler he was known for a quick temper and later as it

for a quick temper and later as it turned out he was hooked on two kinds of

turned out he was hooked on two kinds of speed preludin and benzidine at the time

speed preludin and benzidine at the time of the

of the shooting he had uh been here at the

shooting he had uh been here at the police station uh during the past two

police station uh during the past two days talking with newsmen and uh

days talking with newsmen and uh Distributing his card and also making

Distributing his card and also making friends Jack Ruby was a police and media

friends Jack Ruby was a police and media groupy Ruby thought he was our friend so

groupy Ruby thought he was our friend so I'm in this very same room Friday night

I'm in this very same room Friday night when we had the defendant up here if

when we had the defendant up here if some of you will recall he asked a

some of you will recall he asked a question from out here in the audience

question from out here in the audience he standing right back here and I didn't

he standing right back here and I didn't know who he was I thought he was a

know who he was I thought he was a member of the press and he told me as we

member of the press and he told me as we walked out of here that he was a

walked out of here that he was a nightclub operator here Ruby's Act was

nightclub operator here Ruby's Act was that of a vigilante he wanted nothing

that of a vigilante he wanted nothing more to be known you know people to

more to be known you know people to flock to his nightclub to shake the hand

flock to his nightclub to shake the hand of the man who killed the man who killed

of the man who killed the man who killed the president I might add

the president I might add if Ruby silenced Oswell for the mob who

if Ruby silenced Oswell for the mob who was supposed to silence Jack Ruby he

was supposed to silence Jack Ruby he died of normal causes or 3 years

died of normal causes or 3 years later now one would think that the

later now one would think that the conspiracy Community would fold its tent

conspiracy Community would fold its tent and go home but they continued undaunted

and go home but they continued undaunted and unfaced with this Obsession their

and unfaced with this Obsession their game is to fool

game is to fool you these people want the investigation

you these people want the investigation stopped they don't want a trial at all

stopped they don't want a trial at all please believe

please believe [Music]

[Music] me but the most recent most spectacular

me but the most recent most spectacular development in the oswood case involves

development in the oswood case involves the CIA it involves too the spectacular

the CIA it involves too the spectacular district attorney of New Orleans a man

district attorney of New Orleans a man they call the Jolly Green Giant do you

they call the Jolly Green Giant do you believe that Lee Harvey Oswald did not

believe that Lee Harvey Oswald did not shoot President Kennedy I don't want to

shoot President Kennedy I don't want to get involved in the uh speculations as

get involved in the uh speculations as individuals but I will say that there's

individuals but I will say that there's no question about the fact that there

no question about the fact that there there was a plot and there were a number

there was a plot and there were a number of individuals involved in 196 7 he

of individuals involved in 196 7 he announced I've solved the case I found

announced I've solved the case I found the Rio assassin we will make arrest

the Rio assassin we will make arrest based on that and we will make charges

based on that and we will make charges based on that and we will obtain

based on that and we will obtain convictions based on that now you

convictions based on that now you wouldn't have paid much attention to

wouldn't have paid much attention to this except he was the district attorney

this except he was the district attorney of New Orleans

of New Orleans [Music]

[Music] I've spent hour after hour with Jim

I've spent hour after hour with Jim Garrison he has presented his case to me

Garrison he has presented his case to me detail by detail the mark lanes and the

detail by detail the mark lanes and the conspiracy theorists all flocked

conspiracy theorists all flocked initially to Garrison and I can report

initially to Garrison and I can report that a powerful domestic force a force

that a powerful domestic force a force that is still part of the American

that is still part of the American structure planned and initiated those

structure planned and initiated those acts that resulted in the assassination

acts that resulted in the assassination of President Kennedy they all thought

of President Kennedy they all thought here's a guy who's finally going to

here's a guy who's finally going to bring the case that we've been you know

bring the case that we've been you know arguing about for years if I seem some

arguing about for years if I seem some quite confident it is because our office

quite confident it is because our office is in its fifth year and has never lost

is in its fifth year and has never lost a murder case the Press initially builds

a murder case the Press initially builds Garrison up cuz everybody believes no

Garrison up cuz everybody believes no district attorney in his right mind

district attorney in his right mind would do this unless he had

would do this unless he had [Music]

[Music] something arrested this evening in the

something arrested this evening in the district attorney's office was is Clay

district attorney's office was is Clay Shaw age 54 of 13313 darine Street New

Shaw age 54 of 13313 darine Street New Orleans

Orleans Louisiana Mr Shaw will be charged with

Louisiana Mr Shaw will be charged with participation in a conspiracy to murder

participation in a conspiracy to murder John F

John F Kennedy the charges filed against me

Kennedy the charges filed against me have no foundation in fact or in law I

have no foundation in fact or in law I have not been apprised of the basis of

have not been apprised of the basis of these fantastic charges and assume that

these fantastic charges and assume that in due course I'll be furnished with

in due course I'll be furnished with this information and will be afforded an

this information and will be afforded an opportunity to prove my

opportunity to prove my innocence clro is a very well respected

innocence clro is a very well respected businessman in New Orleans he had been a

businessman in New Orleans he had been a distinguished Soldier during World War

distinguished Soldier during World War II I knew claya and the concept of Clay

II I knew claya and the concept of Clay Shaw as being part of an assassination

Shaw as being part of an assassination conspiracy which is too weird to be

conspiracy which is too weird to be believed Clay Shaw was also

believed Clay Shaw was also homosexual and closeted and I think that

homosexual and closeted and I think that played a part this decision to arrest

played a part this decision to arrest Clay Shaw I believe was intended to get

Clay Shaw I believe was intended to get the national media back to town as soon

the national media back to town as soon as he arrested Clay Shaw they all came

as he arrested Clay Shaw they all came back and then they realized the truth

back and then they realized the truth that there isn't anything there Garrison

that there isn't anything there Garrison has based his case on a certainty that

has based his case on a certainty that he can prove Clay Shaw is clay or Clen

he can prove Clay Shaw is clay or Clen Bertrand the name Clen berand was first

Bertrand the name Clen berand was first introduced by a lawyer named Dean

introduced by a lawyer named Dean Andrews who told the Warren Commission a

Andrews who told the Warren Commission a person by that name telephoned him

person by that name telephoned him suggesting he provide legal defense for

suggesting he provide legal defense for Le oswal Dean had described Clen bertran

Le oswal Dean had described Clen bertran as having gay tendency and representing

as having gay tendency and representing uh gays as a lawyer therefore Garrison

uh gays as a lawyer therefore Garrison believed Clen bertran must be Clay Shaw

believed Clen bertran must be Clay Shaw that was the extent of Garrison's

that was the extent of Garrison's investigation do you have enough

investigation do you have enough evidence now to go to trial well if uh

evidence now to go to trial well if uh if I answered that uh I shouldn't be

if I answered that uh I shouldn't be district attorney the case he has built

district attorney the case he has built against playay Shaw is based on

against playay Shaw is based on testimony that did not pass a lie

testimony that did not pass a lie detector test that Garrison ordered and

detector test that Garrison ordered and Garrison knew it can you say positively

Garrison knew it can you say positively that the person you knew is Clay Beren

that the person you knew is Clay Beren is not the person you have seen is Clay

is not the person you have seen is Clay shy Scout Anor he is not Garrison

shy Scout Anor he is not Garrison started bribing Witnesses intimidating

started bribing Witnesses intimidating Witnesses he said I could be made to uh

Witnesses he said I could be made to uh serve this whole 90e

serve this whole 90e sentence or I could be got loose right

sentence or I could be got loose right away hypnotizing Witnesses we decided to

away hypnotizing Witnesses we decided to give him objectifying uh Machinery to

give him objectifying uh Machinery to make sure he was telling the truth

Leon does Leon have a last name would you say these methods were

name would you say these methods were illegal I would say very illegal and

illegal I would say very illegal and unethical and he had everyone in their

unethical and he had everyone in their grandmother involved in the

grandmother involved in the assassination one time was oil

assassination one time was oil millionaires then it was the Minutemen

millionaires then it was the Minutemen then it was a homosexual killing yes sir

then it was a homosexual killing yes sir uh do you feel that homosexuality or

uh do you feel that homosexuality or coercion through homosexuality was a

coercion through homosexuality was a factor in the planning or the

factor in the planning or the assassination John Kennedy no comment

assassination John Kennedy no comment there one point he had 16 assassins in D

there one point he had 16 assassins in D Plaza with that many assassins I don't

Plaza with that many assassins I don't know how Kennedy made it to the autopsy

know how Kennedy made it to the autopsy table Garrison announced he had

table Garrison announced he had discovered a code Garrison says Jack

discovered a code Garrison says Jack Ruby's unlisted telephone number appears

Ruby's unlisted telephone number appears in address books belonging to Shaw and

in address books belonging to Shaw and Oswald so you take the p and the O and

Oswald so you take the p and the O and you use a telephone dial P gives you

you use a telephone dial P gives you seven o gives you six he just changed

seven o gives you six he just changed the digits around added digits added

the digits around added digits added letters and you reconstruct the numbers

letters and you reconstruct the numbers and and that and then you subtract 1300

and and that and then you subtract 1300 and that gives you rubi's unlisted

and that gives you rubi's unlisted telephone number well Mr Garrison if the

telephone number well Mr Garrison if the PO didn't exist until late 65 how could

PO didn't exist until late 65 how could it then be Jack Ruby's phone number well

it then be Jack Ruby's phone number well that's a problem for you to think over

that's a problem for you to think over because you obviously missed the point

because you obviously missed the point whenever anyone would expose Garrison he

whenever anyone would expose Garrison he would then say the CIA agents is is part

would then say the CIA agents is is part of the conspiracy who's suppressing all

of the conspiracy who's suppressing all of this information on Whose order I'll

of this information on Whose order I'll tell you who's suppressing it the

tell you who's suppressing it the federal government is suppressing it who

federal government is suppressing it who in the federal government the

in the federal government the administration the administration of

administration the administration of your government is suppressing it

your government is suppressing it because they know that the Central

because they know that the Central Intelligence Agency on Whose

Intelligence Agency on Whose order on the order of the president of

order on the order of the president of the United States Mr Garrison has come

the United States Mr Garrison has come up with no credible evidence to support

up with no credible evidence to support any of his theories I think that it is

any of his theories I think that it is unfortunate that the media of this

unfortunate that the media of this country uh has become so hysterical for

country uh has become so hysterical for fear of what it might see that it spends

fear of what it might see that it spends a good deal of its time and energy

a good deal of its time and energy attacking the one serious investigation

attacking the one serious investigation the results of his four months of public

the results of his four months of public public investigation have been to damage

public investigation have been to damage reputations to spread fear and suspicion

reputations to spread fear and suspicion and worst of all to exploit the nation's

and worst of all to exploit the nation's sorrow and doubts about President

sorrow and doubts about President Kennedy's death I can't make any more

Kennedy's death I can't make any more comments about the case except to say

comments about the case except to say anybody that thinks it's just a theory

anybody that thinks it's just a theory is going to be awfully surprised when it

is going to be awfully surprised when it comes Tri roll one sound on film Clay

comes Tri roll one sound on film Clay Shaw

trial Clay Shaw came to court in good spirits today with his long awaited

spirits today with his long awaited trial underway Shaw seems almost

trial underway Shaw seems almost relieved that his cases finally being

relieved that his cases finally being heard Shaw sits quietly in this

heard Shaw sits quietly in this Courthouse chain smoking cigarettes he

Courthouse chain smoking cigarettes he does not react when the state talks

does not react when the state talks about things like conspiracy the trial

about things like conspiracy the trial went on for 6 weeks it's important to

went on for 6 weeks it's important to note that not one witness produced by

note that not one witness produced by Garrison survived

Garrison survived cross-examination they were all proven

cross-examination they were all proven to be unreliable at best it's the most

to be unreliable at best it's the most shameful thing you've ever seen everyone

shameful thing you've ever seen everyone knew in the courtroom that Clay Shaw

knew in the courtroom that Clay Shaw couldn't possibly have been more

couldn't possibly have been more innocent in a unanimous Verdict by a

innocent in a unanimous Verdict by a 12-man jury sha was found not guilty of

12-man jury sha was found not guilty of charges that he conspired to kill the

charges that he conspired to kill the late President John

Kennedy Why did you do it after the not-guilty verdict

it after the not-guilty verdict editorials around the country says one

editorials around the country says one of the darkest chapters in American

of the darkest chapters in American jurist Prudence history it's just a

jurist Prudence history it's just a crime from what I saw and heard I didn't

crime from what I saw and heard I didn't think he had proven claw's guilt Beyond

think he had proven claw's guilt Beyond a reasonable doubt I would have voted

a reasonable doubt I would have voted not guilty for claya I think that

not guilty for claya I think that Garrison feels that The end justifies

Garrison feels that The end justifies the means and he felt that if he could

the means and he felt that if he could bring to the American people what he

bring to the American people what he considered the truth about the death of

considered the truth about the death of their president any means whatsoever was

their president any means whatsoever was supposed to be used and it doesn't

supposed to be used and it doesn't matter much who got hurt in the process

matter much who got hurt in the process I would sum it up by

I would sum it up by saying that any society which allows a

saying that any society which allows a man like Jack Kennedy to have the top of

man like Jack Kennedy to have the top of his head torn off and then protects the

his head torn off and then protects the assassins and obstructs any inquiry and

assassins and obstructs any inquiry and attempt to find the truth is not a great

society information concerning the cause of the death of your president has been

of the death of your president has been withheld from

withheld from you to show you how uncredible the

you to show you how uncredible the conspiracy theorists are over the last

conspiracy theorists are over the last 50 years at one time or another they

50 years at one time or another they have accused 42 groups 82 assassins and

have accused 42 groups 82 assassins and 214 people of being involved in the

214 people of being involved in the assassination could oswal really have

assassination could oswal really have done this as a reporter you know the

done this as a reporter you know the greatest story for us would have been to

greatest story for us would have been to find out somebody other than oswal did

find out somebody other than oswal did it and we tried hard to do that but at

it and we tried hard to do that but at every turn with the Kennedy

every turn with the Kennedy assassination things pointed to Oswell

assassination things pointed to Oswell as not only only a shooter but the

as not only only a shooter but the shooter and the only

shooter at its core this is a very simple

simple case I uh I don't know what this is all

case I uh I don't know what this is all about if a person is innocent of a crime

about if a person is innocent of a crime chances are there's not going to be any

chances are there's not going to be any evidence pointing toward his guilt why

evidence pointing toward his guilt why because he's innocent but with oswal the

because he's innocent but with oswal the physical evidence the direct and

physical evidence the direct and circumstantial evidence scientific

circumstantial evidence scientific evidence everything points towards his

evidence everything points towards his guilt

guilt we'll never know why Lee Harvey Oswald

we'll never know why Lee Harvey Oswald killed Kennedy because he's dead but

killed Kennedy because he's dead but there are certain things we do know at

there are certain things we do know at the age of 13 a probation officer said

the age of 13 a probation officer said he remembered Oswald as a truant a

he remembered Oswald as a truant a troubled boy in need of psychiatric help

troubled boy in need of psychiatric help without which he might turn violent

without which he might turn violent after starting in high school he

after starting in high school he promptly joined the Marine oswal's

promptly joined the Marine oswal's Marine career ended in 1959 when he was

Marine career ended in 1959 when he was dishonorably discharged a month later he

dishonorably discharged a month later he was in Moscow where he announced his

was in Moscow where he announced his decision to renounce his American

decision to renounce his American citizenship are you a Marxist I would

citizenship are you a Marxist I would very definitely say that I uh I uh am a

very definitely say that I uh I uh am a Marxist that is correct but that that

Marxist that is correct but that that does not mean hard that I'm a communist

does not mean hard that I'm a communist he desperately wants to become a Soviet

he desperately wants to become a Soviet citizen he wants to renounce his

citizen he wants to renounce his American citizenship they turn him down

American citizenship they turn him down what does he do he slashes his wrist

what does he do he slashes his wrist tries to commit

suicide Lee Harvey Oswald had these dreams or delusions that he' been

dreams or delusions that he' been harboring for a long time of an act that

harboring for a long time of an act that would lift him from his obscurity a

would lift him from his obscurity a squad made of his in the

squad made of his in the Marines said that Oswald wanted to do

Marines said that Oswald wanted to do something that 10,000 years from now

something that 10,000 years from now people would be talking about it looked

people would be talking about it looked to me like a a an irra stupid irrational

to me like a a an irra stupid irrational act the opportunity presented itself to

act the opportunity presented itself to him and he probably wanted to make a

him and he probably wanted to make a mark on society by suddenly occurred to

mark on society by suddenly occurred to him that he could people who think

him that he could people who think Oswald was sort of a py in in such an

Oswald was sort of a py in in such an ineffectual innocent person forgot that

ineffectual innocent person forgot that when oswal was stopped by a police car

when oswal was stopped by a police car and a policeman gets out unarmed to talk

and a policeman gets out unarmed to talk to him oswal shoots him four time in the

to him oswal shoots him four time in the middle of the body that plus his his

middle of the body that plus his his previous attempt on General Walker

previous attempt on General Walker interestingly in Saturday morning in the

interestingly in Saturday morning in the Dallas Morning News it said that there

Dallas Morning News it said that there may be a connection between this guy who

may be a connection between this guy who was just arrested for killing a police

was just arrested for killing a police officer and President Kennedy and this

officer and President Kennedy and this effort to

effort to assassinate General Walker back in

assassinate General Walker back in April oswal used to attend a small

April oswal used to attend a small discussion group and he began to rail

discussion group and he began to rail against this right-wing general Edwin

against this right-wing general Edwin Walker who was calling for the invasion

Walker who was calling for the invasion of Cuba General Walker was about as

of Cuba General Walker was about as right-wing as you got in the early 60s

right-wing as you got in the early 60s and Oswald saw Walker is a American

and Oswald saw Walker is a American Adolf Hitler and oswal said someone

Adolf Hitler and oswal said someone should kill Walker

should kill Walker he then ordered a rifle with a sniper

he then ordered a rifle with a sniper scope and he planned very

scope and he planned very meticulously his assassination of

meticulously his assassination of General Walker he took photographs from

General Walker he took photographs from different angles he figured out how to

different angles he figured out how to get his rifle there and how to escape on

get his rifle there and how to escape on March 31st a

March 31st a Sunday he asked Marina to come out and

Sunday he asked Marina to come out and take his

take his photograph all in black pistol rifle in

photograph all in black pistol rifle in his hand holding a few radical

his hand holding a few radical newspapers and Marina writes on the back

newspapers and Marina writes on the back Hunter of fascists and dates it

Hunter of fascists and dates it April 6

April 6 1963 and then he went on the night of

1963 and then he went on the night of the 10th of April took up his place and

the 10th of April took up his place and shot at General Walker he come in the

shot at General Walker he come in the house

house 11:30 he was so pale nervous and then

11:30 he was so pale nervous and then talk I said what happened with him and

talk I said what happened with him and he said he told I tried to

he said he told I tried to shed General Walker General will you

shed General Walker General will you describe for us just what happened last

describe for us just what happened last night rifle shot was fired into the

night rifle shot was fired into the house fired through the West

house fired through the West window and hit the cell and hit the wall

window and hit the cell and hit the wall across the room and went over the desk

across the room and went over the desk at which I was

at which I was sitting he was very disappointed to find

sitting he was very disappointed to find out that he missed by less than an inch

out that he missed by less than an inch it shows his ability to plan who Target

it shows his ability to plan who Target was and that Oswald was capable of

was and that Oswald was capable of violence I think that was kind of the

violence I think that was kind of the Rosetta Stone that if you

Rosetta Stone that if you understood the Walker

understood the Walker shooting you understood that Lee was

shooting you understood that Lee was like a cocked rifle and he could go off

like a cocked rifle and he could go off any time

what fed the conspiracy notion about the Kennedy assassination among many

Kennedy assassination among many Americans was a sheer incongruity of the

Americans was a sheer incongruity of the affair all that power and Majesty wiped

affair all that power and Majesty wiped out in an instant by one skinny weak

out in an instant by one skinny weak chinned little character

[Music] it is true that the answers to some

it is true that the answers to some questions leave us Restless the theory

questions leave us Restless the theory that a single bullet struck down both

that a single bullet struck down both the president and the governor for

the president and the governor for example has too much of the long arm of

example has too much of the long arm of coincidence about it for us to be

coincidence about it for us to be entirely

entirely comfortable it doesn't satisfy our sense

comfortable it doesn't satisfy our sense of narrative or Justice that a small

of narrative or Justice that a small person of no distinction can be of such

person of no distinction can be of such historical consequences to kill the

historical consequences to kill the president of the United

president of the United States but would we be more comfortable

States but would we be more comfortable believing that a shot was fired by a

believing that a shot was fired by a Second Assassin who materialized out of

Second Assassin who materialized out of thin air for the purpose fired a shot

thin air for the purpose fired a shot and then vanished again Into Thin Air

and then vanished again Into Thin Air leaving behind no trace of himself his

leaving behind no trace of himself his rifle his bullet or any other sign of

rifle his bullet or any other sign of existence there were two groups of

existence there were two groups of people there's one group that will look

people there's one group that will look at an extraordinary coincidence a

at an extraordinary coincidence a cataclysmic circumstance and say yes

cataclysmic circumstance and say yes that's the way the world works there's

that's the way the world works there's another group of people for whom that's

another group of people for whom that's quite unsettling they don't want to

quite unsettling they don't want to believe that something so Random could

believe that something so Random could have occurred can you believe that you

have occurred can you believe that you could step off a curb someday and be

could step off a curb someday and be killed by a oncoming car nobody believes

killed by a oncoming car nobody believes in that kind of possibility for

in that kind of possibility for themselves but it happens is life that

themselves but it happens is life that for to with us that

for to with us that uncertain and for them oddly the notion

uncertain and for them oddly the notion of a conspiracy is more comforting than

of a conspiracy is more comforting than the absence of it because if there's a

the absence of it because if there's a conspiracy at least there's a plan I

conspiracy at least there's a plan I think the uh five bullets fired from at

think the uh five bullets fired from at least two different directions the

least two different directions the result of a conspiracy Kennedy's killing

result of a conspiracy Kennedy's killing touches off a belief in the idea you

touches off a belief in the idea you can't trust government there has been a

can't trust government there has been a loss of morale a loss of confidence

loss of morale a loss of confidence among the American people toward their

among the American people toward their own government and the men who serve it

own government and the men who serve it and that is perhaps more wounding than

and that is perhaps more wounding than the assassination itself they've lost so

the assassination itself they've lost so much faith in government that they

much faith in government that they actually think that the government is an

actually think that the government is an accessory after the fact to the

accessory after the fact to the president's murder can't get too much

president's murder can't get too much worse than

worse than that the

that the assassination changed the trajectory of

assassination changed the trajectory of the

60s America was a different place on the day before John F Kennedy was killed so

day before John F Kennedy was killed so when you look at this America as a whole

when you look at this America as a whole in the 20th century you look at America

in the 20th century you look at America in the 60s you really say that day was

in the 60s you really say that day was the

dividing I guess in the average man's life there are two or three emotional

life there are two or three emotional experiences that he he doesn't forget

experiences that he he doesn't forget because they're burned into his his

because they're burned into his his heart and his brain and no matter what

heart and his brain and no matter what happens to me I remember November the

happens to me I remember November the 22nd as long as I live and uh it's

22nd as long as I live and uh it's impossible for me now to this day and

impossible for me now to this day and I'm sure 10 years from now to drive to

I'm sure 10 years from now to drive to Dallas without looking at the sixth

Dallas without looking at the sixth floor of the school Book Depository

floor of the school Book Depository building and it's impossible for me to

building and it's impossible for me to drive by the Texas Hotel today and not

drive by the Texas Hotel today and not think of that morning when President

think of that morning when President Kennedy spoke there it will always be

Kennedy spoke there it will always be with

with us Kennedy alongside of the other

us Kennedy alongside of the other presidents Johnson Nixon Gerald Ford

presidents Johnson Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Reagan the two bushes even

Jimmy Carter Reagan the two bushes even Bill Clinton people they don't remember

Bill Clinton people they don't remember what they did but they remember their

what they did but they remember their rhetoric and they remember the images

rhetoric and they remember the images ask not what your country can do for you

ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country

ask what you can do for your country this is what people wish for again in

this is what people wish for again in the government they want someone who

the government they want someone who inspires them who gives them hope for

inspires them who gives them hope for whom they have a kind of

whom they have a kind of admiration Kennedy's standing hold on

admiration Kennedy's standing hold on the public I think will only fade if and

the public I think will only fade if and when we get another president about whom

when we get another president about whom they feel the same way as they currently

they feel the same way as they currently feel about

feel about [Music]

[Music] Kennedy Thursday on the

60s being nobody's right if everybody's

being nobody's right if everybody's wrong

young people speak in their mind are getting so much

mind are getting so much resistance from behind we sto hey what's

resistance from behind we sto hey what's that sound everybody look what's down

that sound everybody look what's down [Music]

it is a mixture of pretty scenery and ugly events Vietnam reports today of the

ugly events Vietnam reports today of the bloodiest fighting in almost a

year we will not surrender and we will not

not Retreat think you can win oh I know we

Retreat think you can win oh I know we can win these people are being killed

can win these people are being killed they're being killed wi the United

they're being killed wi the United States must stop this bloody aggression

States must stop this bloody aggression God we're in the middle

God we're in the middle [Music]

ladies and gentlemen the president of the United

the United States it was just a year ago that you

States it was just a year ago that you ought have stepped up Aid to Vietnam

ought have stepped up Aid to Vietnam there seems to be a good deal of

there seems to be a good deal of discouragement about the progress can

discouragement about the progress can you give us your assessment no we are

you give us your assessment no we are putting in a major effort in Vietnam as

putting in a major effort in Vietnam as you know we have have about 10 or 11

you know we have have about 10 or 11 times as many advisors there as we had a

times as many advisors there as we had a year ago so we don't see the end of the

year ago so we don't see the end of the tunnel but uh I must say I don't think

tunnel but uh I must say I don't think it's uh darker than it was a year ago in

it's uh darker than it was a year ago in some ways lighter early on Kennedy made

some ways lighter early on Kennedy made a Command Decision we will not allow

a Command Decision we will not allow South Vietnam to fall to the Comming

in Southeast Asia communist inspired subversion was unrelenting South Vietnam

subversion was unrelenting South Vietnam looked to others for assistance in

looked to others for assistance in stemming North Vietnamese aggression

stemming North Vietnamese aggression going back to the Eisenhower

going back to the Eisenhower Administration in the late 50s the

Administration in the late 50s the country split into South and North

country split into South and North Vietnam you have the Communists in the

Vietnam you have the Communists in the north and so the United States is very

north and so the United States is very eager to preserve the south from a

eager to preserve the south from a communist takeover the communist North

communist takeover the communist North Vietnamese believed in nationalism

Vietnamese believed in nationalism uniting their country under their own

uniting their country under their own control the Cold War conspiracy was that

control the Cold War conspiracy was that if the Vietnamese Communists won the war

if the Vietnamese Communists won the war in Vietnam all of Southeast Asia would

in Vietnam all of Southeast Asia would fall The Dominoes would fall one after

fall The Dominoes would fall one after another there is no doubt that the fall

another there is no doubt that the fall of South Vietnam would have serious

of South Vietnam would have serious repercussions on the other countries of

repercussions on the other countries of Southeast Asia this is fundamentally the

Southeast Asia this is fundamentally the reason why we're in South Vietnam after

reason why we're in South Vietnam after all Eastern Europe is Fallen to

all Eastern Europe is Fallen to Communism China has fallen to Communism

Communism China has fallen to Communism we can't lose southeast Asia so we have

we can't lose southeast Asia so we have to stabilize South

Vietnam on January 2nd 1963 South Vietnamese troops surprise a Viet Kong

Vietnamese troops surprise a Viet Kong Battalion at a village called

ATB five American helicopters are shot down three American ad are killed 63

down three American ad are killed 63 South Vietnamese die half of them

South Vietnamese die half of them shooting at each other we've got US

shooting at each other we've got US military advisers flying combat missions

military advisers flying combat missions we've got advisors that are accompanying

we've got advisors that are accompanying South Vietnamese forces into the field

South Vietnamese forces into the field so by this point their role had gone

so by this point their role had gone beyond simply

beyond simply advising we have learned a bitter lesson

advising we have learned a bitter lesson the army of South Vietnam cannot cope

the army of South Vietnam cannot cope with the Viet Kong committed Guerilla

with the Viet Kong committed Guerilla enemy it is trained for conventional War

enemy it is trained for conventional War American St

American St there is growing uncertainty about

there is growing uncertainty about whether the advisory effort is really

whether the advisory effort is really working then in the midst of this

working then in the midst of this there's What's called the Buddhist

there's What's called the Buddhist crisis the war in Vietnam has literally

crisis the war in Vietnam has literally become a fight on two fronts on one hand

become a fight on two fronts on one hand the government faces the Viet Kong

the government faces the Viet Kong Communists and on the other hand it

Communists and on the other hand it faces a Revolt of the Buddhist majority

faces a Revolt of the Buddhist majority a fight which has been joined by

a fight which has been joined by thousands of

thousands of students the country's Buddhist majority

students the country's Buddhist majority sees president ym as a tyrant

sees president ym as a tyrant we had established a government in South

we had established a government in South Vietnam led by a western educated

Vietnam led by a western educated Catholic named GM GM was our boy but an

Catholic named GM GM was our boy but an absolute power corrupts and ZM becomes

absolute power corrupts and ZM becomes the

the [Applause]

[Applause] dictator so you have a Catholic presence

dictator so you have a Catholic presence imposing itself on a Buddhist majority

imposing itself on a Buddhist majority and now they're going after the

and now they're going after the [Applause]

[Applause] Buddhists soldiers and police broke up

Buddhists soldiers and police broke up the demonstrations and killed nine

persons a debate broke out in the American government over whether we

American government over whether we should continue to support CM or Not by

should continue to support CM or Not by the summer of

the summer of 1963 there have been discussions in the

1963 there have been discussions in the CIA in the Pentagon about topplings the

CIA in the Pentagon about topplings the M

regime Mr President has our government in any way been tardy in recognizing the

in any way been tardy in recognizing the the nature of the Sam government we are

the nature of the Sam government we are faced with a problem of wanting to

faced with a problem of wanting to protect the area against the Communists

protect the area against the Communists and the other hand we have to deal with

and the other hand we have to deal with the governments there that produces a

the governments there that produces a kind

kind of ambivalence uh in our efforts

of ambivalence uh in our efforts which expose us to some criticism Mr

which expose us to some criticism Mr President in the last 48 hours there

President in the last 48 hours there have been a great many conflicting

have been a great many conflicting reports from there about what the CIA

reports from there about what the CIA was up to could you give us any

was up to could you give us any Enlightenment on that no I don't think

Enlightenment on that no I don't think so okay

so okay this is an NBC special news report the

this is an NBC special news report the government of South Vietnam has been

government of South Vietnam has been overthrown by a military

coup now this happens with our understanding and knowledge and then

our understanding and knowledge and then the president of South Vietnam is shot

the president of South Vietnam is shot and killed by a cabal of South

and killed by a cabal of South Vietnamese

Vietnamese generals once the US had led the coup to

generals once the US had led the coup to get rid of ZM Kennedy realized that the

get rid of ZM Kennedy realized that the United States had finally bitten

United States had finally bitten into a bad

into a bad apple Monday November 4th

apple Monday November 4th 1963 over the weekend the coup and

1963 over the weekend the coup and Saigon took

Saigon took place I uh feel that we must bear a good

place I uh feel that we must bear a good deal of responsibility for it I uh

deal of responsibility for it I uh should not have given my consent to it

should not have given my consent to it without a Roundtable

without a Roundtable conference I was uh

conference I was uh shocked by the death of Zim the way he

shocked by the death of Zim the way he was killed made it

was killed made it particularly

abhorent when that assassination took place we owned it it actually started

place we owned it it actually started that early in the 60s in the Kennedy

administration when Kennedy came into office January of 1961

office January of 1961 you had on the order of about 600 uh US

you had on the order of about 600 uh US military advisers uh in South Vietnam by

military advisers uh in South Vietnam by the time he left on that fateful trip to

the time he left on that fateful trip to Dallas in November 1963 there were more

Dallas in November 1963 there were more than

[Music] 16,000 John Kennedy's death commands

16,000 John Kennedy's death commands what his life conveys

what his life conveys that America must move

that America must move forward I think Johnson genuinely felt

forward I think Johnson genuinely felt that continuity in the government after

that continuity in the government after this terrible event was essential to

this terrible event was essential to retaining the confidence of the American

retaining the confidence of the American people and now the ideas and the ideals

people and now the ideas and the ideals which he so nobly represented must and

which he so nobly represented must and will be

will be translated into effective

action Congress and the nation had reminders today that while the world

reminders today that while the world seemed suspended by our tragedy it

seemed suspended by our tragedy it really kept on its whirling way in

really kept on its whirling way in Vietnam reports today of the bloodiest

Vietnam reports today of the bloodiest fighting in almost a

year Bob how we doing oh fine I think Mr President uh I want you to dictate to me

President uh I want you to dictate to me uh on the situation in Vietnam now I've

uh on the situation in Vietnam now I've got to have some kind of a summarized

got to have some kind of a summarized logical factual analysis of it well I I

logical factual analysis of it well I I do think Mr President that' be wise for

do think Mr President that' be wise for you to say as little as possible the the

you to say as little as possible the the Frank answer is we don't know what's

Frank answer is we don't know what's going on out

going on out there the the signs I see coming through

there the the signs I see coming through the cables are a disturbing sign yeah

the cables are a disturbing sign yeah yeah Robert mcamera secretary's defense

yeah Robert mcamera secretary's defense he had been the head of the Ford Motor

he had been the head of the Ford Motor Company brilliant executive famous

Company brilliant executive famous especially for his cold analytic methods

especially for his cold analytic methods he was a World War II vet he wanted to

he was a World War II vet he wanted to stop wasting the Pentagon we increased

stop wasting the Pentagon we increased the number of combat ready Army

the number of combat ready Army divisions by 45% the expectation is that

divisions by 45% the expectation is that he would figure out Vietnam

position of my government is clear we are prepared to furnish whatever

are prepared to furnish whatever economic aid whatever military training

economic aid whatever military training and whatever quantities are required and

and whatever quantities are required and for as long as that is

for as long as that is required Vietnam

required Vietnam [Music]

[Music] mam the public secretary of defense

mam the public secretary of defense mamera is all about kind of bullish

mamera is all about kind of bullish bravado that we are going to Prevail but

bravado that we are going to Prevail but privately mcamera is increasingly gloomy

privately mcamera is increasingly gloomy about the

prospects until a strong government begins to function here in Saigon the

begins to function here in Saigon the war against the Communists will continue

war against the Communists will continue to found

it I'll tell you the more I just St awake last night think about this thing

awake last night think about this thing this worries the hell out of me I don't

this worries the hell out of me I don't think it's worth fighting for and I

think it's worth fighting for and I don't think we can get out now of course

don't think we can get out now of course if you start running the Communist they

if you start running the Communist they may just chase you right into your own

may just chase you right into your own kitchen yeah

kitchen yeah that's the

that's the trouble gentlemen this is a modern war

trouble gentlemen this is a modern war but it's a different War we're here to

but it's a different War we're here to advise and support our courageous

advise and support our courageous Vietnamese allies it was was mering's

Vietnamese allies it was was mering's Misfortune to inherit the most complex

Misfortune to inherit the most complex war that we had fought to this time and

war that we had fought to this time and I think his plan for the war was an

I think his plan for the war was an entirely conventional plan in a very

entirely conventional plan in a very unconventional War we're over here to

unconventional War we're over here to win and we have what it takes to assist

win and we have what it takes to assist them in this

them in this Victory is that enough for you I'm going

Victory is that enough for you I'm going to put this in two parts I'll be a

to put this in two parts I'll be a little more candid in the second

little more candid in the second round Lyndon Johnson doesn't want to be

round Lyndon Johnson doesn't want to be a president who found his administration

a president who found his administration torpedoed by an unpopular War

torpedoed by an unpopular War parenthetically however we have a very

parenthetically however we have a very interesting episode that happens in

interesting episode that happens in August of 1964 in the tonan

August of 1964 in the tonan Gulf three PT boats identified by our

Gulf three PT boats identified by our state department as North Vietnamese

state department as North Vietnamese attack the USS MX a destroyer which is

attack the USS MX a destroyer which is operating in the tonin Gulf some 35 mil

operating in the tonin Gulf some 35 mil off the North Vietnamese

off the North Vietnamese Coast this was not an unprovoked attack

Coast this was not an unprovoked attack there had been these covert actions

there had been these covert actions against North Vietnamese directed by the

against North Vietnamese directed by the United States and the North Vietnamese

United States and the North Vietnamese were responding to that on August 2nd

were responding to that on August 2nd this is a special report from CBS News

this is a special report from CBS News in Washington today just past the midday

in Washington today just past the midday point unofficial sources started to

point unofficial sources started to report additional Naval Combat Action in

report additional Naval Combat Action in the same tonin

the same tonin [Music]

Gulf now I'd like to review briefly in chronological order the unprovoked

chronological order the unprovoked attacks which took place today August

attacks which took place today August 4th we know now for sure that the second

4th we know now for sure that the second tonen golf incident didn't happen but

tonen golf incident didn't happen but the Johnson Administration pretty much

the Johnson Administration pretty much dismissed evidence indicating that an

dismissed evidence indicating that an attack actually hadn't taken place

attack actually hadn't taken place there was this acute political pressure

there was this acute political pressure from the rightwing to be strong stand up

from the rightwing to be strong stand up to communist aggression certainly I

to communist aggression certainly I think a more prudent Administration that

think a more prudent Administration that wasn't looking for a pretext to flex

wasn't looking for a pretext to flex some American Muscle would have stepped

some American Muscle would have stepped back and said let's determine what

back and said let's determine what actually happened here before we

actually happened here before we launched any retaliatory action my

launched any retaliatory action my fellow

fellow Americans hostile actions

Americans hostile actions against United States ships on the high

against United States ships on the high seas have today required me to order the

seas have today required me to order the military forces of the United States to

military forces of the United States to take action in

reply that was the beginning of the American Air Assault on North

Vietnam President Johnson has asked for and will soon get a congressional resolu

and will soon get a congressional resolu ution authorizing the president to act

ution authorizing the president to act as he is the talking Gulf resolution

as he is the talking Gulf resolution said that Johnson had all out power to

said that Johnson had all out power to use American military strength to defend

use American military strength to defend American interests as he deemed

American interests as he deemed necessary and that is the beginning of

necessary and that is the beginning of the slippery

the slippery slope Lyndon Baines Johnson has been

slope Lyndon Baines Johnson has been elected president of the United States

elected president of the United States and the landslide has carried him in for

and the landslide has carried him in for his his first term in office on his own

his his first term in office on his own right by his own

election communist vetcon guillas killed seven Americans and wounded 109

seven Americans and wounded 109 yesterday in a sneak nighttime attack on

yesterday in a sneak nighttime attack on the American helicopter base at

the American helicopter base at playu uh I don't wish to speculate on

playu uh I don't wish to speculate on action we may take in the future I don't

action we may take in the future I don't believe it'll ever be possible to

believe it'll ever be possible to protect our forces against sneak attacks

protect our forces against sneak attacks of that kind

of that kind Vietnam keeps creeping into the Oval

Vietnam keeps creeping into the Oval Office but Johnson's stuck he refuses to

Office but Johnson's stuck he refuses to be the American president who loses

be the American president who loses southeast Asia so he has to keep going

southeast Asia so he has to keep going in

in deeper so we're going to send the

deeper so we're going to send the Marines in I guess we got no choice but

Marines in I guess we got no choice but scares the death out of me and it's a

scares the death out of me and it's a hard one but uh West mland and Taylor

hard one but uh West mland and Taylor come in every day saying please send

come in every day saying please send them on mamir and Russ say send them on

them on mamir and Russ say send them on what do you think well pres it look to

what do you think well pres it look to me like we just got in this thing no way

me like we just got in this thing no way out you couldn't have

out you couldn't have inherited well if they' say I inherited

inherited well if they' say I inherited be lucky but they'll all say I created

be lucky but they'll all say I created after that the trouble is the great

after that the trouble is the great trouble I'm under a man can fight if you

trouble I'm under a man can fight if you can see daylight down the road somewhere

can see daylight down the road somewhere ain't no daylight Vietnam there's not a

ain't no daylight Vietnam there's not a bit

early in 1965 the president decided to launch Operation Rolling Thunder a

launch Operation Rolling Thunder a sustained bombing campaign directed

sustained bombing campaign directed against North

against North Vietnam the emphasis is on the

Vietnam the emphasis is on the destruction of strategic enemy targets

destruction of strategic enemy targets RS are designed to cut off supplies from

RS are designed to cut off supplies from the north to the Viet Kong rebels in the

the north to the Viet Kong rebels in the south

our first mission was more or less static defense of the principal Airfield

static defense of the principal Airfield for the bombing missions over North

for the bombing missions over North Vietnam General will this entail any

Vietnam General will this entail any offensive

offensive operations no no I don't believe it well

operations no no I don't believe it well the reason we put ground troops in was

the reason we put ground troops in was to protect

to protect airfields and then we had to protect the

airfields and then we had to protect the ground troops around the airfields and

ground troops around the airfields and sort of we backed into this war not

sort of we backed into this war not really understanding what we were

really understanding what we were doing third Squad let's go the soldiers

doing third Squad let's go the soldiers moved cautiously off into the jungle

moved cautiously off into the jungle encountering only an occasional

sniper the Viet Kong and the North Vietnamese didn't play by our

rules couldn't find the enemy they were invisible it was their country

the enemy again broke contact slipped away and

disappeared combat arouses emotions so powerful that teaches you about human

powerful that teaches you about human nature at its best and at its worst give

nature at its best and at its worst give the baby to Mama come on pap come on

the baby to Mama come on pap come on give the baby to mamaon come on you see

give the baby to mamaon come on you see you VC yeah UVC UV K huh the rule of

you VC yeah UVC UV K huh the rule of thumb was is not to trust anybody

thumb was is not to trust anybody regardless of sex or

age what's going on enemy fire opens up from surrounding bush

if the Americans got a sniper fire from a village they didn't send a squad in to

a village they didn't send a squad in to find the sniper and kill him they just

find the sniper and kill him they just called for artillery or air strikes and

called for artillery or air strikes and blew the whole Hamlet away

the United States we was killing 25,000 civilians a

civilians a year the were blowing up and burning

year the were blowing up and burning down this country we're supposed to be

down this country we're supposed to be saving success continues to be elusive

saving success continues to be elusive in any meaningful way and Johnson keeps

in any meaningful way and Johnson keeps being told I need more

being told I need more troops I have today ordered to Vietnam

troops I have today ordered to Vietnam certain forces which will raise our

certain forces which will raise our fighting strength from 75,000 to 125

fighting strength from 75,000 to 125 ,000 men almost immediately this will

,000 men almost immediately this will make it necessary to raise a monthly

make it necessary to raise a monthly draft call from 177,000 to

draft call from 177,000 to 35,000 per month and this is the most

35,000 per month and this is the most agonizing and the most painful duty of

agonizing and the most painful duty of your

your pres it's difficult to understand why

pres it's difficult to understand why would you take the course that is going

would you take the course that is going to lead to large-scale war even with

to lead to large-scale war even with what we now know is this deep skepticism

what we now know is this deep skepticism on the part of Lyndon Johnson but it

on the part of Lyndon Johnson but it seems he felt that no matter which way

seems he felt that no matter which way he went on Vietnam he would be

crucified we're on the outskirts of the village of tamne with elements of the

village of tamne with elements of the first Battalion ninth

Marines it first appeared that the Marines had been sniped at and that a

Marines had been sniped at and that a few houses were made to

few houses were made to pay shortly after an officer told me he

pay shortly after an officer told me he had orders to go in and level the string

had orders to go in and level the string of hamlets that surrounds camne Village

of hamlets that surrounds camne Village I wasn't looking for that story but what

I wasn't looking for that story but what I saw was absolutely

I saw was absolutely [Music]

shocking the day's operation burned down 150 houses wounded three women killed

150 houses wounded three women killed one baby and netted these four prisoners

one baby and netted these four prisoners who could not answer questions put to

who could not answer questions put to them in

them in English to a Vietnamese peasant it will

English to a Vietnamese peasant it will take more than presidential promises to

take more than presidential promises to convince him that we are on his

convince him that we are on his side Morning News had put the first bit

side Morning News had put the first bit of footage on the air I had no idea

of footage on the air I had no idea whatever kind of repercussions it

whatever kind of repercussions it had do you ever have any regrets about

had do you ever have any regrets about some of these people or you're leaving

some of these people or you're leaving homeless you can't expect to do your job

homeless you can't expect to do your job and feel pity for these people well I

and feel pity for these people well I think is sad in a way but I don't think

think is sad in a way but I don't think there's any other way you can get around

there's any other way you can get around it in this kind of a war what Vietnam

it in this kind of a war what Vietnam did to America via television was

did to America via television was introduced us to a new kind of America

introduced us to a new kind of America one that was not pure one that committed

one that was not pure one that committed the same kinds of atrocities that are

the same kinds of atrocities that are always committed in war but we had never

always committed in war but we had never allowed ourselves to see

them the president I understand called for senior executive at CBS and Lyon

for senior executive at CBS and Lyon Johnson said Frank this is your

Johnson said Frank this is your president your boys just shat on the

president your boys just shat on the flag of the United

flag of the United [Music]

[Music] States 3 months ago the first air

States 3 months ago the first air Cavalry division shipped out from

Cavalry division shipped out from Charleston South

Charleston South [Applause]

[Applause] Carolina last week some of them came

Carolina last week some of them came home most of these casualties were

home most of these casualties were suffered in the Battle of Yad rang

suffered in the Battle of Yad rang Valley the most sign significant yet

Valley the most sign significant yet fought by American troops in

Vietnam it looked at first like a routine Viet Kong attack but this was a

routine Viet Kong attack but this was a fullscale sustained assault like not

fullscale sustained assault like not only the Viet Kong of South Vietnam but

only the Viet Kong of South Vietnam but with North Vietnam and its strong and

with North Vietnam and its strong and dedicated Army

dedicated Army [Applause]

at first light the full shock came Americans and North Vietnamese lay

came Americans and North Vietnamese lay side by side in the

side by side in the grass kind of walked right into a Ambush

grass kind of walked right into a Ambush it was was pretty bad to listen to your

it was was pretty bad to listen to your friends crying out for help not being

friends crying out for help not being able to do a thing we just we all pinned

down I want to congratulate you on your disting

disting Victory you were fighting regular North

Victory you were fighting regular North Vietnamese troops the consensus of the

Vietnamese troops the consensus of the military after I dra is we can inflict

military after I dra is we can inflict enough casualties on them to to win our

enough casualties on them to to win our armed forces are prepared to take the

armed forces are prepared to take the necessary casualties in order to seek

necessary casualties in order to seek out and destroy the enemy the question

out and destroy the enemy the question remains are the American people prepared

remains are the American people prepared to lose more and more young men in

to lose more and more young men in Vietnam

Vietnam [Music]

the first air Cavalry band will go anywhere for a parade even within rifle

anywhere for a parade even within rifle range of the

range of the Vietcong the Viet Kong have terrorized

Vietcong the Viet Kong have terrorized you and have burned your home

you and have burned your home we are here to help you and to show how

we are here to help you and to show how much we are able to protect you the Air

much we are able to protect you the Air Force are going to hit some Viet Kong on

Force are going to hit some Viet Kong on the other side of the

the other side of the [Music]

valley the televising of the Vietnam War was like the split screen reality you in

was like the split screen reality you in American culture on one side you had

American culture on one side you had what the official story was which was

what the official story was which was we're winning in

we're winning in Vietnam and yet every time that

Vietnam and yet every time that Americans looked up what they saw was

Americans looked up what they saw was body

bags Marine Colonel Michael Yun was hit by fire from a village while he was

by fire from a village while he was directing close air support from a

directing close air support from a helicopter he saw women and children

helicopter he saw women and children there and decided not to order an Air

there and decided not to order an Air Attack the colonel talked about about it

Attack the colonel talked about about it while surgeons amputated his leg they do

while surgeons amputated his leg they do all they can to save that leg I know God

all they can to save that leg I know God damn it I I hate to put bombs and nape

damn it I I hate to put bombs and nape in on these women and children I just

in on these women and children I just didn't do it I just said they can't be

didn't do it I just said they can't be there I'm sure now that that's where

there I'm sure now that that's where they were and as the cas Lees mounted

they were and as the cas Lees mounted that was turning the public in this

that was turning the public in this country against the

country against the [Applause]

[Applause] war how do you expect to be protected in

war how do you expect to be protected in this country unless you have people

this country unless you have people fighting for you they're not fighting

fighting for you they're not fighting for me not this is genocide these people

for me not this is genocide these people are being killed they're being killed wi

are being killed they're being killed wi to sent spread across campuses all over

to sent spread across campuses all over the country and gave a sense of

the country and gave a sense of empowerment to students who were about

empowerment to students who were about to be drafted but still couldn't vote a

to be drafted but still couldn't vote a new type of protest and Civil

new type of protest and Civil Disobedience occurs in New York City

Disobedience occurs in New York City David Miller publicly burns his draft

David Miller publicly burns his draft cards seven young and Earnest protesters

cards seven young and Earnest protesters burn draft cards on the steps of a

burn draft cards on the steps of a Boston Courthouse a group of high school

Boston Courthouse a group of high school boys set upon them with fists the draft

boys set upon them with fists the draft was in place from World War II when you

was in place from World War II when you turned 18 you had to register in January

turned 18 you had to register in January 1965 5,400 young men were called for the

1965 5,400 young men were called for the draft in December 1965

draft in December 1965 4,224 young men were called this is one

4,224 young men were called this is one fact pouring in on the American

fact pouring in on the American conscience and causing increasing

conscience and causing increasing concern the compulsory draft forc you to

concern the compulsory draft forc you to make a Choice Vietnam against your will

make a Choice Vietnam against your will jail against your will Canada against

jail against your will Canada against your will no good

your will no good options all kinds of ways are found to

options all kinds of ways are found to try to beat the physical people are

try to beat the physical people are known to mutilate themselves starve

known to mutilate themselves starve themselves decare that they were

themselves decare that they were homosexual when they weren't there were

homosexual when they weren't there were also Escape hatches in terms of

also Escape hatches in terms of deferments like deferments for college

deferments like deferments for college students which means that working class

students which means that working class young people are likely to get drafted

young people are likely to get drafted before upper middle

class the war was waged in a lot of living rooms in America was a real

living rooms in America was a real generational divide because my father's

generational divide because my father's generation went off and saved Europe I

generation went off and saved Europe I fully expected to have a military

fully expected to have a military experience but it was the wrong damn

War Washington November 27th the rally was to be held at the Washington

was to be held at the Washington Monument the protesters began to arrive

Monument the protesters began to arrive about 25

about 25 [Music]

[Music] of

all and the that night the whole world are watching us right now I intend to

are watching us right now I intend to support the Constitution of the United

support the Constitution of the United States I will not fight in

States I will not fight in Vietnam we forget this but there was

Vietnam we forget this but there was always a substantial number of Americans

always a substantial number of Americans who supported the Vietnam War

[Music] I'll your son my son the

Marine it's hard to recapture how intense that period was how morally

intense that period was how morally conflictual it was in your relationship

conflictual it was in your relationship with your country which is something we

with your country which is something we never

never question pressure on Mr Johnson to

question pressure on Mr Johnson to choose sides has been growing clinging

choose sides has been growing clinging to a middle line he tried to give one

to a middle line he tried to give one ear to the War Hawks in America one ear

ear to the War Hawks in America one ear to the doves but both ears to neither we

to the doves but both ears to neither we halted bombing in the North in the hope

halted bombing in the North in the hope that the government in hanoa would

that the government in hanoa would single its willingness to talk instead

single its willingness to talk instead of fight but I regret to tell you that

of fight but I regret to tell you that no signal came during those 37 Days

no signal came during those 37 Days Johnson feels alternately outraged that

Johnson feels alternately outraged that he's being attacked in this way when

he's being attacked in this way when he's doing the best he can until the day

he's doing the best he can until the day they decide to end this aggression and

they decide to end this aggression and to make an honorable

to make an honorable I can assure you that we speaking for

I can assure you that we speaking for the United States of America intend to

the United States of America intend to carry

on a large Committee of responsible lawyers has examined the United States

lawyers has examined the United States legal position in Vietnam its

legal position in Vietnam its conclusions briefly and bluntly are that

conclusions briefly and bluntly are that the United States is violating the

the United States is violating the United Nations Charter the Geneva

United Nations Charter the Geneva agreements and finally violating the

agreements and finally violating the United United States Constitution which

United United States Constitution which says only Congress can declare war when

says only Congress can declare war when the Congress tried to ask questions

the Congress tried to ask questions about the Vietnam War they found it very

about the Vietnam War they found it very difficult to get answers and sometimes

difficult to get answers and sometimes they were lied

they were lied to we're engaged in a historic debate in

to we're engaged in a historic debate in this country are have honest differences

this country are have honest differences of opinion fite hearings are one of the

of opinion fite hearings are one of the first times when people who weren't far

first times when people who weren't far on the left or extreme on the Right

on the left or extreme on the Right started raising some very serious

started raising some very serious questions about the war all I'm asking

questions about the war all I'm asking is if the people decide that this war

is if the people decide that this war should be stopped are you going to take

should be stopped are you going to take the position that's weakness on the home

the position that's weakness on the home front in a democracy I would feel that

front in a democracy I would feel that our people were badly misguided and did

our people were badly misguided and did not understand the consequences of such

not understand the consequences of such a disaster well uh we agree on one thing

a disaster well uh we agree on one thing that they can be badly misguided and you

that they can be badly misguided and you and the president in my judgment have

and the president in my judgment have been misguiding them for a long time in

been misguiding them for a long time in this

war of 1965 there were 23 ,000 American servicemen in Vietnam currently there

servicemen in Vietnam currently there are about

are about 267,000 us fighting men in Vietnam and

267,000 us fighting men in Vietnam and 18,000 more will be there by the end of

18,000 more will be there by the end of this

this month the commitment became bigger and

month the commitment became bigger and bigger and bigger you could feel the

bigger and bigger you could feel the spirit of the troops was

draining how old are you 22 volunteer no would you

22 volunteer no would you no what's the w thing about it getting

no what's the w thing about it getting shot getting

shot getting hit all you see buddies get hit living

hit all you see buddies get hit living in the

in the swamp

dirt 30 days out in the bush you'd be covered with ringworm and jungle Rod it

covered with ringworm and jungle Rod it was just the nature of the train and the

was just the nature of the train and the weather it's hot in Vietnam often hotter

weather it's hot in Vietnam often hotter than the Mojave Desert the temperature

than the Mojave Desert the temperature rises to 120°

[Music] if we've got 2 hours sleep a night I'd

if we've got 2 hours sleep a night I'd be

be surprised you're almost in a hypnotic

surprised you're almost in a hypnotic state I'm amazed that these kids didn't

state I'm amazed that these kids didn't just completely fall apart humans are

just completely fall apart humans are really really

really really tough things are going reasonably well

tough things are going reasonably well in the South aren't

in the South aren't they yes I think so what are these men

they yes I think so what are these men doing they're trying to locate the enemy

doing they're trying to locate the enemy I see and they run them in the cave yeah

I see and they run them in the cave yeah we think we're uh taking a heavy of them

we think we're uh taking a heavy of them but it just scares me to see what we're

but it just scares me to see what we're doing there with taking Soldiers with

doing there with taking Soldiers with God knows how many airplanes and

God knows how many airplanes and helicopters and Firepower and going

helicopters and Firepower and going after a bunch of half

after a bunch of half starved uh Beggars and not a certainty

starved uh Beggars and not a certainty but it's a a danger we need to look at

but it's a a danger we need to look at it that that they can keep that up

it that that they can keep that up almost

almost indefinitely today I can tell you that

indefinitely today I can tell you that military progress in the past 12 months

military progress in the past 12 months has exceeded our expectations our policy

has exceeded our expectations our policy remains what it was and has been we

remains what it was and has been we would Supply our commanders whatever

would Supply our commanders whatever they required to accomplish our

they required to accomplish our objective in South

objective in South Vietnam you started to distrust your own

Vietnam you started to distrust your own leaders because you started to say Well

leaders because you started to say Well they're lying to us I mean or or if

they're lying to us I mean or or if they're not lying to us they don't know

they're not lying to us they don't know what's going on over here if they don't

what's going on over here if they don't know what's going on what the hell is

know what's going on what the hell is going

going [Music]

[Music] on get it on

I'm glad they're on our side mo mo Alpha company has reached Hill

943 coming this way up after sweeping the area around 943 Hill 943 is

the area around 943 Hill 943 is taken there is nothing to

taken there is nothing to take and now that the enemy is gone

take and now that the enemy is gone there is no reason for the Americans to

there is no reason for the Americans to stay when we abandoned the hill it was

stay when we abandoned the hill it was crushing to morale because your friends

crushing to morale because your friends died what was all that

about there is a hill in Vietnam which was assaulted twice taken twice and

was assaulted twice taken twice and abandoned twice by Americans and today

abandoned twice by Americans and today 943 is again controlled by the North

943 is again controlled by the North Vietnamese progress was not being made

Vietnamese progress was not being made there was no end in side how would you

there was no end in side how would you measure progress so it was a kind of

measure progress so it was a kind of absurd

absurd situation out

here how do you feel about it now that it's all over pretty bad in the way you

it's all over pretty bad in the way you live with them you work with them you

live with them you work with them you get real attached to them I had three

get real attached to them I had three that died in my arms and that hurt more

that died in my arms and that hurt more than anything

else we have to carry him out you know and that's when it bothers you when you

and that's when it bothers you when you got to carry them to their SLO

got to carry them to their SLO it's really gets to

it's really gets to [Music]

[Music] you I'd lose friends and I would just

you I'd lose friends and I would just like wow you know I got a job to do here

like wow you know I got a job to do here and you you'd throw them on a chopper

and you you'd throw them on a chopper and that'd be the last you'd see

and that'd be the last you'd see [Music]

[Music] them and so you were constantly shoving

them and so you were constantly shoving it down because if you didn't you

it down because if you didn't you couldn't function

these women came by the thousands to the Pentagon this week they demanded to see

Pentagon this week they demanded to see Secretary of Defense Robert mcnamar to

Secretary of Defense Robert mcnamar to ask him to stop sending their sons to

ask him to stop sending their sons to the

the fnom and they showed their anger and

fnom and they showed their anger and frustration

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause] [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause]

given the nature of the enemy it seems to me that the strategy We are following

to me that the strategy We are following at this time is the proper one and that

at this time is the proper one and that it is producing results we will prevail

it is producing results we will prevail in Vietnam over the Communist

in Vietnam over the Communist aggressor fundamentally we didn't have a

aggressor fundamentally we didn't have a strategy in the Vietnam War except that

strategy in the Vietnam War except that of

of attrition they talk about well we can

attrition they talk about well we can kill 300 North Vietnamese for every one

kill 300 North Vietnamese for every one of us do the American people care about

of us do the American people care about the 300 no they care about the

the 300 no they care about the [Music]

one 500,000 American troops 14,000 American Dead the war in Vietnam is no

American Dead the war in Vietnam is no longer simply their War to win or lose

longer simply their War to win or lose it's ours as well and it has become the

it's ours as well and it has become the most divisive in a 100 Years of American

History it was the first time that all of these different factions and

of these different factions and philosophies and personalities came

philosophies and personalities came together in one

together in one [Applause]

place the seed was planted when there was a massive march on the Pentagon

was a massive march on the Pentagon people realized that we could go beyond

people realized that we could go beyond polite protest into more massive Civil

polite protest into more massive Civil Disobedience and shake up the war

Disobedience and shake up the war [Applause]

[Applause] [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause] [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause] makers m' been managing the war since

makers m' been managing the war since 1961 and the man was just overwhelmed

1961 and the man was just overwhelmed with guilt in less than 60 days I will

with guilt in less than 60 days I will have served seven years as Secretary of

have served seven years as Secretary of Defense

Defense no one of my predecessors has served so

no one of my predecessors has served so long I myself did not plan to Robert

long I myself did not plan to Robert mcir leaves office I think it's fair to

mcir leaves office I think it's fair to say that he is by that point tortured on

say that he is by that point tortured on a personal level by the

warrant tonight the Communists hit the very heart of Saigon the brand new US

very heart of Saigon the brand new US Embassy building and at least 10 cities

Embassy building and at least 10 cities in that war torn

in that war torn country the head offensive was the Big

country the head offensive was the Big Show of the Viet

Show of the Viet count it's huge they' got the Americans

count it's huge they' got the Americans and South Vietnamese completely by

and South Vietnamese completely by surprise it exposed how tenuous the US

surprise it exposed how tenuous the US hold

was who won and who lost in the great T offensive against the cities I'm not

offensive against the cities I'm not sure the terrible loss in American lives

sure the terrible loss in American lives Prestige and morale and this is a

Prestige and morale and this is a tragedy of our stubbornness there seems

tragedy of our stubbornness there seems now more certain than ever that the

now more certain than ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end

bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate when Walter kronite who

in a stalemate when Walter kronite who was the most trusted man in America said

was the most trusted man in America said that Lyndon Johnson said if I've lost

that Lyndon Johnson said if I've lost Walter I've lost Middle America Lyndon

Walter I've lost Middle America Lyndon Johnson realized he was no longer in

Johnson realized he was no longer in charge of the war the war was in charge

charge of the war the war was in charge of

him did you lose I had uh 36 when I started we got uh 21 killed what were

started we got uh 21 killed what were you thinking

you thinking about I was thinking

about I was thinking uh of my wife and I

uh of my wife and I uh my baby that I haven't seen I guess I

uh my baby that I haven't seen I guess I got a baby coming in June and that was

got a baby coming in June and that was on my mind I

on my mind I was I just knew we were going to get

overrun if you look at the history of Vietnam it was a tragic comedy of erors

Vietnam it was a tragic comedy of erors from beginning to

from beginning to end and the tragedy of Johnson is that

end and the tragedy of Johnson is that he achieved remarkable things

he achieved remarkable things particularly in terms of civil rights

particularly in terms of civil rights but will be

but will be remembered for

remembered for Vietnam it's the full Shakespearean

Vietnam it's the full Shakespearean Wheel of Fortune the man who has nothing

Wheel of Fortune the man who has nothing who Rises to everything and then loses

who Rises to everything and then loses it all

it all in a moment of tragedy and Trauma the

in a moment of tragedy and Trauma the duties of this office fell upon me with

duties of this office fell upon me with American sons in the field far away with

American sons in the field far away with America's future under challenge right

America's future under challenge right here at home I have

here at home I have concluded that I should not permit the

concluded that I should not permit the presidency to become involved in the

presidency to become involved in the partisan divisions that are developing

partisan divisions that are developing in this political year a accordingly I

in this political year a accordingly I shall not

shall not seat and I will not

seat and I will not accept the nomination of my party for

accept the nomination of my party for another term as your president

and I say segregation now segregation theor and segregation forever America's

theor and segregation forever America's not living up to the dream with liberty

not living up to the dream with liberty and Justice for we are confronted

and Justice for we are confronted primarily with a moral issue we're

primarily with a moral issue we're willing to be beaten for democracy they

willing to be beaten for democracy they give anything in word and we had trouble

give anything in word and we had trouble here would you be willing to go in a

here would you be willing to go in a demonstration again yes sir we want our

demonstration again yes sir we want our freedom every morning now open hostility

freedom every morning now open hostility towards a civil rights

we talk about it here as separation of the races customs and traditions that

the races customs and traditions that have been built up over the last 100

have been built up over the last 100 years that have proved for the best

years that have proved for the best interest of both the color and the white

interest of both the color and the white people it was almost 100 years after the

people it was almost 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation and America is

Emancipation Proclamation and America is still rigidly and racially

still rigidly and racially segregated black people couldn't vote in

segregated black people couldn't vote in the South they couldn't even go into the

the South they couldn't even go into the public libraries the public libraries

public libraries the public libraries were segregated the churches were

segregated we are in Atlanta Georgia in the EA Baptist Church where a father

the EA Baptist Church where a father mother and son are the

mother and son are the co-pastors

co-pastors frankly as others have said I don't know

frankly as others have said I don't know what the future holds but I know who

what the future holds but I know who holds the

holds the future and this is our hope and this is

future and this is our hope and this is that something that keeps us

that something that keeps us going Martin Luther King was immensely

going Martin Luther King was immensely frustrated by the end of the 1950s CU he

frustrated by the end of the 1950s CU he had become famous he's preaching all

had become famous he's preaching all over the country he knows that's his

over the country he knows that's his gift but he says people cry at my

gift but he says people cry at my sermons then the next morning it's still

sermons then the next morning it's still segregated Martin King called about 50

segregated Martin King called about 50 ministers from across the South to start

ministers from across the South to start a nonviolent

a nonviolent movement the understanding of teaching

movement the understanding of teaching nonviolence was clear but there wasn't

nonviolence was clear but there wasn't anybody that could teach it like Jim

anybody that could teach it like Jim Lawson James Lawson's been to India and

Lawson James Lawson's been to India and comes back with this Storehouse of

comes back with this Storehouse of gandhian tactics Martin King said come

gandhian tactics Martin King said come to Nashville now we need you now so I

to Nashville now we need you now so I went to Nashville and organized other

went to Nashville and organized other people now tonight we have a most

people now tonight we have a most important business to try to

important business to try to accomplish and that is to try

accomplish and that is to try to have one major role playing

to have one major role playing experience which sort of tries to set

experience which sort of tries to set the stage for an actual demonstration

the stage for an actual demonstration for an actual Sittin when you talk about

for an actual Sittin when you talk about the civil rights movement in the 60s

the civil rights movement in the 60s people often talk about Selmon

people often talk about Selmon Birmingham and montgom but the incubator

Birmingham and montgom but the incubator of it all was Nashville Tennessee where

of it all was Nashville Tennessee where James Lawson started teaching his

James Lawson started teaching his classes on nonviolence and then after

classes on nonviolence and then after beating him teaching people like John

beating him teaching people like John Lewis and James Beville and Diane Nash

Lewis and James Beville and Diane Nash how to not swing back if somebody hits

how to not swing back if somebody hits you in the head with a night

stick we actually practiced sitting in some took the role of students who were

some took the role of students who were sitting at a lunch counter and others

sitting at a lunch counter and others took the role of white thgs we were

took the role of white thgs we were practicing how to remain nonviolent even

practicing how to remain nonviolent even in the face of

in the face of violence there had been other stins in

violence there had been other stins in those early months of

those early months of 1960 but no one is centrally organizing

1960 but no one is centrally organizing or coordinating this like the student

or coordinating this like the student group from

Nashville it was on fa way to 13th and we had the very first city in here in

Nashville I took my seat at the counter I asked the waitress for a hamburger and

I asked the waitress for a hamburger and a

a coat the students sit down to the Lunch

coat the students sit down to the Lunch Counter asking to be served knowing full

Counter asking to be served knowing full well that it's against the

well that it's against the [Music]

[Music] law we were prepared to be arrested and

law we were prepared to be arrested and to go to jail and if necessary stay in

to go to jail and if necessary stay in jail

jail it was a moving feeling within me that I

it was a moving feeling within me that I was sitting there demanding a god-given

was sitting there demanding a god-given right I could no longer be satisfied or

right I could no longer be satisfied or go along with an evil

go along with an evil sister the big surprise for them was

sister the big surprise for them was that they weren't arrested they sat

that they weren't arrested they sat there all day and they realized that

there all day and they realized that white people were

white people were flued the new tactic came as a surprise

flued the new tactic came as a surprise creating bewilderment and confusion in

creating bewilderment and confusion in the white communities and even among the

the white communities and even among the Negroes themselves

Negroes themselves [Music]

when this disciplined platoon comes into a store occupies all of the seats at the

a store occupies all of the seats at the lunch counter they refuse to move on the

lunch counter they refuse to move on the request of the store owner they put on a

request of the store owner they put on a borish exibition of what seems to me

borish exibition of what seems to me plain Bad Manners and crashing into a

plain Bad Manners and crashing into a place where they are not welcome I

place where they are not welcome I submit to you sir comes with singularly

submit to you sir comes with singularly poor Grace for their spokesman to then

poor Grace for their spokesman to then charge the store owner with bad

charge the store owner with bad behavior Mr Kil Patrick I think on this

behavior Mr Kil Patrick I think on this point you would have to agree with me

point you would have to agree with me that all people should obey just laws

that all people should obey just laws but I would also say that an unjust law

but I would also say that an unjust law is no law at all and when we find an

is no law at all and when we find an unjust law I think we have a moral

unjust law I think we have a moral obligation to take a stand against

obligation to take a stand against it during the weeks after the cens began

it during the weeks after the cens began opposition in the white communities of

opposition in the white communities of the South solidified and the first signs

the South solidified and the first signs of violence appeared

[Music] [Applause]

m a man came out and said that there was a fight on the inside there was a bunch

a fight on the inside there was a bunch of color boys and girls on the stools in

of color boys and girls on the stools in the counters so I instructed the men to

the counters so I instructed the men to put them place them under arrest

put them place them under arrest [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

on February 27th 80 Nashville students were arrested out of over 300 who are

were arrested out of over 300 who are participating in the cians that

participating in the cians that day as the students were confronted with

day as the students were confronted with the choice of paying a $50 fine or

the choice of paying a $50 fine or spending over a month in jail each of

spending over a month in jail each of them chose

them chose jail I felt

jail I felt free I felt

free I felt liberated I felt like I had crossed

over while we were in jail black women got on the phone and organized an

got on the phone and organized an economic

economic withdrawal negro has a terrific

withdrawal negro has a terrific purchasing power so the merchant of

purchasing power so the merchant of course was feeling the pinch cuz they

course was feeling the pinch cuz they were desperately not coming downtown to

were desperately not coming downtown to spend that money the next day in

spend that money the next day in Nashville Tennessee under the morning

Nashville Tennessee under the morning newspaper had a headline mere favor

newspaper had a headline mere favor desegregation it was a great victory for

desegregation it was a great victory for the movement and for the city of

the movement and for the city of Nashville the economic boycott was

Nashville the economic boycott was withdrawn and Nashville became the first

withdrawn and Nashville became the first major city in the South to permit whites

major city in the South to permit whites and Negroes to eat together in public

and Negroes to eat together in public places that remarkable group that lost

places that remarkable group that lost brought together in Nashville they

brought together in Nashville they became a cadra we all applauded and here

became a cadra we all applauded and here was the situation that that that turned

was the situation that that that turned out right the ideas that they promoted

out right the ideas that they promoted very quickly spread across the region

very quickly spread across the region and Across the

Nation the cityan movement it has challenged certain fundamental concepts

challenged certain fundamental concepts of Law and is shaking the regional

of Law and is shaking the regional traditions of the south in an entirely

traditions of the south in an entirely New

New Way King is Extreme ex L pleased with

Way King is Extreme ex L pleased with the emergence of the student Sittin

the emergence of the student Sittin movement in early

movement in early [Music]

[Music] 1960 there are stins in Atlanta where Dr

1960 there are stins in Atlanta where Dr King is living by that time King himself

King is living by that time King himself gets arrested in one at Rich's

gets arrested in one at Rich's department

department Store King is kept in jail when everyone

Store King is kept in jail when everyone else is

else is released and that's when it got involved

released and that's when it got involved in the presidential

in the presidential campaign John Kennedy the presidential C

campaign John Kennedy the presidential C calls Mrs King to express his concern

calls Mrs King to express his concern very unexpected public gesture then 24

very unexpected public gesture then 24 hours Robert Kennedy called that judge

hours Robert Kennedy called that judge and asked that he'd get King out of jail

and asked that he'd get King out of jail next thing we knew is Daddy King had

next thing we knew is Daddy King had gone public and had said I was against

gone public and had said I was against having a Catholic for president but if

having a Catholic for president but if he can wipe the tears from my

he can wipe the tears from my daughter-in-law's eyes I have the

daughter-in-law's eyes I have the courage to vote for Kennedy for

courage to vote for Kennedy for president and I have a suitcase full of

votes Dr King have you heard anything from Vice President Nixon or any of his

from Vice President Nixon or any of his supporters I've been confined and I

supporters I've been confined and I haven't talked with anybody from

haven't talked with anybody from Washington or from the campaign do you

Washington or from the campaign do you know of any efforts made on behalf of

know of any efforts made on behalf of the Kennedy group well I understand that

the Kennedy group well I understand that uh the Kennedy group did uh make

uh the Kennedy group did uh make definite contacts and uh did a great

definite contacts and uh did a great deal to make Mar Le

deal to make Mar Le [Music]

[Music] possible it turned out that that phone

possible it turned out that that phone call was given credit for Kennedy's

call was given credit for Kennedy's victory in one of the closest elections

victory in one of the closest elections in modern history kyly swear King said I

in modern history kyly swear King said I hope that at last we have a president

hope that at last we have a president with the intelligence to understand this

with the intelligence to understand this problem I'm convinced that he has that

problem I'm convinced that he has that understanding and now we'll have to see

understanding and now we'll have to see what his passion leads him to do but

what his passion leads him to do but what together we can do Kennedy in his

what together we can do Kennedy in his inaugural speech did not have a single

inaugural speech did not have a single mention of a domestic issue Harris wford

mention of a domestic issue Harris wford said all these people out there and

said all these people out there and particularly black people who voted for

particularly black people who voted for you and you've got to give them

you and you've got to give them something what they did then was had two

something what they did then was had two words talking about freedom and human

words talking about freedom and human rights abroad and at home that was the

rights abroad and at home that was the only mention

only mention Kennedy's Administration is trying to

Kennedy's Administration is trying to keep a lid on the Civil Rights issue and

keep a lid on the Civil Rights issue and Civil Right activists are determined to

Civil Right activists are determined to push

ahead Brave blacks and whites rode into the Deep South together on Greyhound and

the Deep South together on Greyhound and Trailways buses to challenge segregation

Trailways buses to challenge segregation as Freedom Riders the freedom rid

as Freedom Riders the freedom rid started with two buses 13 people going

started with two buses 13 people going from Washington DC to New Orleans

from Washington DC to New Orleans the concept of the freedom rides was to

the concept of the freedom rides was to show that desegregation laws were not

show that desegregation laws were not being enforced in the South even though

being enforced in the South even though the law of the land says that a

the law of the land says that a passenger can ride inter state and

passenger can ride inter state and participate in lunchroom waiting rooms

participate in lunchroom waiting rooms and bathrooms that uh even though the

and bathrooms that uh even though the law says this everyone cannot

law says this everyone cannot particularly the

particularly the Negro they're buying tickets from town

Negro they're buying tickets from town to town and getting off in each town

to town and getting off in each town going in to waiting rooms restaurants

going in to waiting rooms restaurants cafes which are traditionally segregated

cafes which are traditionally segregated in such a manner as to enrage them and

in such a manner as to enrage them and to provoke them into acts of violence

to provoke them into acts of violence that's what they

that's what they [Music]

doing we were aboard a Greyhound bus going to Birmingham we were surrounded

going to Birmingham we were surrounded by a

by a mob who followed us out of Aniston for

mob who followed us out of Aniston for about four miles until one of our tires

about four miles until one of our tires went

went flat they finally threw a bomb into the

flat they finally threw a bomb into the bus the bus filled very rapidly with

bus the bus filled very rapidly with black

black smoke meanwhile when the Trailways bus

smoke meanwhile when the Trailways bus got to Burham it was even worse they

got to Burham it was even worse they dragged about six of the passengers out

dragged about six of the passengers out both negro and white they took them into

both negro and white they took them into corridors and alleys and began beating

corridors and alleys and began beating them began hitting them with lead pipes

them began hitting them with lead pipes they knocked one man a white man down at

they knocked one man a white man down at my feet and they beat him and kicked him

my feet and they beat him and kicked him until his face was a bloody red

PP Freedom Riders who were severely beaten could not

beaten could not continue the Nashville movement decided

continue the Nashville movement decided that we had to take up the freedom ride

that we had to take up the freedom ride where it had left off groups would be

where it had left off groups would be dispatched Dian Nash said the line that

dispatched Dian Nash said the line that made the difference she said we will not

made the difference she said we will not allow violence to destroy non violence

allow violence to destroy non violence this was the

test 10 of the kids said we will go tonight and that's the stuff that makes

tonight and that's the stuff that makes you free that's the stuff that is

you free that's the stuff that is [Music]

[Music] freedom a group of them got on a bus in

Birmingham when the bus pulled into the Montgomery station John Lewis could see

Montgomery station John Lewis could see hundreds of whites headed towards him

hundreds of whites headed towards him with baseball bats bricks

with baseball bats bricks rocks an angry mob just came out of

rocks an angry mob just came out of nowhere and they still have beaten the

nowhere and they still have beaten the freedom riters I was hit with a wind

freedom riters I was hit with a wind crate beaten left line in a pool of

blood before police finally broke up the crowd with tear gas they beat and

crowd with tear gas they beat and injured at least 20

injured at least 20 persons after the Riders are attacked

persons after the Riders are attacked and brutally beaten the Freedom Writers

and brutally beaten the Freedom Writers essentially become trapped in uh Ralph

essentially become trapped in uh Ralph Abernathy's First Baptist Church the

Abernathy's First Baptist Church the church was

church was surrounded and people were setting fire

surrounded and people were setting fire to

to cars that is a very dangerous situation

cars that is a very dangerous situation out side no one but no one can leave the

out side no one but no one can leave the church Dr King had gone over to

church Dr King had gone over to Montgomery from Atlanta to lend support

Montgomery from Atlanta to lend support to the Freedom Writers and so King too

to the Freedom Writers and so King too along with the writers is trapped at

along with the writers is trapped at this

this church now it's very easy for us to get

church now it's very easy for us to get angry and bitter and even violent in a

angry and bitter and even violent in a moment like this but I think this is a

moment like this but I think this is a testing

testing [Music]

point I hope that we will remain calm as we have done in so many touchy

we have done in so many touchy difficult moments and I know we're going

difficult moments and I know we're going to do it m Jr placed a call to Robert

to do it m Jr placed a call to Robert Kennedy and said to the Atty General

Kennedy and said to the Atty General something must be done we are planning

something must be done we are planning uh during the course of this afternoon

uh during the course of this afternoon to send in uh several hundred more US

to send in uh several hundred more US Marshals from around the country to help

Marshals from around the country to help and assist President Kennedy had called

and assist President Kennedy had called out United State Marshals rep placed the

out United State Marshals rep placed the city of Montgomery under martial

city of Montgomery under martial law for this situation I want to make

law for this situation I want to make this announcement

this announcement that the city is now under martial law

that the city is now under martial law and troops are on the way into

Mong now best thing the king and all of the so-call freedom is to return to

the so-call freedom is to return to their homes go back to their books and

their homes go back to their books and mind their own

mind their own business finally with Federal

business finally with Federal intervention the Freedom Riders were put

intervention the Freedom Riders were put on a bus and headed to Jackson

we pull on into Jackson the wagon was waiting for

usus to P [Music]

[Music] more we didn't know it at the time but

more we didn't know it at the time but the kennedies had agreed that the

the kennedies had agreed that the Freedom Writers could be

Freedom Writers could be imprisoned the Kennedy administration

imprisoned the Kennedy administration makes a deal

makes a deal whereby the Mississippi Police units

whereby the Mississippi Police units agree that there'll be no violence but

agree that there'll be no violence but the tradeoff is that every freedom

the tradeoff is that every freedom writer uh arriving in Jackson

writer uh arriving in Jackson immediately will be

immediately will be arrested officials in Mississippi think

arrested officials in Mississippi think they found a legal way to circumvent

they found a legal way to circumvent desegregation their method calling any

desegregation their method calling any Defiance of segregation a threat to the

Defiance of segregation a threat to the peace in an area where popular feelings

peace in an area where popular feelings run so

run so high the freedom rers incl James bevel

high the freedom rers incl James bevel John Lewis James Lawson among others

John Lewis James Lawson among others were sent to Parchman State

were sent to Parchman State Penitentiary so this guy takes me back

Penitentiary so this guy takes me back to the jail cell when prison doors slam

to the jail cell when prison doors slam it has an effect on you that sound you

it has an effect on you that sound you felt you would never get out

again soon as the agitators leave and get tired of trying to stir up trouble

get tired of trying to stir up trouble we're going back to the same old way of

we're going back to the same old way of living that's made our city such a

living that's made our city such a wonderful place in which to

wonderful place in which to live thank you very much Mr

live thank you very much Mr Mayor

Mayor when this attempt to stop the freedom

when this attempt to stop the freedom rides only serve to fuel the Flames of

rides only serve to fuel the Flames of the Civil Rights Movement I'd like to

the Civil Rights Movement I'd like to see the show of hands of those of you

see the show of hands of those of you who will be willing to continue the

who will be willing to continue the freedom ride in the near future listen

freedom ride in the near future listen the show of hands

the show of hands please Freedom ride after Freedom ride

please Freedom ride after Freedom ride would come through they get arrested in

would come through they get arrested in Jackson they go to the Hines County jail

Jackson they go to the Hines County jail or the Jackson jail and then they would

or the Jackson jail and then they would get moved to Parchman

penitent during the time they spent in prison a bond formed and they came out

prison a bond formed and they came out of prison more dedicated than ever and

of prison more dedicated than ever and they began to Fan out across the South

James H Meredith son of a cotton farmer grandson of a slave and applicant for

grandson of a slave and applicant for admission to the University of

admission to the University of Mississippi James why do you want to

Mississippi James why do you want to enter the University of

enter the University of Mississippi well I think that uh every

Mississippi well I think that uh every citizen should have an opportunity to

citizen should have an opportunity to receive an education in his own State I

receive an education in his own State I think he should have an education an

think he should have an education an opportunity to receive the best possible

education Mississippi Air Force veteran James Meredith insists on being admitted

James Meredith insists on being admitted to the University of Mississippi and

to the University of Mississippi and Ross Barnett the governor of the state

Ross Barnett the governor of the state he's not going to let this happen do

he's not going to let this happen do hereby deny you admission to the

hereby deny you admission to the University of

University of Mississippi and it becomes a

Mississippi and it becomes a [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause] crisis Ross Barnett withdrew local

crisis Ross Barnett withdrew local police and allowed the campus to turn

police and allowed the campus to turn into a kind of War

into a kind of War Zone please why don't you can't you give

Zone please why don't you can't you give an order to remove me how can I remove

an order to remove me how can I remove him Governor when there's a a riot in

him Governor when there's a a riot in the street and he may step out of that

the street and he may step out of that building and something happened to him I

building and something happened to him I can't move him under those conditions

can't move him under those conditions we've got to get somebody up there now

we've got to get somebody up there now to get order and stop the firing and the

to get order and stop the firing and the shooting then you and I will talk on the

shooting then you and I will talk on the phone about Meredith but first we got to

phone about Meredith but first we got to get order finally the Army arrives from

get order finally the Army arrives from Memphis and comes rolling on the campus

Memphis and comes rolling on the campus and stops a riot at that point

and stops a riot at that point [Music]

[Music] I deeply regret the fact that any action

I deeply regret the fact that any action by the executive branch was necessary in

by the executive branch was necessary in this case but all other avenues and

this case but all other avenues and Alternatives including persuasion and

Alternatives including persuasion and conciliation had been tried and

conciliation had been tried and exhausted James Meredith went to school

exhausted James Meredith went to school Old Miss today but his travels to and

Old Miss today but his travels to and from classes were not those of a regular

from classes were not those of a regular student [ __ ] for everywhere that

student [ __ ] for everywhere that Meredith went so did his escort with

Meredith went so did his escort with Federal Marshals and troops of the

Federal Marshals and troops of the United States Army

United States Army there is no country where the violence

there is no country where the violence of Sunday and Monday is gone unreported

of Sunday and Monday is gone unreported for example the biggest story in the

for example the biggest story in the London evening standard was the violence

London evening standard was the violence on the Mississippi campus the Outburst

on the Mississippi campus the Outburst of violence was described as humiliating

of violence was described as humiliating for American democracy and embarrassing

for American democracy and embarrassing for American Prestige

for American Prestige abroad I think my father and my uncle

abroad I think my father and my uncle were originally focused on those foreign

were originally focused on those foreign policy issues of America's leadership in

policy issues of America's leadership in the globe and saw the Civil Rights

the globe and saw the Civil Rights movement in our country is kind of a

movement in our country is kind of a distraction I think this is a Char

distraction I think this is a Char before the president he must start now

before the president he must start now making moral decisions rather than

making moral decisions rather than purely political

purely political [Music]

decisions in the name of the greatest people that have ever Tri this Earth I

people that have ever Tri this Earth I draw the line in the dust and Toss The

draw the line in the dust and Toss The Gauntlet before the feet of journey and

Gauntlet before the feet of journey and I say segregation now segregation

I say segregation now segregation tomorrow and segregation

tomorrow and segregation forever George Wallace became a almost

forever George Wallace became a almost Mythic figure for white Southerners and

Mythic figure for white Southerners and that speech in which he promised

that speech in which he promised segregation forever is the fullest

segregation forever is the fullest expression of that commitment to

expression of that commitment to becoming the leader of the resistant

becoming the leader of the resistant white South I'm sorry Mr

white South I'm sorry Mr Wallace God has spoken to me

Wallace God has spoken to me that he wants freedom for his people it

that he wants freedom for his people it may even mean physical death but if it

may even mean physical death but if it means that I will die standing up for

means that I will die standing up for the freedom of my people

the freedom of my people Spen King very wisely sees an

Spen King very wisely sees an opportunity to give more exposure to the

opportunity to give more exposure to the civil rights movement and to prod the

civil rights movement and to prod the Kennedy administration Martin Luther

Kennedy administration Martin Luther King decided that they should have major

King decided that they should have major demonstrations only in areas that local

demonstrations only in areas that local law enforcement would react violently do

law enforcement would react violently do you think you can keep Birmingham in the

you think you can keep Birmingham in the present situation of segregation I may

present situation of segregation I may not be able to do it but I'll die try bu

not be able to do it but I'll die try bu Conor has a well-known identity as one

Conor has a well-known identity as one of the hardest hardliners in defense of

of the hardest hardliners in defense of segregation he encouraged the hiring of

segregation he encouraged the hiring of Clansman on his police force King is

Clansman on his police force King is assuming that Bull Connor is going to

assuming that Bull Connor is going to provide the pictures and the footage

provide the pictures and the footage they need to outrage the

country syy commissioner bull Conor used Mass arrests fire horses and police dogs

Mass arrests fire horses and police dogs to break up the

to break up the demonstrations the demonstrations

demonstrations the demonstrations continued for weeks you got 12 14 20

continued for weeks you got 12 14 20 adults maximum per day marching they're

adults maximum per day marching they're making no news and numbers were

making no news and numbers were dwindling and the movement was on the

dwindling and the movement was on the brink of Extinction when bevel in the

brink of Extinction when bevel in the Nashville movement comes along and said

Nashville movement comes along and said I've got got plenty of teenagers in my

I've got got plenty of teenagers in my youth workshops who are willing to go to

youth workshops who are willing to go to jail I was on the phone constantly with

jail I was on the phone constantly with Jim with Diane and others about making

Jim with Diane and others about making it

it happen there's an understandable

happen there's an understandable reluctance on King's part of organizing

reluctance on King's part of organizing students to get arrested when their

students to get arrested when their parents are going to be furious for

parents are going to be furious for putting their children in the line of

putting their children in the line of fire finally it's king who makes the

fire finally it's king who makes the decision to send the children into the

decision to send the children into the streets will you use the hoses and dogs

streets will you use the hoses and dogs we will use the dogs if to start draw

we will use the dogs if to start draw drawing knives again and throwing rocks

drawing knives again and throwing rocks we will use the hose if it becomes

we will use the hose if it becomes necessary to stop the mar most of the

necessary to stop the mar most of the pickets and the Marchers were juveniles

pickets and the Marchers were juveniles instead of the adults seen in previous

instead of the adults seen in previous protests officers quickly moved in to

protests officers quickly moved in to make the arrest under the direction of

make the arrest under the direction of commissioner Bo Conor police overflow

commissioner Bo Conor police overflow juvenile hall with the youthful

juvenile hall with the youthful demonstrators all kinds of vehicles had

demonstrators all kinds of vehicles had to be pressed into service to carry the

to be pressed into service to carry the Negroes cars police Patty wagons and

Negroes cars police Patty wagons and later in the day school buses the

later in the day school buses the sheriff's department estimated upwards

sheriff's department estimated upwards of 400 had been arrested and instead of

of 400 had been arrested and instead of 14 adults you had 600 teenagers and then

14 adults you had 600 teenagers and then the next day a thousand and that's when

the next day a thousand and that's when the dogs and the fire hoses came out

[Applause] [Music]

of course what he was doing was exactly what the H of the civil rights movement

what the H of the civil rights movement in Birmingham wanted him to do to create

in Birmingham wanted him to do to create the theater that was going to be

the theater that was going to be broadcast on National Television that

broadcast on National Television that would show just how bad things were in

would show just how bad things were in Birmingham demonstrators attacked with

Birmingham demonstrators attacked with water hose

water hose were as young as 6 8 n years

were as young as 6 8 n years old why did you want to take part in

old why did you want to take part in demonstrations if all the color folks

demonstrations if all the color folks get together and take part in uh in

get together and take part in uh in fighting for Freedom maybe they get

fighting for Freedom maybe they get something but if they don't they won't

something but if they don't they won't get

nowhere Birmingham was a crucible in which the soul of the nation was being

which the soul of the nation was being forged the Negro drive for quality

forged the Negro drive for quality gathered momentum this week the Supreme

gathered momentum this week the Supreme Court sanctioned sit in demonstrations

Court sanctioned sit in demonstrations still another Court removed the strongly

still another Court removed the strongly segregationist city government of

segregationist city government of Birmingham dominated by Eugene Bull

Birmingham dominated by Eugene Bull Connor when all I can say is that I have

Connor when all I can say is that I have enjoyed my 22 and A2 years as Public

enjoyed my 22 and A2 years as Public Safety Commission in the city of

Safety Commission in the city of Birmingham I don't believe I owe the

Birmingham I don't believe I owe the taxpayers of Birmingham anything they're

taxpayers of Birmingham anything they're going to owe me almost 2 and 1/2 years

going to owe me almost 2 and 1/2 years back PID

back PID [Music]

[Music] don't shop for anything on Camp Street

don't shop for anything on Camp Street these are stores that helped to support

these are stores that helped to support the White Citizens counil Med gravers

the White Citizens counil Med gravers who's operating in and around Jackson

who's operating in and around Jackson Mississippi really the heart of

Mississippi really the heart of resistance to

resistance to desegregation the NBC Network affiliate

desegregation the NBC Network affiliate was Notorious for features

was Notorious for features segregationist speeches it became such a

segregationist speeches it became such a problem that megar ever demanded equal

problem that megar ever demanded equal time when the Jackson Mississippi

time when the Jackson Mississippi television station found itself under

television station found itself under threat for the FCC they agreed to allow

threat for the FCC they agreed to allow Med grabs to go on television and make a

Med grabs to go on television and make a statement about the goals of the

statement about the goals of the movement you know this black son of a

movement you know this black son of a [ __ ] that's on television yes sir been

[ __ ] that's on television yes sir been on more than goddamn 17 minutes they

on more than goddamn 17 minutes they better get his black ass off or I'm

better get his black ass off or I'm going to come up there and take him off

going to come up there and take him off sir we are required to do this no this

sir we are required to do this no this is in the South this is below the Mason

is in the South this is below the Mason Dixon line you don't have to put these

Dixon line you don't have to put these black J Bunny's own TV to many white

black J Bunny's own TV to many white mississippians it was an outrage that's

mississippians it was an outrage that's the first time a black man had ever been

the first time a black man had ever been allowed to appear on television in

allowed to appear on television in Mississippi certainly to argue against

Mississippi certainly to argue against segregation it made him in some ways a

segregation it made him in some ways a kind of Mark man in Mississippi we'll be

kind of Mark man in Mississippi we'll be demonstrating here until Freedom comes

demonstrating here until Freedom comes to negro here in Jackson Mississippi

to negro here in Jackson Mississippi [Music]

Our Guest today on Meet the Press is Governor George C Wallace of Alabama his

Governor George C Wallace of Alabama his state is the only one in the country

state is the only one in the country today whose schools are completely

today whose schools are completely segregated next week the issue heads for

segregated next week the issue heads for a climax when two negro students will

a climax when two negro students will seek to enroll at the University of

seek to enroll at the University of Alabama Governor Wallace has been quoted

Alabama Governor Wallace has been quoted as saying that he will personally bar

as saying that he will personally bar their entrance despite a federal court

their entrance despite a federal court order and a threat of federal troops

order and a threat of federal troops that you believe that the negras in the

that you believe that the negras in the South are human beings created by God

South are human beings created by God course they are I said so in my campaign

course they are I said so in my campaign address it wasn't do you uh do you think

address it wasn't do you uh do you think they should be discriminated for obvious

they should be discriminated for obvious reasons can they be enrolled without the

reasons can they be enrolled without the use of troops well of course I we'll

use of troops well of course I we'll just have to wait and see exactly what

just have to wait and see exactly what transpires on that

transpires on that occasion at the center of this potential

occasion at the center of this potential storm are two young negro students

storm are two young negro students Vivian Malone and Jimmy Hood he's 20

Vivian Malone and Jimmy Hood he's 20 years old and made the National Honor

years old and made the National Honor Society when she attended a segregated

Society when she attended a segregated High School in her hometown of Mobile

High School in her hometown of Mobile Alabama he's also 20 was president of

Alabama he's also 20 was president of his class in high school at gadston

his class in high school at gadston Alabama and president of the student

Alabama and president of the student council what's the general feeling

council what's the general feeling around the campus uh concerning the

around the campus uh concerning the agreement to admit the Negro here this

agreement to admit the Negro here this summer well all the students I've talked

summer well all the students I've talked to and my friends feel that there's not

to and my friends feel that there's not going to be any repeat of the

going to be any repeat of the Mississippi situation and there's not

Mississippi situation and there's not going to be no violence well I feel like

going to be no violence well I feel like it won't be as much trouble as you know

it won't be as much trouble as you know have been on other campuses but it will

have been on other campuses but it will be bad news when the [ __ ] comes

be bad news when the [ __ ] comes [Music]

[Music] here does the government plan to use

here does the government plan to use federal Marshall does go through with

federal Marshall does go through with his non intention to prevent these negro

his non intention to prevent these negro students from entering I know there's a

students from entering I know there's a great opposition in Alabama and indeed

great opposition in Alabama and indeed any state to Federal Marshals and

any state to Federal Marshals and federal troops and I would be very

federal troops and I would be very reluctant to see us reach that

reluctant to see us reach that [Applause]

[Applause] point you know those Kennedy a fan

point you know those Kennedy a fan watching that little old Bobby sock and

watching that little old Bobby sock and brother the

brother the Pres they' give anything in word if we

Pres they' give anything in word if we had some trouble here now George ask me

had some trouble here now George ask me to tell ask you to do that do him one

to tell ask you to do that do him one thing tell your friends when you leave

thing tell your friends when you leave here between

here between don't go up it leave it alone they going

don't go up it leave it alone they going to handle this

situation Governor Wallace has ordered 500 Alabama National Guardsman into

500 Alabama National Guardsman into tuscalo at the moment they are under his

tuscalo at the moment they are under his control it would require hardly more

control it would require hardly more than the flourish of a pen to convert

than the flourish of a pen to convert their status to federalized troops and

their status to federalized troops and place them at the disposal of President

place them at the disposal of President Kennedy National Guard units are

Kennedy National Guard units are commanded by a governor unless they're

commanded by a governor unless they're federalized and the president becomes

federalized and the president becomes their commanderin-chief

their commanderin-chief Kennedy had to make the decision of what

Kennedy had to make the decision of what to do

to do next President Kennedy has done some

next President Kennedy has done some significant things in civil rights but

significant things in civil rights but at the same time I must say that

at the same time I must say that President Kennedy hadn't done enough and

President Kennedy hadn't done enough and we must remind him that we elected him

we must remind him that we elected him [Applause]

under a saring Alabama Sun that already has the temperature near 100° The

has the temperature near 100° The Waiting continues with Governor George

Waiting continues with Governor George Wallace's direct confrontation with

Wallace's direct confrontation with Federal authorities and two negro

Federal authorities and two negro students at the University of Alabama is

students at the University of Alabama is now believed to be only a very short

now believed to be only a very short time away the two Negroes viian Malone

time away the two Negroes viian Malone and Jimmy Hood reportedly are on route

and Jimmy Hood reportedly are on route from Birmingham to the campus Governor

from Birmingham to the campus Governor Wallace reportedly about ready to make

Wallace reportedly about ready to make his appearance on campus

his appearance on campus [Music]

[Music] coming into it nobody knows what's going

coming into it nobody knows what's going to happen the justice department doesn't

to happen the justice department doesn't know what Wallace is going to do Wallace

know what Wallace is going to do Wallace doesn't know whether he's going to be

doesn't know whether he's going to be put in

put in jail as governor and chief magistrate of

jail as governor and chief magistrate of the state of Alabama I deem it to be my

the state of Alabama I deem it to be my solemn obligation and duty to stand

solemn obligation and duty to stand before you representing the rights and

before you representing the rights and sovereignty of this state and its

sovereignty of this state and its peoples and now being mindful of my

peoples and now being mindful of my duties and responsibilities under the

duties and responsibilities under the the Constitution of the United States

the Constitution of the United States the Constitution of the state of Alabama

the Constitution of the state of Alabama and seeking to preserve and maintain the

and seeking to preserve and maintain the peace and dignity of this state and the

peace and dignity of this state and the individual freedoms of the citizens

individual freedoms of the citizens thereof do hereby denounce and forbid

thereof do hereby denounce and forbid this illegal and unwarranted action by

this illegal and unwarranted action by the central

the central government Governor Wallace I take it

government Governor Wallace I take it from that statement that uh you are

from that statement that uh you are going to stand in that Gore and that you

going to stand in that Gore and that you are not going to carry out the orders

are not going to carry out the orders that that I stand upon the statement

that that I stand upon the statement stand upon that statement Governor I'm

stand upon that statement Governor I'm not interested in a show I don't know

not interested in a show I don't know what the purpose of the show is I am

what the purpose of the show is I am interested in the orders of these courts

interested in the orders of these courts being enforced that is my only

being enforced that is my only responsibility

responsibility here the choice is yours I would ask you

here the choice is yours I would ask you once again to responsibly step

[Music] aside stud will remain on the campus

aside stud will remain on the campus the justice department says that the

the justice department says that the Negro students will be enrolled sometime

Negro students will be enrolled sometime today after all this the Kennedy's

today after all this the Kennedy's learned their lesson about negotiating

learned their lesson about negotiating with the southern

with the southern Governor Kennedy just decides to go

Governor Kennedy just decides to go ahead and federalize the guard he's not

ahead and federalize the guard he's not going to play games

going to play games [Music]

[Music] anymore the National Guard general Henry

anymore the National Guard general Henry Graham goes up to Wallace he says it is

Graham goes up to Wallace he says it is my sad duty to tell you to step aside we

my sad duty to tell you to step aside we shall now return to Montgomery for the

shall now return to Montgomery for the purpose of continuing this

purpose of continuing this fight this constitutional fight because

fight this constitutional fight because we are

we are winning Governor Wallace moved away from

winning Governor Wallace moved away from the door and has left after being

the door and has left after being confronted with about 150 federalized

confronted with about 150 federalized National

Guardsman United States Assistant Attorney General Nicholas konach now all

Attorney General Nicholas konach now all smiles as the two negro students are to

smiles as the two negro students are to enter the registration building

enter the registration building each time a big issue came up the

each time a big issue came up the president and the Attorney General did

president and the Attorney General did everything they could not to have to get

everything they could not to have to get involved and was after the encounter

involved and was after the encounter with wace at the Civil Rights became top

with wace at the Civil Rights became top priority this is not a sectional

priority this is not a sectional issue difficulties over segregation and

issue difficulties over segregation and discrimination exist in every city in

discrimination exist in every city in every state of the union but law alone

every state of the union but law alone cannot make men see right we are

cannot make men see right we are confront Ed primarily with a moral issue

confront Ed primarily with a moral issue it is as old as the scriptures and is as

it is as old as the scriptures and is as clear as the American

clear as the American Constitution and that was the first time

Constitution and that was the first time the president made the question of

the president made the question of ending racial segregation not because

ending racial segregation not because it's politically expedient to do so

it's politically expedient to do so because it is morally right to do so

because it is morally right to do so next week I shall ask the Congress of

next week I shall ask the Congress of the United States to act to make a

the United States to act to make a commitment it is not fully made in this

commitment it is not fully made in this Century to the proposition that race has

Century to the proposition that race has no place in American life or law it's

no place in American life or law it's his most eloquent speech in some ways

his most eloquent speech in some ways most heartfelt speech and this nation

most heartfelt speech and this nation for all its hopes and all its Bo will

for all its hopes and all its Bo will not be fully free until all its citizens

not be fully free until all its citizens are free there's a kind of bitter irony

are free there's a kind of bitter irony in that within hours afterwards medg

in that within hours afterwards medg gavers comes home and his wife and

gavers comes home and his wife and children are up because they want to

children are up because they want to tell him about the president's wonderful

tell him about the president's wonderful speech

speech [Music]

[Music] shortly after midnight megar ever

shortly after midnight megar ever stepped from his car on this driveway

stepped from his car on this driveway then ever was murdered the Fatal bullet

then ever was murdered the Fatal bullet was fired from a vacant lot across the

was fired from a vacant lot across the street from ever's home crashing through

street from ever's home crashing through his body and through the window of his

his body and through the window of his home he was

[Music] 37 was AED at the Cowardly ambush of him

37 was AED at the Cowardly ambush of him at his home in front of his wife

at his home in front of his wife children who said something about how

children who said something about how far we still had to go in reaching any

far we still had to go in reaching any semblance of Social and Civic

semblance of Social and Civic [Music]

Justice we are going to Washington to urge the Congress to pass strong civil

urge the Congress to pass strong civil rights legislation this

rights legislation this year the

year the Nationwide response to the power of

Nationwide response to the power of Alabama supplies the energy that allows

Alabama supplies the energy that allows the March on Washington to start coming

the March on Washington to start coming together we will keep this demonstration

together we will keep this demonstration nonviolent it will be peaceful it will

nonviolent it will be peaceful it will be dignified and disciplined and I think

be dignified and disciplined and I think it will have a a great

it will have a a great impact in my judgment there was perhaps

impact in my judgment there was perhaps only one man or woman in America who

only one man or woman in America who could have put that March together and

could have put that March together and it was

it was Rustin for any Movement we need the

Rustin for any Movement we need the cooperation of the best Minds many of

cooperation of the best Minds many of which are white as well as

which are white as well as black Rustin was simply an

black Rustin was simply an organizational genius he was the best in

organizational genius he was the best in the brightest you feel that the

the brightest you feel that the president's civil rights program is

president's civil rights program is actually not needed I don't think it's

actually not needed I don't think it's needed and furthermore I think it's

needed and furthermore I think it's unconstitutional segregationist Senators

unconstitutional segregationist Senators like STM Thurman are attempting to

like STM Thurman are attempting to trumpet the fact that by is known to be

trumpet the fact that by is known to be gay uh as a way to undercut the

gay uh as a way to undercut the March there was an effort to blocked

March there was an effort to blocked ruson being selected and Martin King

ruson being selected and Martin King said let he who has not sinned cast the

said let he who has not sinned cast the first

first stone Dead

stone Dead Silence I recommend very strongly Ron be

Silence I recommend very strongly Ron be designated as the Director and chief of

designated as the Director and chief of stamp with the March a Randol says I

stamp with the March a Randol says I second that freedom now movement here me

second that freedom now movement here me we are requesting all citizens to move

we are requesting all citizens to move into Washington to go by plane by car

into Washington to go by plane by car bus any way that you can get there go to

Washington all right I'll start on this side pass him down the White House the

side pass him down the White House the Washington Police Department the defense

Washington Police Department the defense department we're all drawing up these

department we're all drawing up these tremendous contingency plans for FS you

tremendous contingency plans for FS you have any questions be sure you contact

have any questions be sure you contact your captains for anything and they will

your captains for anything and they will take it from there the whole thing is a

take it from there the whole thing is a orderly

Mar they came from All Over America Negroes and whites Housewives and

Negroes and whites Housewives and Hollywood stars more than 200,000 of

Hollywood stars more than 200,000 of them came to Washington this morning in

them came to Washington this morning in a kind of climax to a historic spring

a kind of climax to a historic spring and summer in the struggle for equal

and summer in the struggle for equal rights the mar son Washington was

rights the mar son Washington was probably the most joyous protest March

probably the most joyous protest March I've ever seen

I've ever seen [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

Wonder this turned out to be a huge interracial Gathering that clearly did

interracial Gathering that clearly did send a national message that there was

send a national message that there was tremendous support for racial qualen I

tremendous support for racial qualen I admired the people of my age and I knew

admired the people of my age and I knew that John Lewis was the the youngest

that John Lewis was the the youngest speaker at the

speaker at the merch as a student and as a participant

merch as a student and as a participant in the national movement I was ready to

in the national movement I was ready to go I wanted to push and wanted us to

go I wanted to push and wanted us to stand up and speak up and speak

stand up and speak up and speak out we're tired of seeing our people

out we're tired of seeing our people lock up in jail over and over again and

lock up in jail over and over again and then you holler be patient how long can

then you holler be patient how long can we be patient we want our freedom and we

we be patient we want our freedom and we want it

now but I will never forget the speech of mther King Jr on that day Dr King

of mther King Jr on that day Dr King spoke out of his soul and he used that

spoke out of his soul and he used that day and the steps of the Lincoln

day and the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to preach a sermon not just to

Memorial to preach a sermon not just to America but to the

[Applause] world I am happy to join with you

world I am happy to join with you [Music]

[Music] today in what will go down in

today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration

history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our

nation as he is speaking Mia Jackson shouts to him tell him about the dream

shouts to him tell him about the dream Martin tell him about the dream and I

Martin tell him about the dream and I see him take the written text

see him take the written text and he slides it to the left side of the

and he slides it to the left side of the Lector looks out on 350,000 people there

Lector looks out on 350,000 people there and then he

and then he speaks I have a

speaks I have a dream that one

dream that one day this nation will rise up live out

day this nation will rise up live out the true meaning of its

the true meaning of its priest we hold these TRS to be

priest we hold these TRS to be self-evident that all men are created

self-evident that all men are created equ

I have a dream that my poor little

dream that my poor little children will one day live in a nation

children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the

where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content

color of their skin but by the content of their character I have a dream

of their character I have a dream [Applause]

today Let Freedom Ring from every Hill and mold Hill of Mississippi from Every

and mold Hill of Mississippi from Every Mountain Side that freedom and when it

happen when we allow Freedom Ring when we let it rain from every

Ring when we let it rain from every village and every Hamlet from every

village and every Hamlet from every state and every

state and every city we will be able to speed up that

city we will be able to speed up that day with all of God's children black men

day with all of God's children black men and white men Jews and Gentiles

and white men Jews and Gentiles Protestants and Catholics will be able

Protestants and Catholics will be able to join hands and sing in the words of

to join hands and sing in the words of the old negro spiritual free at last

the old negro spiritual free at last free at last thank God Almighty we free

at I don't think they quite anticipated just how successful it would

anticipated just how successful it would be it represents the Civil Rights

be it represents the Civil Rights Movement at a kind of high water

mark the momentum of change seems to be accelerating and in the hearts of 21

accelerating and in the hearts of 21 million American Negroes and Untold

million American Negroes and Untold millions of sympathetic whites their

millions of sympathetic whites their beat tonight the hope that the dream of

beat tonight the hope that the dream of negro equality was at last overtaking

negro equality was at last overtaking the reality of

the reality of [Applause]

[Applause] history in the immediate wake of the

history in the immediate wake of the March on Washington the civil rights

March on Washington the civil rights movement has a a national glow to it

movement has a a national glow to it that it never before had had but that

that it never before had had but that glow tragically lasts hardly 2

weeks the bombing of this Birmingham Alabama Church claimed the lives of four

Alabama Church claimed the lives of four little girls attending Sunday

little girls attending Sunday [Music]

[Music] school that was the church out of which

school that was the church out of which all the kids had marched in May so it

all the kids had marched in May so it was clearly a

was clearly a punishment we felt like we were involved

punishment we felt like we were involved because if there had been no movement

because if there had been no movement chances are that bombing would not have

chances are that bombing would not have taken

place kids were

kids were murdered in

murdered in Birmingham on a Sunday and in Sunday

Birmingham on a Sunday and in Sunday School in a Christian Nation and nobody

can why House Press Secretary Malcolm

Secretary Malcolm kilduff has just announced that

kilduff has just announced that President

Kennedy died at approximately 1:00 Central Standard Time which is about 35

Central Standard Time which is about 35 minutes ago after being shot at after

minutes ago after being shot at after being shot by an unknown asant by an

being shot by an unknown asant by an unknown asent during a motorcade drive

unknown asent during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas during a

through downtown Dallas during a motorcade drive through downtown

Dallas what you're feeling right now I really couldn't say really right now I

I really couldn't say really right now I just don't know what to

just don't know what to do I don't even know where to go what to

do I don't even know where to go what to say nothing me to

say it is said that the human mind has a greater capacity for remembering the

greater capacity for remembering the pleasant than the unpleasant

pleasant than the unpleasant but today was a day that will live in

but today was a day that will live in memory and in

memory and in [Music]

[Music] grief no words are strong

grief no words are strong enough to express our

enough to express our determination to continue the forward

determination to continue the forward Trust of America that he

Trust of America that he began Lindon Johnson wasn't that widely

began Lindon Johnson wasn't that widely known in the country at large Johnson's

known in the country at large Johnson's AIDS say to him in this speech don't

AIDS say to him in this speech don't fight for civil rights it's a noble

fight for civil rights it's a noble cause but it's a lost cause you know

cause but it's a lost cause you know what Johnson says to them well what the

what Johnson says to them well what the hell is the presidency for

hell is the presidency for then no Memorial oration or

then no Memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor

eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's

President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible

memory than the earliest possible passage of the Civil Rights bill for

passage of the Civil Rights bill for which he F So

which he F So Long Johnson gets that Civil Rights bill

Long Johnson gets that Civil Rights bill move it in the first few weeks after

move it in the first few weeks after Kennedy's

Kennedy's assassination Dix crats led by Richard

assassination Dix crats led by Richard Russell announced to filibuster that is

Russell announced to filibuster that is they would continue to talk and prevent

they would continue to talk and prevent the bill from coming forward for a

the bill from coming forward for a straight up or down vote this bill which

straight up or down vote this bill which we feel is a perversion of the American

we feel is a perversion of the American way of life and a great blow at the

way of life and a great blow at the right of dominion over private property

right of dominion over private property that has been the Genesis of our

that has been the Genesis of our greatness LBJ and his allies knew that

greatness LBJ and his allies knew that they were short so thus began a

they were short so thus began a 247

247 campaign he bullied he cajoled he made

campaign he bullied he cajoled he made deals in order to get enough Senators on

deals in order to get enough Senators on board surprisingly after a year on

board surprisingly after a year on Capitol Hill this bill is stronger than

Capitol Hill this bill is stronger than the one President Kennedy first

the one President Kennedy first requested President Johnson should have

requested President Johnson should have the bill on his desk by the 4th of July

the bill on his desk by the 4th of July we hope to send into Mississippi this

we hope to send into Mississippi this summer upwards of

summer upwards of 1,000 teachers ministers and students to

1,000 teachers ministers and students to open up Mississippi to the

open up Mississippi to the [Music]

[Music] country Freedom Summer an operation to

country Freedom Summer an operation to flood the state of Mississippi with

flood the state of Mississippi with volunteers white and black students we

volunteers white and black students we were there because we could assume that

were there because we could assume that if the white mississippians mistreated

if the white mississippians mistreated us the way they mistreated the black

us the way they mistreated the black people that would be a basis on which to

people that would be a basis on which to mobilize National

mobilize National opinion we will treat anyone with great

opinion we will treat anyone with great respect here in Mississippi but we will

respect here in Mississippi but we will treat the people who come here these

treat the people who come here these children like any other backward

children like any other backward children should be treated

children should be treated [Music]

and here is the news there is some mystery and some fear

news there is some mystery and some fear concerning three civil rights workers

concerning three civil rights workers two whites from New York City and a

two whites from New York City and a negro from Mississippi Police say they

negro from Mississippi Police say they arrested the three men for speeding

arrested the three men for speeding yesterday but released them after they

yesterday but released them after they posted Bond they have not been heard

posted Bond they have not been heard from since they paid the fine and I

from since they paid the fine and I released them they escorted them to

released them they escorted them to their

their car and uh that's the last time we saw

car and uh that's the last time we saw any of

any of them we got word that Mickey and Andy

them we got word that Mickey and Andy and James had been arrested and there

and James had been arrested and there was no word what had happened to

them Mr President yeah I want to let you know we found the call yeah now this is

know we found the call yeah now this is not known nobody knows this at all but

not known nobody knows this at all but the car was burned and uh we do not know

the car was burned and uh we do not know yet whether any bodies are inside of the

yet whether any bodies are inside of the car because of the intense heat it is

car because of the intense heat it is merely an assumption that probably they

merely an assumption that probably they were burned in the car or maybe

were burned in the car or maybe kidnapped and locked up well I would

kidnapped and locked up well I would doubt whether those people down there

doubt whether those people down there would would even give them that much of

would would even give them that much of a

a [Music]

[Music] break we believe that all men are

break we believe that all men are entitled to the blessings of liberty yet

entitled to the blessings of liberty yet millions are being deprived of those

millions are being deprived of those blessings

blessings not because of their own

not because of their own failures but because of the color of

failures but because of the color of their

their skin we can understand without ranker or

skin we can understand without ranker or hatred how this all

hatred how this all happened but it cannot

happened but it cannot continue our constitution Foundation of

continue our constitution Foundation of our Republic forbids it the principles

our Republic forbids it the principles of our freedom forbid it

of our freedom forbid it and the law I will sign tonight forbids

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause] [Music]

[Music] it Senator Hubert Humphrey has called

it Senator Hubert Humphrey has called the Civil Rights bill the greatest piece

the Civil Rights bill the greatest piece of social legislation of Our Generation

of social legislation of Our Generation see Weill tell somebody my staff be sure

see Weill tell somebody my staff be sure we get some more pin here the Civil

we get some more pin here the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is not going to

Rights Act of 1964 is not going to create instant Brotherhood no one

create instant Brotherhood no one pretends that but the Attorney General

pretends that but the Attorney General gets new power to bring suits against

gets new power to bring suits against racial discrimination in voting in

racial discrimination in voting in public accommodations in education in

public accommodations in education in employment if a court finds you guilty

employment if a court finds you guilty of violating some part of the civil

of violating some part of the civil rights law and if you continue violating

rights law and if you continue violating the law you can be fined or put in jail

the law you can be fined or put in jail until you stop violating the

until you stop violating the law the pr right workers who disappeared

law the pr right workers who disappeared in Mississippi Hill have not been heard

in Mississippi Hill have not been heard from a search has thus far produced only

from a search has thus far produced only one clue the burned out station wagon in

one clue the burned out station wagon in which the three were last seen riding

which the three were last seen riding there is little hope that they are still

alive scherner Cheney and Goodman were found shot to death in a grave at the

found shot to death in a grave at the base of a recently built Dam just 6

base of a recently built Dam just 6 miles from the city of

Philadelphia their bodies wrapped in plastic bags numbered 1 2 and three were

plastic bags numbered 1 2 and three were taken to the State Medical Center in

taken to the State Medical Center in Jackson for identification and

Jackson for identification and [Music]

[Music] examination the two white boys were shot

examination the two white boys were shot once each through the

once each through the heart James Cheney the black youth had

heart James Cheney the black youth had been beaten with chains until every bone

been beaten with chains until every bone in his body was broken then he was shot

in his body was broken then he was shot three times

three times [Music]

the finding of the bodies of the three Mississippi civil rights workers is a

Mississippi civil rights workers is a saddening and shocking reminder of the

saddening and shocking reminder of the brutality of race

brutality of race hatred we naturally expect that those

hatred we naturally expect that those responsible for these terrible murders

responsible for these terrible murders will be brought to Justice

[Applause] [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause] heart I know what they going to say not

heart I know what they going to say not guilty cuz no one St and pull the

trigger I'm tired of that don't bow down

that don't bow down anymore hold your heads up

anymore hold your heads up [Music]

[Music] we want our freedom

we want our freedom now I don't want to have to go to

now I don't want to have to go to another

memor tired of fun tired

of got to stand [Music]

up the arrests had started Before Dawn in all FBI men picked up 21

Dawn in all FBI men picked up 21 Men included in the group were the chief

Men included in the group were the chief law officers of nishoba County Sheriff

law officers of nishoba County Sheriff Lawrence Rainey and Deputy Cil price

Lawrence Rainey and Deputy Cil price they were murdered by clu clu's Clan men

they were murdered by clu clu's Clan men with uh the conspiratorial help of the

with uh the conspiratorial help of the local sheriff Bond was set but less than

local sheriff Bond was set but less than a week later the accused were set free

a week later the accused were set free their bond

their bond lifted for James Cheney's mother who

lifted for James Cheney's mother who attended that hearing it was a shock

attended that hearing it was a shock frustration disappointment the legal

frustration disappointment the legal answer to to her son's murder seemed to

answer to to her son's murder seemed to her as far away as

ever I have the great honor to hand over to you the insia of

honor to hand over to you the insia of the Nobel Peace Prize and the gold

[Music] medal some critic have charged that the

medal some critic have charged that the Nobel Peace Prize was not appropriately

Nobel Peace Prize was not appropriately given this year what's your reaction to

given this year what's your reaction to that one well first I should say that I

that one well first I should say that I don't think the Peace Prize was given to

don't think the Peace Prize was given to me personally and I don't accept it as a

me personally and I don't accept it as a personal honor I think it is rather

personal honor I think it is rather tribute to the wise restraint the

tribute to the wise restraint the discipline and dignity with which uh

discipline and dignity with which uh Negroes and white persons of Goodwill

Negroes and white persons of Goodwill have carried out the whole struggle for

have carried out the whole struggle for civil rights

civil rights [Music]

[Music] by the end of

by the end of 1964 Dr King is aware that the one major

1964 Dr King is aware that the one major Southern civil rights challenge that had

Southern civil rights challenge that had not been dealt with in the 1964 Civil

not been dealt with in the 1964 Civil Rights Act was voter registration

Rights Act was voter registration bewildering hodg podge of election laws

bewildering hodg podge of election laws from state to state prevents many from

from state to state prevents many from voting boss controlled political

voting boss controlled political machines disfranchise others by

machines disfranchise others by downright fraud the Negro citizen may go

downright fraud the Negro citizen may go to register only to be told that the day

to register only to be told that the day is wrong or the hour is late or the

is wrong or the hour is late or the official in charge is

official in charge is absent there are five counties in

absent there are five counties in Mississippi each at least 57% negro in

Mississippi each at least 57% negro in which no Negroes at all are

which no Negroes at all are registered today marks the beginning of

registered today marks the beginning of a

a [Music]

[Music] determined

determined organized mobilized

organized mobilized campaign to get the right to vote all

campaign to get the right to vote all over this

over this state Martin Luther King chooses the

state Martin Luther King chooses the city of Selma because it has the worst

city of Selma because it has the worst record of any southern city on black

record of any southern city on black voting we will dramatize this whole

voting we will dramatize this whole situation and seek to arouse the

situation and seek to arouse the conscience of the federal government by

conscience of the federal government by marching by the thousands on places of

marching by the thousands on places of registration all over

registration all over [Music]

student protesters had already had a presence in Selma going back to 19

presence in Selma going back to 19 63 but had found it exceptionally tough

63 but had found it exceptionally tough goinging because the Dallas County

goinging because the Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark was an even tougher

Sheriff Jim Clark was an even tougher version of birmingham's Bull

version of birmingham's Bull Connor is not in session this afternoon

Connor is not in session this afternoon as you were formed you came down to make

as you were formed you came down to make a mockery out of this

a mockery out of this Courthouse this courthouse is a serious

Courthouse this courthouse is a serious place of business you seem to think take

place of business you seem to think take just be uh Disneyland something on we

just be uh Disneyland something on we have had

have had numerous [ __ ] that uh couldn't read

numerous [ __ ] that uh couldn't read and write come down and say that they

and write come down and say that they were told to come and if they didn't

were told to come and if they didn't come they would lose their pensions from

come they would lose their pensions from the welfare department or their social

the welfare department or their social security or have the land confiscated if

security or have the land confiscated if they didn't show up the register to vote

they didn't show up the register to vote and when they came down they had no idea

and when they came down they had no idea then what they were supposed to do you

then what they were supposed to do you are breaking the injunction by not

are breaking the injunction by not allowing these people to come inside

allowing these people to come inside this courthouse and wait this Courthouse

this courthouse and wait this Courthouse does not belong to sheriff Clark this

does not belong to sheriff Clark this cour belongs to the people of Dallas

cour belongs to the people of Dallas County and these are the people of

County and these are the people of Dallas County and they have come to

Dallas County and they have come to register and you know this within your

own heart sh CL Clark he knew what he wanted to do to me but he couldn't do it

wanted to do to me but he couldn't do it in the open because of all those cameras

in the open because of all those cameras right we have come to be here because

right we have come to be here because they are registering at this

time we have come to register and uh uh and this is our reason for being here

and this is our reason for being here we're not Bing me with that light we're

we're not Bing me with that light we're not

back get matter being the matter of facing

get matter being the matter of facing your sheriff and facing your judge we're

your sheriff and facing your judge we're willing to be beaten for democracy and

willing to be beaten for democracy and you misuse democracy in the street you

you misuse democracy in the street you beat people bloody in order that they

beat people bloody in order that they will not have the privilege to

vote I'm here to tell you tonight that the mayor of this city the police

the mayor of this city the police commissioner of this city and everybody

commissioner of this city and everybody in the white power structure of this

in the white power structure of this city must take a

city must take a responsibility for everything that Jim

responsibility for everything that Jim [Applause]

[Applause] [Music]

in we're marching today to dramatized to the nation dramatized to the world that

the nation dramatized to the world that hundreds and thousands of negro citizens

hundreds and thousands of negro citizens of Alabama but particular here in the

of Alabama but particular here in the black Bel area Deni the right to vote we

black Bel area Deni the right to vote we intend to march to Montgomery present s

intend to march to Montgomery present s Grievous to Governor Geor C

Wallace Governor George Wallace's head of the Alabama Upstate Patrol in tandem

of the Alabama Upstate Patrol in tandem with his good buddy Sheriff Jim Clark

with his good buddy Sheriff Jim Clark thinks that what these Marchers deserve

thinks that what these Marchers deserve uh is a good

beating When we arrive at the highest point on at Pettis Bridge down below we

point on at Pettis Bridge down below we saw a sea of Alabama state

saw a sea of Alabama state [Music]

troopers opposing the protesters was a force of Alabama state troopers Sheriff

force of Alabama state troopers Sheriff Clark and then Clark's private Army the

Clark and then Clark's private Army the so-called posy

so-called posy men you saw these men putting on their

men you saw these men putting on their gas

gas masks they came to us it'll be

masks they came to us it'll be detrimental to your safety to continue

detrimental to your safety to continue this March you are ordered to disperse

this March you are ordered to disperse go home or go to your church this March

go home or go to your church this March will not

will not [Music]

[Music] continue assembly you have to disperse

continue assembly you have to disperse your ERS to disperse I thought we were

your ERS to disperse I thought we were going to be

going to be arrested the major said Troopers advance

they used electric cattle prods bull whips wooden clubs wrapped with barbed

whips wooden clubs wrapped with barbed wire

wire [Applause]

I was hit in the head by state troop with the night

with the night stick I thought I saw

stick I thought I saw death I thought I was going to die

Sheriff Clark and his volunteer army the posum men sent 80 men women and children

posum men sent 80 men women and children into the

footage what was now being called Bloody Sunday

Sunday and white middle class Americans sitting

and white middle class Americans sitting in their comfortable living rooms

in their comfortable living rooms suddenly had the whole racial ugly mess

suddenly had the whole racial ugly mess thrust into their face it was a

thrust into their face it was a watershed moment in television a

watershed moment in television a landmark moment in the Civil Rights

landmark moment in the Civil Rights Movement for the first time since

Movement for the first time since birmingam that footage sets off of a

birmingam that footage sets off of a national

national firestorm in our country we don't

firestorm in our country we don't tolerate police by Terror taking the Law

tolerate police by Terror taking the Law into their own hands this is

into their own hands this is unacceptable and just not American and I

unacceptable and just not American and I believe the time has come for the

believe the time has come for the president to step in the Pettis Bridge

president to step in the Pettis Bridge incident is in one of those seminal

incident is in one of those seminal events that helped create a political

events that helped create a political ground swell for Lyndon Johnson to

ground swell for Lyndon Johnson to quickly and uh this time without nearly

quickly and uh this time without nearly as much opposition as the Civil Rights

as much opposition as the Civil Rights Act of 64 to push through the Voting

Act of 64 to push through the Voting Rights Act of 1965 the president of the

Rights Act of 1965 the president of the United

States Johnson feels that he needs to go before the country and a joint session

before the country and a joint session of Congress about why this should be

of Congress about why this should be done I was in a home of a local family

done I was in a home of a local family in Salma with Dr King and we watched and

in Salma with Dr King and we watched and listened to president

listened to president JN at

JN at times history and Faith meet at a single

times history and Faith meet at a single time to shape a turning point in man's

time to shape a turning point in man's unending search for

unending search for Freedom so it was at Lexington and

Freedom so it was at Lexington and Concord so it was a century ago at

Concord so it was a century ago at aomax so it was last week in Selma

aomax so it was last week in Selma Alabama

Alabama there longsuffering men and women

there longsuffering men and women peacefully protested the denial of their

peacefully protested the denial of their rights as

rights as Americans their cause must be our cause

Americans their cause must be our cause too because it's not just

too because it's not just Negroes but really it's all of

Negroes but really it's all of us who must overcome the crippling

us who must overcome the crippling Legacy of

Legacy of bigotry and

bigotry and Injustice and we shall overcome

to he lyard Johnson the president of the United States used the theme song of The

United States used the theme song of The Movement we shall

Movement we shall overcome I looked at Dr King tears came

overcome I looked at Dr King tears came down his face his to cry we all cried a

down his face his to cry we all cried a little Dr King decided that the only

little Dr King decided that the only proper response to this was to continue

proper response to this was to continue the march to Montgomery and a court

the march to Montgomery and a court order forced the state of Alabama to

order forced the state of Alabama to permit said March Johnson has just ruled

permit said March Johnson has just ruled that we have a legal and constitutional

that we have a legal and constitutional right to march from Selma to m

[Applause] [Music]

come and follow me you know the master

me you know the master said don't wait till

said don't wait till tomorrow you may

tomorrow you may De

De Young I want to

Young I want to play said

play said we just one more

we just one more day don't you know

day don't you know [Music]

[Music] how know wish

how know wish [Music]

now were those who said that we would get here only over that dead body

get here only over that dead body well and all the world today knows that

well and all the world today knows that we are here and we are standing before

we are here and we are standing before the forces of power in the state of

the forces of power in the state of Alabama saying we ain't going to let

Alabama saying we ain't going to let nobody turn us

nobody turn us [Applause]

[Applause] around I come to say to you this

around I come to say to you this afternoon however difficult the moment

afternoon however difficult the moment yes sir however frustrating the hour it

yes sir however frustrating the hour it will not be long because truth Crush

will not be long because truth Crush Earth will rise

Earth will rise again how long not long yes sir because

again how long not long yes sir because no lie can live forever yes sir how long

no lie can live forever yes sir how long not long because the Ark of the moral

not long because the Ark of the moral universe is long but it bends toward

universe is long but it bends toward Justice how long

Justice how long not long not because mine eyes have seen

not long not because mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord

the glory of the coming of the Lord Glory

Glory Hallelujah Glory

Hallelujah Glory Hallelujah Glory Hallelujah Glory

Hallelujah Glory Hallelujah Glory [Applause]

Hallelujah in the summer 65 Johnson gets that voting rights don't

that voting rights don't [Music]

[Music] than certainly the 64 Civil Rights Act

than certainly the 64 Civil Rights Act led to dramatic changes but politically

led to dramatic changes but politically at least in the short run the Voting

at least in the short run the Voting Rights Act was even more dramatic this

Rights Act was even more dramatic this is an examination room at the central

is an examination room at the central post office in downtown Birmingham where

post office in downtown Birmingham where under the federal Voting Rights Act of

under the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 Federal officials are examining

1965 Federal officials are examining people to determine their qualifications

people to determine their qualifications to register and vote under the laws of

to register and vote under the laws of Alabama

Alabama once the Voting Rights Act was passed

once the Voting Rights Act was passed and people got the right to vote they

and people got the right to vote they stopped sitting in and started voting

stopped sitting in and started voting and that turned out to be much more

and that turned out to be much more effective the number of blacks who began

effective the number of blacks who began voting across the South the number of

voting across the South the number of black office holders at the local level

black office holders at the local level at the state level at the Congressional

at the state level at the Congressional level one of the greatest changes in

level one of the greatest changes in American society

this is what James Meredith intends to do for the next two weeks March along

do for the next two weeks March along the highways of Mississippi a state

the highways of Mississippi a state where he is one of the most hated men

where he is one of the most hated men alive his purpose Meredith hopes to

alive his purpose Meredith hopes to encourage unregistered Negroes along the

encourage unregistered Negroes along the way to qualify as voters he also by his

way to qualify as voters he also by his very presence hopes to dispel some of

very presence hopes to dispel some of the fear Negros have in the

the fear Negros have in the south in 1965 with the passage of the

south in 1965 with the passage of the Voting Rights Act you'd have thought

Voting Rights Act you'd have thought anything was possible but then very

anything was possible but then very quickly after that things start to fall

apart I'm shot in the leg other leg as James meredi was walking along the

James meredi was walking along the highway a gunman stepped out of the

highway a gunman stepped out of the woods and just blasted him with a

woods and just blasted him with a shotgun Meredith was taken to a Memphis

shotgun Meredith was taken to a Memphis Hospital under police guard his Blood

Hospital under police guard his Blood Still Remains on on the

Still Remains on on the highway once he was shot then there had

highway once he was shot then there had to be some response by the movement they

to be some response by the movement they had to show that the segregationist

had to show that the segregationist can't win that

can't win that way they got together and decided to

way they got together and decided to continue the March stokeley carmichel

continue the March stokeley carmichel and Martin Luther King stokeley

and Martin Luther King stokeley carmichel was very much unlike the

carmichel was very much unlike the bashville group in terms of his

bashville group in terms of his perspective we feel that we must

perspective we feel that we must continue this March right now that is it

continue this March right now that is it is urgent to do it and we will be

is urgent to do it and we will be calling on people of Good Will from all

calling on people of Good Will from all over the nation to join us in this mod

over the nation to join us in this mod Martin Luther King was almost at the

Martin Luther King was almost at the level of sainthood stokeley carmichel

level of sainthood stokeley carmichel understood that he needed that symbol in

understood that he needed that symbol in order to provide legitimacy for what he

order to provide legitimacy for what he was trying to do we want to put

was trying to do we want to put President Johnson on the spot he called

President Johnson on the spot he called a conference two days ago to fulfill

a conference two days ago to fulfill these rights we want those rights

these rights we want those rights fulfilled they cannot be fulfilled with

fulfilled they cannot be fulfilled with words words cannot stop bullets and we

words words cannot stop bullets and we need action and we needed now from the

need action and we needed now from the federal

federal government no more questions no more

government no more questions no more questions

questions gentl we

got the most impressive thing about this march on Mississippi is the developing

march on Mississippi is the developing Coalition among civil rights leaders

Coalition among civil rights leaders there are reports of differences between

there are reports of differences between leaders and they are true but their

leaders and they are true but their organizations have always been divided a

organizations have always been divided a split among them is nothing new put them

split among them is nothing new put them all together on a March in a highway in

all together on a March in a highway in mississipp Missippi and frictions emerge

mississipp Missippi and frictions emerge because of personal competition and

because of personal competition and individual ego our sweat and blood built

individual ego our sweat and blood built Mississippi and we got to take it over

Mississippi and we got to take it over because we deserve to have it that's

because we deserve to have it that's what we working

what we working for with carel started expressing the

for with carel started expressing the goal now is black people exercising

goal now is black people exercising power let me say first that this March

power let me say first that this March is nonviolent it is a nonviolent

is nonviolent it is a nonviolent expression of our determination to be

expression of our determination to be free this is the principle of the March

free this is the principle of the March and certain that we intend uh to keep

and certain that we intend uh to keep this March nonviolent Mr Carmichael are

this March nonviolent Mr Carmichael are you as committed to the nonviolent

you as committed to the nonviolent approach as Dr King is no I'm not why

approach as Dr King is no I'm not why aren't you well I just don't see this

aren't you well I just don't see this way of life I never have but I also

way of life I never have but I also realize that no one in this country is

realize that no one in this country is asking the white community in the South

asking the white community in the South to be nonviolent and that in a sense is

to be nonviolent and that in a sense is giving them a free license to go ahead

giving them a free license to go ahead and shoot us at will

if there was a symbol of white anger at negro protest in the north this summer

negro protest in the north this summer it was Cicero Illinois a town chosen by

it was Cicero Illinois a town chosen by Dr Martin Luther King is the pressure

Dr Martin Luther King is the pressure point in his open housing

point in his open housing Drive Dr King takes the Civil Rights

Drive Dr King takes the Civil Rights Movement north to Chicago and the issue

Movement north to Chicago and the issue is

is housing the northern scene was a far

housing the northern scene was a far more complicated scene and did not have

more complicated scene and did not have the advantage of the Jim Crow law as a

the advantage of the Jim Crow law as a Target it was once thing for Northern

Target it was once thing for Northern liberals when the issue was integration

liberals when the issue was integration in Selma it's quite a different thing

in Selma it's quite a different thing when it was in Cicero if let's say 10 or

when it was in Cicero if let's say 10 or 20 families moved into Cicero which is a

20 families moved into Cicero which is a town of

town of 70,000 they get killed it's the

70,000 they get killed it's the beginning of serious white backlash

beginning of serious white backlash against the entire Civil Rights

against the entire Civil Rights Movement the nation suddenly learned

Movement the nation suddenly learned what it should have known that racial

what it should have known that racial Prejudice was not just a southern

Prejudice was not just a southern problem it was Nationwide if whites in

problem it was Nationwide if whites in the north formerly could comfort

the north formerly could comfort themselves by pointing an accusing

themselves by pointing an accusing finger at the South they could do so no

finger at the South they could do so no longer South during once again is

longer South during once again is showing open hostility towards the Civil

showing open hostility towards the Civil Rights demonstrators these people here

Rights demonstrators these people here are firmly opposed to these marches

are firmly opposed to these marches moreover they don't see where they serve

moreover they don't see where they serve any useful purpose most of the national

any useful purpose most of the national press categorizes Chicago as a defeat

press categorizes Chicago as a defeat for King

but I can say that I have never seen even in Mississippi and Alabama mobs as

even in Mississippi and Alabama mobs as hostiles and as hatefield as I've seen

hostiles and as hatefield as I've seen in Chicago there was a growing feeling

in Chicago there was a growing feeling that King's movement wasn't

that King's movement wasn't working he had lost a lot of support

working he had lost a lot of support from whites and blacks Martin Luther

from whites and blacks Martin Luther King is a good man he's my brother he's

King is a good man he's my brother he's still like me we're all catching hell

still like me we're all catching hell he's got his approaches of Freedom he's

he's got his approaches of Freedom he's doing his best and uh he's changed now

doing his best and uh he's changed now too he sees now that it seems to be

too he sees now that it seems to be impossible to do what he want to

do King was rapidly being eclipsed by a younger and much more militant faction

younger and much more militant faction of the Black Power movement we are not

of the Black Power movement we are not going to let these white people come

going to let these white people come into our neighborhood and kill us we are

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YouTube Transcript:The Sixties (2014) - Documentary Series

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The Sixties (2014) - Documentary Series