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How Was The Universe Created? | Space Documentary 2024

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[Music]

from where did all this come

from in every direction we care to

observe we find Stars galaxies clouds of

gas and dust tenuous plasmas and

radiations spanning the gamut of

wavelengths from infrared to visible

light to gamma

rays the universe is always and

everywhere filled with matter and energy

no matter where we look or how we

experience it and yet it's only natural

to assume that at all came from

somewhere if you want to know the answer

to the biggest question of all the

question of our Cosmic Origins you have

to pose the question to the universe

itself and listen to what it tells

you welcome to actual space today we

embark on an extraordinary Journey a

journey to the beginning of the

universe how was our universe created

how did it become the seemingly Infinite

Space that we are aware of today and

what will happen when our universe

end scientists have been puzzled by

these problems since the beginning of

time and their answers have produced

some very strange and interesting

theories since the Big Bang explosion

neither marked the beginning nor the end

of the Universe we are still working to

understand it completely the subject of

how the universe originated and how our

world came to be has been asked by many

generations and

civilizations the insatiable curiosity

about its Origins remains as strong as

it did thousands of years

ago many civilizations including the

Maya Chinese incar Arabs Greeks and

Egyptians held the belief that a

superior power was the creator of

everything their theories and Views

about how the world is shaped

differed they believed that heaven hell

and Earth were in the

middle then came the geocentric model

the Greeks theorized that the Earth was

slightly spherical rather than flat

there were stars in the sky and several

celestial bodies were in orbit around

the planet subsequently the heliocentric

model emerged explaining that the Earth

rotates around the sun which is at the

center of the universe according to the

notion stars are fixed at a

distance many years later around 2,000

years kernus set his heliocentric theory

which was approved after his

death the universe consists of

everything you can think of nature

oceans the world and even our solar

system

according to a study on Universe

evolution theories The Big Bang Theory

is the most widely accepted

Theory nothing comes from nothing for

something to exist there must be

material or a component

available what happened in the initial

instance to create the materials that

caused the big bang and where did that

material come from it is still unknown

how our universe came into being or

whether there was something that existed

before

but physicists are still working to find

the

answer we would need to explain the

initial Quantum state of the entire

universe in order to provide a

meaningful response to the question of

how something could exist out of nothing

any attempt to achieve this is still

highly

speculative some of them appeal to

Supernatural forces like a

designer nonetheless there are still

alternative plausible answers that fall

Within the domain of physics these

include the Multiverse which is made up

of an endless number of parallel

universes and cyclical models of the

universe that undergo repeated

births Roger Penrose the 2020 Noel

prizewinning physicist put up a tempting

but contentious conformal cyclic

cosmology concept for a cyclical Cosmos

Penrose was inspired by an interesting

mathematical connection between a very

hot dense small state of the universe as

it was at the big bang and an extremely

cold empty expanded state of the

universe as it will be in the far

future his radical Theory to explain

this correspondence is that those States

become mathematically identical when

taken to their limits as unbelievable as

it seems all of the matter in our

universe may have originated from a

complete absence of matter

from this perspective the Big Bang comes

from almost

nothing nevertheless the universe did

start

13.8 billion years

ago and this video is all about what

happened after the big

bang

[Music]

the plank

era despite what its name may suggest

the Big Bang was not an explosion in

space rather it was the appearance of

space everywhere in the universe

everything in the universe was

compressed into an incredibly tiny

Singularity a point of infinite heat and

density some 13.8 billion years ago that

Speck was the source of everything in

the universe as it exist today that was

the source of all protons atoms and

other matter this was the first known

Epoch of the universe also referred to

as the plank Epoch or plank era a time

so early in the history of the universe

that it defies our best understanding of

physics just one 10 millionth of a

trillionth of a second after the big

bang this era took place at this point

Quantum fluctuations started to affect

both space and time usually physicists

deal independently with general

relativity which operates on vast Cosmic

scales and quantum mechanics which

governs the microw world of particles

but to truly understand the plank epic

we need a complete theory of quantum

gravity merging the

two though there have been attempts such

as with Loop quantum gravity and string

theory we still do not have a perfect

theory of quantum

gravity ordinary space and time are

usually viewed in these attempts as

emergent like to the waves on the deep

ocean surface because we are beings

rooted in the macroscopic universe space

and time seem senseless but what we

experience as space and time are the

result of quantum processes functioning

at a deeper microscopic

level we can no longer rely on our

ordinary understanding of cause and

effect effect since in the plank era our

standard concept of space and time

breaks

down despite this all candidate theories

of quantum gravity describe something

physical that was going on in the plank

epic some Quantum precursor of ordinary

space and

time but where did that come

from physicist Max plank created a

system of units in the late 1890s to

make the expression of physics rules

simpler we could calculate these

identical plank units using just five

natural constants such as the

gravitational constant and the speed of

light we could even calculate them using

aliens from alpha

centor the plank units consist of length

mass temperature charge and

time for a moment let's think about the

plank length unit the pro

is about 100 million trillion times

larger than the plank length to put this

into perspective if we scaled the proton

up to the size of the observable

universe the plank length would be a

mere trip from Tokyo to

Chicago the 14-hour flight may seem long

to you but to the universe it would go

completely

unnoticed it was surprising to discover

that the limits of the plank scale which

was initially developed as a system of

UN unversal units also happened to be

the limits at which the currently

accepted laws of physics

operated during the plank era the

universe was so small that our laws of

physics break

down to dive deeper back in time we'll

need new scientific

language although we are unable to

observe what truly occurs at the plank

scale scientists can

speculate at this energy the four

fundamental forces gravity

electromagnetism the weak force and the

strong force finally combined to form

one Super

Force super strings and quantum gravity

are some possible phenomena that could

be dominant at the plank energy

scale we need new unbreakable physics to

understand anything beyond the plank

scale the period of time immediately

following the Big Bang known as the

plank era began at Time Zero The Big

Bang itself and ended 10 to Theus 43

seconds

later which is one plank

second we are unable to use current

technology to measure the length of this

moment since it is so

small these figures are beyond our

ability to fully

comprehend there was no such thing as as

original matter because the universe was

created in an extremely hot condition so

hot that everything was Pure

Energy the universe was about 100

million trillion de or 10 to the 34

Kelvin in temperature and roughly 100

million trillion times smaller than a

proton at the beginning of the plank

period just to give you an idea this is

the size of an atom the typical radius

of an atom is around 0.1 nanometer 1

nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter

atoms are extremely light and small they

are made up of subatomic particles

protons neutrons and electrons which are

even smaller and lighter than an

atom the Big Bang created the universe

which continues expanding ever

since however time and space do not

exist in the universe until it reaches

the plank

scale space gets compactified but time

stays

undefined according to string theory

there were 10 dimensions in the universe

during the plank Epoch but those

Dimensions collapsed to four one way to

visualize the extra Six Dimensions would

be as extremely tiny hyperspheres

between the spaces between basic

particles four enormous dimensions and

six microscopic ones

the best way to describe the universe

during the plank era is as a

10-dimensional quantum foam that

contains continuously formed and

destroyed black holes the size of Plank

with no apparent cause or

effect however the plank period's vast

unpredictability ends after just 100

million trillion trillionths of a second

when the universe gradually cools and

grows signaling the beginning of a new

era for a while the universe won't

appear or act like it does now but going

forward our existing theories do at

least have a chance of explaining what

happening Gravity the weak Force

electromagnetism and the strong force

are the four fundamental forces that

affect everything we do on a daily basis

from playing basketball to sending a

rocket into space to just putting a

magnet on your

refrigerator all that occurs in the

cosmos is controlled by these

forces all known interactions in science

ranging from the minuscule to the

enormous as well as those we encounter

on a daily basis are caused by these

forces these forces explain how galaxies

move how Chemicals React in our Labs how

Atomic nuclei structured and why

radioactive decay occurs they explain

the real meaning of commonplace Concepts

like friction and normal

force gravity you surely know of as it

has certainly helped you to fall down

before gravity is the attraction between

two objects that have mass or energy

whether this is seen in dropping a rock

from a bridge a planet orbiting a star

or the the moon causing ocean tides of

the fundamental forces gravity is

arguably the most recognizable and

intuitive yet it has also proven to be

one of the hardest to

explain the concept of gravity was first

put out by Isaac Newton who claimed to

have been motivated by an apple that

fell from a tree he defined gravity as

the actual attraction of two objects

coming

together many centuries later Albert

Einstein proposed that gravity is

neither an attraction nor a force

through his general relativity Theory

rather it's the result of SpaceTime

bending objects the way a massive ball

deforms a sheet of material in the

middle and causes smaller items to fall

toward the center is similar to how a

large object behaves in

SpaceTime though gravity holds planets

Stars solar systems and even galaxies

together it turns out to be the weakest

of the fundamental forces especially at

the molecular and atomic

scales consider this how difficult is it

to raise a ball off the ground or to

raise your foot or to make a leap all of

those actions are counteracting the

gravity of the entire

Earth furthermore gravity has very

little effect in comparison to the other

fundamental forces at the molecular and

atomic

levels the weak

Force while the other forces hold things

together the weak Force plays a greater

role in things falling apart or decaying

though it is only effective over

extremely short distances the weak Force

also known as the weak interaction is

stronger than gravity it is a subatomic

particle that is essential to the

creation of elements and the energy

source for

stars much of the natural radiation that

exists in the universe is also caused by

it although its name implies that it is

a weak force it is approximately 10 25

times stronger than the gravitational

force within the nucleus limit because

of its relative weakness in comparison

to the strong force or the strong

nuclear force it is known as the weak

Force the weak Force plays an important

role within the nucleus and it is

responsible for the beta minus Decay

within the

nucleus the nuclear fusion reactions

that power the Sun and provide the

energy required for the majority of

living forms on Earth depend on the weak

Force that's also why archaeologists can

use carbon 14 to date ancient bone wood

and other formerly living

artifacts nitrogen 14 which holds seven

protons and seven neutrons is created

when one of the eight neutrons in carbon

14 decays into a proton because of the

predictable rate of decay

scientists are able to determine the age

of these

artifacts the electromagnetic

force between charged particles such as

negatively charged electrons and

positively charged protons there is an

electromagnetic force also known as the

lawence

force similar charges repel one another

but opposite charges attract one another

the force increases with the magnitude

of the charge and much like gravity this

force can be felt from an infinite

distance although the force would be

very very small at that

distance the electromagnetic force as

its name suggests is made up of two

parts the magnetic and electric

forces scientists initially

distinguished between these two forces

but eventually discovered that they are

actually parts of the same Force where

the charged particles are fixed or

moving the electric component acts

between them to create a field that

allows the charges to interact however

as soon as those charged particles set

into motion the magnetic force the

second component comes into play the

particles create a magnetic field around

them as they move so when electrons Zoom

through a wire to charge your computer

or phone or turn on your TV for example

the wire becomes magnetic

through the exchange of massless force

carrying bosons known as photons also

the particle components of light

electromagnetic forces are transferred

between charged

particles but another kind of photon is

the force carrying kind that switches

between charged particles though

technically the same particles as the

real and detectable form they are

virtual and undetectable some of the

most fre quently observed phenomena

including as elasticity friction normal

force and the force binding objects

together in a specific shape are caused

by the electromagnetic force it also

produces the drag that airplanes birds

and even Superman feel when they

fly these actions can occur because of

charged or neutralized particles

interacting with one another for example

the normal force that keeps a book on

top of a table table instead of gravity

pulling the book through to the ground

is a consequence of electrons in the

table's atoms repelling electrons in the

book's

atoms the strong nuclear

force of the four fundamental forces of

nature the strongest one is the strong

nuclear force commonly known as the

strong nuclear interaction it has a

force that is 6,000 trillion trillion

trillion times stronger than gravity

that's 39 Z after six and the reason for

that is that it creates bonds between

the building blocks of matter to create

larger

particles protons and neutrons are made

up of quarks and part of the strong

force also holds the protons and

neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

together the strong force only acts when

subatomic particles are incredibly close

to one another much as the weak

Force they must be approximately within

the diameter of a

proton once within range massless

charged bosons called gluons transmit

the strong force between quarks and keep

them glued together a tiny fraction of

the strong force called the residual

strong force acts between protons and

neutrons because protons in the nucleus

have similar charges they repel one

another however

the residual strong force can overcome

this repulsion keeping the particles

linked within the nucleus of an

atom Grand unified theory is a theory

that physicists have successfully

created to combine electromagnetic weak

and strong forces the strong force broke

away from the others at the time of

grand unification period that began

approximately 10 to Theus 38 seconds

after the Big B

this separation released a tremendous

amount of energy which is thought to

have caused the universe to expand very

quickly the universe expanded by a

factor of 10 to the 35 in 10 to Theus 32

seconds during the brief period of time

known as

[Music]

inflation from being impossibly tiny

than a subatomic particle to around the

size of a grape fruit in the blink of an

eye keep in mind that inflationary

Theory addresses only the observable

universe it says nothing about the whole

universe postulating this burst of

exponential growth helps remove two

major problems in cosmology The Horizon

problem and the flatness

problem in the universe what you see is

basically the same no matter which way

you look to a very high degree of

precision the temperatures of the cosmic

microwave background radiation ation are

nearly identical in all directions

throughout the Universe if you really

think about it more carefully this

really shouldn't be the case in reality

you are looking back in time if you

simply look in One Direction in space

since light moves at the speed of light

the light that reaches your eye or

telescope was released years ago this

indicates that there is a limit

extending in all directions of about 14

billion light years the boundary is

actually farther because space itself is

expanding but you can ignore that for

the purposes of this

example there is no possibility that

anything further distant could have ever

gotten in touch with us so you look out

with your powerful telescope and can see

the cosmic microwave background

radiation from 14 billion light years

away call this point a now if you look

in the opposite direction 14 billion

light years away let's call this point B

You observe exactly the same kind of

cosmic microwave background radiation

normally this would suggest that all of

the cmbr in the universe has somehow

spread across the cosmos similar to

heating up an

oven somehow the thermal information is

communicated between points A and B

however given that points A and B are 28

billion light years apart and that no

signal can travel faster than the speed

of light there is no possibility that

they could have ever communicated in the

entire age of the

universe if there is no way for heat to

transfer between them how did they get

to the same

temperature this is the Horizon problem

also sometimes called the homogeneity

problem the universe's geometry which

seems to be flat particularly in light

of new wa map data is the subject of the

flatness problem even 14 billion years

after the universe formed when tiny

variations should have grown drastically

the cosmos matter density and expansion

rate seem to be almost perfectly

balanced physicists need an explanation

for why the small deviations haven't

increased dramatically as this hasn't

happened did the variations not exist

did they not grow into large scale

variations did something happen to

smooth them

out the flatness problem aims to explain

why the geometry of the universe appears

to be so flawlessly

flat these three types of universes are

simplified representations of the way

space naturally Curves in the

universe first is the closed Universe

where the universe contains enough

matter for Gravity to eventually

overcome the space expansion such a

universe has positive curvature as its

geomet omry this fit the original

Einstein model which did not include a

cosmological

constant second is the open Universe

where the cosmos will always expand at

the same rate since there is

insufficient matter to Halt it this

SpaceTime is Saddle shaped with a

negative

curvature and the third one is the flat

universe where the universe's expansion

slows down over time

but never quite stops because the

density of matter and the universe's

expansion exactly balance each other

out this space has no overall

curvature in 1980 astrophysicist Alan

Guth proposed the inflation Theory to

solve the Horizon and flatness problems

in this model the early Universal

expansion accelerated at a rate much

faster than we see

today a according to the theory of

inflation any detectable large scale

curvature of the cosmos would have been

eliminated by the ultra fast inflation

it can be compared to growing a tiny

Globe to the size of the

Earth the local section you would see

would seem to be very flat but the globe

is still curved the visible portion of

the cosmos appears to be almost flat due

to the massive inflation of the tiny

universe

that resolves the issue of

flatness the reason the Horizon problem

is resolved is that during inflation

space expanded so quickly that these

close regions were spread out to cover

all of the visible

Universe however these close regions

were then dispersed throughout the

visible Universe the balloons inflation

can be used as a basic model to explain

how the universe is expanding every

point on the balloon is growing farther

away from the center thus a person at

any point could feel like they are at

the center of the expansion the spaces

between objects on the balloon surface

increases as it

expands the universe expanded by a

factor of around 10 to the 78 during

inflation this number consists of 26 Z

after the one it goes beyond the normal

political and economic debate about

inflation assume for the moment that

someone wrote a message so little that

it is unreadable on the balloon surface

before inflation you will be able to

read the message after you inflate the

balloon this implies that the writing on

the original balloon is magnified by

inflation so it works like a

microscope we can also see Quantum

fluctuations that were generated at the

beginning of inflation in this way a

massive microscope that magnifies

Quantum fluctuations which correspond to

a size less than 10 to Theus 28 cm to

cosmological distances is created by the

universe's expansion during the

inflationary Epoch this leaves traces in

the distribution of galaxies and in the

hotter and colder parts of the cosmic

microwave background

radiation

now that inflation is firmly established

in our understanding of the early stages

of the universe cosmologists have spent

the 40 years since Alan guth's

Revelation figuring out the mechanism by

which a universe can so suddenly and so

drastically blow up the dramatic phases

time coincides with the cooling and

energy decrease that marked the end of

the grand unification of fundamental

forces and the rise of the strong

nuclear force

It Is theorized by some scientists that

the decay of the ex bosen messenger

particles that carried the electrost

strong force created a strong inflation

field carried by a new messenger called

the

inflaton this overwhelming new inflation

energy drove Universal exponential

expansion which saw Quantum scale

irregularities instantaneously scaled up

to large scale structure transient

Quantum fluctuations became huge regions

of overdensity and energy that will

eventually give rise to Galaxy clusters

and superclusters in the present Cosmos

the cosmos ultimately cooled and emptied

as a result of all of this expansion

which caused the average energy levels

to drop 100,000

times the exact reason of why inflation

stopped is still unknown to scientists

but when it occurred the inflat field

and particle decayed releasing radiation

and Elementary particles into the

universe returning a large portion of

that energy to the universe during a

process known as

reheating that is similiar to water

vapor in the atmosphere condensing into

water droplets forming a

cloud the formation of photons gluons

and quarks the fundamental particles

occurred during reheating but in a dense

plasma State quarks and anti- quarks

started destroying one another however

the mutual destruction of quarks and

antiquarks resulted in an excess of

quarks for some reasons that are still

unknown this difference or an excess of

quarks matter is the reason that all

galaxies stars planets and people are

here

today Additionally the grand unified

theory states that during this period

the three extra fundamental forces the

electromagnetic force the strong nuclear

force and the weak nuclear force formed

and then

separated the universe as we now know it

had

evolved the four forces of nature and

the rules of physics came into

play the universe is still too hot for

quarks to join together to create

protons and neutrons despite the fact

that the fundamental particles have mass

reheating ended at about 10 to Theus

10th of a second because of this matter

can be created completely and in a more

expansive

Universe the laws of nature are getting

closer to being something we can truly

understand and

[Music]

model we are now entering the universe's

third era the duration of the elroe era

was 10- 36 to 10 -12

seconds it is now starting to make sense

as we move through the eras how a little

Singularity could expand so quickly into

the present Universe the electro week

epic marks the beginning of the modern

universe as we know it due to the fact

that all four fundamental forces will be

distinct from one another by its end

additionally we will see the creation of

the first particles that would

eventually give rise to

matter most of us are familiar with the

electron proton and neutron when we

think of particles however did you know

that there are many other particles and

combinations of particles in

existence what exactly are these

particles let's dive a little deeper

everyone drives a car uses a laptop and

has a phone but have you ever wondered

about the history of these materials

matter exists all around us in four

different phases solid liquid gas and

plasma the second form of matter is

field where four different forms of

fields are observed the electromagnetic

field and gravitational field are well

known due to events in our environment

the other two known as nuclear Fields

take place in the world of atoms there

are two types of nuclear fields weak and

strong which have different field

intensities the corpuscular form of

matter consists of two groups of

fundamental

particles fundamental particles also

called Elementary particles are the

smallest building blocks of the universe

the key characteristic of fundamental

particles is that they have no internal

structure meaning that researchers think

about them as Zero Dimensional points

that take up no space

there are millions of different complex

molecules in just one

cell when we magnify a single one of

these molecules we can finally see

individual

atoms to put it simply there are about

40 trillion cells in the human body and

each cell has about 100 trillion atoms

it atoms however are not the end of the

story if we could magnify more at the

atoms outside Edge clouds of electrons

would be visible and we will have empty

places if we magnify once more but let's

not stop there if we could continue to

enlarge the nucleus would be visible at

the center of the atom however the story

does not finish with the nucleus more

magnification of the nucleus will reveal

protons and neutrons sticking to one

another these particles are subatomic

now let's zoom in once more on one of

the protons we detect tiny dancing

particles inside the proton these are

quarks we refer to these little

particles as fundamental or Elementary

particles in the standard model of

particle physics there are four Force

carriers and 12 matter particles in

addition to quarks which are Elementary

particles so what classifies something

as an elementary particle if we look at

the proton it consists of three quarks

therefore protons are subatomic

particles rather than Elementary

particles Elementary particles cannot be

divided into smaller parts because they

lack

substructures this implies that they are

made up of

nothing these are our universe's last

and tiniest known building blocks all

matter is composed of particles called

fermans and force carrying particles

called

bosons leptons and quarks are the two

types of fermans since leptin don't form

groups and function alone they are

classified as solitary particles and are

also fermans they lack an interior

structure much like all fundamental

particles there are six different types

of leptin electron electron nutrino muon

muon neutrino Tao and ta

nutrino when the six are arranged

according to mass the taao and TAA

neutrino are the heaviest of the group

while the electron and electron neutrino

have the lowest Mass an integer charge

which is a negative or neutral charge is

carried by leptons their charge is a

whole number or

integer the charges of the to muon and

electron are all negative minus one

Additionally the neutrinos are

chargeless not to be outdone by leptin

quarks which are the other type of fine

that are grouped together and they also

come come in six different varieties

with some of the craziest names found in

particle physics the six types of quarks

are up down charm strange top and bottom

additionally quarks are also arranged

from weakest to heaviest in terms of

mass out of the group The Bottom Quark

is the heaviest while the upcar is the

smallest in Mass antiparticles are

oppositely charged particles found found

in all quarks and leptons leptons are

solitary particles as we have already

discussed they like to be by themselves

on the other hand quarks only exist in

groups and are highly sociable so they

combine to form composite particles

composite particles are not regarded as

fundamental particles since they are a

combination of other particles composite

particles are particles that are made up

of more than one quark and like other

particles in physics they have a name

these are called hadrons and come in two

different classes first is barans which

are hyrons made up of three quarks and

second is misons which are hyrons

composed of two quarks one quark and one

antiquark bosin are the fundamental

particles that carry Force as we have

discussed previously for fermans they

act as glue BOS also come in four main

varieties graviton governed by the force

of gravity Photon the electromagnetic

force governs it gluon the strong

nuclear force governs it w+ w minus and

Z the weak nuclear force governs this

system light particles or photons are

massless as a result they may travel

through vacuum at the speed of light or

three million

km/s but if all elementary particles

were massless our universe would be very

different a proton would not be able to

trap a massless electron to create a

hydrogen

atom furthermore the absence of hydrogen

atoms means the absence of stars

galaxies and Life as We Know It All

Elementary particles were massless in

the first trillionth billionth of a

second however something happened very

quickly following the grand unification

era enabling some particles to gain Mass

but how did these particles get Mass to

clarify this several physicists put up a

theory in the

1960s they suggested that soon after the

big bang a force field was created when

particles interact with this field they

gain

mass today we call this Force the higs

field field the universe is filled with

this field through their contact with

this field particles like the w and z

bosons gain Mass the stronger their

interaction the heavier the particle the

difference between the massless photon

and the massive w and z bosons as

observed in nature today can be

explained by the existence of the brute

anglet higs

field other Force carrying part

particles like as photons and gluons

remain massless because they do not

interact with the higs field there are

two ways by which we can identify a

field the electromagnetic field can be

detected by observing particles

interacting with it another option is to

create the photon a Quantum particle

connected to a magnetic field but you

cannot manipulate the omnipresent higs

field in order to see it we must create

the higs boson a Quantum particle that

would be present in the standard model

along with the other 16 particles and be

crucial in explaining the interactions

and behaviors of matter throughout the

Universe by creating the higs bosen

through high energy particle collisions

using accelerators like the massive

Hadron

Collider the Hig bosen decays instantly

and is incredibly

unstable therefore it wasn't easy to

detect or observe it it instantly

changes into particles that are lighter

for example it might change into a pair

of photons or four

electrons scientists search for

particles left behind by the higs bosen

by observing the Collision

debris to better understand the idea we

can use the analogy of water and

swimmers the water in our example

represents the higs field a fish

being supremely streamlined interacts

only slightly with the field and can

move through it very

easily in that case the fish would

resemble a low mass

particle a man weighing 80 kg on the

other hand could only go very slowly

through the water that man in our

example is a huge particle that became

massive through extensive interactions

with the water the electron is the

lightest of the known subatomic

particles and the top Quark is the king

of mass in the subatomic World it

weights almost 350,000 times more than

an electron or the equivalent of an

entire gold atom it is important to

emphasize that we do not think that the

top quark's larger size makes it more

heavy no it's not actually scientists

think that the electron and top cork are

precisely the same size yes they are are

both exactly the same

size the top cork is more massive than

the electrons simply because it

interacts more with the higs

field the truth is that none of these

particles would have any mass at all if

the higs field didn't

exist currently the higs bosen is more

frequently mentioned in the Press than

the higs field how do these two items

relate to one other the smallest

component of the higs field is the higs

bosen we should go back to water once

more to understand how that works

everyone is familiar with what water is

as you can see there is water all around

you if you are submerged in it there are

no gaps in

water it is also known that molecules

notably H2O make up

water you can now start to understand

the higs bosen if you combine these two

concepts with the knowledge that water

is made up of many separate

molecules particles in subatomic

particles are built up of an infinite

number of distinct higs fields higs

bosin are composed of individual

molecules exactly like

water Peter higs and franois anglet won

the 2013 Nobel Prize in physics for

their theoretical discovery of the same

mechanism associated with the higs

field a the theoretical framework

explaining how particles get their Mass

was established by

them the particle has earned its place

in the standard model and the field its

role in the evolution of the early

Universe remember bosons are not the

physical Elementary particles they are

Force

carriers this is a massive step towards

physical matter becoming present in the

universe as the higs field can slow down

other particles and impart Mass on them

another very odd concept to

Fathom this field is what allows our

universe to support

Mass towards the end of this era the

weak nuclear force and electromagnetic

force finally separate at a time of

around 10 to the -12

seconds now that the Universe has cooled

down enough to allow all four forces to

act independently and the laws of nature

that we account for In classical physics

begin take

[Music]

shape now that the Universe has cooled

down to about 10 quadrillion degrees and

the four fundamental forces are separate

the universe had a higher degree of

stability we see the birth of a new era

the Quark era defined for the first time

by the interactions of matter it is here

we begin to see the rapid formation of

quarks and

antiquarks these particles Collide and

annihilate one another on

impact apart from the normal matter that

makes you and me there is another type

of matter known as

antimatter this type of matter is unique

because when it interacts with normal

matter it can destroy normal matter with

an immense burst of energy in fact just

a gram of antimatter when brought into

contact with a gram of matter would

release about the same amount of energy

as the 1945 atomic bomb that devastated

Hiroshima while combining matter and

antimatter can create energy the

converse is also true energy can create

matter and antimatter in equal

quantities since the discovery of

antimatter in 1931 the evidence has only

gotten stronger the existence of

antimatter is accepted widely by

physicist one of Nature's strangest

twists happened when an excess of quarks

started to build up as a result of a

process called

biogenesis according to the theory of

biogenesis the Quark was not destroyed

in roughly one out of every billion

Quark antiquark collisions the existence

of mass today is due to the Symmetry

between quarks and antiquarks without it

particles may have simply collided and

destroyed one another

indefinitely however how is it possible

that the matter and antimatter of the

early Universe have a minor

imbalance though scientists have some

theories we are not sure for example

scientist found in the 1960s that the

Universe slightly favors certain

subatomic matter particles over their

antimatter

equivalence we refer to these particles

quarks but scientists another theory

since the difference between quark and

antimatter quarks is not enough to

explain the

universe neutrinos are very low mass

particles that are produced in some

forms of radioactive decay and the

biggest nearby producer of neutrinos is

our own

son in order to determine whether the

behavior of neutrinos and antimatter

neutrinos differs researchers are

building particle accelerators and

detectors if neutrinos and antimatter

neutrinos act differently it could be

the answer to the mystery which might

mean that our universe formed via

leptogenesis meaning by creation from

low mass

particles the buildup of quarks and the

presence of gluons a boson Force carrier

particle caused the consistency of the

universe to be a densely populated Quark

gluon

soup it is named as such because

observation of particle collisions

[Music]

M finally the Quark era comes to an end

and a new era

Begins the Hadron epic which lasted from

10 to Theus 6 seconds until 1

second at this point the universe's

temperature reached approximately 1

trillion

de allowing quarks to combine to form

hadrons as we had already discussed

there are two classes of hadrons barans

and

meens a slight matter antimatter

asymmetry from the earlier phase also

known as Baran asymmetry results in an

elimination of anti

barians close to the end of this Epoch

only light stable barans protons and

neutrons remain due to sufficiently high

density of leptons protons and neutrons

rapidly change into one another under

the action of weak

Force however the universe became enough

cold for Neutron proton conversions to

drastically slow

down thereafter there were roughly seven

protons for every neutron as helium

takes two protons and two neutrons to

form a nucleus whereas hydrogen only

needs one prot proton a ratio of 7 to1

excess of protons over neutrons would

result in an equivalent excess of

hydrogen over helium which is what is

seen

today in order to explain the apparent

overabundance of helium in the universe

George Gamo proposed that the majority

of the helium in the cosmos today was

created in the early Big Bang in less

time than it takes to cook a

chicken Gamo developed the theory that

the cosmos was made out of a hot soup of

particles following the Big Bang he

called this substance Yim which is Greek

for the formless substance from which

elements formed he assigned Ralph alfha

a PhD candidate with figuring out the

processes that resulted in the

production of heavier components from

Yim GMO and Alpha developed their ideas

into a paper titled the origin of the

chemical element

the alpha beta gamma paper established

itself as the standard for pre-stellar

fusion and continues to this day as the

basis for our understanding of how the

high temperatures at the beginning of

the universe could turn hydrogen into

helium via dyum

intermediates proteum which is composed

of a single proton is the lightest form

of hydrogen thus these hydrogen nuclei

existed as soon as quarks bound into Pro

protons it's crucial to remember that

neutrally charged hydrogen atoms which

have both protons and electrons will not

form for some

time the sphere of space that will

become the observable universe is

approximately 10 light years in radius

now around 10 seconds after the big bang

it was cool enough for some deuterium

nuclei with one proton and one Neutron

form unfortunately the dyum nuclei

remained unstable in this heated Cosmic

soup because of the high temperature and

particle energy if they were struck by a

photon as was inevitable under such

densities these first composite nuclei

would break apart again physicists refer

to this as the dyum bottleneck and until

it was overcome nucleosynthesis simply

couldn't progress past the fusing of one

proton and one

Neutron it takes about three more

hundred seconds for temperatures to drop

to the point where dyum becomes more

stable and other elements start to

develop first dyum with its one proton

and one Neutron is able to fuse with

individual protons under the intense

compressive force of the entire

universe the result is is helium 3 a

completely new stable element for the

first

time after this the more common variety

of helium known as helium 4 which is

made up of two protons and two neutrons

is the next creation of the

cosmos the hardest element to break

apart is helium 4 whose nuclei are the

most stable Atomic nuclei known to exist

this together with the circumstances

that existed in the those first few

hundred seconds caused the majority of

Unbound protons in the early Cosmos to

be absorbed into helium and not to Decay

further even 13.8 billion years after

this intense Outburst of helium

formation and the birth and death of

innumerable Stars the universe still

contains about 23% helium just this

observation provides strong evidence in

favor of Alpha's Theory and this is

where we witness yet another example of

the universe's initial conditions being

randomly

fine-tuned we already know that if the

proton to Neutron ratio had been

different then much of the universe's

ordinary matter would have decayed away

into uncharged and unreactive neutrons

and

helium but similarly even with the

proton neutron ratio we were dealt if

the matter in the cosmos had been any

more compact at the time of big bang

nucleosynthesis then even more helium

would have formed the unreactivity of a

universe made predominantly of helium

would have meant little to no chemistry

would have been possible thereafter

again leading to The Bleak Prospect of a

universe without no galaxies no stars or

us fortunately this was not the case

even as so many hyrons settle into their

stable helium nuclei the universe is

still full of latent energy which could

be used for further Fusion the race is

now on to generate as many new elements

as possible before the universe's

Ambient Energy Falls far too

low after 20 minutes of universal

existence or around 1200 seconds of

intense Cosmic

nucleosynthesis the nuclear furnace

eventually slows and dies it's too cold

for any more nuclei to form even if it's

still scorching hot by human

standards there are currently just four

elements in the universe hydrogen helium

lithium and brillium and only the first

three will survive long enough to

witness the first stars and serve as the

primary fuel for the creation of the

other 98 elements that are naturally

occurring in the present Universe due to

the short-lived stability of those

brillium

nuclei for now there are a billion

photons for each particle of composite

matter and 12 hydrogen nuclei for every

helium

nucleus but with these basic ingredients

the stage is truly set for the formation

of everything

else even the dyum and tritium that

scientists fused together in California

20122 was itself first formed in the

heat of a newborn universe 13.8 billion

years ago after particles fused and

broke apart to form nuclei the

primordial mixture of hydrogen helium

and Trace Amounts of lithium and dyum

nuclei marked the end of the era of

nucleosynthesis and led to the formation

of the first Stars these were the

universe's first nuclei to

form from being slightly bigger than a

grapefruit during the grand unification

era to having a radius of about 300

light years today the universe has grown

in size due to ongoing

expansion there is such a big

difference the universe cools down as

its expansion continues and its

temperature

decreases during this period the

temperature of the universe ranged from

10 to the 9 Kelvin to 3,000 Kelvin the

fusion stopped as the universe cooled

down to a certain point point we see how

the nuclei will bind with other

particles in the subsequent epics to

form atoms and even later galaxies and

stars after the era of

nucleosynthesis we now enter the era of

nuclei the only thing that is different

is that this era marks the end of

nuclear fusion the universe is getting

bigger because it is expanding although

more slowly compared to the previous

Epoch the universe's size has risen by a

factor of

[Music]

1,000 our universe is now a massive

space filled with fully ionized

particles you can see that the Universe

becomes older as it

expands the pressure of the universe

continuously decreases as the universe

expands volume and pressure have an

indirect relation ship so as the volume

of the universe increases its pressure

decreases the nuclei are no longer

fusing together the universe is still

only a ball of heated plasma that

contains completely charged particles

throughout this entire period the nuclei

Fusion could not continue because the

temperature became too low nevertheless

the temperature remained high enough to

keep all the atoms ionized keep all the

electrons from binding with the nuclei

and until around 500,000

years photons particles that produce

light were also scattered in the

universe together with the electrons but

they could not react with each other

because they were locked into an

equilibrium in which the photons could

not

escape the era of nuclei created a lot

of light but it could not be seen

anywhere because of the universe's

extreme density photons would always

collide with an electron or nucleus

before continuing on causing the

universe not to have

light the universe became opaque to

light the duration of the era of nuclei

spans from 3 minutes to 500,000 years

after 500,000 years the cosmos finally

cooled to 3,000

Kelvin at which point the nuclei of

hydrogen and helium started to absorb

the free

electrons since photons could no longer

interact with electrons outside of very

small energy ranges the majority of the

gas become transparent at this

point allowing photons to finally escape

the plasma and go across the

universe these photons are what we now

experience as the cosmic microwave

background when we look out into the

universe we can never see back in time

Beyond 500,000 years which is the time

of last scattering of photon

before this the universe's heated

surface was all that we could

[Music]

see we will now see what happens to the

atomic nuclei electrons and photons as

we proceed to the next

era now we will enter the age of atoms

which began when photons separated from

matter and nuclei began fusing with

electrons after atom formed matter no

longer had any effect on photons or

light particles thus photons that

currently form light and neutral atoms

make up the

universe space was literally made

possible by the formation of

atoms the universe's temperature

throughout this era ranged from 3,000 to

60 Kelvin the universe became

transparent as a result of the matter

and photons decoupling due to the

decline in temperature

that means that when these neutral atoms

formed electromagnetic radiation

including light could travel throughout

space with a lot more freedom than ever

before rendering the universe basically

transparent to

light we can think of this process as

the example below consider a parking lot

filled with vehicles our

nuclei there are lots of people or free

electrons in between the

cars if you tried to make your way

through such a packed mass of cars and

people you'd most likely be pushed back

or deflected scattered in all

directions however if the humans got

inside the cars meaning the electrons

joined with the nuclei to form atoms

there would be enough of free space for

you to use to pass through them all

without getting

deflected the recombination Epoch is the

name given to this phase of the

universe's evolution because it saw the

combination of nuclei and electrons to

create stable

atoms the decoupling Epoch got its name

from the fact that light was ultimately

able to separate from matter during this

period the reason we see the CMB in low

energy light is only because the

expansion of the cosmos has caused the

photon's energy to be red shifted or

relocated to the red edge of the light

spectrum these photons real energy was

in the ultraviolet a shorter

band since then the cosmic background

Explorer satellite has measured this

background radiation and found it to

precisely fit a perfect black body

Spectrum at a temperature of

2.73 Kelvin this perfect black body

radiation coming from everywhere is

strong evidence that we understand the

universe at least back to 500,000 years

before the Big Bang

nevertheless the cosmic microwave

background shows us that the universe's

structure and temperature were almost

constant fluctuating only by a few

degrees compared to now that was a very

different environment there are no

galaxies there are no stars we just see

this remarkably uniform

temperature astronomers aptly term this

era the Dark

Ages the universe kept expanding and

cooling after

recombination beginning of the

universe's Dark Age during which the big

Bang's brightness shifted into infrared

wavelengths this Dark Age of the

universe which lasted hundreds of

millions of years and began around

400,000 years after the big bang was the

last period in which the universe was

truly empty no planets no Suns no

galaxies no life and other celestial

bodies leaving only a fog of hydrogen

atoms created during the big bang and

left to slos through the

darkness today telescopes around the

world are trying to catch a glimpse of

that Primal hydrogen known as neutral

hydrogen in order to pinpoint the moment

when the Dark Ages finally ended and the

first galaxies

[Music]

formed

[Music]

in the past epics we have witnessed the

universe emerge from a tiny Singularity

to a massive Universe full of

atoms let's investigate the Galaxy's era

to learn how the universe reached at its

current

state our universe continues to

evolve within this timeline the force of

gravity caused matter to draw together

to form galaxies

the formation of the first galaxies

marks a major transition in the

evolution of structure in the

universe these same galaxies change the

intergalactic medium from neutral to

ionized thanks to their second

generation population two stars zero

metallicity population the three stars

and black hole driven sources such as

mini quazars x-ray binaries

Etc this process is known as the epoch

reionization the formation of stars and

quazars occurs during

reionization they start to release

powerful radiation which causes the

neutral hydrogen atom to break apart

into free protons and

electrons reionization eventually comes

to an end and hydrogen atoms forms

again it is thought that the energy from

these initial Stars early galaxies and

Incredibly bright quazars with black

holes in the center helped reionize the

hydrogen

gas in this case ionization is the

process by which the energy of the star

extracts electrons from the atoms in the

surrounding gas causing it to

Glow since this is the second time the

gas has been energized since the Big

Bang this age is known as

rization as a result of the combined

energy of these first stars and galaxies

light was able to travel farther into

space than it had

previously probably the most pressing

question in astrophysics is finding out

more about early star formation which

will help us comprehend how early

galaxies or groups of stars were

formed the newly launched James web

Space Telescope was created in large

part to answer this question as its

infrared capabilities allow it to see

highly r shifted objects like these

early

galaxies after that the galaxies are

gradually drawn closer to one another by

gravity forming clusters and

superclusters a path for stars to

develop and ignite was created by the

difference in density in the cosmic

microwave

background and these Stars eventually

gathered together to form

galaxies the universe is expanding with

a diameter of 93 billion light years at

this period moreover the temperature of

the universe is between 60 and 2.73

Kelvin during this

Epoch which spans 1 billion years from

The Big Bang and the

present as new galaxies form the

universe is still

evolving indeed we are living in the era

of galaxies at this very moment

Dark Matter appears to be widely

distributed around visible stars in

galaxies galaxies collide with one

another because the Dark Matter Halos

make them appear larger than they

actually are the Collision of small

galaxies results in the merging and

formation of giant

galaxies the two basic components of the

entire universe are matter and energy

the majority of the matter in the

universe is invisible and most of the

Energy's source is

unknown which presents a significant

challenge to scientists if much of the

universe is invisible to us how can we

study

it scientists will remain at the

Forefront of the search for dark energy

and dark matter as our observational

techniques become more

sophisticated the distribution of dark

matter in merging Galaxy clusters such

as the the bullet cluster is mapped with

the help of NASA's Chandra x-ray

Observatory and optical

telescopes x-ray observations reveal a

heated shock front where the Clusters

gas clashed and slowed

down but measurements of gravitational

lensing reveal that dark matter remains

separate from regular matter and

unaffected by the

Collision a theory suggests that some

dark matter particles undergo

annihilation in a burst of intense

radiation making them disappear Dark

Matter Annihilation signs have been

identified by the very energetic

radiation Imaging telescope array system

in Arizona which is equipped with gamma

ray detection

capabilities researchers are examining

how dark energy and gravity have clashed

throughout the universe's history by

comparing observations of Galaxy

clusters with experimental

models thanks to Modern methods we can

calculate the quantity of dark matter

present in a galaxy by measuring the

bending of light from background sources

we can estimate the mass of the Galaxy

by measuring the degree of that bend

using this gravitational lensing

technique when the mass we calculate

from the bend and the mass we can

observe directly don't agree we know

Dark Matter must be

present

[Music]

of the universe we know that dark matter

exists even if we cannot see

it about 4.5 billion years ago our solar

system formed from a dense cloud of

interstellar gas and dust the cloud

collapsed possibly due to the shock wave

of a nearby exploding star called a

supernova when this dust cloud collapsed

it formed a solar nebula a spinning

swirling disc of

material the planets formed in a thin

dis circling the sun which formed at its

Center moons evolved around the gas

giant planets in a similar way similar

to every other planet in our solar

system it originated from a dis of gas

and dust circling the young

Sun the forces of drag pulled the dust

particles together to form Rock clumps

that eventually evolved into what

scientists refer to as

planetesimals which attend to hundreds

of miles

across after these protoplanets collided

with one another the Earth our home

planet was

[Music]

created in the universe today matter

dominates over

radiation protons neutrons and electrons

the known building components of atoms

as well as the mysterious Dark Matter

make up matter

most of the radiation in the universe is

in the form of the cosmic microwave

background remarkably despite its

extreme weakness the microwave

background radiation still has more

energy than all of the known stars and

galaxies

[Music]

combined this is because although being

extremely powerful radiation emitters

stars and galaxies only make up a very

small portion of

space physically speaking our universe

appears uncannily

perfect if it were any different Life as

We Know It planets atoms and everything

else wouldn't

exist our universe in all its Grandeur

is a finely tuned Symphony of physical

laws fundamental constants and Cosmic

forces our universe this is not just a

random collection of matter and energy

it is a masterpiece of

precision as we continue to explore the

cosmos we Marvel at its elegance and

wonder perhaps the delicate balance that

sustains our existence holds secrets yet

to be

unveiled a cosmic ode waiting for us to

decipher its

notes so I want to tell everyone who is

watching this video that you can have

anything you want you just need to ask

the universe all you have to do is let

go and feel

nice and the universe will surprise you

with beautiful

Miracles so let us gaze upward embrace

the mystery and revel in the all

inspiring Perfection of our

universe

[Music]

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How Was The Universe Created? | Space Documentary 2024