This content chronicles the rapid and transformative history of Islam, from its origins with the Prophet Muhammad in 7th-century Arabia to the vast global civilization it became, highlighting its rapid expansion, golden ages, and enduring impact.
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this is not just a story
this is the full history of Islam
one man one cave
one night
how did he unite Arabia
a land living in its darkest age in just 23 years
how did the Islamic State
surpass even the great Roman Empire
in only 100 years
the battle of Uhud could not stop the Muslims
nor could the Roman army of 100,000 at Mutah
our story begins with the year of the elephant at Kaaba
and reaches all the way to the conquest of Istanbul
and yes from an orphan child
to a civilization that ruled three continents
from the time of our Prophet to the four caliphs
to the Umayyads and the Abbasids
and then to the Ottomans
this is not just the history of a religion
this is the fastest transformation in human history
the greatest conquests the brightest Golden Age
900 years of Islam in just 60 minutes
there is no turning back today
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let's begin
the last quarter of the 6th century
we are in the middle of a dark age
the world is tired
from the bloody wars of two great empires
the Sasanian and the Byzantine
the empires were still standing
but they had lost their soul
justice belonged to the strong
humans were enemies of other humans
slavery was normal oppression was ordinary
mercy was rare at this very moment
not at the center of the world
but at its edge in a land surrounded by deserts
a scene was being prepared
that would change the direction of history
our story begins in Mecca
this land did not take much space on maps
but it stood at the heart of trade routes
politically it was unimportant
there was no great empire
and no central authority
there were tribes
there were blood feuds
there were idols
every tribe had a god
and every god had an interest
but in the heart of this dry land
there was a black structure
a sanctuary that no one could see as ordinary
the Ka'aba
one of the oldest places of worship in human history
a legacy from Ibrahim
over the centuries it had lost its direction
but it never lost its holiness
however at that time
the Ka'ba was not standing for tawhid
it stood in the shadow of 360 idols
like a silent pile of stone
society was inside a deep darkness known as jahilia
justice was worse here than in most parts of the world
the weak the orphan and the woman had no value
baby girls were buried alive
a father would take his Newborn daughter
go deep into the desert
dig a hole
and bury that innocent child under the sand
why?
so there would be no shame
so she would not be a burden
one of the most brutal traditions in history
was lived as if it were normal
Mecca had fallen into darkness
but it was also standing
on the edge of a great explosion
the first sign of tension
that would change the fate of Mecca appeared
the year was around 570
in Yemen the Abyssinian governor Abraha
turned his eyes toward Makka
he had built a magnificent church in Sanaa
but it did not attract the Arabs
or the people of the region
this hurt Abraham's pride
he thought if I destroy the Kaaba
the Arabs will be forced to come to my church
and so one of the strangest armies
in history set out
60,000 soldiers hundreds of horses
dozens of camels and most importantly
nine giant elephants
at their head was a massive
war trained elephant named Mahmoud
this was not just a military threat
it was psychological warfare
the message was clear
what you call sacred
will be crushed under the feet of my army
as the army moved toward Makka
it crushed everything in its path
small tribes scattered cities surrendered
even Taif did not resist
no one could stand against elephants
the people of Makka heard the news
but they were helpless
they could not prepare for war
they had no power and no army
the owner of the Ka'ba was not human
they simply withdrew
as the leader of the city
Abdul Muttalib moved the people to the mountains
and spoke these historic and tense words
I am the owner of the camels
the Ka'ba has an owner who will protect it
and then it happened
when the armies reached the gate of the Kabah
Abraha gave the order to his army
move forward
but Mahmoud the giant elephant
did not take a single step
they whipped him they hit him
they shouted the elephant did not move
when they turned him toward the south
east or west he began to run
but every time
they turned him toward the Ka'ba
he fell to the ground
the other elephants did the same
nine elephants as if stopped
by an invisible force
and then the sky began to darken
at first it looked like a small cloud
then it grew and spread
and the people of Maka realized something
these were not clouds
these were birds thousands
tens of thousands
maybe hundreds of thousands of birds
a Babel birds small
dark flying in groups
they carried stones in their beaks and feet
but these were not ordinary stones
they were special stones small
hard like baked clay
and then it began like rain
stones started to fall on the army of Abraha
the soldiers screamed and ran in terror
the elephants went wild
the massive army fell into panic
even Abraham tried to escape
but one of the stones struck him as well
Abraham and his army were destroyed there
completely scattered
this event shouted to the whole world
that Mecca and the Kaaba
were not just stone structures
but were under divine Protection
and then in the year right after this miracle
while the date was 20 April 571
the orphan who would change
the destiny of humanity
was born
his name was Muhammad peace be upon him
his father Abdullah
had passed away before he was born
his mother Aminah
raised him as an orphan
until he reached the age of six
then she also passed away
the young child was now
without both father and mother
first his grandfather
Abdul Mutalib took care of him
after that his uncle
Abu Talib became his guardian
in the harsh conditions of Makkah
being an orphan was not easy
but this child was different
from the very beginning
he belonged to a noble lineage
but he was not rich he was protected
but not spoiled
he met the hard face of life at an early age
Muhammad(SAW) did not spend
his childhood in palaces
he worked as a Shepherd
he joined trade journeys
he observed people
he saw the true face of Makkah lies cheating
interest slavery
how women were humiliated
how the strong were always seen as right
but he did not become part of this system
even at a young age
the people of Makkah gave him a title
Al Amin the trustworthy one
this title suited him perfectly
he never lied he was merciful to everyone
he loved to help people
he was different from everyone else
like a single light in deep darkness
and Muhammad was disturbed by this system
but he did not rebel he did not shout
he did not feel that he belonged to this world
he was only thinking about the purpose of his existence
what people of Makkah believed could not be true
but then what was the truth
he often left Makka and went to the Hira cave
this was not an escape it was a search
he was looking for answers
in silence
these questions slowly separated him from Makka
as time passed
strange signs began to appear in his life dreams
feelings that came in silence
a heavy sense of responsibility growing in his heart
but there was still no voice
not yet the next step would be a step with no return
a voice a sentence
a command and history would
never be the same again
while working in trade in his 20s
Mohammed showed such strong honesty
that it caught the attention of Khadija
one of the most respected women of Makkah
the home they built together would later become
the first stronghold of a great mission
yet in Muhammad's heart
there was a deep unrest that never ended
the period of wahyi the moment the voice rose
it was night Maka was silent
even the desert wind was moving slowly
the city was sleeping under the shadow of idols
but history was about to wake up
in the Hera cave there was a man alone
he had just reached the age of forty
he had again
left the noise of Makka and come to this cave
on Jabal al Nur days of deep reflection had passed
and finally that night an answer would come
it was a night in Ramadan in the year 610
the angel Jibril appeared in the cave
the air became heavy time seemed to stop
the angel said read
Muhammad Sallallahu Alayhi
Wasallam was shocked he was afraid
he trembled he replied
I cannot read but the voice did not withdraw
the same command was repeated stronger
heavier Muhammad Sallallahu Alaihi
Wasallam gave the same answer again
and the third time the angel Jibril said
read in the name of your Lord who created
this was not an invitation
this was a duty
and this duty would change not only his life
but the history of humanity
when he left the cave he was no longer the same person
his heart was heavy there was an unseen
but crushing burden on his shoulders
he was now chosen he ran home
his wife Khadijah
met him he said
cover me he was shaking
this moment was critical
because Prophet Hood did not begin with heroic strength
but with very human fear soon after
a new command came rise and warn
Khadija listened to him and to what he experienced
she did not hesitate she comforted him
she immediately believed in what he said
this was very important
because this call was first accepted
by the closest one
the first three years of Islam in Mecca
passed as a secret call
the command for open preaching had not yet been given
by Allah
a small group of people gathered in the house of Arkham
among them were slaves
young people from powerful families
orphans the oppressed pushed aside by the system
and also wealthy traders
the early years required great caution
because Makah was very dangerous for them
the call was shared only with trusted people
and it spread slowly
the first Muslims did not put their status at risk
they put their lives at risk
but no matter how careful they were
this silent cry
soon reached the ears of the Makkah elite
especially the protectors of the system
such as Abu Jahl and Abu Lahab
and when the call became public
Maccau was shaken because this message rejected idols
rejected tribal superiority
rejected the division between rich and poor
and most dangerous of all
it said you are all equal
this was a declaration of war
against the system of Makka
first they mocked then they isolated then torture began
the year was 613 the third year of prophethood
with the divine command
warn your closest relatives first
Prophet Muhammad went up to Mount Safa
and addressed all the people of Mecca
this was the moment when the entire population of Makka
officially and openly Learned about Islam
with this open call torture
threats
and pressure began to target all Muslims across Makka
slaves were whipped the poor were crushed
Muslims were starved some were killed
the martyrdom of the Yasir family on the burning sands
and Bilal al Habashi crying out Ahad
Ahad 1
1 while a massive stone was placed on his chest
pushed the tension to its peak
but this oppression did not extinguish faith
on the contrary
it proved that this message was not false
because despite torture
they did not abandon their belief
after this period lasted for three years
the mushrik of Makkah increased the violence even more
they imposed a three year embargo on Muslims
and those who supported them
this was a social and economic boycott for Muslims
Makkah had become an open air prison
during this time
Muslims faced extreme hunger and deep poverty
they survived by eating tree bark
then came the year 619 known as the year of Sorrow
Khadija and the Prophet's protector
his uncle Abu Talib passed away
one after another the Prophet seemed completely alone
no one in Makka was listening to him anymore
he thought the Muslims might need to
seek refuge in another city
he considered Taif
he set out with his adopted son Zaid
Taif was a beautiful city
about 100 km southeast of Makka
with vineyards and gardens
he went to the leaders of Taif
he explained Islam he asked for support
they rejected him not only did they reject him
they expelled him from the city
worse than that they encouraged street children
and reckless youths to attack him
they stoned the Prophet Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam
Zaid tried to protect him
using his own body as a shield
but the stones kept coming
the prophet's feet were bleeding
his head was injured weak and losing blood
he left Taif while shedding tears
he rested in a garden and tended to his wounds
at that moment Jibril came and said
oh Muhammad
if you wish
we can crush this city between two mountains
the Prophet replied no
perhaps from their descendants
there will be people who believe in Allah
mercy
Prophet Hood was not revenge
it was mercy not anger
but compassion
after tending his wounds on the road
he returned to Mecca
and then one night that great journey took place
because the darkest moment is the closest to dawn
that night Allah took his messenger on a journey
beyond the heavens
when he returned his spirit was much stronger
meanwhile the mushrik of Makkah
realized that the embargo
had not reduced the number of Muslims
even some mushrik with conscience
began to question the boycott
the cries of hungry Muslim children
echoing through the streets of Makkah
touched their hearts
these people spoke with other influential figures
eventually among the crowd gathered near the Kaaba
those who argued that the boycott must end became many
even many non Muslim people of Mecca
no longer
wanted to watch their own relatives die from hunger
and finally the boycott was lifted
even after the boycott ended
pressure against Muslims continued in Makkah
Makkah had become an unlivable place for Muslims
but now there was a New Hope Madinah
during the pilgrimage seasons
the prophet spoke about Islam
to tribes coming from outside
a group from the city of Yathrib
later Medina came
they listened they believed
then they returned the next year
they came in greater numbers
at Akaba secretly
at night they met the prophet
they gave their pledge they said
we will protect you as we protect our own families
the prophet understood Medina was ready
the time for Hijrah had come
Muslims began to migrate quietly
the year was 622 first
the family of Abu Bakr then others in small groups
without drawing attention
the mushriks of Makka noticed
they gathered in anger
if Muhammad leaves they said
Islam will spread much more strongly
and will become impossible to control
Abu Jahl said we must kill him
but how if one tribe kills him
Banu Hashim will take revenge
a clever plan was made one young man from each tribe
all would strike together in this way
the blood would be shared by all tribes
and no blood revenge could be taken
but a great miracle would happen
as he passed among them none of them would see him
the journey to Medina would be risky and dangerous
because the mushriks of Makkah were chasing them
yet another miracle would take place
and again Allah would protect his prophet
Medina was not just a migration
it was a turning point in Medina
there was excitement
Muslims went out to the roads every day asking
is rasulullah coming
and one day he appeared riding his camel Kaswa
with his white turban shining under the sun
children filled the streets and sang Tala al Badru
Alayna the full moon has risen over us
everyone wanted to host the Prophet in their home
but the prophet did not want to hurt anyone
he said leave the camel
let her go where she kneels
we will buy that land and build the camel knelt
that place is where Masjid an Nabawi stands today
it was a date drying area owned by two orphan boys
the land was bought
and the building of both a mosque and a home began
the Prophet himself carried stones
they built it together here
the foundation of the first Islamic mosque
and the first Islamic State centre was laid
with the hijra the calendar began
a state was established belief met society
from this moment on Islam was no longer only a call
it became a system
the Prophet had the Medina Charter written
known as one of the first written constitutions
in history Muslims
Jews and mushriks were all included
it was a document that defined the rights and
responsibilities of everyone
we will live together
we will respect each other's religions
if an external attack comes
we will defend together
we will not turn away from justice
the second major step was the brotherhood
between the Muhajirun those who came from Mecca
and the Ansar the Muslims of Medina
this was real brotherhood
the Ansar shared their homes
their wealth and their gardens
they gave the muhajirun homes
work and support in this way
integration into society happened very quickly
an integration that even the most developed
western societies struggle to achieve today
was accomplished in a very short time
people who not long before
had buried their daughters alive
now found ways to live together
with people of very different beliefs and backgrounds
they showed humanity how it could be done
while there was peace in Medina
Makka did not remain still
the year was 624
the army of Makka set out to crush this new force
while it was still growing
under the command of Abu Jahl
they were about 1,000 men
with 700 camels and 100 horses
fully equipped armour swords
spears they met near the wells of Badr
the numbers were frightening
313 against 1,000 one Muslim would face three enemies
but there was a difference
one army was filled with faith
the Prophet made supplication
oh Allah
send the help you promised
if this group is destroyed today
there will be no one left on earth who worships you
that night rain fell
the Muslim side became slightly wet
the dust settled and the ground became firm
the side of the mushriks turned into MUD
in the morning the battle began
some of the mushriks later said they saw angels
that day warriors on white horses with green turbans
fear took hold of them
and the battle ended with a clear victory
for the Muslims Abu Jahl
the greatest enemy of Islam
was lying on the ground the first major victory
but it was only the beginning
the year 625 came
the people of Maka gathered a larger army for revenge
3 thousand soldiers the Prophet wanted to defend Medina
but the younger companions wanted an open battle
outside the city the Prophet accepted
he went to Mount Uhud with 1,000 Muslims on the way
the hypocrite Abdullah ibn Ubay
turned back with 300 men only 700 Muslims remained
facing 3,000 mushriks
the Prophet made a strategic plan
he placed 50 archers at a narrow pass on the mountain
and said do not leave this position
whether we win or lose do not leave
the battle began the Muslims gained the upper hand
the mushriks began to flee
then the feared mistake happened
the archers thought
we are winning and they left their position
the mushrik commander Khalid ibn Walid
not yet Muslim at that time
saw the opportunity he moved around from behind
and attacked the Muslims from the rear
panic began the Muslims were confused
they were caught between two sides
the Prophet became a target
arrows fell one struck his face
his tooth was broken his face began to bleed
a stone hit his head his helmet pressed into his head
he fell the Muhammad is dead
the mushrik shouted the companions scattered in panic
some ran away some sat down and cried
Hamza the uncle of the Prophet
and many Muslims were martyred
the battle ended seventy Muslims were martyred
the Prophet himself was wounded
but the people of Makkah did not dare to enter the city
they withdrew when the Prophet saw the body of Hamza
he cried and said
I will never see an uncle like you again
oh hood became a lesson obedience
discipline strategy
patience the Muslims Learned
the year 627 came
this time the people of Makkah came with allies
the Ghatafan tribe Banu Suleim and others joined them
a massive army of 10,000 men
in Medina there were only 3,000 Muslims
how would they defend the city
Salman al Farisi a man from Persia
made a suggestion let us dig a trench
a deep channel around the city
this is how the Persians defend themselves
the Prophet accepted with everyone working together
including the Prophet himself
the trench was completed the mushriks arrived
they were shocked the siege began
but they could not cross they shot arrows
but the trench could not be passed
one night a violent storm came
the tents of the mushriks were blown away
their fires were extinguished
Abu Sufyan said oh Quraysh
this place is no longer good for us
our animals are dying
Quraysh has abandoned us and the storm is harming us
we are leaving the army scattered
Islam had won with intelligence a strategic victory
the year was 628 the Prophet saw a dream
and gathered the Muslims to perform umrah
he set out with 1,400 people
they were unarmed only for umrah
swords stayed in their sheaths
there was no intention of war
because in that time
Arabs considered fighting during the sacred months
forbidden the people of Makkah stopped the Muslims
at a place called hudaibiyah
about 20 kilometers from Makkah
after negotiations
the terms of an agreement were written
the terms were Umrah would not be performed this year
it would be performed the next year
there would be no war for 10 years
any Muslim who escaped from Mecca to Medina
would be returned
but anyone who escaped from Medina to Makka
would not be returned
tribes could choose either side freely
the Muslims were angry this is not an agreement
this is surrender they said
but the Prophet signed it and said
Allah will open a way and he did
that agreement
became one of the greatest victories of Islam
the Quran called it a clear victory why
because within two years even before the 10 years ended
Islam spread through peace
people began to speak freely
Muslims who were returned to Makka did not disappear
they lived in the countryside around Makka
and became a pressure point
spreading Islam and weakening Quraysh control
the terms looked bad on the surface
but the results were great success
once again Allah and his messenger won
even though some Muslims had sincere doubts at the time
by the year 630
the Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam
stood at the gates of the city
he had once left in secret
now with an army of 10,000 people
but this was not a march of revenge
the conquest of Mecca was achieved without bloodshed
it was an epic of forgiveness
as the idols in the Kaaba were destroyed one by one
the cry truth has come echoed through the sky
at this stage Islam was still limited in geography
but its foundations were firmly laid
The Arabian Peninsula
Makka and Madina became fully Muslim
Arab tribes such as Ayawes Kazraj Gatafan
Asad and Tamim gave their pledge
in 628 the governor of Yemen
Badhan became Muslim
Southern Arabia opened to Islam in 629
Bahrain became Muslim Islam spread in eastern Arabia
in Oman the Julanda brothers
the rulers of Oman accepted Islam
in Ethiopia Muslims had been present since 615
the Najashi the king
became Muslim
but the people remained Christian for a time
and later accepted Islam
Black African Muslims also began to increase
Islam started spreading from mouth to mouth
in 629 the battle of Mutah took place
for the first time Muslims faced the Byzantine army
3,000 Muslims
against 200,000 Byzantine and Arab Christian allies
Khalid ibn Walid now Muslim
saved the army with brilliant strategy
and forced Byzantium to retreat
after Hudaybiyyah the Prophet made a historic decision
he sent letters to world leaders inviting them to Islam
he sent letters to the Byzantine emperor Heraclius
the Persian ruler Kosrau and the ruler of Egypt
Mukaukis these letters were not only invitations
they were declarations a new power is rising
its name is Islam its center is Medina
Byzantium was a thousand year old empire
Persia had been a world superpower for centuries
Egypt was the cradle of ancient civilization
and now from a humble desert city called Madina
a man from an unlettered society was saying to them
come to Islam no one took it seriously
but 10 years later Byzantium would lose Syria
Twenty years later Persia would disappear
thirty years later Egypt would become Muslim land
in 632 in Mecca
the Prophet performed the historic pilgrimage
known as the Farewell Hajj
Wada Hajj with more than 100,000 Muslims
in truth this was the closing of an era
in the farewell sermon Kutbul Wada
centuries before modern human rights declarations
he proclaimed
there is no superiority of an Arab over a non Arab
nor of a white over a black
your lives your property and your honour are sacred
treat women well they are a trust given to you
I leave you two things if you hold firmly to them
you will never go astray the book of Allah
the Quran and the Sunnah of his Messenger
let those who are present
convey this to those who are not
perhaps the one who hears later
will understand better than the one who heard directly
then the Prophet asked have I conveyed the message
do you bear witness a strong voice rose yes
the Prophet said o Allah
bear witness
that day Islam was completed
revelation came
today I have perfected your religion for you
completed my favor upon you
and chosen Islam as your religion
after the farewell Hajj the Prophet returned to Medina
a few months later he became ill
his fever rose his head was in pain
he lived his final days his last words were whispered
Rafikul Allah it meant the highest companion
his hand slowly fell his breath stopped
on a Monday morning in the year 632
in his modest room in Medina
Muhammad Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam
the mercy to all worlds passed away
he left behind not only a cloak and a sword
but something far greater
an unshakable faith a state structure
and a book that would change the lives of billions
his prophet hood lasted only 23 years
but in those 23 years
a religion was completed and Umma was born
a civilization was built Arabia was united
the Quran was revealed prayer fasting
charity and pilgrimage were made obligatory
justice Equality and human rights were proclaimed
at the time of his death
there were more than 100,000 Muslims
all of Arabia had entered Islam
borders had formed with Byzantium and Persia
the foundations were laid
by the end of 632 the land of Islam was still small
but the core was planted the seed was in the soil
now it was time to grow time to expand
time for conquest
the period of the four caliphs was about to begin
but the main question was this
who would carry this trust and how
with the death of the Prophet
confusion arose in Medina
the Ansar and the Muhajirun
had not yet agreed on a name
everyone was shocked by the Prophet's death
meanwhile tribes outside Makka and Medina
who had only recently entered Islam
were armed civil war was possible
for this reason
the Muslims put forward Abu Bakr as a candidate
and the majority chose him as leader
many Muslims pledged allegiance to him
the first major crisis was overcome
with a selection similar to a democratic process
the first caliph was chosen after the Prophet
Abu Bakar delivered the first constitutional
speech in Islamic history
he said that the leader is not above the people
he must be accountable he can be criticized
he can be removed the west would celebrate this idea
a thousand years later as the Magna Carta Muslims
were living it in 632
but now there were major problems to solve
after the Prophet's death
Arabia began to fall into chaos
tribes rebelled one after another
if Muhammad has died then nothing binds us anymore
some refused to give charity
some returned to their old idols
some invented new profits
musailima Al kadhdhab in Yamama was the most dangerous
he gathered an army of 40,000
Tulayha ibn Huwailid in Najd raised tribes in rebellion
Aswad al ANSY in Yemen killed the governor Sajah
a woman claimed prophet hood and allied with Musaylama
70% of Arabia was in rebellion
only Makka Madina and Taif remained loyal
some of the companions were worried and said
Abu Bakr wait
make peace with them
let us accept their prayer and not take charity
that should be enough otherwise
a great civil war would begin
Abu Bakar refused angrily
because the Prophet would never accept this either
Abu Bakar was his most loyal friend and follower
he sent 11 armies each to a different region
Khalid ibn Walid known as the sword of Allah
was sent against the greatest threat Musailima
by the end of 632
Khalid ibn Walid reached Yamama with 13,000 Muslims
Musailima's army was 40,000 strong
they were experienced in war and well armed
in the first attack the Muslims were pushed back
in the second attack again
they were pushed back the situation was very serious
that day 700 Muslims were martyred
among them were 360 Quran memorizers
the battle ended with a Muslim victory
but with heavy losses
because many Quran memorizers were being killed
there was a fear that the Quran could be lost
for this reason
the Quran was collected and written as a single book
About 20 years later during the time of Uthman
it would be copied
and distributed across the Islamic world
Abu Bakar's greatest success was not conquest
it was preventing Islam from falling apart
and he succeeded Arabia was united again
as he approached his death
the fronts of Syria and Iraq were opened
and armies were sent there
victories were coming one after another
especially in 633 the first major conquests began
when Abu Bakr passed away in 634
Umar ibn Khattab became the leader
Umar became one of the most striking
leaders in Islamic history
during his time Islam stopped being a regional power
it became a global force
but this expansion was not random
the world was already ready
the Byzantine and Sasanian empires
had been fighting each other for years
the people were poor taxes were heavy
religion was used as a tool of pressure
when the Islamic armies arrived in many places
they were met not with resistance
but with relief the battle of Pharas
634 was especially important
the Persian and Byzantine armies joined together
for the first time
two superpowers stood side by side against the Muslims
70,000 Persians plus 80,000 Byzantines
plus Arab Christians equals 150,000 soldiers
the Muslims were 15,000 the ratio was 1 to 10
Khalid attacked at night he struck with chaos
he burned the Persian camp
and caused panic among the Byzantines
the battle lasted until morning
the Muslims won enemy losses
100,000 dead Muslim losses
500 martyrs the Persian front collapsed
at the same time the Syrian front advanced
with four armies moving toward Homs
Damascus Jordan and Palestine
Byzantium was shocked
where did these Arabs come from
why are they so strong they gathered a massive army
200,000 soldiers professional Byzantine legions
armored cavalry Arab Christian allies
the Muslim commanders withdrew and united
they gathered near the Yarmuk River
at the Yarmuk River
40,000 Muslims faced 200,000 Byzantines
Khalid was a tactical genius
he divided the army into groups
and appointed a commander for each group
the battle lasted six days
on the sixth day a storm broke out
dust clouds covered the sky
the Byzantine army could not see
the Muslims attacked with the storm at their backs
the Byzantines were pushed toward the river
panic began escape
chaos drowning
the river filled with bodies
the Byzantine army was destroyed
Byzantine losses 70,000 dead
40,000 fleeing or captured
Muslim losses 4,000 martyrs
Heraclius looked at Syria from Antioch and said
with tears Farewell Syria
you were a beautiful land
but now you belong to the enemy
the conquest of Jerusalem
when the great caliph of Islam
went to receive the surrender of the city
he was traveling with his servant
and they were taking turns riding
the camel
when they reached Jerusalem
it was the servant's turn to ride
so Umar entered the city on foot
holding the reins of the camel
while his servant was riding
this scene shocked everyone
in this moment the concept of the justice of Umar
was written into history
637 the battle of cadesia
the Persian commander
Rostam gathered an army of 120,000 soldiers
war elephants armored cavalry
storms of arrows the Muslim commander
Saad ibn Abi Wakas faced them with 30,000 men
Rustam was killed the Persian army collapsed
Madain was conquered the Persian capital
400 years of Sasanian palaces
a golden throne curtains with pearls
silk carpets the spoils were enormous
they were brought to Umar in Medina
the Muslims had never seen such wealth
Umar cried and said this much wealth brings fitnah
people will become attached to the world
he distributed the spoils equally among the soldiers
he left the palaces simple
642 the battle of Nahavand
they called it the victory of victories
the last great Persian army was completely destroyed
The Persian Empire was now finished
the conquest of Egypt the gates of Africa open
639 the commander Amar ibn al as wrote to Umar
give permission for Egypt
it is the treasury of Byzantium and the land of grain
Umar hesitated too far
too risky but he allowed it go
but with a small army I do not want great losses
Ammer entered Egypt with 4,000 men
the land of pharaohs the land of the Nile
the land of pyramids 640
the battle of Heliopolis
the Byzantine army was defeated
641 the siege of Alexandria
one of the greatest cities in the world
the siege lasted 14 months
in the end the city surrendered
Egypt became Muslim land total conquered area
about 5.5 million square kilometers
the core of the Arab Islamic Empire
644 November during the dawn prayer
Umar was stabbed from behind by a Persian slave
and was martyred The Persian Empire had fallen
this was an act of revenge
the period of Uthman
and the first cracks during the rule Of'uthman
Ibn'affan conquests reached Cyprus and North Africa
the Islamic navy appeared on the seas
during this period
Islam continued to advance toward North Africa
the Caucasus and corasan
the conquest did not slow down
Tripoli was conquered in 643
Cyprus was conquered in 647
651 The Persian Empire was completely destroyed
655 Byzantium prepared a massive fleet of 500 ships
to destroy the Islamic navy
the Muslims had only 200 ships
but through tactics and close combat
they captured enemy ships
Byzantine naval dominance was broken
the Mediterranean began to turn into an Islamic sea
Uthman's greatest service was this
he copied the Quran manuscripts
that had been collected during the time of Abu Bakr
and sent them across the world
this ensured unity and standardization of belief
however Uthman's gentle character
and his appointment of members of his own clan
Banu Umayya
to positions of power caused unrest in society
rebels from outside
Medina surrounded the caliph's house
Uthman was martyred while reading the Quran
his blood fell onto its pages
that blood
marked the beginning of the first great fracture
in Islamic history the coming of civil war
the period of Ali
during the time of Uthman
the Islamic Empire had reached about 12 million
square kilometers it had grown almost twice as large
compared to the time of Umar
but every rise has a price
in 656 when Uthman was martyred
Medina and the Islamic State were thrown into chaos
in this process Ali was chosen as leader
during Ali's rule
the Islamic world faced its first major internal crisis
political divisions assassinations
civil wars
this period was not the time when Islam stopped
it was the time when it was tested
expansion slowed down energy turned inward
but Islam
had reached a point where it could not be turned back
Ali known as the gate of knowledge of Islam
and the Fearless Lion became caliph
while holding a vast empire
and a great fire in his hands
the period of Fitna had begun
on one side were Aisha Talha and Zubair
who demanded that the killers of Uthman be found
and punished this LED to the battle of the camel
on the other side was Muawiya
the governor of Syria who opposed Ali
this LED to the battle of Siffin
the battle of the camel took place in 656
after the martyrdom of Uthman
its goal was to quickly find and punish the killers
the battle was named after the camel
that Aisha was riding
around which the fighting was centered
this battle happened near Basra
outside Medina
due to disagreement between Ali and Aisha
Talha and Zubair the result
Ali was victorious
Aisha was sent back to Medina with respect by Ali
this event entered history as the first major
internal conflict in Islam
The year was 657 the battle of the camel was over
but the real crisis would be with Muawiya
Muawiya had been governor of Syria for 20 years
he was powerful he controlled his army perfectly
the people of Damascus loved him
Muawiya did not give allegiance to Ali and rebelled
in July 657 the battle of Siffin took place
90,000 supporters of Ali
against 120,000 supporters of Muawiya
first attempts at negotiation
then small clashes then full battle
it was terrible
Muslim Brother was killing Muslim Brother
the battle lasted for days
Ali's army began to gain the upper hand
then the Syrian army
raised copies of the Quran on their spears
and said let the book of Allah judge between us
stop the fighting Ali did not want this
but under heavy pressure he was forced to accept
two arbitrators were chosen
the fighting stopped
and the issue was handed to arbitration
but the talks did not bring a clear political solution
instead the situation became more complicated
Ali rejected the arbitration result
but he lost prestige his authority was shaken
in 658 the Karajites gathered in Iraq
they now openly became enemies of Ali
they raided villages and declared
supporters of Ali are unbelievers
killing them is allowed they murdered a companion
Abdullah ibn Khabab together with his pregnant wife
the battle of Nahrawan 658 followed
it was short but bloody
most of the karigitis were killed
only a few escaped
but those who escaped were waiting for revenge
by 660 Ali was living in Kufa
he had made Kufa the capital instead of Medina
a cold war with Muawiya continued
Ali was slowly losing control
Egypt had fallen to Muawiya
Hijaz was undecided only Iraq remained under Ali
three Karajites made a plan
on 21st Ramadan 661
Ali was martyred he was 63 years old
his Caliphate lasted four years and nine months
years filled with pain constant internal conflict
no peace fitna and chaos
yet Ali was
remembered as one of the greatest heroes of Islam
his justice his courage
his knowledge his devotion
when Ali who never moved even a step away from justice
was martyred in 661
by the poisoned sword of a Karajite assassin
the period of the four caliphs
also known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs
came to an end This 29 year period is a mirror
it shows both the purest form of Islam
and how human ambition can lead to great destruction
the state had grown wealth had increased
but the simple and just world of the Prophet
had begun to be crushed
under the footsteps of power and rule
the Umayyad period
this period began in 661
with the Caliphate of Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan
it marks the turning point in Islamic history
when the Caliphate transformed into a dynasty
the capital was no longer Medina
the city of revelation but Damascus
a magnificent city built on the legacy of Byzantium
for nearly a century
the Umayyads carried the banner of Islam
from the Atlantic Ocean to the depths of Central Asia
however this vast expansion came with a heavy
moral and political cost Kabbala
the deepest wound 680
the darkest and most painful page of Umayyad history is
without doubt Karbala
by appointing his son Yazid as heir before his death
Muawiya delivered
the greatest blow to the Prophet's principle of shura
consultation
the Prophet's grandson Hussain
refused to submit to injustice and tyranny
on the banks of the Euphrates
Days of thirst and siege
LED to one of the greatest tragedies
in Islamic history
the martyrdom of Hussain and his 72 companions
opened a wound that would divide the Islamic world
into Sunni and Shia political
theological camps
this event
permanently damaged the legitimacy of Umayyad rule
the peak of conquests from Spain to Turkestan
despite internal conflicts
the Umayyads became an unstoppable military force
the conquest of al Andalus 711
Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed Jabal
Tariq Gibraltar and burned his ships
the Visigoth kingdom collapsed
and the foundations
of the Andalusian civilization were laid
Central Asia and India
under Kutayba ibn Muslim and Muhammad ibn Qasim
Islam reached Transoxiana and the gates of India
the Islamic State reached its largest borders
the sun never set on Umayyad lands
criticism and failure the Mawali policy
the Umayyad's greatest failure
was their departure
from Islam's principle of universal brotherhood
through the Mawali policy
non Arab Muslims Turks
Persians Berbers were treated as second class citizens
this ethnic discrimination slowed the spread of Islam
and created deep anger among conquered peoples
Arab nationalism replaced early Islamic justice
causing internal decay
the Umayyads repeatedly besieged Constantinople
but suffered heavy losses and failed
military failures combined with internal unrest
weakened the dynasty Umar ibn Abd al Aziz
the fifth caliph
amid this dark picture one bright figure emerged
Umar ibn Abd al Aziz often called the fifth caliph
in just two and a half years
he abolished the Mawali policy
restored justice in taxation
banned palace luxury
ended oppression against the family of Ali
his rule briefly restored public trust
at the same time
great scholars like Hassan al Basri emerged
and the foundations of hadith compilation were laid
the fall of the Umayyads 750
anger against Umayyad injustice
turned into a major revolt
in Khurasan LED by Abu Muslim under the slogan
justice for the family of the Prophet AHL al Bayt
black-bannered armies defeated the umayyads
at the battle of the zab river
only one prince
abd al rahman escaped to spain
where he founded the umayyad state of al andalus
keeping the light of islam alive in europe
the Umayyad era was a story of great victories
and a vast empire
but also of deviation from justice and brotherhood
Islam expanded physically
but suffered deep spiritual division
the Abasid period after the fall of the Umayyads
the center of Islam shifted from Damascus to Baghdad
on the banks of the Tigris
unlike the Umayyads
the Abbasids declared Islam not as an Arab religion
but as a civilization for all humanity
this cosmopolitan vision
launched Islam's greatest age of depth and expansion
Islam now spread not mainly by the sword
but through honest merchants
wise scholars tolerant governance
the battle of Talas 751 was a major turning point
after fighting alongside the Abbasids against China
Turks began embracing Islam in large numbers
the Abbasids formed elite Turkish guard units
and founded Samarra for this purpose
in Iran and Central Asia
Persian culture merged deeply with Islam
great minds emerged Ibn Sina
Avicenna Farabi Khwarizmi
Islamic civilization embraced reason and science
in Africa and Southeast Asia
Muslim traders carried Islam to sub saharan Africa
Mali Songhai
Indonesia and Malaysia Islam now reached deserts
steps forests and oceans
bite Al Hikma The House of wisdom
founded by Caliph Mansur
and reaching its peak under Harun al Rashid Bayt
al Hikma
became the world's greatest centre of knowledge
Greek philosophy Indian mathematics
Egyptian geometry
and Persian literature were translated into Arabic
scientific revolutions followed
Khwarizmi introduced zero and algebra
Ibn Sina's canon of medicine was taught in Europe
for 600 years
Biruni calculated the Earth's circumference
with astonishing accuracy
while Europe debated whether the earth was flat
Muslim scholars mapped stars and wrote laws of optics
relations with the West
Harun al Rashid established diplomacy with Charlemagne
sending him a mechanical clock
Europeans thought it was magic
paper gunpowder
navigation tools
and rational thought flowed into Europe
before the Crusades this was the era
when Islamic civilization LED the world
over time Abbasid political power weakened
as military governors gained control
the state fragmented
this weakness invited a terrible force from the east
in 1258 Hulagu Khan entered Baghdad
libraries burned Bayt al Hikma was destroyed
books were thrown into the Tigris
the river reportedly flowed black with ink
the caliph Mustasim Billah
was executed the Abbasid Caliphate ended politically
yet history had one last surprise
many Mongols eventually accepted Islam
becoming its new protectors
Baghdad fell
but Islam lived on through the Seljuks in Anatolia
the Mamluks in Egypt the city was destroyed
the civilization survived Ottoman rise
the transfer of the banner from Arabs to Turks
the foundation laid by Osman Gazi in Sogut in 1299
quickly grew with the spirit of Gaza and jihad
the success of the Ottomans
was not only based on military power
but also on their policy of winning hearts
and tolerance in the lands they conquered
the Ottoman period carried Islam's geographical reach
to unimaginable levels the Balkans and Eastern Europe
with Ottoman advances Islam entered Serbia
Bulgaria Greece Albania
Bosnia and Hungary especially Bosniaks and Albanians
accepted Islam in large numbers
and became strong Muslim centers inside Europe
North Africa and the Maghreb
with the conquest of Algeria
Tunisia and Libya
the Mediterranean turned into a Muslim sea
the Hijaz and the Arab world
with Yavuz Sultan Selim's Egypt campaign in 1517
the holy lands of Islam and the Caliphate
officially passed to the Ottomans
peoples who accepted Islam
Balkan societies peoples of the Caucasus Circassians
Abkhasians local communities in East Africa
and the last non Muslim groups of Anatolia
entered Islam under Ottoman rule
the conquest of Istanbul
the fulfillment of a thousand year promise
on the morning of 29th of May 1453
the great cannons that struck the walls
destroyed not only a city
but an entire era
Mehmet the Conqueror a 21 year old genius
achieved the impossible by moving ships over land
the conquest of Istanbul
was the fulfillment of a promise
given by Muhammad Sallallahu
Alaihi Wasallam centuries earlier
with this conquest
Islam was no longer seen as an eastern religion
it now sat at the heart of the world
on the throne of eastern Rome
Mehmet's vision went beyond Istanbul
his goal was Rome the red apple
and to raise the Islamic banner over the Vatican
the Otranto campaign in Italy
was the first step of this dream
but his life did not last long enough to complete it
Yavuz and the Caliphate and Kanuni's world leadership
Yavuz Sultan Selim fit the work of a century
into just eight years of rule
he removed the Safavid threat at Chaldiran
then defeated the Mamluks
and brought the sacred relics to Istanbul
from that moment on
the Ottoman Sultan was also the caliph
and the servant of Makkah and Medina
his son Kanuni
Sultan Suleiman carried this power to its peak
when the Islamic banner reached the gates of Vienna
Europe trembled if Vienna had fallen
no power could have stopped the Islamic armies
Frankfurt Paris
even London would have been within reach
during Kanuni's time Islam reached a golden age
not only in war but also in law and art
this is why he was called Kanuni
with Barbaros Hayreddin Pasha at sea
and Mimar Sinan in architecture
the greatness of Islam was carved into history
the Islamization of the Balkans
and the system of justice
the Ottoman arrival in the Balkans
was a relief for local peasants
tired of feudal oppression
Christian populations
preferred the Ottoman system of justice
which offered low taxes and religious freedom
through foundations soup kitchens and schools
Islam became not just a ruling system in Europe
but a complete way of life
the Ottomans turned Islam into a global system
in the 16th century
a Muslim could travel from Morocco to Indonesia
under the same law
with the same currency and with the same respect
this was the greatest political integration
Islam had ever seen
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