YouTube Transcript:
How Was The Universe Created? | Space Documentary 2024

[Music]
from where did all this come
from in every direction we care to
observe we find Stars galaxies clouds of
gas and dust tenuous plasmas and
radiations spanning the gamut of
wavelengths from infrared to visible
light to gamma
rays the universe is always and
everywhere filled with matter and energy
no matter where we look or how we
experience it and yet it's only natural
to assume that at all came from
somewhere if you want to know the answer
to the biggest question of all the
question of our Cosmic Origins you have
to pose the question to the universe
itself and listen to what it tells
you welcome to actual space today we
embark on an extraordinary Journey a
journey to the beginning of the
universe how was our universe created
how did it become the seemingly Infinite
Space that we are aware of today and
what will happen when our universe
end scientists have been puzzled by
these problems since the beginning of
time and their answers have produced
some very strange and interesting
theories since the Big Bang explosion
neither marked the beginning nor the end
of the Universe we are still working to
understand it completely the subject of
how the universe originated and how our
world came to be has been asked by many
generations and
civilizations the insatiable curiosity
about its Origins remains as strong as
it did thousands of years
ago many civilizations including the
Maya Chinese incar Arabs Greeks and
Egyptians held the belief that a
superior power was the creator of
everything their theories and Views
about how the world is shaped
differed they believed that heaven hell
and Earth were in the
middle then came the geocentric model
the Greeks theorized that the Earth was
slightly spherical rather than flat
there were stars in the sky and several
celestial bodies were in orbit around
the planet subsequently the heliocentric
model emerged explaining that the Earth
rotates around the sun which is at the
center of the universe according to the
notion stars are fixed at a
distance many years later around 2,000
years kernus set his heliocentric theory
which was approved after his
death the universe consists of
everything you can think of nature
oceans the world and even our solar
system
according to a study on Universe
evolution theories The Big Bang Theory
is the most widely accepted
Theory nothing comes from nothing for
something to exist there must be
material or a component
available what happened in the initial
instance to create the materials that
caused the big bang and where did that
material come from it is still unknown
how our universe came into being or
whether there was something that existed
before
but physicists are still working to find
the
answer we would need to explain the
initial Quantum state of the entire
universe in order to provide a
meaningful response to the question of
how something could exist out of nothing
any attempt to achieve this is still
highly
speculative some of them appeal to
Supernatural forces like a
designer nonetheless there are still
alternative plausible answers that fall
Within the domain of physics these
include the Multiverse which is made up
of an endless number of parallel
universes and cyclical models of the
universe that undergo repeated
births Roger Penrose the 2020 Noel
prizewinning physicist put up a tempting
but contentious conformal cyclic
cosmology concept for a cyclical Cosmos
Penrose was inspired by an interesting
mathematical connection between a very
hot dense small state of the universe as
it was at the big bang and an extremely
cold empty expanded state of the
universe as it will be in the far
future his radical Theory to explain
this correspondence is that those States
become mathematically identical when
taken to their limits as unbelievable as
it seems all of the matter in our
universe may have originated from a
complete absence of matter
from this perspective the Big Bang comes
from almost
nothing nevertheless the universe did
start
13.8 billion years
ago and this video is all about what
happened after the big
bang
[Music]
the plank
era despite what its name may suggest
the Big Bang was not an explosion in
space rather it was the appearance of
space everywhere in the universe
everything in the universe was
compressed into an incredibly tiny
Singularity a point of infinite heat and
density some 13.8 billion years ago that
Speck was the source of everything in
the universe as it exist today that was
the source of all protons atoms and
other matter this was the first known
Epoch of the universe also referred to
as the plank Epoch or plank era a time
so early in the history of the universe
that it defies our best understanding of
physics just one 10 millionth of a
trillionth of a second after the big
bang this era took place at this point
Quantum fluctuations started to affect
both space and time usually physicists
deal independently with general
relativity which operates on vast Cosmic
scales and quantum mechanics which
governs the microw world of particles
but to truly understand the plank epic
we need a complete theory of quantum
gravity merging the
two though there have been attempts such
as with Loop quantum gravity and string
theory we still do not have a perfect
theory of quantum
gravity ordinary space and time are
usually viewed in these attempts as
emergent like to the waves on the deep
ocean surface because we are beings
rooted in the macroscopic universe space
and time seem senseless but what we
experience as space and time are the
result of quantum processes functioning
at a deeper microscopic
level we can no longer rely on our
ordinary understanding of cause and
effect effect since in the plank era our
standard concept of space and time
breaks
down despite this all candidate theories
of quantum gravity describe something
physical that was going on in the plank
epic some Quantum precursor of ordinary
space and
time but where did that come
from physicist Max plank created a
system of units in the late 1890s to
make the expression of physics rules
simpler we could calculate these
identical plank units using just five
natural constants such as the
gravitational constant and the speed of
light we could even calculate them using
aliens from alpha
centor the plank units consist of length
mass temperature charge and
time for a moment let's think about the
plank length unit the pro
is about 100 million trillion times
larger than the plank length to put this
into perspective if we scaled the proton
up to the size of the observable
universe the plank length would be a
mere trip from Tokyo to
Chicago the 14-hour flight may seem long
to you but to the universe it would go
completely
unnoticed it was surprising to discover
that the limits of the plank scale which
was initially developed as a system of
UN unversal units also happened to be
the limits at which the currently
accepted laws of physics
operated during the plank era the
universe was so small that our laws of
physics break
down to dive deeper back in time we'll
need new scientific
language although we are unable to
observe what truly occurs at the plank
scale scientists can
speculate at this energy the four
fundamental forces gravity
electromagnetism the weak force and the
strong force finally combined to form
one Super
Force super strings and quantum gravity
are some possible phenomena that could
be dominant at the plank energy
scale we need new unbreakable physics to
understand anything beyond the plank
scale the period of time immediately
following the Big Bang known as the
plank era began at Time Zero The Big
Bang itself and ended 10 to Theus 43
seconds
later which is one plank
second we are unable to use current
technology to measure the length of this
moment since it is so
small these figures are beyond our
ability to fully
comprehend there was no such thing as as
original matter because the universe was
created in an extremely hot condition so
hot that everything was Pure
Energy the universe was about 100
million trillion de or 10 to the 34
Kelvin in temperature and roughly 100
million trillion times smaller than a
proton at the beginning of the plank
period just to give you an idea this is
the size of an atom the typical radius
of an atom is around 0.1 nanometer 1
nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter
atoms are extremely light and small they
are made up of subatomic particles
protons neutrons and electrons which are
even smaller and lighter than an
atom the Big Bang created the universe
which continues expanding ever
since however time and space do not
exist in the universe until it reaches
the plank
scale space gets compactified but time
stays
undefined according to string theory
there were 10 dimensions in the universe
during the plank Epoch but those
Dimensions collapsed to four one way to
visualize the extra Six Dimensions would
be as extremely tiny hyperspheres
between the spaces between basic
particles four enormous dimensions and
six microscopic ones
the best way to describe the universe
during the plank era is as a
10-dimensional quantum foam that
contains continuously formed and
destroyed black holes the size of Plank
with no apparent cause or
effect however the plank period's vast
unpredictability ends after just 100
million trillion trillionths of a second
when the universe gradually cools and
grows signaling the beginning of a new
era for a while the universe won't
appear or act like it does now but going
forward our existing theories do at
least have a chance of explaining what
is
happening Gravity the weak Force
electromagnetism and the strong force
are the four fundamental forces that
affect everything we do on a daily basis
from playing basketball to sending a
rocket into space to just putting a
magnet on your
refrigerator all that occurs in the
cosmos is controlled by these
forces all known interactions in science
ranging from the minuscule to the
enormous as well as those we encounter
on a daily basis are caused by these
forces these forces explain how galaxies
move how Chemicals React in our Labs how
Atomic nuclei structured and why
radioactive decay occurs they explain
the real meaning of commonplace Concepts
like friction and normal
force gravity you surely know of as it
has certainly helped you to fall down
before gravity is the attraction between
two objects that have mass or energy
whether this is seen in dropping a rock
from a bridge a planet orbiting a star
or the the moon causing ocean tides of
the fundamental forces gravity is
arguably the most recognizable and
intuitive yet it has also proven to be
one of the hardest to
explain the concept of gravity was first
put out by Isaac Newton who claimed to
have been motivated by an apple that
fell from a tree he defined gravity as
the actual attraction of two objects
coming
together many centuries later Albert
Einstein proposed that gravity is
neither an attraction nor a force
through his general relativity Theory
rather it's the result of SpaceTime
bending objects the way a massive ball
deforms a sheet of material in the
middle and causes smaller items to fall
toward the center is similar to how a
large object behaves in
SpaceTime though gravity holds planets
Stars solar systems and even galaxies
together it turns out to be the weakest
of the fundamental forces especially at
the molecular and atomic
scales consider this how difficult is it
to raise a ball off the ground or to
raise your foot or to make a leap all of
those actions are counteracting the
gravity of the entire
Earth furthermore gravity has very
little effect in comparison to the other
fundamental forces at the molecular and
atomic
levels the weak
Force while the other forces hold things
together the weak Force plays a greater
role in things falling apart or decaying
though it is only effective over
extremely short distances the weak Force
also known as the weak interaction is
stronger than gravity it is a subatomic
particle that is essential to the
creation of elements and the energy
source for
stars much of the natural radiation that
exists in the universe is also caused by
it although its name implies that it is
a weak force it is approximately 10 25
times stronger than the gravitational
force within the nucleus limit because
of its relative weakness in comparison
to the strong force or the strong
nuclear force it is known as the weak
Force the weak Force plays an important
role within the nucleus and it is
responsible for the beta minus Decay
within the
nucleus the nuclear fusion reactions
that power the Sun and provide the
energy required for the majority of
living forms on Earth depend on the weak
Force that's also why archaeologists can
use carbon 14 to date ancient bone wood
and other formerly living
artifacts nitrogen 14 which holds seven
protons and seven neutrons is created
when one of the eight neutrons in carbon
14 decays into a proton because of the
predictable rate of decay
scientists are able to determine the age
of these
artifacts the electromagnetic
force between charged particles such as
negatively charged electrons and
positively charged protons there is an
electromagnetic force also known as the
lawence
force similar charges repel one another
but opposite charges attract one another
the force increases with the magnitude
of the charge and much like gravity this
force can be felt from an infinite
distance although the force would be
very very small at that
distance the electromagnetic force as
its name suggests is made up of two
parts the magnetic and electric
forces scientists initially
distinguished between these two forces
but eventually discovered that they are
actually parts of the same Force where
the charged particles are fixed or
moving the electric component acts
between them to create a field that
allows the charges to interact however
as soon as those charged particles set
into motion the magnetic force the
second component comes into play the
particles create a magnetic field around
them as they move so when electrons Zoom
through a wire to charge your computer
or phone or turn on your TV for example
the wire becomes magnetic
through the exchange of massless force
carrying bosons known as photons also
the particle components of light
electromagnetic forces are transferred
between charged
particles but another kind of photon is
the force carrying kind that switches
between charged particles though
technically the same particles as the
real and detectable form they are
virtual and undetectable some of the
most fre quently observed phenomena
including as elasticity friction normal
force and the force binding objects
together in a specific shape are caused
by the electromagnetic force it also
produces the drag that airplanes birds
and even Superman feel when they
fly these actions can occur because of
charged or neutralized particles
interacting with one another for example
the normal force that keeps a book on
top of a table table instead of gravity
pulling the book through to the ground
is a consequence of electrons in the
table's atoms repelling electrons in the
book's
atoms the strong nuclear
force of the four fundamental forces of
nature the strongest one is the strong
nuclear force commonly known as the
strong nuclear interaction it has a
force that is 6,000 trillion trillion
trillion times stronger than gravity
that's 39 Z after six and the reason for
that is that it creates bonds between
the building blocks of matter to create
larger
particles protons and neutrons are made
up of quarks and part of the strong
force also holds the protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
together the strong force only acts when
subatomic particles are incredibly close
to one another much as the weak
Force they must be approximately within
the diameter of a
proton once within range massless
charged bosons called gluons transmit
the strong force between quarks and keep
them glued together a tiny fraction of
the strong force called the residual
strong force acts between protons and
neutrons because protons in the nucleus
have similar charges they repel one
another however
the residual strong force can overcome
this repulsion keeping the particles
linked within the nucleus of an
atom Grand unified theory is a theory
that physicists have successfully
created to combine electromagnetic weak
and strong forces the strong force broke
away from the others at the time of
grand unification period that began
approximately 10 to Theus 38 seconds
after the Big B
this separation released a tremendous
amount of energy which is thought to
have caused the universe to expand very
quickly the universe expanded by a
factor of 10 to the 35 in 10 to Theus 32
seconds during the brief period of time
known as
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inflation from being impossibly tiny
than a subatomic particle to around the
size of a grape fruit in the blink of an
eye keep in mind that inflationary
Theory addresses only the observable
universe it says nothing about the whole
universe postulating this burst of
exponential growth helps remove two
major problems in cosmology The Horizon
problem and the flatness
problem in the universe what you see is
basically the same no matter which way
you look to a very high degree of
precision the temperatures of the cosmic
microwave background radiation ation are
nearly identical in all directions
throughout the Universe if you really
think about it more carefully this
really shouldn't be the case in reality
you are looking back in time if you
simply look in One Direction in space
since light moves at the speed of light
the light that reaches your eye or
telescope was released years ago this
indicates that there is a limit
extending in all directions of about 14
billion light years the boundary is
actually farther because space itself is
expanding but you can ignore that for
the purposes of this
example there is no possibility that
anything further distant could have ever
gotten in touch with us so you look out
with your powerful telescope and can see
the cosmic microwave background
radiation from 14 billion light years
away call this point a now if you look
in the opposite direction 14 billion
light years away let's call this point B
You observe exactly the same kind of
cosmic microwave background radiation
normally this would suggest that all of
the cmbr in the universe has somehow
spread across the cosmos similar to
heating up an
oven somehow the thermal information is
communicated between points A and B
however given that points A and B are 28
billion light years apart and that no
signal can travel faster than the speed
of light there is no possibility that
they could have ever communicated in the
entire age of the
universe if there is no way for heat to
transfer between them how did they get
to the same
temperature this is the Horizon problem
also sometimes called the homogeneity
problem the universe's geometry which
seems to be flat particularly in light
of new wa map data is the subject of the
flatness problem even 14 billion years
after the universe formed when tiny
variations should have grown drastically
the cosmos matter density and expansion
rate seem to be almost perfectly
balanced physicists need an explanation
for why the small deviations haven't
increased dramatically as this hasn't
happened did the variations not exist
did they not grow into large scale
variations did something happen to
smooth them
out the flatness problem aims to explain
why the geometry of the universe appears
to be so flawlessly
flat these three types of universes are
simplified representations of the way
space naturally Curves in the
universe first is the closed Universe
where the universe contains enough
matter for Gravity to eventually
overcome the space expansion such a
universe has positive curvature as its
geomet omry this fit the original
Einstein model which did not include a
cosmological
constant second is the open Universe
where the cosmos will always expand at
the same rate since there is
insufficient matter to Halt it this
SpaceTime is Saddle shaped with a
negative
curvature and the third one is the flat
universe where the universe's expansion
slows down over time
but never quite stops because the
density of matter and the universe's
expansion exactly balance each other
out this space has no overall
curvature in 1980 astrophysicist Alan
Guth proposed the inflation Theory to
solve the Horizon and flatness problems
in this model the early Universal
expansion accelerated at a rate much
faster than we see
today a according to the theory of
inflation any detectable large scale
curvature of the cosmos would have been
eliminated by the ultra fast inflation
it can be compared to growing a tiny
Globe to the size of the
Earth the local section you would see
would seem to be very flat but the globe
is still curved the visible portion of
the cosmos appears to be almost flat due
to the massive inflation of the tiny
universe
that resolves the issue of
flatness the reason the Horizon problem
is resolved is that during inflation
space expanded so quickly that these
close regions were spread out to cover
all of the visible
Universe however these close regions
were then dispersed throughout the
visible Universe the balloons inflation
can be used as a basic model to explain
how the universe is expanding every
point on the balloon is growing farther
away from the center thus a person at
any point could feel like they are at
the center of the expansion the spaces
between objects on the balloon surface
increases as it
expands the universe expanded by a
factor of around 10 to the 78 during
inflation this number consists of 26 Z
after the one it goes beyond the normal
political and economic debate about
inflation assume for the moment that
someone wrote a message so little that
it is unreadable on the balloon surface
before inflation you will be able to
read the message after you inflate the
balloon this implies that the writing on
the original balloon is magnified by
inflation so it works like a
microscope we can also see Quantum
fluctuations that were generated at the
beginning of inflation in this way a
massive microscope that magnifies
Quantum fluctuations which correspond to
a size less than 10 to Theus 28 cm to
cosmological distances is created by the
universe's expansion during the
inflationary Epoch this leaves traces in
the distribution of galaxies and in the
hotter and colder parts of the cosmic
microwave background
radiation
now that inflation is firmly established
in our understanding of the early stages
of the universe cosmologists have spent
the 40 years since Alan guth's
Revelation figuring out the mechanism by
which a universe can so suddenly and so
drastically blow up the dramatic phases
time coincides with the cooling and
energy decrease that marked the end of
the grand unification of fundamental
forces and the rise of the strong
nuclear force
It Is theorized by some scientists that
the decay of the ex bosen messenger
particles that carried the electrost
strong force created a strong inflation
field carried by a new messenger called
the
inflaton this overwhelming new inflation
energy drove Universal exponential
expansion which saw Quantum scale
irregularities instantaneously scaled up
to large scale structure transient
Quantum fluctuations became huge regions
of overdensity and energy that will
eventually give rise to Galaxy clusters
and superclusters in the present Cosmos
the cosmos ultimately cooled and emptied
as a result of all of this expansion
which caused the average energy levels
to drop 100,000
times the exact reason of why inflation
stopped is still unknown to scientists
but when it occurred the inflat field
and particle decayed releasing radiation
and Elementary particles into the
universe returning a large portion of
that energy to the universe during a
process known as
reheating that is similiar to water
vapor in the atmosphere condensing into
water droplets forming a
cloud the formation of photons gluons
and quarks the fundamental particles
occurred during reheating but in a dense
plasma State quarks and anti- quarks
started destroying one another however
the mutual destruction of quarks and
antiquarks resulted in an excess of
quarks for some reasons that are still
unknown this difference or an excess of
quarks matter is the reason that all
galaxies stars planets and people are
here
today Additionally the grand unified
theory states that during this period
the three extra fundamental forces the
electromagnetic force the strong nuclear
force and the weak nuclear force formed
and then
separated the universe as we now know it
had
evolved the four forces of nature and
the rules of physics came into
play the universe is still too hot for
quarks to join together to create
protons and neutrons despite the fact
that the fundamental particles have mass
reheating ended at about 10 to Theus
10th of a second because of this matter
can be created completely and in a more
expansive
Universe the laws of nature are getting
closer to being something we can truly
understand and
[Music]
model we are now entering the universe's
third era the duration of the elroe era
was 10- 36 to 10 -12
seconds it is now starting to make sense
as we move through the eras how a little
Singularity could expand so quickly into
the present Universe the electro week
epic marks the beginning of the modern
universe as we know it due to the fact
that all four fundamental forces will be
distinct from one another by its end
additionally we will see the creation of
the first particles that would
eventually give rise to
matter most of us are familiar with the
electron proton and neutron when we
think of particles however did you know
that there are many other particles and
combinations of particles in
existence what exactly are these
particles let's dive a little deeper
everyone drives a car uses a laptop and
has a phone but have you ever wondered
about the history of these materials
matter exists all around us in four
different phases solid liquid gas and
plasma the second form of matter is
field where four different forms of
fields are observed the electromagnetic
field and gravitational field are well
known due to events in our environment
the other two known as nuclear Fields
take place in the world of atoms there
are two types of nuclear fields weak and
strong which have different field
intensities the corpuscular form of
matter consists of two groups of
fundamental
particles fundamental particles also
called Elementary particles are the
smallest building blocks of the universe
the key characteristic of fundamental
particles is that they have no internal
structure meaning that researchers think
about them as Zero Dimensional points
that take up no space
there are millions of different complex
molecules in just one
cell when we magnify a single one of
these molecules we can finally see
individual
atoms to put it simply there are about
40 trillion cells in the human body and
each cell has about 100 trillion atoms
in
it atoms however are not the end of the
story if we could magnify more at the
atoms outside Edge clouds of electrons
would be visible and we will have empty
places if we magnify once more but let's
not stop there if we could continue to
enlarge the nucleus would be visible at
the center of the atom however the story
does not finish with the nucleus more
magnification of the nucleus will reveal
protons and neutrons sticking to one
another these particles are subatomic
now let's zoom in once more on one of
the protons we detect tiny dancing
particles inside the proton these are
quarks we refer to these little
particles as fundamental or Elementary
particles in the standard model of
particle physics there are four Force
carriers and 12 matter particles in
addition to quarks which are Elementary
particles so what classifies something
as an elementary particle if we look at
the proton it consists of three quarks
therefore protons are subatomic
particles rather than Elementary
particles Elementary particles cannot be
divided into smaller parts because they
lack
substructures this implies that they are
made up of
nothing these are our universe's last
and tiniest known building blocks all
matter is composed of particles called
fermans and force carrying particles
called
bosons leptons and quarks are the two
types of fermans since leptin don't form
groups and function alone they are
classified as solitary particles and are
also fermans they lack an interior
structure much like all fundamental
particles there are six different types
of leptin electron electron nutrino muon
muon neutrino Tao and ta
nutrino when the six are arranged
according to mass the taao and TAA
neutrino are the heaviest of the group
while the electron and electron neutrino
have the lowest Mass an integer charge
which is a negative or neutral charge is
carried by leptons their charge is a
whole number or
integer the charges of the to muon and
electron are all negative minus one
Additionally the neutrinos are
chargeless not to be outdone by leptin
quarks which are the other type of fine
that are grouped together and they also
come come in six different varieties
with some of the craziest names found in
particle physics the six types of quarks
are up down charm strange top and bottom
additionally quarks are also arranged
from weakest to heaviest in terms of
mass out of the group The Bottom Quark
is the heaviest while the upcar is the
smallest in Mass antiparticles are
oppositely charged particles found found
in all quarks and leptons leptons are
solitary particles as we have already
discussed they like to be by themselves
on the other hand quarks only exist in
groups and are highly sociable so they
combine to form composite particles
composite particles are not regarded as
fundamental particles since they are a
combination of other particles composite
particles are particles that are made up
of more than one quark and like other
particles in physics they have a name
these are called hadrons and come in two
different classes first is barans which
are hyrons made up of three quarks and
second is misons which are hyrons
composed of two quarks one quark and one
antiquark bosin are the fundamental
particles that carry Force as we have
discussed previously for fermans they
act as glue BOS also come in four main
varieties graviton governed by the force
of gravity Photon the electromagnetic
force governs it gluon the strong
nuclear force governs it w+ w minus and
Z the weak nuclear force governs this
system light particles or photons are
massless as a result they may travel
through vacuum at the speed of light or
three million
km/s but if all elementary particles
were massless our universe would be very
different a proton would not be able to
trap a massless electron to create a
hydrogen
atom furthermore the absence of hydrogen
atoms means the absence of stars
galaxies and Life as We Know It All
Elementary particles were massless in
the first trillionth billionth of a
second however something happened very
quickly following the grand unification
era enabling some particles to gain Mass
but how did these particles get Mass to
clarify this several physicists put up a
theory in the
1960s they suggested that soon after the
big bang a force field was created when
particles interact with this field they
gain
mass today we call this Force the higs
field field the universe is filled with
this field through their contact with
this field particles like the w and z
bosons gain Mass the stronger their
interaction the heavier the particle the
difference between the massless photon
and the massive w and z bosons as
observed in nature today can be
explained by the existence of the brute
anglet higs
field other Force carrying part
particles like as photons and gluons
remain massless because they do not
interact with the higs field there are
two ways by which we can identify a
field the electromagnetic field can be
detected by observing particles
interacting with it another option is to
create the photon a Quantum particle
connected to a magnetic field but you
cannot manipulate the omnipresent higs
field in order to see it we must create
the higs boson a Quantum particle that
would be present in the standard model
along with the other 16 particles and be
crucial in explaining the interactions
and behaviors of matter throughout the
Universe by creating the higs bosen
through high energy particle collisions
using accelerators like the massive
Hadron
Collider the Hig bosen decays instantly
and is incredibly
unstable therefore it wasn't easy to
detect or observe it it instantly
changes into particles that are lighter
for example it might change into a pair
of photons or four
electrons scientists search for
particles left behind by the higs bosen
by observing the Collision
debris to better understand the idea we
can use the analogy of water and
swimmers the water in our example
represents the higs field a fish
being supremely streamlined interacts
only slightly with the field and can
move through it very
easily in that case the fish would
resemble a low mass
particle a man weighing 80 kg on the
other hand could only go very slowly
through the water that man in our
example is a huge particle that became
massive through extensive interactions
with the water the electron is the
lightest of the known subatomic
particles and the top Quark is the king
of mass in the subatomic World it
weights almost 350,000 times more than
an electron or the equivalent of an
entire gold atom it is important to
emphasize that we do not think that the
top quark's larger size makes it more
heavy no it's not actually scientists
think that the electron and top cork are
precisely the same size yes they are are
both exactly the same
size the top cork is more massive than
the electrons simply because it
interacts more with the higs
field the truth is that none of these
particles would have any mass at all if
the higs field didn't
exist currently the higs bosen is more
frequently mentioned in the Press than
the higs field how do these two items
relate to one other the smallest
component of the higs field is the higs
bosen we should go back to water once
more to understand how that works
everyone is familiar with what water is
as you can see there is water all around
you if you are submerged in it there are
no gaps in
water it is also known that molecules
notably H2O make up
water you can now start to understand
the higs bosen if you combine these two
concepts with the knowledge that water
is made up of many separate
molecules particles in subatomic
particles are built up of an infinite
number of distinct higs fields higs
bosin are composed of individual
molecules exactly like
water Peter higs and franois anglet won
the 2013 Nobel Prize in physics for
their theoretical discovery of the same
mechanism associated with the higs
field a the theoretical framework
explaining how particles get their Mass
was established by
them the particle has earned its place
in the standard model and the field its
role in the evolution of the early
Universe remember bosons are not the
physical Elementary particles they are
Force
carriers this is a massive step towards
physical matter becoming present in the
universe as the higs field can slow down
other particles and impart Mass on them
another very odd concept to
Fathom this field is what allows our
universe to support
Mass towards the end of this era the
weak nuclear force and electromagnetic
force finally separate at a time of
around 10 to the -12
seconds now that the Universe has cooled
down enough to allow all four forces to
act independently and the laws of nature
that we account for In classical physics
begin take
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shape now that the Universe has cooled
down to about 10 quadrillion degrees and
the four fundamental forces are separate
the universe had a higher degree of
stability we see the birth of a new era
the Quark era defined for the first time
by the interactions of matter it is here
we begin to see the rapid formation of
quarks and
antiquarks these particles Collide and
annihilate one another on
impact apart from the normal matter that
makes you and me there is another type
of matter known as
antimatter this type of matter is unique
because when it interacts with normal
matter it can destroy normal matter with
an immense burst of energy in fact just
a gram of antimatter when brought into
contact with a gram of matter would
release about the same amount of energy
as the 1945 atomic bomb that devastated
Hiroshima while combining matter and
antimatter can create energy the
converse is also true energy can create
matter and antimatter in equal
quantities since the discovery of
antimatter in 1931 the evidence has only
gotten stronger the existence of
antimatter is accepted widely by
physicist one of Nature's strangest
twists happened when an excess of quarks
started to build up as a result of a
process called
biogenesis according to the theory of
biogenesis the Quark was not destroyed
in roughly one out of every billion
Quark antiquark collisions the existence
of mass today is due to the Symmetry
between quarks and antiquarks without it
particles may have simply collided and
destroyed one another
indefinitely however how is it possible
that the matter and antimatter of the
early Universe have a minor
imbalance though scientists have some
theories we are not sure for example
scientist found in the 1960s that the
Universe slightly favors certain
subatomic matter particles over their
antimatter
equivalence we refer to these particles
as
quarks but scientists another theory
since the difference between quark and
antimatter quarks is not enough to
explain the
universe neutrinos are very low mass
particles that are produced in some
forms of radioactive decay and the
biggest nearby producer of neutrinos is
our own
son in order to determine whether the
behavior of neutrinos and antimatter
neutrinos differs researchers are
building particle accelerators and
detectors if neutrinos and antimatter
neutrinos act differently it could be
the answer to the mystery which might
mean that our universe formed via
leptogenesis meaning by creation from
low mass
particles the buildup of quarks and the
presence of gluons a boson Force carrier
particle caused the consistency of the
universe to be a densely populated Quark
gluon
soup it is named as such because
observation of particle collisions
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M finally the Quark era comes to an end
and a new era
Begins the Hadron epic which lasted from
10 to Theus 6 seconds until 1
second at this point the universe's
temperature reached approximately 1
trillion
de allowing quarks to combine to form
hadrons as we had already discussed
there are two classes of hadrons barans
and
meens a slight matter antimatter
asymmetry from the earlier phase also
known as Baran asymmetry results in an
elimination of anti
barians close to the end of this Epoch
only light stable barans protons and
neutrons remain due to sufficiently high
density of leptons protons and neutrons
rapidly change into one another under
the action of weak
Force however the universe became enough
cold for Neutron proton conversions to
drastically slow
down thereafter there were roughly seven
protons for every neutron as helium
takes two protons and two neutrons to
form a nucleus whereas hydrogen only
needs one prot proton a ratio of 7 to1
excess of protons over neutrons would
result in an equivalent excess of
hydrogen over helium which is what is
seen
today in order to explain the apparent
overabundance of helium in the universe
George Gamo proposed that the majority
of the helium in the cosmos today was
created in the early Big Bang in less
time than it takes to cook a
chicken Gamo developed the theory that
the cosmos was made out of a hot soup of
particles following the Big Bang he
called this substance Yim which is Greek
for the formless substance from which
elements formed he assigned Ralph alfha
a PhD candidate with figuring out the
processes that resulted in the
production of heavier components from
Yim GMO and Alpha developed their ideas
into a paper titled the origin of the
chemical element
the alpha beta gamma paper established
itself as the standard for pre-stellar
fusion and continues to this day as the
basis for our understanding of how the
high temperatures at the beginning of
the universe could turn hydrogen into
helium via dyum
intermediates proteum which is composed
of a single proton is the lightest form
of hydrogen thus these hydrogen nuclei
existed as soon as quarks bound into Pro
protons it's crucial to remember that
neutrally charged hydrogen atoms which
have both protons and electrons will not
form for some
time the sphere of space that will
become the observable universe is
approximately 10 light years in radius
now around 10 seconds after the big bang
it was cool enough for some deuterium
nuclei with one proton and one Neutron
to
form unfortunately the dyum nuclei
remained unstable in this heated Cosmic
soup because of the high temperature and
particle energy if they were struck by a
photon as was inevitable under such
densities these first composite nuclei
would break apart again physicists refer
to this as the dyum bottleneck and until
it was overcome nucleosynthesis simply
couldn't progress past the fusing of one
proton and one
Neutron it takes about three more
hundred seconds for temperatures to drop
to the point where dyum becomes more
stable and other elements start to
develop first dyum with its one proton
and one Neutron is able to fuse with
individual protons under the intense
compressive force of the entire
universe the result is is helium 3 a
completely new stable element for the
first
time after this the more common variety
of helium known as helium 4 which is
made up of two protons and two neutrons
is the next creation of the
cosmos the hardest element to break
apart is helium 4 whose nuclei are the
most stable Atomic nuclei known to exist
this together with the circumstances
that existed in the those first few
hundred seconds caused the majority of
Unbound protons in the early Cosmos to
be absorbed into helium and not to Decay
further even 13.8 billion years after
this intense Outburst of helium
formation and the birth and death of
innumerable Stars the universe still
contains about 23% helium just this
observation provides strong evidence in
favor of Alpha's Theory and this is
where we witness yet another example of
the universe's initial conditions being
randomly
fine-tuned we already know that if the
proton to Neutron ratio had been
different then much of the universe's
ordinary matter would have decayed away
into uncharged and unreactive neutrons
and
helium but similarly even with the
proton neutron ratio we were dealt if
the matter in the cosmos had been any
more compact at the time of big bang
nucleosynthesis then even more helium
would have formed the unreactivity of a
universe made predominantly of helium
would have meant little to no chemistry
would have been possible thereafter
again leading to The Bleak Prospect of a
universe without no galaxies no stars or
us fortunately this was not the case
even as so many hyrons settle into their
stable helium nuclei the universe is
still full of latent energy which could
be used for further Fusion the race is
now on to generate as many new elements
as possible before the universe's
Ambient Energy Falls far too
low after 20 minutes of universal
existence or around 1200 seconds of
intense Cosmic
nucleosynthesis the nuclear furnace
eventually slows and dies it's too cold
for any more nuclei to form even if it's
still scorching hot by human
standards there are currently just four
elements in the universe hydrogen helium
lithium and brillium and only the first
three will survive long enough to
witness the first stars and serve as the
primary fuel for the creation of the
other 98 elements that are naturally
occurring in the present Universe due to
the short-lived stability of those
brillium
nuclei for now there are a billion
photons for each particle of composite
matter and 12 hydrogen nuclei for every
helium
nucleus but with these basic ingredients
the stage is truly set for the formation
of everything
else even the dyum and tritium that
scientists fused together in California
in
20122 was itself first formed in the
heat of a newborn universe 13.8 billion
years ago after particles fused and
broke apart to form nuclei the
primordial mixture of hydrogen helium
and Trace Amounts of lithium and dyum
nuclei marked the end of the era of
nucleosynthesis and led to the formation
of the first Stars these were the
universe's first nuclei to
form from being slightly bigger than a
grapefruit during the grand unification
era to having a radius of about 300
light years today the universe has grown
in size due to ongoing
expansion there is such a big
difference the universe cools down as
its expansion continues and its
temperature
decreases during this period the
temperature of the universe ranged from
10 to the 9 Kelvin to 3,000 Kelvin the
fusion stopped as the universe cooled
down to a certain point point we see how
the nuclei will bind with other
particles in the subsequent epics to
form atoms and even later galaxies and
stars after the era of
nucleosynthesis we now enter the era of
nuclei the only thing that is different
is that this era marks the end of
nuclear fusion the universe is getting
bigger because it is expanding although
more slowly compared to the previous
Epoch the universe's size has risen by a
factor of
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1,000 our universe is now a massive
space filled with fully ionized
particles you can see that the Universe
becomes older as it
expands the pressure of the universe
continuously decreases as the universe
expands volume and pressure have an
indirect relation ship so as the volume
of the universe increases its pressure
decreases the nuclei are no longer
fusing together the universe is still
only a ball of heated plasma that
contains completely charged particles
throughout this entire period the nuclei
Fusion could not continue because the
temperature became too low nevertheless
the temperature remained high enough to
keep all the atoms ionized keep all the
electrons from binding with the nuclei
and until around 500,000
years photons particles that produce
light were also scattered in the
universe together with the electrons but
they could not react with each other
because they were locked into an
equilibrium in which the photons could
not
escape the era of nuclei created a lot
of light but it could not be seen
anywhere because of the universe's
extreme density photons would always
collide with an electron or nucleus
before continuing on causing the
universe not to have
light the universe became opaque to
light the duration of the era of nuclei
spans from 3 minutes to 500,000 years
after 500,000 years the cosmos finally
cooled to 3,000
Kelvin at which point the nuclei of
hydrogen and helium started to absorb
the free
electrons since photons could no longer
interact with electrons outside of very
small energy ranges the majority of the
gas become transparent at this
point allowing photons to finally escape
the plasma and go across the
universe these photons are what we now
experience as the cosmic microwave
background when we look out into the
universe we can never see back in time
Beyond 500,000 years which is the time
of last scattering of photon
before this the universe's heated
surface was all that we could
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see we will now see what happens to the
atomic nuclei electrons and photons as
we proceed to the next
era now we will enter the age of atoms
which began when photons separated from
matter and nuclei began fusing with
electrons after atom formed matter no
longer had any effect on photons or
light particles thus photons that
currently form light and neutral atoms
make up the
universe space was literally made
possible by the formation of
atoms the universe's temperature
throughout this era ranged from 3,000 to
60 Kelvin the universe became
transparent as a result of the matter
and photons decoupling due to the
decline in temperature
that means that when these neutral atoms
formed electromagnetic radiation
including light could travel throughout
space with a lot more freedom than ever
before rendering the universe basically
transparent to
light we can think of this process as
the example below consider a parking lot
filled with vehicles our
nuclei there are lots of people or free
electrons in between the
cars if you tried to make your way
through such a packed mass of cars and
people you'd most likely be pushed back
or deflected scattered in all
directions however if the humans got
inside the cars meaning the electrons
joined with the nuclei to form atoms
there would be enough of free space for
you to use to pass through them all
without getting
deflected the recombination Epoch is the
name given to this phase of the
universe's evolution because it saw the
combination of nuclei and electrons to
create stable
atoms the decoupling Epoch got its name
from the fact that light was ultimately
able to separate from matter during this
period the reason we see the CMB in low
energy light is only because the
expansion of the cosmos has caused the
photon's energy to be red shifted or
relocated to the red edge of the light
spectrum these photons real energy was
in the ultraviolet a shorter
band since then the cosmic background
Explorer satellite has measured this
background radiation and found it to
precisely fit a perfect black body
Spectrum at a temperature of
2.73 Kelvin this perfect black body
radiation coming from everywhere is
strong evidence that we understand the
universe at least back to 500,000 years
before the Big Bang
nevertheless the cosmic microwave
background shows us that the universe's
structure and temperature were almost
constant fluctuating only by a few
degrees compared to now that was a very
different environment there are no
galaxies there are no stars we just see
this remarkably uniform
temperature astronomers aptly term this
era the Dark
Ages the universe kept expanding and
cooling after
recombination beginning of the
universe's Dark Age during which the big
Bang's brightness shifted into infrared
wavelengths this Dark Age of the
universe which lasted hundreds of
millions of years and began around
400,000 years after the big bang was the
last period in which the universe was
truly empty no planets no Suns no
galaxies no life and other celestial
bodies leaving only a fog of hydrogen
atoms created during the big bang and
left to slos through the
darkness today telescopes around the
world are trying to catch a glimpse of
that Primal hydrogen known as neutral
hydrogen in order to pinpoint the moment
when the Dark Ages finally ended and the
first galaxies
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formed
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in the past epics we have witnessed the
universe emerge from a tiny Singularity
to a massive Universe full of
atoms let's investigate the Galaxy's era
to learn how the universe reached at its
current
state our universe continues to
evolve within this timeline the force of
gravity caused matter to draw together
to form galaxies
the formation of the first galaxies
marks a major transition in the
evolution of structure in the
universe these same galaxies change the
intergalactic medium from neutral to
ionized thanks to their second
generation population two stars zero
metallicity population the three stars
and black hole driven sources such as
mini quazars x-ray binaries
Etc this process is known as the epoch
of
reionization the formation of stars and
quazars occurs during
reionization they start to release
powerful radiation which causes the
neutral hydrogen atom to break apart
into free protons and
electrons reionization eventually comes
to an end and hydrogen atoms forms
again it is thought that the energy from
these initial Stars early galaxies and
Incredibly bright quazars with black
holes in the center helped reionize the
hydrogen
gas in this case ionization is the
process by which the energy of the star
extracts electrons from the atoms in the
surrounding gas causing it to
Glow since this is the second time the
gas has been energized since the Big
Bang this age is known as
rization as a result of the combined
energy of these first stars and galaxies
light was able to travel farther into
space than it had
previously probably the most pressing
question in astrophysics is finding out
more about early star formation which
will help us comprehend how early
galaxies or groups of stars were
formed the newly launched James web
Space Telescope was created in large
part to answer this question as its
infrared capabilities allow it to see
highly r shifted objects like these
early
galaxies after that the galaxies are
gradually drawn closer to one another by
gravity forming clusters and
superclusters a path for stars to
develop and ignite was created by the
difference in density in the cosmic
microwave
background and these Stars eventually
gathered together to form
galaxies the universe is expanding with
a diameter of 93 billion light years at
this period moreover the temperature of
the universe is between 60 and 2.73
Kelvin during this
Epoch which spans 1 billion years from
The Big Bang and the
present as new galaxies form the
universe is still
evolving indeed we are living in the era
of galaxies at this very moment
Dark Matter appears to be widely
distributed around visible stars in
galaxies galaxies collide with one
another because the Dark Matter Halos
make them appear larger than they
actually are the Collision of small
galaxies results in the merging and
formation of giant
galaxies the two basic components of the
entire universe are matter and energy
the majority of the matter in the
universe is invisible and most of the
Energy's source is
unknown which presents a significant
challenge to scientists if much of the
universe is invisible to us how can we
study
it scientists will remain at the
Forefront of the search for dark energy
and dark matter as our observational
techniques become more
sophisticated the distribution of dark
matter in merging Galaxy clusters such
as the the bullet cluster is mapped with
the help of NASA's Chandra x-ray
Observatory and optical
telescopes x-ray observations reveal a
heated shock front where the Clusters
gas clashed and slowed
down but measurements of gravitational
lensing reveal that dark matter remains
separate from regular matter and
unaffected by the
Collision a theory suggests that some
dark matter particles undergo
annihilation in a burst of intense
radiation making them disappear Dark
Matter Annihilation signs have been
identified by the very energetic
radiation Imaging telescope array system
in Arizona which is equipped with gamma
ray detection
capabilities researchers are examining
how dark energy and gravity have clashed
throughout the universe's history by
comparing observations of Galaxy
clusters with experimental
models thanks to Modern methods we can
calculate the quantity of dark matter
present in a galaxy by measuring the
bending of light from background sources
we can estimate the mass of the Galaxy
by measuring the degree of that bend
using this gravitational lensing
technique when the mass we calculate
from the bend and the mass we can
observe directly don't agree we know
Dark Matter must be
present
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of the universe we know that dark matter
exists even if we cannot see
it about 4.5 billion years ago our solar
system formed from a dense cloud of
interstellar gas and dust the cloud
collapsed possibly due to the shock wave
of a nearby exploding star called a
supernova when this dust cloud collapsed
it formed a solar nebula a spinning
swirling disc of
material the planets formed in a thin
dis circling the sun which formed at its
Center moons evolved around the gas
giant planets in a similar way similar
to every other planet in our solar
system it originated from a dis of gas
and dust circling the young
Sun the forces of drag pulled the dust
particles together to form Rock clumps
that eventually evolved into what
scientists refer to as
planetesimals which attend to hundreds
of miles
across after these protoplanets collided
with one another the Earth our home
planet was
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created in the universe today matter
dominates over
radiation protons neutrons and electrons
the known building components of atoms
as well as the mysterious Dark Matter
make up matter
most of the radiation in the universe is
in the form of the cosmic microwave
background remarkably despite its
extreme weakness the microwave
background radiation still has more
energy than all of the known stars and
galaxies
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combined this is because although being
extremely powerful radiation emitters
stars and galaxies only make up a very
small portion of
space physically speaking our universe
appears uncannily
perfect if it were any different Life as
We Know It planets atoms and everything
else wouldn't
exist our universe in all its Grandeur
is a finely tuned Symphony of physical
laws fundamental constants and Cosmic
forces our universe this is not just a
random collection of matter and energy
it is a masterpiece of
precision as we continue to explore the
cosmos we Marvel at its elegance and
wonder perhaps the delicate balance that
sustains our existence holds secrets yet
to be
unveiled a cosmic ode waiting for us to
decipher its
notes so I want to tell everyone who is
watching this video that you can have
anything you want you just need to ask
the universe all you have to do is let
go and feel
nice and the universe will surprise you
with beautiful
Miracles so let us gaze upward embrace
the mystery and revel in the all
inspiring Perfection of our
universe
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