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How Was The Universe Created? | Space Documentary 2024
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[Music] from where did all this come from in every direction we care to observe we find Stars galaxies clouds of gas and dust tenuous plasmas and radiations spanning the gamut of wavelengths from infrared to visible light to gamma rays the universe is always and everywhere filled with matter and energy no matter where we look or how we experience it and yet it's only natural to assume that at all came from somewhere if you want to know the answer to the biggest question of all the question of our Cosmic Origins you have to pose the question to the universe itself and listen to what it tells you welcome to actual space today we embark on an extraordinary Journey a journey to the beginning of the universe how was our universe created how did it become the seemingly Infinite Space that we are aware of today and what will happen when our universe end scientists have been puzzled by these problems since the beginning of time and their answers have produced some very strange and interesting theories since the Big Bang explosion neither marked the beginning nor the end of the Universe we are still working to understand it completely the subject of how the universe originated and how our world came to be has been asked by many generations and civilizations the insatiable curiosity about its Origins remains as strong as it did thousands of years ago many civilizations including the Maya Chinese incar Arabs Greeks and Egyptians held the belief that a superior power was the creator of everything their theories and Views about how the world is shaped differed they believed that heaven hell and Earth were in the middle then came the geocentric model the Greeks theorized that the Earth was slightly spherical rather than flat there were stars in the sky and several celestial bodies were in orbit around the planet subsequently the heliocentric model emerged explaining that the Earth rotates around the sun which is at the center of the universe according to the notion stars are fixed at a distance many years later around 2,000 years kernus set his heliocentric theory which was approved after his death the universe consists of everything you can think of nature oceans the world and even our solar system according to a study on Universe evolution theories The Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted Theory nothing comes from nothing for something to exist there must be material or a component available what happened in the initial instance to create the materials that caused the big bang and where did that material come from it is still unknown how our universe came into being or whether there was something that existed before but physicists are still working to find the answer we would need to explain the initial Quantum state of the entire universe in order to provide a meaningful response to the question of how something could exist out of nothing any attempt to achieve this is still highly speculative some of them appeal to Supernatural forces like a designer nonetheless there are still alternative plausible answers that fall Within the domain of physics these include the Multiverse which is made up of an endless number of parallel universes and cyclical models of the universe that undergo repeated births Roger Penrose the 2020 Noel prizewinning physicist put up a tempting but contentious conformal cyclic cosmology concept for a cyclical Cosmos Penrose was inspired by an interesting mathematical connection between a very hot dense small state of the universe as it was at the big bang and an extremely cold empty expanded state of the universe as it will be in the far future his radical Theory to explain this correspondence is that those States become mathematically identical when taken to their limits as unbelievable as it seems all of the matter in our universe may have originated from a complete absence of matter from this perspective the Big Bang comes from almost nothing nevertheless the universe did start 13.8 billion years ago and this video is all about what happened after the big bang [Music] the plank era despite what its name may suggest the Big Bang was not an explosion in space rather it was the appearance of space everywhere in the universe everything in the universe was compressed into an incredibly tiny Singularity a point of infinite heat and density some 13.8 billion years ago that Speck was the source of everything in the universe as it exist today that was the source of all protons atoms and other matter this was the first known Epoch of the universe also referred to as the plank Epoch or plank era a time so early in the history of the universe that it defies our best understanding of physics just one 10 millionth of a trillionth of a second after the big bang this era took place at this point Quantum fluctuations started to affect both space and time usually physicists deal independently with general relativity which operates on vast Cosmic scales and quantum mechanics which governs the microw world of particles but to truly understand the plank epic we need a complete theory of quantum gravity merging the two though there have been attempts such as with Loop quantum gravity and string theory we still do not have a perfect theory of quantum gravity ordinary space and time are usually viewed in these attempts as emergent like to the waves on the deep ocean surface because we are beings rooted in the macroscopic universe space and time seem senseless but what we experience as space and time are the result of quantum processes functioning at a deeper microscopic level we can no longer rely on our ordinary understanding of cause and effect effect since in the plank era our standard concept of space and time breaks down despite this all candidate theories of quantum gravity describe something physical that was going on in the plank epic some Quantum precursor of ordinary space and time but where did that come from physicist Max plank created a system of units in the late 1890s to make the expression of physics rules simpler we could calculate these identical plank units using just five natural constants such as the gravitational constant and the speed of light we could even calculate them using aliens from alpha centor the plank units consist of length mass temperature charge and time for a moment let's think about the plank length unit the pro is about 100 million trillion times larger than the plank length to put this into perspective if we scaled the proton up to the size of the observable universe the plank length would be a mere trip from Tokyo to Chicago the 14-hour flight may seem long to you but to the universe it would go completely unnoticed it was surprising to discover that the limits of the plank scale which was initially developed as a system of UN unversal units also happened to be the limits at which the currently accepted laws of physics operated during the plank era the universe was so small that our laws of physics break down to dive deeper back in time we'll need new scientific language although we are unable to observe what truly occurs at the plank scale scientists can speculate at this energy the four fundamental forces gravity electromagnetism the weak force and the strong force finally combined to form one Super Force super strings and quantum gravity are some possible phenomena that could be dominant at the plank energy scale we need new unbreakable physics to understand anything beyond the plank scale the period of time immediately following the Big Bang known as the plank era began at Time Zero The Big Bang itself and ended 10 to Theus 43 seconds later which is one plank second we are unable to use current technology to measure the length of this moment since it is so small these figures are beyond our ability to fully comprehend there was no such thing as as original matter because the universe was created in an extremely hot condition so hot that everything was Pure Energy the universe was about 100 million trillion de or 10 to the 34 Kelvin in temperature and roughly 100 million trillion times smaller than a proton at the beginning of the plank period just to give you an idea this is the size of an atom the typical radius of an atom is around 0.1 nanometer 1 nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter atoms are extremely light and small they are made up of subatomic particles protons neutrons and electrons which are even smaller and lighter than an atom the Big Bang created the universe which continues expanding ever since however time and space do not exist in the universe until it reaches the plank scale space gets compactified but time stays undefined according to string theory there were 10 dimensions in the universe during the plank Epoch but those Dimensions collapsed to four one way to visualize the extra Six Dimensions would be as extremely tiny hyperspheres between the spaces between basic particles four enormous dimensions and six microscopic ones the best way to describe the universe during the plank era is as a 10-dimensional quantum foam that contains continuously formed and destroyed black holes the size of Plank with no apparent cause or effect however the plank period's vast unpredictability ends after just 100 million trillion trillionths of a second when the universe gradually cools and grows signaling the beginning of a new era for a while the universe won't appear or act like it does now but going forward our existing theories do at least have a chance of explaining what is happening Gravity the weak Force electromagnetism and the strong force are the four fundamental forces that affect everything we do on a daily basis from playing basketball to sending a rocket into space to just putting a magnet on your refrigerator all that occurs in the cosmos is controlled by these forces all known interactions in science ranging from the minuscule to the enormous as well as those we encounter on a daily basis are caused by these forces these forces explain how galaxies move how Chemicals React in our Labs how Atomic nuclei structured and why radioactive decay occurs they explain the real meaning of commonplace Concepts like friction and normal force gravity you surely know of as it has certainly helped you to fall down before gravity is the attraction between two objects that have mass or energy whether this is seen in dropping a rock from a bridge a planet orbiting a star or the the moon causing ocean tides of the fundamental forces gravity is arguably the most recognizable and intuitive yet it has also proven to be one of the hardest to explain the concept of gravity was first put out by Isaac Newton who claimed to have been motivated by an apple that fell from a tree he defined gravity as the actual attraction of two objects coming together many centuries later Albert Einstein proposed that gravity is neither an attraction nor a force through his general relativity Theory rather it's the result of SpaceTime bending objects the way a massive ball deforms a sheet of material in the middle and causes smaller items to fall toward the center is similar to how a large object behaves in SpaceTime though gravity holds planets Stars solar systems and even galaxies together it turns out to be the weakest of the fundamental forces especially at the molecular and atomic scales consider this how difficult is it to raise a ball off the ground or to raise your foot or to make a leap all of those actions are counteracting the gravity of the entire Earth furthermore gravity has very little effect in comparison to the other fundamental forces at the molecular and atomic levels the weak Force while the other forces hold things together the weak Force plays a greater role in things falling apart or decaying though it is only effective over extremely short distances the weak Force also known as the weak interaction is stronger than gravity it is a subatomic particle that is essential to the creation of elements and the energy source for stars much of the natural radiation that exists in the universe is also caused by it although its name implies that it is a weak force it is approximately 10 25 times stronger than the gravitational force within the nucleus limit because of its relative weakness in comparison to the strong force or the strong nuclear force it is known as the weak Force the weak Force plays an important role within the nucleus and it is responsible for the beta minus Decay within the nucleus the nuclear fusion reactions that power the Sun and provide the energy required for the majority of living forms on Earth depend on the weak Force that's also why archaeologists can use carbon 14 to date ancient bone wood and other formerly living artifacts nitrogen 14 which holds seven protons and seven neutrons is created when one of the eight neutrons in carbon 14 decays into a proton because of the predictable rate of decay scientists are able to determine the age of these artifacts the electromagnetic force between charged particles such as negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons there is an electromagnetic force also known as the lawence force similar charges repel one another but opposite charges attract one another the force increases with the magnitude of the charge and much like gravity this force can be felt from an infinite distance although the force would be very very small at that distance the electromagnetic force as its name suggests is made up of two parts the magnetic and electric forces scientists initially distinguished between these two forces but eventually discovered that they are actually parts of the same Force where the charged particles are fixed or moving the electric component acts between them to create a field that allows the charges to interact however as soon as those charged particles set into motion the magnetic force the second component comes into play the particles create a magnetic field around them as they move so when electrons Zoom through a wire to charge your computer or phone or turn on your TV for example the wire becomes magnetic through the exchange of massless force carrying bosons known as photons also the particle components of light electromagnetic forces are transferred between charged particles but another kind of photon is the force carrying kind that switches between charged particles though technically the same particles as the real and detectable form they are virtual and undetectable some of the most fre quently observed phenomena including as elasticity friction normal force and the force binding objects together in a specific shape are caused by the electromagnetic force it also produces the drag that airplanes birds and even Superman feel when they fly these actions can occur because of charged or neutralized particles interacting with one another for example the normal force that keeps a book on top of a table table instead of gravity pulling the book through to the ground is a consequence of electrons in the table's atoms repelling electrons in the book's atoms the strong nuclear force of the four fundamental forces of nature the strongest one is the strong nuclear force commonly known as the strong nuclear interaction it has a force that is 6,000 trillion trillion trillion times stronger than gravity that's 39 Z after six and the reason for that is that it creates bonds between the building blocks of matter to create larger particles protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and part of the strong force also holds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom together the strong force only acts when subatomic particles are incredibly close to one another much as the weak Force they must be approximately within the diameter of a proton once within range massless charged bosons called gluons transmit the strong force between quarks and keep them glued together a tiny fraction of the strong force called the residual strong force acts between protons and neutrons because protons in the nucleus have similar charges they repel one another however the residual strong force can overcome this repulsion keeping the particles linked within the nucleus of an atom Grand unified theory is a theory that physicists have successfully created to combine electromagnetic weak and strong forces the strong force broke away from the others at the time of grand unification period that began approximately 10 to Theus 38 seconds after the Big B this separation released a tremendous amount of energy which is thought to have caused the universe to expand very quickly the universe expanded by a factor of 10 to the 35 in 10 to Theus 32 seconds during the brief period of time known as [Music] inflation from being impossibly tiny than a subatomic particle to around the size of a grape fruit in the blink of an eye keep in mind that inflationary Theory addresses only the observable universe it says nothing about the whole universe postulating this burst of exponential growth helps remove two major problems in cosmology The Horizon problem and the flatness problem in the universe what you see is basically the same no matter which way you look to a very high degree of precision the temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation ation are nearly identical in all directions throughout the Universe if you really think about it more carefully this really shouldn't be the case in reality you are looking back in time if you simply look in One Direction in space since light moves at the speed of light the light that reaches your eye or telescope was released years ago this indicates that there is a limit extending in all directions of about 14 billion light years the boundary is actually farther because space itself is expanding but you can ignore that for the purposes of this example there is no possibility that anything further distant could have ever gotten in touch with us so you look out with your powerful telescope and can see the cosmic microwave background radiation from 14 billion light years away call this point a now if you look in the opposite direction 14 billion light years away let's call this point B You observe exactly the same kind of cosmic microwave background radiation normally this would suggest that all of the cmbr in the universe has somehow spread across the cosmos similar to heating up an oven somehow the thermal information is communicated between points A and B however given that points A and B are 28 billion light years apart and that no signal can travel faster than the speed of light there is no possibility that they could have ever communicated in the entire age of the universe if there is no way for heat to transfer between them how did they get to the same temperature this is the Horizon problem also sometimes called the homogeneity problem the universe's geometry which seems to be flat particularly in light of new wa map data is the subject of the flatness problem even 14 billion years after the universe formed when tiny variations should have grown drastically the cosmos matter density and expansion rate seem to be almost perfectly balanced physicists need an explanation for why the small deviations haven't increased dramatically as this hasn't happened did the variations not exist did they not grow into large scale variations did something happen to smooth them out the flatness problem aims to explain why the geometry of the universe appears to be so flawlessly flat these three types of universes are simplified representations of the way space naturally Curves in the universe first is the closed Universe where the universe contains enough matter for Gravity to eventually overcome the space expansion such a universe has positive curvature as its geomet omry this fit the original Einstein model which did not include a cosmological constant second is the open Universe where the cosmos will always expand at the same rate since there is insufficient matter to Halt it this SpaceTime is Saddle shaped with a negative curvature and the third one is the flat universe where the universe's expansion slows down over time but never quite stops because the density of matter and the universe's expansion exactly balance each other out this space has no overall curvature in 1980 astrophysicist Alan Guth proposed the inflation Theory to solve the Horizon and flatness problems in this model the early Universal expansion accelerated at a rate much faster than we see today a according to the theory of inflation any detectable large scale curvature of the cosmos would have been eliminated by the ultra fast inflation it can be compared to growing a tiny Globe to the size of the Earth the local section you would see would seem to be very flat but the globe is still curved the visible portion of the cosmos appears to be almost flat due to the massive inflation of the tiny universe that resolves the issue of flatness the reason the Horizon problem is resolved is that during inflation space expanded so quickly that these close regions were spread out to cover all of the visible Universe however these close regions were then dispersed throughout the visible Universe the balloons inflation can be used as a basic model to explain how the universe is expanding every point on the balloon is growing farther away from the center thus a person at any point could feel like they are at the center of the expansion the spaces between objects on the balloon surface increases as it expands the universe expanded by a factor of around 10 to the 78 during inflation this number consists of 26 Z after the one it goes beyond the normal political and economic debate about inflation assume for the moment that someone wrote a message so little that it is unreadable on the balloon surface before inflation you will be able to read the message after you inflate the balloon this implies that the writing on the original balloon is magnified by inflation so it works like a microscope we can also see Quantum fluctuations that were generated at the beginning of inflation in this way a massive microscope that magnifies Quantum fluctuations which correspond to a size less than 10 to Theus 28 cm to cosmological distances is created by the universe's expansion during the inflationary Epoch this leaves traces in the distribution of galaxies and in the hotter and colder parts of the cosmic microwave background radiation now that inflation is firmly established in our understanding of the early stages of the universe cosmologists have spent the 40 years since Alan guth's Revelation figuring out the mechanism by which a universe can so suddenly and so drastically blow up the dramatic phases time coincides with the cooling and energy decrease that marked the end of the grand unification of fundamental forces and the rise of the strong nuclear force It Is theorized by some scientists that the decay of the ex bosen messenger particles that carried the electrost strong force created a strong inflation field carried by a new messenger called the inflaton this overwhelming new inflation energy drove Universal exponential expansion which saw Quantum scale irregularities instantaneously scaled up to large scale structure transient Quantum fluctuations became huge regions of overdensity and energy that will eventually give rise to Galaxy clusters and superclusters in the present Cosmos the cosmos ultimately cooled and emptied as a result of all of this expansion which caused the average energy levels to drop 100,000 times the exact reason of why inflation stopped is still unknown to scientists but when it occurred the inflat field and particle decayed releasing radiation and Elementary particles into the universe returning a large portion of that energy to the universe during a process known as reheating that is similiar to water vapor in the atmosphere condensing into water droplets forming a cloud the formation of photons gluons and quarks the fundamental particles occurred during reheating but in a dense plasma State quarks and anti- quarks started destroying one another however the mutual destruction of quarks and antiquarks resulted in an excess of quarks for some reasons that are still unknown this difference or an excess of quarks matter is the reason that all galaxies stars planets and people are here today Additionally the grand unified theory states that during this period the three extra fundamental forces the electromagnetic force the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force formed and then separated the universe as we now know it had evolved the four forces of nature and the rules of physics came into play the universe is still too hot for quarks to join together to create protons and neutrons despite the fact that the fundamental particles have mass reheating ended at about 10 to Theus 10th of a second because of this matter can be created completely and in a more expansive Universe the laws of nature are getting closer to being something we can truly understand and [Music] model we are now entering the universe's third era the duration of the elroe era was 10- 36 to 10 -12 seconds it is now starting to make sense as we move through the eras how a little Singularity could expand so quickly into the present Universe the electro week epic marks the beginning of the modern universe as we know it due to the fact that all four fundamental forces will be distinct from one another by its end additionally we will see the creation of the first particles that would eventually give rise to matter most of us are familiar with the electron proton and neutron when we think of particles however did you know that there are many other particles and combinations of particles in existence what exactly are these particles let's dive a little deeper everyone drives a car uses a laptop and has a phone but have you ever wondered about the history of these materials matter exists all around us in four different phases solid liquid gas and plasma the second form of matter is field where four different forms of fields are observed the electromagnetic field and gravitational field are well known due to events in our environment the other two known as nuclear Fields take place in the world of atoms there are two types of nuclear fields weak and strong which have different field intensities the corpuscular form of matter consists of two groups of fundamental particles fundamental particles also called Elementary particles are the smallest building blocks of the universe the key characteristic of fundamental particles is that they have no internal structure meaning that researchers think about them as Zero Dimensional points that take up no space there are millions of different complex molecules in just one cell when we magnify a single one of these molecules we can finally see individual atoms to put it simply there are about 40 trillion cells in the human body and each cell has about 100 trillion atoms in it atoms however are not the end of the story if we could magnify more at the atoms outside Edge clouds of electrons would be visible and we will have empty places if we magnify once more but let's not stop there if we could continue to enlarge the nucleus would be visible at the center of the atom however the story does not finish with the nucleus more magnification of the nucleus will reveal protons and neutrons sticking to one another these particles are subatomic now let's zoom in once more on one of the protons we detect tiny dancing particles inside the proton these are quarks we refer to these little particles as fundamental or Elementary particles in the standard model of particle physics there are four Force carriers and 12 matter particles in addition to quarks which are Elementary particles so what classifies something as an elementary particle if we look at the proton it consists of three quarks therefore protons are subatomic particles rather than Elementary particles Elementary particles cannot be divided into smaller parts because they lack substructures this implies that they are made up of nothing these are our universe's last and tiniest known building blocks all matter is composed of particles called fermans and force carrying particles called bosons leptons and quarks are the two types of fermans since leptin don't form groups and function alone they are classified as solitary particles and are also fermans they lack an interior structure much like all fundamental particles there are six different types of leptin electron electron nutrino muon muon neutrino Tao and ta nutrino when the six are arranged according to mass the taao and TAA neutrino are the heaviest of the group while the electron and electron neutrino have the lowest Mass an integer charge which is a negative or neutral charge is carried by leptons their charge is a whole number or integer the charges of the to muon and electron are all negative minus one Additionally the neutrinos are chargeless not to be outdone by leptin quarks which are the other type of fine that are grouped together and they also come come in six different varieties with some of the craziest names found in particle physics the six types of quarks are up down charm strange top and bottom additionally quarks are also arranged from weakest to heaviest in terms of mass out of the group The Bottom Quark is the heaviest while the upcar is the smallest in Mass antiparticles are oppositely charged particles found found in all quarks and leptons leptons are solitary particles as we have already discussed they like to be by themselves on the other hand quarks only exist in groups and are highly sociable so they combine to form composite particles composite particles are not regarded as fundamental particles since they are a combination of other particles composite particles are particles that are made up of more than one quark and like other particles in physics they have a name these are called hadrons and come in two different classes first is barans which are hyrons made up of three quarks and second is misons which are hyrons composed of two quarks one quark and one antiquark bosin are the fundamental particles that carry Force as we have discussed previously for fermans they act as glue BOS also come in four main varieties graviton governed by the force of gravity Photon the electromagnetic force governs it gluon the strong nuclear force governs it w+ w minus and Z the weak nuclear force governs this system light particles or photons are massless as a result they may travel through vacuum at the speed of light or three million km/s but if all elementary particles were massless our universe would be very different a proton would not be able to trap a massless electron to create a hydrogen atom furthermore the absence of hydrogen atoms means the absence of stars galaxies and Life as We Know It All Elementary particles were massless in the first trillionth billionth of a second however something happened very quickly following the grand unification era enabling some particles to gain Mass but how did these particles get Mass to clarify this several physicists put up a theory in the 1960s they suggested that soon after the big bang a force field was created when particles interact with this field they gain mass today we call this Force the higs field field the universe is filled with this field through their contact with this field particles like the w and z bosons gain Mass the stronger their interaction the heavier the particle the difference between the massless photon and the massive w and z bosons as observed in nature today can be explained by the existence of the brute anglet higs field other Force carrying part particles like as photons and gluons remain massless because they do not interact with the higs field there are two ways by which we can identify a field the electromagnetic field can be detected by observing particles interacting with it another option is to create the photon a Quantum particle connected to a magnetic field but you cannot manipulate the omnipresent higs field in order to see it we must create the higs boson a Quantum particle that would be present in the standard model along with the other 16 particles and be crucial in explaining the interactions and behaviors of matter throughout the Universe by creating the higs bosen through high energy particle collisions using accelerators like the massive Hadron Collider the Hig bosen decays instantly and is incredibly unstable therefore it wasn't easy to detect or observe it it instantly changes into particles that are lighter for example it might change into a pair of photons or four electrons scientists search for particles left behind by the higs bosen by observing the Collision debris to better understand the idea we can use the analogy of water and swimmers the water in our example represents the higs field a fish being supremely streamlined interacts only slightly with the field and can move through it very easily in that case the fish would resemble a low mass particle a man weighing 80 kg on the other hand could only go very slowly through the water that man in our example is a huge particle that became massive through extensive interactions with the water the electron is the lightest of the known subatomic particles and the top Quark is the king of mass in the subatomic World it weights almost 350,000 times more than an electron or the equivalent of an entire gold atom it is important to emphasize that we do not think that the top quark's larger size makes it more heavy no it's not actually scientists think that the electron and top cork are precisely the same size yes they are are both exactly the same size the top cork is more massive than the electrons simply because it interacts more with the higs field the truth is that none of these particles would have any mass at all if the higs field didn't exist currently the higs bosen is more frequently mentioned in the Press than the higs field how do these two items relate to one other the smallest component of the higs field is the higs bosen we should go back to water once more to understand how that works everyone is familiar with what water is as you can see there is water all around you if you are submerged in it there are no gaps in water it is also known that molecules notably H2O make up water you can now start to understand the higs bosen if you combine these two concepts with the knowledge that water is made up of many separate molecules particles in subatomic particles are built up of an infinite number of distinct higs fields higs bosin are composed of individual molecules exactly like water Peter higs and franois anglet won the 2013 Nobel Prize in physics for their theoretical discovery of the same mechanism associated with the higs field a the theoretical framework explaining how particles get their Mass was established by them the particle has earned its place in the standard model and the field its role in the evolution of the early Universe remember bosons are not the physical Elementary particles they are Force carriers this is a massive step towards physical matter becoming present in the universe as the higs field can slow down other particles and impart Mass on them another very odd concept to Fathom this field is what allows our universe to support Mass towards the end of this era the weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force finally separate at a time of around 10 to the -12 seconds now that the Universe has cooled down enough to allow all four forces to act independently and the laws of nature that we account for In classical physics begin take [Music] shape now that the Universe has cooled down to about 10 quadrillion degrees and the four fundamental forces are separate the universe had a higher degree of stability we see the birth of a new era the Quark era defined for the first time by the interactions of matter it is here we begin to see the rapid formation of quarks and antiquarks these particles Collide and annihilate one another on impact apart from the normal matter that makes you and me there is another type of matter known as antimatter this type of matter is unique because when it interacts with normal matter it can destroy normal matter with an immense burst of energy in fact just a gram of antimatter when brought into contact with a gram of matter would release about the same amount of energy as the 1945 atomic bomb that devastated Hiroshima while combining matter and antimatter can create energy the converse is also true energy can create matter and antimatter in equal quantities since the discovery of antimatter in 1931 the evidence has only gotten stronger the existence of antimatter is accepted widely by physicist one of Nature's strangest twists happened when an excess of quarks started to build up as a result of a process called biogenesis according to the theory of biogenesis the Quark was not destroyed in roughly one out of every billion Quark antiquark collisions the existence of mass today is due to the Symmetry between quarks and antiquarks without it particles may have simply collided and destroyed one another indefinitely however how is it possible that the matter and antimatter of the early Universe have a minor imbalance though scientists have some theories we are not sure for example scientist found in the 1960s that the Universe slightly favors certain subatomic matter particles over their antimatter equivalence we refer to these particles as quarks but scientists another theory since the difference between quark and antimatter quarks is not enough to explain the universe neutrinos are very low mass particles that are produced in some forms of radioactive decay and the biggest nearby producer of neutrinos is our own son in order to determine whether the behavior of neutrinos and antimatter neutrinos differs researchers are building particle accelerators and detectors if neutrinos and antimatter neutrinos act differently it could be the answer to the mystery which might mean that our universe formed via leptogenesis meaning by creation from low mass particles the buildup of quarks and the presence of gluons a boson Force carrier particle caused the consistency of the universe to be a densely populated Quark gluon soup it is named as such because observation of particle collisions [Music] [Music] [Music] M finally the Quark era comes to an end and a new era Begins the Hadron epic which lasted from 10 to Theus 6 seconds until 1 second at this point the universe's temperature reached approximately 1 trillion de allowing quarks to combine to form hadrons as we had already discussed there are two classes of hadrons barans and meens a slight matter antimatter asymmetry from the earlier phase also known as Baran asymmetry results in an elimination of anti barians close to the end of this Epoch only light stable barans protons and neutrons remain due to sufficiently high density of leptons protons and neutrons rapidly change into one another under the action of weak Force however the universe became enough cold for Neutron proton conversions to drastically slow down thereafter there were roughly seven protons for every neutron as helium takes two protons and two neutrons to form a nucleus whereas hydrogen only needs one prot proton a ratio of 7 to1 excess of protons over neutrons would result in an equivalent excess of hydrogen over helium which is what is seen today in order to explain the apparent overabundance of helium in the universe George Gamo proposed that the majority of the helium in the cosmos today was created in the early Big Bang in less time than it takes to cook a chicken Gamo developed the theory that the cosmos was made out of a hot soup of particles following the Big Bang he called this substance Yim which is Greek for the formless substance from which elements formed he assigned Ralph alfha a PhD candidate with figuring out the processes that resulted in the production of heavier components from Yim GMO and Alpha developed their ideas into a paper titled the origin of the chemical element the alpha beta gamma paper established itself as the standard for pre-stellar fusion and continues to this day as the basis for our understanding of how the high temperatures at the beginning of the universe could turn hydrogen into helium via dyum intermediates proteum which is composed of a single proton is the lightest form of hydrogen thus these hydrogen nuclei existed as soon as quarks bound into Pro protons it's crucial to remember that neutrally charged hydrogen atoms which have both protons and electrons will not form for some time the sphere of space that will become the observable universe is approximately 10 light years in radius now around 10 seconds after the big bang it was cool enough for some deuterium nuclei with one proton and one Neutron to form unfortunately the dyum nuclei remained unstable in this heated Cosmic soup because of the high temperature and particle energy if they were struck by a photon as was inevitable under such densities these first composite nuclei would break apart again physicists refer to this as the dyum bottleneck and until it was overcome nucleosynthesis simply couldn't progress past the fusing of one proton and one Neutron it takes about three more hundred seconds for temperatures to drop to the point where dyum becomes more stable and other elements start to develop first dyum with its one proton and one Neutron is able to fuse with individual protons under the intense compressive force of the entire universe the result is is helium 3 a completely new stable element for the first time after this the more common variety of helium known as helium 4 which is made up of two protons and two neutrons is the next creation of the cosmos the hardest element to break apart is helium 4 whose nuclei are the most stable Atomic nuclei known to exist this together with the circumstances that existed in the those first few hundred seconds caused the majority of Unbound protons in the early Cosmos to be absorbed into helium and not to Decay further even 13.8 billion years after this intense Outburst of helium formation and the birth and death of innumerable Stars the universe still contains about 23% helium just this observation provides strong evidence in favor of Alpha's Theory and this is where we witness yet another example of the universe's initial conditions being randomly fine-tuned we already know that if the proton to Neutron ratio had been different then much of the universe's ordinary matter would have decayed away into uncharged and unreactive neutrons and helium but similarly even with the proton neutron ratio we were dealt if the matter in the cosmos had been any more compact at the time of big bang nucleosynthesis then even more helium would have formed the unreactivity of a universe made predominantly of helium would have meant little to no chemistry would have been possible thereafter again leading to The Bleak Prospect of a universe without no galaxies no stars or us fortunately this was not the case even as so many hyrons settle into their stable helium nuclei the universe is still full of latent energy which could be used for further Fusion the race is now on to generate as many new elements as possible before the universe's Ambient Energy Falls far too low after 20 minutes of universal existence or around 1200 seconds of intense Cosmic nucleosynthesis the nuclear furnace eventually slows and dies it's too cold for any more nuclei to form even if it's still scorching hot by human standards there are currently just four elements in the universe hydrogen helium lithium and brillium and only the first three will survive long enough to witness the first stars and serve as the primary fuel for the creation of the other 98 elements that are naturally occurring in the present Universe due to the short-lived stability of those brillium nuclei for now there are a billion photons for each particle of composite matter and 12 hydrogen nuclei for every helium nucleus but with these basic ingredients the stage is truly set for the formation of everything else even the dyum and tritium that scientists fused together in California in 20122 was itself first formed in the heat of a newborn universe 13.8 billion years ago after particles fused and broke apart to form nuclei the primordial mixture of hydrogen helium and Trace Amounts of lithium and dyum nuclei marked the end of the era of nucleosynthesis and led to the formation of the first Stars these were the universe's first nuclei to form from being slightly bigger than a grapefruit during the grand unification era to having a radius of about 300 light years today the universe has grown in size due to ongoing expansion there is such a big difference the universe cools down as its expansion continues and its temperature decreases during this period the temperature of the universe ranged from 10 to the 9 Kelvin to 3,000 Kelvin the fusion stopped as the universe cooled down to a certain point point we see how the nuclei will bind with other particles in the subsequent epics to form atoms and even later galaxies and stars after the era of nucleosynthesis we now enter the era of nuclei the only thing that is different is that this era marks the end of nuclear fusion the universe is getting bigger because it is expanding although more slowly compared to the previous Epoch the universe's size has risen by a factor of [Music] 1,000 our universe is now a massive space filled with fully ionized particles you can see that the Universe becomes older as it expands the pressure of the universe continuously decreases as the universe expands volume and pressure have an indirect relation ship so as the volume of the universe increases its pressure decreases the nuclei are no longer fusing together the universe is still only a ball of heated plasma that contains completely charged particles throughout this entire period the nuclei Fusion could not continue because the temperature became too low nevertheless the temperature remained high enough to keep all the atoms ionized keep all the electrons from binding with the nuclei and until around 500,000 years photons particles that produce light were also scattered in the universe together with the electrons but they could not react with each other because they were locked into an equilibrium in which the photons could not escape the era of nuclei created a lot of light but it could not be seen anywhere because of the universe's extreme density photons would always collide with an electron or nucleus before continuing on causing the universe not to have light the universe became opaque to light the duration of the era of nuclei spans from 3 minutes to 500,000 years after 500,000 years the cosmos finally cooled to 3,000 Kelvin at which point the nuclei of hydrogen and helium started to absorb the free electrons since photons could no longer interact with electrons outside of very small energy ranges the majority of the gas become transparent at this point allowing photons to finally escape the plasma and go across the universe these photons are what we now experience as the cosmic microwave background when we look out into the universe we can never see back in time Beyond 500,000 years which is the time of last scattering of photon before this the universe's heated surface was all that we could [Music] see we will now see what happens to the atomic nuclei electrons and photons as we proceed to the next era now we will enter the age of atoms which began when photons separated from matter and nuclei began fusing with electrons after atom formed matter no longer had any effect on photons or light particles thus photons that currently form light and neutral atoms make up the universe space was literally made possible by the formation of atoms the universe's temperature throughout this era ranged from 3,000 to 60 Kelvin the universe became transparent as a result of the matter and photons decoupling due to the decline in temperature that means that when these neutral atoms formed electromagnetic radiation including light could travel throughout space with a lot more freedom than ever before rendering the universe basically transparent to light we can think of this process as the example below consider a parking lot filled with vehicles our nuclei there are lots of people or free electrons in between the cars if you tried to make your way through such a packed mass of cars and people you'd most likely be pushed back or deflected scattered in all directions however if the humans got inside the cars meaning the electrons joined with the nuclei to form atoms there would be enough of free space for you to use to pass through them all without getting deflected the recombination Epoch is the name given to this phase of the universe's evolution because it saw the combination of nuclei and electrons to create stable atoms the decoupling Epoch got its name from the fact that light was ultimately able to separate from matter during this period the reason we see the CMB in low energy light is only because the expansion of the cosmos has caused the photon's energy to be red shifted or relocated to the red edge of the light spectrum these photons real energy was in the ultraviolet a shorter band since then the cosmic background Explorer satellite has measured this background radiation and found it to precisely fit a perfect black body Spectrum at a temperature of 2.73 Kelvin this perfect black body radiation coming from everywhere is strong evidence that we understand the universe at least back to 500,000 years before the Big Bang nevertheless the cosmic microwave background shows us that the universe's structure and temperature were almost constant fluctuating only by a few degrees compared to now that was a very different environment there are no galaxies there are no stars we just see this remarkably uniform temperature astronomers aptly term this era the Dark Ages the universe kept expanding and cooling after recombination beginning of the universe's Dark Age during which the big Bang's brightness shifted into infrared wavelengths this Dark Age of the universe which lasted hundreds of millions of years and began around 400,000 years after the big bang was the last period in which the universe was truly empty no planets no Suns no galaxies no life and other celestial bodies leaving only a fog of hydrogen atoms created during the big bang and left to slos through the darkness today telescopes around the world are trying to catch a glimpse of that Primal hydrogen known as neutral hydrogen in order to pinpoint the moment when the Dark Ages finally ended and the first galaxies [Music] formed [Music] in the past epics we have witnessed the universe emerge from a tiny Singularity to a massive Universe full of atoms let's investigate the Galaxy's era to learn how the universe reached at its current state our universe continues to evolve within this timeline the force of gravity caused matter to draw together to form galaxies the formation of the first galaxies marks a major transition in the evolution of structure in the universe these same galaxies change the intergalactic medium from neutral to ionized thanks to their second generation population two stars zero metallicity population the three stars and black hole driven sources such as mini quazars x-ray binaries Etc this process is known as the epoch of reionization the formation of stars and quazars occurs during reionization they start to release powerful radiation which causes the neutral hydrogen atom to break apart into free protons and electrons reionization eventually comes to an end and hydrogen atoms forms again it is thought that the energy from these initial Stars early galaxies and Incredibly bright quazars with black holes in the center helped reionize the hydrogen gas in this case ionization is the process by which the energy of the star extracts electrons from the atoms in the surrounding gas causing it to Glow since this is the second time the gas has been energized since the Big Bang this age is known as rization as a result of the combined energy of these first stars and galaxies light was able to travel farther into space than it had previously probably the most pressing question in astrophysics is finding out more about early star formation which will help us comprehend how early galaxies or groups of stars were formed the newly launched James web Space Telescope was created in large part to answer this question as its infrared capabilities allow it to see highly r shifted objects like these early galaxies after that the galaxies are gradually drawn closer to one another by gravity forming clusters and superclusters a path for stars to develop and ignite was created by the difference in density in the cosmic microwave background and these Stars eventually gathered together to form galaxies the universe is expanding with a diameter of 93 billion light years at this period moreover the temperature of the universe is between 60 and 2.73 Kelvin during this Epoch which spans 1 billion years from The Big Bang and the present as new galaxies form the universe is still evolving indeed we are living in the era of galaxies at this very moment Dark Matter appears to be widely distributed around visible stars in galaxies galaxies collide with one another because the Dark Matter Halos make them appear larger than they actually are the Collision of small galaxies results in the merging and formation of giant galaxies the two basic components of the entire universe are matter and energy the majority of the matter in the universe is invisible and most of the Energy's source is unknown which presents a significant challenge to scientists if much of the universe is invisible to us how can we study it scientists will remain at the Forefront of the search for dark energy and dark matter as our observational techniques become more sophisticated the distribution of dark matter in merging Galaxy clusters such as the the bullet cluster is mapped with the help of NASA's Chandra x-ray Observatory and optical telescopes x-ray observations reveal a heated shock front where the Clusters gas clashed and slowed down but measurements of gravitational lensing reveal that dark matter remains separate from regular matter and unaffected by the Collision a theory suggests that some dark matter particles undergo annihilation in a burst of intense radiation making them disappear Dark Matter Annihilation signs have been identified by the very energetic radiation Imaging telescope array system in Arizona which is equipped with gamma ray detection capabilities researchers are examining how dark energy and gravity have clashed throughout the universe's history by comparing observations of Galaxy clusters with experimental models thanks to Modern methods we can calculate the quantity of dark matter present in a galaxy by measuring the bending of light from background sources we can estimate the mass of the Galaxy by measuring the degree of that bend using this gravitational lensing technique when the mass we calculate from the bend and the mass we can observe directly don't agree we know Dark Matter must be present [Music] [Music] [Music] of the universe we know that dark matter exists even if we cannot see it about 4.5 billion years ago our solar system formed from a dense cloud of interstellar gas and dust the cloud collapsed possibly due to the shock wave of a nearby exploding star called a supernova when this dust cloud collapsed it formed a solar nebula a spinning swirling disc of material the planets formed in a thin dis circling the sun which formed at its Center moons evolved around the gas giant planets in a similar way similar to every other planet in our solar system it originated from a dis of gas and dust circling the young Sun the forces of drag pulled the dust particles together to form Rock clumps that eventually evolved into what scientists refer to as planetesimals which attend to hundreds of miles across after these protoplanets collided with one another the Earth our home planet was [Music] created in the universe today matter dominates over radiation protons neutrons and electrons the known building components of atoms as well as the mysterious Dark Matter make up matter most of the radiation in the universe is in the form of the cosmic microwave background remarkably despite its extreme weakness the microwave background radiation still has more energy than all of the known stars and galaxies [Music] combined this is because although being extremely powerful radiation emitters stars and galaxies only make up a very small portion of space physically speaking our universe appears uncannily perfect if it were any different Life as We Know It planets atoms and everything else wouldn't exist our universe in all its Grandeur is a finely tuned Symphony of physical laws fundamental constants and Cosmic forces our universe this is not just a random collection of matter and energy it is a masterpiece of precision as we continue to explore the cosmos we Marvel at its elegance and wonder perhaps the delicate balance that sustains our existence holds secrets yet to be unveiled a cosmic ode waiting for us to decipher its notes so I want to tell everyone who is watching this video that you can have anything you want you just need to ask the universe all you have to do is let go and feel nice and the universe will surprise you with beautiful Miracles so let us gaze upward embrace the mystery and revel in the all inspiring Perfection of our universe [Music]
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