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Ibn Khaldun On Knowledge: Multiplex Epistemology | Prof. Dr. Recep Şentürk

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hello and welcome to tonight's lecture

Islands by the center for Asian and

medical assistant studies I'm your host

naive Muhammad tonight we have to have

the third lecture of the series applied

multiplexity if the Falcon is an example

the aim of this is to understand even

kadun's Multiplex approach to social science

science

the title of translator is even khaldoon

on knowledge Multiplex epistemology

the lecture is Professor Dr Egyptian

Professor Egyptian is the dean of the

College of Islamic Studies at Hamad bin

Khalifa University Qatar he was the

former founding president of even

Caldwell University in Istanbul

he holds a PhD from Columbia

University's Department of sociology and

specializes in civilizational studies

sociology and Islamic Studies with focus

on social networks human rights and

modernization in the Muslim world

he served as a researcher at the center

for Islamic Studies in Istanbul and is

the founding director of Alliance of

he is the head of international event

called in society and has a seat in the

editorial Boards of multiple academic

journals among his books are in English

narrative social instructor how this

transmission Network sticks 10 to 1505

and in Turkish open civilization towards

a multi-civilizational society and world

contemporary readings

Malcolm X struggle for human rights and

social memory how this transmission

Network 6 10 to 1505.

Professor Dr Egyptian Turk's work has

been translated to Arabic Japanese and

in Spanish

so there is to be a brief short into

opportunity's lecture a few words about

the format the lecture will take roughly

around 30 to 45 minutes and it will be

done followed by comments and Q a

section which will last around 32 for

the Prime Minister as well

we observe few rules we ask our audience

to keep Mike and mobile muted until soon

otherwise we encourage questions and

discussions focused on the lecture only

we also encourage attendees to take

notes on the lecture for the comments

and Q a section

so now without further Ado I'd like to

ask Professor Dr Rajiv shampoo to tell

you about the lecturer professor over to

you and yeah you could share the screen

okay everyone

everyone

today we will be talking about even

husband reviews regarding knowledge

uh which I described as Multiplex

epistemology by Multiplex I mean

multi-layered epistemology as I will

explain you know he accepts different

layers of uh knowledge different types

of knowledge

and this is in Arabic called Marathi

ulum so he is one of the representatives

of Marathi ulum and actually all our

ulama who live in the past all our

philosophers they accept this Multiplex epistemology

so we study even though as an example

for Multiplex epistemology and the

purpose of this series is to demonstrate

how multiplexity is implemented in

is just an example it should not be misunderstood

misunderstood

as if he's the only one who uses uh multiplexity

uh in this presentation I benefited from

two books of uh uh IBN one of them is

is a well-known book doesn't need any introduction

introduction

even husband talks about epistemology in

that book so I utilized that book and

also shifa USA is another book on

tasawof written by Eminem

it means remedy of the questioner in

search of answers so these two books are

very important of course he has other

books which may also be incorporated

when we search deeply his uh his views

on abstinology but these are the two

major sources because she found reflects

his uh his uh his views from

as you know it's an empirical work in uh

in Civilization studies

so these two books

demonstrate the multiplicity of his

epistemology in a particular and he's

very conscious about this massplexity he

uh about men and his ability to reason

to exercise figure

so even though

in the sixth chapter of mokadama six and

answer to the question of what's a human being

being

because all Sciences

deal with a human being and his actions

so that's why it's very important you

know to answer this question and

actually all social theories are

grounded on a particular understanding

of uh

of of of human being here

uh so the the content subject purpose

and scope of uh Sciences can only be

understood by answering the question of

what a human being is

uh so this is even Holden's uh

we have already discussed ibrahalton's

view on existence on Multiplex ontology

and how he operationalizes Multiplex ontology

ontology

he here in this lecture we will be

talking about how he operationalizes uh

Multiplex epistemology

so the ontological hierarchy is parallel

to epsological hierarchy you see this

parallelism between a multiplex approach

to existence and Multiplex approach to knowledge

knowledge

and because abstinology is grounded on ontology

ontology

and this is also observable [Music]

[Music]

writings according to even Holden there

are three types on which that correspond

to three levels of existence according

to his Multiplex epistemology

there are three types of knowledge uh

acquired knowledge

knowledge granted by divine inspiration

gift its knowledge we can say gifted

knowledge and then the prophetic

knowledge knowledge of The Messengers of

Allah as we discussed in the previous

lecture even Alvin accepts that there is

and then there is non-material Worlds I

live in melakut or alumin and also the

so acquired knowledge it's called

it is gained through reasoning

or research

this is the scientific knowledge

academic knowledge produced by research reasoning

reasoning

and it's called

acquired knowledge people acquired it by

studying by doing research

this is the gifted knowledge

you know it's granted by God

uh you know it comes to people through

divine inspiration uh cash or ilham the

this kind of knowledge is not gained

through rational processes in the mind

but is granted by Allah to Pious people

as a reward

and in the Quran there is a verse clearly

clearly

so I have taqwa then Allah will teach

you so taqwa brings a a particular type

of knowledge to people but in order to

have taqwa you need Al ill milk SB and

if you have taqwa then you will be

blessed with the

the

gifted knowledge taught by gods and then

there is another very special type of

knowledge which is

knowledge of The Messengers of Allah

which is only accessible to prophets and

can be received through divine revelation

so these three types of knowledge

is accepted by IBN as part of marathable

Multiplex epistemology because B has a

different epistemology [Music]

[Music]

has a [Music]

has another different type of

epistemology so it's a good example of

his understanding of Multiplex abstinology

abstinology uh

adopted by all Muslim Scholars and even

is not exceptional to this and this

Multiplex epsonology is grounded on

Multiplex ontology

and from this perspective

the uh different types of knowledge that

they are

structures in this Multiplex system so

there are two types of knowledge

the objective source of knowledge

and it includes sense perception

and then reason

and then Revelation and through reports

so these are three three objective

sources of knowledge when I say

objective I mean

an argument may be based on these

sources of knowledge in the public sphere

sphere

you can use them in the chord in the

school or in any public debate to prove something

something

uh invest

you know there are rationalists who give

priority tourism and there are empresses

who give a priority to sense perception

and then the religious Pious people you

know they give priority to Hawaii but

here you see all of them are given equal

importance in this system then we have

subjective source of knowledge from the

perspective of Multiplex epsonology or

meritable idiom these subjective source

of knowledge includes intuition dreams

dreams

Inspirations and opening of the eye of

the hearts cash

ilham cash but these are subjective by

subjective I mean that this the

knowledge gained through these sources

cannot be used as a foundation for an

argument in the public sphere

in the chords you cannot use it when you

make fatwa in fuku you cannot use them

as delil you cannot use them to show

that one Hadith is sahih based on this

you cannot use in academic research you

cannot use in any public debates it's

private to you I mean if you see

something in your dream if you like to

accept it you accept it if you don't

like to accept it you don't accept it

but you cannot use your dream as an

Evidence to prove something to other

people so this is a very comprehensive

as you see that it includes both like uh

you know sense perception reason divine

revelation in the scriptures and also

intuition dreams inspiration opening uh

of the heart's eye it's a very comprehensive

comprehensive

but the problem is how to use them all

together without transgressing the borders

borders

so it's Muslim Scholars they Define the

domain where it's acceptable to your

sense perception and usually it is the

material world

which is the physical world but the reason

reason

may also be used both in the material

world but in uh if you if one wants to

use reason you know to do research about

the metaphysical world uh this is

epistemological transgression

like you cannot know

like here after through your reason and

you can know its existence but you

cannot put details of it

like how's life in Paradise your reason

or your sense perception are not going

to help you you need divine revelation

for this purpose so this is how the

multiplex epistological system in general

general

works and it's accepted commonly by all

pays attention to the main ability to think

think

and he argues that sense perception

is common to both animals and people

so this is something we share they have

eyes we also have eyes they have ears we

also have ears you know uh so this is

common to both animals and human beings

man has the advantage or the other

beings that he may perceive things

outside himself through his ability to

think figures which is something Beyond

his senses so this figure you know does

not exist in the animals it is something

peculiar to us to human beings through

the internal senses of the mind it man

takes the picture of the immediate

objects of sense perception

so like when we see something we take

that image yeah so this is how our sense

perception works so that's the Surat

that's the image of something or the

concept of it the ability to think is

the occupation with mental images that

are Beyond sense perception and the

application of the mind to them for

analysis and synthesis so this is

thinking okay so you have Concepts which

you drive through your observation of

the material objects and nature and when

you uh you know discover relations

between these Concepts then this is

thinking and if you discover a new

relationship between those Concepts this

becomes like a new uh idea

so our mind makes analysis makes

sentences by bringing those Concepts

together and separating them

and this is what is meant by the word

for Arts

for art it also means Hearts so there's

cult and there is you know synonyms same

meaning so human beings think with their

spiritual hearts with their Culp with

their for Arts it's the same thing

so uh our account is in the hearts you

know in yeah and Accord is something

spiritual something uh non-material and

so there are different uh levels of

thinking uh according to Imran khaldoon

the ability to think has different uh

this is discretionary thinking

discretionary thinking or thinking to

separate things from each other so it is

intellectual understanding of the things

that exist in the outside world

and it produces Concepts like you see

trees you have the concept of three you

see chickens then you have the concept

of chicken you see roads you have the

concept of Road in your mind and these

are called Concepts in Arabic

and with the concepts man knows what's

useful what's harmful that's the

elementary level of knowledge then

this is experiential knowledge

it provides men with ideas and the

behavior needed in dealing with his

fellow men and in leading them in

politics so politics is an experiential

knowledge you know drives from the

experience of people and politics and Ori

Ori

or experiential knowledge is grounded

in tastic cuts propositions

and a proposition or a judgment

is constituted by two thousand words

two concepts and the relationship

between them [Music]

[Music]

the third type of thinking this is the

theoretical thinking

it provides the knowledge of an object

Beyond sense perception without any

practical activity

so this uh this afternoon is about kuliats

kuliats

the universe categories or Universal

knowledge or the general knowledge

so it consists of both Concepts

this is the more complicated

sophisticated type of thinking which is

is defined as moving from particulars to

the Universal's

so like with your which sense perception

people experience

and perceive particulars through Nazar

they reach

they have

intellectual capacity but this

the second middle level rouhania and the

highest level

so a human being

in the beginning of his life like

uneducated person is at the level of the Sharia

Sharia

then after some education and learning

he may come to the level of rouhania and

above the level of rouhania there is

and he sees a parallelism between the

animal kingdom human beings and the

angels so like human beings begin their

Journey when they are born like animals

they are after only satisfying their

physical needs that slowly they improve

and become like human beings and they

are different than the uh

then they become different than animals

so even how long calls this level of

rouhania but if they go further then

they reach the level of foreign

[Music]

existing beings they are organized in

ascending uh orders human soul is

prepared to reach the higher and the

final level of Malachi by virtue of a

primary natural position that God has

placed in human soul

but this requires you know education and Improvement

so human soul is the Norse the nowhere

is the human soul the heart is in the soul

and the and also the reason is in the

soul so these are all faculties of the

but human soul

uses reason and sense precision as its tools

tools

so Allah created human Souls with two

facets right right

one side is turned towards sensory experience

you know the existence that can be uh

can be perceived through a sense

perception uh from it the soul draws the

forms of the existence the concepts the images

images

which are then brought by these senses

to the intellects

where their abstract meanings are disengaged

disengaged

the other facet of uh of human beings

they are turned towards the tablet alone

which is

so on the one hand we are grounded in a

physical and big world but on the other

hand we are connected to our level right

the invisible world

where wherein the forms of the existence

are impressed and include knowledge of

the realities that have been are and

will be until the day of Resurrection

there is a veil between human soul and

so if this well between human soul which

is the thinking and reasoning faculty of

a human being

is removed

tablet becomes the level helmet hose

becomes visible to human beings

so if the whale is lifted

through purification and deliverance

from impurities the sins then Precision

in drug is achieved in its most perfect

aspect more preferably so than by means

of the first facets indeed the senses

the imagination and the intellect can

not always be relied upon to transmit

Faithfully Faithfully the forms and

realities of the existence to the human soul

soul

this is because senses know the

particulars and reason universalizes

that particulars this universalization

or abstraction is knowing behind the world

Multiplex epistology

recognizes that different types of

knowledge they have advantages and limitations

limitations

that's why you can't rely on a single

source of knowledge you cannot rely on a

single type of knowledge

because every type of knowledge every

source of knowledge

has limitations

so so

reason is limited that's why prophetic knowledge

knowledge

why is needed to support reason but at

the same time profit knowledge is not

enough in itself alone you have to use

your reason which is required by the Why

not all existing things and their causes

are accessible to human mind and senses

some aspects of the reality lie Beyond

in al-aco and human comprehension

the train of prophetic knowledge is

beyond the intellect and it informs us

so but if you don't accept or don't

recognize if you are not aware of these

limitations then you commit a big crime

which is

uh epistemological transgression

so let's say Sun's perception has a

particular domain where it's good to use

sense perception but if you sense perception

perception

uh in high level right

the melecules then you are doing

intellectual transgression

because sense perception is useless in

that domain

so the train of perfect knowledge is

beyond the intellect and it informs us

about the higher level of existence

so that's the contribution of prophetic

knowledge because that high level of

existence is beyond our reason and sense

perception so even haldun writes

intellect is a correct scale however the

intellect should not be used to weigh

such methods as the Oneness of God the

other worlds the truth of Prophecy the

real character of divine attributes or

anything else that lies beyond the level

of the

so intellect is good but it has limits

one might compare it with a man who sees

a scale in which gold is being weighed

and wants to weigh mountains in that

so how is this thinking ability figure

and illum Iran related to each other so

even Holden argues that thinking is the

beginning of human actions

thinking is the beginning of new

knowledge so these human actions you

know they are related to the emergence

of civilizations

so when civilization is emerge you know

a new actions emerge but to be able to

do that you need thinking

so thinking makes possible for uh you

know to to

produce human actions thinking makes

possible to produce new knowledge so actions

actions

are related to the emergence of civilizations

this part of social ontology and new knowledge

knowledge

is related to the emergence of Sciences

so this Multiplex epistemology

epistemology

according to even khaldoon for instance

there are three types of politics

there is natural politics

rational politics

and religious politics

but politics may not exactly translate

his concept of milk

so the natural politics or natural

political power

it causes the message to acts as

required by purpose and desire

but the Russian politics clear

causes the message to act as required by

their intellect

by the rational insight into the means

of furthering their worthy interest and

avoiding anything that's harmful

causes the message to act as required by

religious insights into their interest

in the other world as well as in this

world so you see that even khaldoon you know

know

reflects a multiplex idea of politics

there is rational politics there is

religious politics and also natural

politics or natural political power so

these different types of ruling are

informed by immunogan's Multiplex epistology

epistology

if he had not recognized divine

revelation as a source of knowledge he

wouldn't have made this classification that

because you see that he accepts

rational politics and natural

politics or political power so this is a

multiplex and theory of of politics

so these different type of ruling are

informed by you know how those Multiplex

epistology uh

and and it reflects that he accepts

reason as a source of knowledge and

divine revelation as another source of

knowledge and also this natural way of

doing things

so from this perspective

you know talks about a rule of man and

rule of law uh

some useful hints from uh ibno haldon to

the students

about knowledge

from the marketing of IBN galdoon so he

wrote I would like to read it as it is

translated I wish I could read from

Arabic but our audience understand only

the English one if you are afflicted by

such difficulties and hampered in your

understanding of the problems by

misgivings or disturbing doubts in your

mind cast them off

discard the ways of words and obstacles

of Dance

so it's a very interesting sentence I

really like it discard the whales of words

words

and the obstacles of doubts so words

they sometimes become like a whale

you know you get you know preoccupied

with those words and they

cover the truth behind them so don't get

blinded by the words focus on the truth

or the reality

beyond words

discard the ways of words and the

obstacles of doubts leave all the

technical procedures and take refuge in

the realm of the natural ability to

think even to you by Nature okay so your futra

futra

and has given to you a natural ability

to think about these things so you don't

need to rely on

on formal logic or formal

formal ways of thinking let your

speculation roam in it and let your mind

freely delvinies according to whatever

you desire to obtain from it set food in

the places where the greatest thinkers

before you did

interest yourself to God's AIDS and in

as in his Mercy he aided them and taught

them what they did not know

if you do that God's helpful light will

shine upon you and show you your

objective inspiration will indicate to

you the middle term which God made a

national requirement of the process of

thinking as we have stated so he's

talking about the chaos

the middle term uh [Music]

[Music]

at that particular moment return with the

the

midden's turn to the malls and forms to

be used for the arguments dip it into

them and give it its due of the

technical Norm of logic so logic is also

important but not everything okay then

close it with the forms of words and

bring it forth into the world of spoken

utterances firmly geared and soundly constructed

constructed

so this is very interesting uh you know

citation from

and his

analysis of like how knowledge is

produced is very uh interesting he looks

at the inner aspects of it

all right we stop here inshallah and you

comments objections

you are free thank you thank you

Professor for the very enlightening uh

lecture on biblical loans

quote on

um ontology

approach actually

so um

so yeah this in this part we'll be

talking about mostly the comments and Q

a section we hope our audience have

taken notes of the lecture and are

prepared for the uh for this session

uh this session will last up there

around 30 to 45 minutes so um please

feel free to raise your hand and uh or

if you have any comments or questions

you can leave you to the chat as well

so rubad do you have anything to begin with

with

uh yes I have a few

so I think one of the things that I um

that I was thinking about about the idea

um like when we were talking about the epistemology

epistemology

um uh

as sorry I'm just

one man

okay so uh we're talking about uh Divine

uh Revelation to be a source of

knowledge right yes now this is quite

obvious to people who have already uh

accepted it or understood it and

believed in it now it seems to me from

the mutakalimine when they're trying to uh

like argue for the validity of this

episode political sorts they also use

they kind of seem to use uh alcohol and

uh and a bit of like uh empirical uh

means as well is that is that a true

characterization would you say that yeah

yeah yeah it's absolutely true because

when you want to prove that Quran is the

book of Allah you cannot cite Quran as a daily

daily

absolutely yeah you signed you know some

external daily external evidence

first second you know pure reasoning is

the Common Grounds between Muslim and non-muslims

non-muslims

right okay so then you want to prove

something to a non-muslim you use pure rationality

rationality

as I have explained you know in my uh

previous uh presentations so you just

use pure rationality that's the common ground

ground

you know because he uses his reason you

use your reason he doesn't cite his

sacred book you don't cite your sacred

book okay so that's the

common ground for the whole Humanity I

call it pure rationality so there are

two types of rationality one is pure

rationality and then the other one

religious rationality

so reduce rationality incorporates

sense perception using article plus it

adds the Quran and the Hadith together

together so

uh if you would allow me the Dr Shanter uh

we have seen uh some descriptions at the

end very beautiful description of how

IBN engages into uh you know and and

just before that he also mentioned uh

something about illness idea of the two

facets of the

so or the nine now my question is

it almost seems to me that this is

something that evening derives from this

kind of cash for like it doesn't seem to

be like it seems experiential would you

agree with that like uh with what I've

no no no can you explain to me that

because even khaldoon is a Multiplex

scholar you know there are certain

things like he derives from experimentation

experimentation

there are certain things you know he

drives from like Hawaii and there are

certain things he drives from Kashif

you know so he combines all of them

that's the maxplex perspective you know

some people call him empressist because

he's using empirical methods but it's

not true

he uses empirical Metals but he's not

empressist in the sense that he does not

try to you know reduce everything to

Empirical research he never makes a

claim that the only valid legitimate

academic knowledge is empirical knowledge

knowledge

but you know he uses you know empirical

knowledge as one of the knowledge he

uses and he relies on but outside he

uses like rational knowledge he uses

knowledge based on divine revelation and

he uses knowledge based on this uh

sources as well because he has a book on tasawa

tasawa

uh so uh so let's not think even a

problem just like the modern Scholars

who accept only one type of knowledge as

a valid academic knowledge and rejects

all other types so even how do this more comprehensive

comprehensive

so to to characterize that to uh to

check my understanding of what you just

said so basically if the khalun would

use the Marathi of Lulu all the uh all

the aspects of epistemology at different

stages to comment this this like deep

understanding of what he's describing

that that would probably be a better

characterization right yes yes yes exactly

exactly

thank you very much okay

okay

thank you louette I guess uh we have a

hand over here uh was it Buck could you

just place the uh unmute yourself and

um right so we'll come back to him again

uh this one as well I had a um small

questions process okay we've got for

um I was wondering if uh can you hear me

yes yes uh yeah I was just wondering if

Evan haldoon brings

um brings a layer of creativity or

imagination or aesthetic type knowledge

into his

um not just his epistemology but into

his idea of the kinds of knowledge and

Opera how that might be operationalized

within the political domain

yes uh yeah this is a very good question

as I have mentioned in the uh in the

second type of second and third type of

knowledge like I mean in the first type

like where we collect images from nature

so there is no innovation you know just imagination

imagination

you know like we observe objects in the

outside world and we collect images and

we turn them into Concepts then

Innovation comes uh when you relate this

Concepts to each other to make a

synthesis and Analysis

because let's say you have like a 10 000

images 10 000 Concepts you know in your

mind and how you relate these Concepts

to each other

how you establish relationships you know

among these Concepts then Innovation

comes in that phase so some people they

are so Innovative you know they discover

relations among Concepts other people

can never think of

you know than this called Innovation

this is called new idea

see what I mean so in the field of uh politics

politics

as we have discussed there is like

natural politics you know uh like you

know natural aspect of the political

life which is everywhere but then there

is rational politics this open to

Innovation and also religious politics

digital political thoughts

this also open to Innovation through

each the hearts through uh by using

people can make Innovations within

but of course following this method

not haphazard not random actually all

Innovations follow some rules you know

Innovations are not are not methodless

you know they are not random so there's

a domain you know uh like or there's a type

type

of epistemology that allows people and

encourages people to make Innovations

in even [Music]

[Music] foreign

foreign

thank you for your question and uh thank

you Professor for the uh for the answer

and just to let everyone know that we

have shared our uh WhatsApp groups um um

Link in the chat uh because we'll be

sharing the slides of today's lecture

and record the video and all those for

the upcoming information on the upcoming

lectures as well so please feel free to

join in our group for more information

on the lectures

so we have uh was it watched again uh

please uh could you join me to yourself

just two Bitcoins the first point is

that um

dealing with non-muslims or any party

there is a concept that only what comes

from the West

is authentic

and I believe um it's time for us

as people who have a different

understanding of epistemology based on

our faith

that we demonstrate that publicly

it's not what they call quote unquote scientific

scientific

um is the truth

the step combine I want to make is that

Beethoven the great was a German musician

musician

and those who study his life will see

that the best musics he made was your

written when he was deaf how do you

explain that rationally

and secondly I can remember the

scientist's name when I was in high school

school

the guy who was in his bathtub and then

he discovered Eureka and you run out and

he was and there was no rational

scientific methodology that when he came

to that fruit that he found out in his bathtub

bathtub um

so how do we explain this so I believe

what we need to do we can use rational

but rational as Emmanuel Khan says

has limitations

but we have to go beyond and I think

when we have to share our truth we share

it from

the sources of knowledge that is we are

exposed to assalamualaikum

alaikum salaam

as I have shown in my slides that

Ibraham actually all other Muslim

Scholars also accept

subjective sources of knowledge like

dreams intuitions inspirations

you know seeing things through the eye

of the heart they all accept these

sources of knowledge this is scientific

for us

but the question is they accept only

experimentation as a source of knowledge

the idealist they accept only rational

thinking as a source of knowledge so you

know from their perspective

the examples you gave are unexplainable

but from Multiplex perspective is easy

because we accept intuition as a source

of knowledge anyway so it's not a

problem you know uh for for someone who

accepts the multiplex epsomology to explain

explain

that you know sometimes people get

knowledge through uh through sources

outside sense perception or Reason

name through dreams through Inspirations

through the eye of the heart through

some other spiritual experience so it's

it's it's quite acceptable from the

multiplex uh perspective

so we have no difficulty no challenge in

explaining but if you're a positivist

then you have a big challenge to explain

these things okay

okay

um we've got two questions in the chat

the first one is

does share the source of his

understanding of different Realms and

ability of humans to transcend it from

one to another

in other words can we say he was

to actually experience different level

of his understanding is based on his

you know people who are cyberkish they

don't say I am Sai bulkesh you know you

know they say those who speak don't know

those who don't know speak yeah those

who don't know

those who don't know speak those who

know don't speak so like people who have

kids they usually never say you know

they have cash flow but even Harden

wrote a book on Taza wolf where he talks

about cash you know and it's quite

possible that you know he was one of

those people you know who had the

blessing of being uh [Music]

[Music]

and uh

but as I said this

perspective his Multiplex understanding

of uh epsteomology is not unique to even

khaldoon all our

ulama all our Scholars accept this

Multiplex perspective you read any book

any frequent book you will see like

these are all listed as sources of

knowledge so it's General and we are

studying even hardwood as just an

example because he's a prominent

scholar and I am he's like one of my

favorite Scholars that's why I want to

like promote him you know but if you

study gazali it's the same thing you

know farabi in the same thing if this is

the same thing you know is the same

thing you know uh like Imam Shafi

they all they're all the same thing like

none of them reject dreams as a source

of mind because dreams is in the Quran

you know like dream as a source of

knowledge is mentioned in the Quran how

can a mission scholar or any ordinary

Muslim can reject it see what I mean

so like this ilham is also in the Quran

intuition mentioned in the Quran so no

sensible Muslim can reject something

like this and actually like this

epistology is grounded in the Quran and

Hadith you know did not make it up from

the their own mind

they they they

you know extrapolated this knowledge

from the Quran and they just

systematized it

okay excellent there's another question

from elif uh in previous slides we saw

that even kaldoon negates the use of

intellect to support the truth of

prophethood and Oneness of God but in

today's world there are many important

works in the field of philosophy of

religion to support Russian rationally

the truth of prophethood and Oneness of

God how can we how can we explain this difference

difference

no uh

uh Ibraham does not negate

using intellect to support the truth of

prophethood and Oneness of God because

this is what they do you know they they

try to prove rationally

that there is God there is Allah

they try to prove rationally to hate

that the Quran is the true book of Allah

and Muhammad Ali salaam is the messenger

of Allah and there is here after so

illum and our philosophers they try to

prove these things irrationally you know

using their reason

is not against this however you know

they say this is not enough

it's not sufficient there's only one

level of knowledge

perhaps you know in previous discussion

this is what I have tried to uh

communicate but maybe I couldn't

communicate uh properly so he's not

against the discipline of uh of uh

of Il McCallum or you know or the

philosophy but he's very critical of

certain types of philosophy it's

mutualistic atheistic philosophy so if

philosophy or Kalam is instrumentalized

you know to support some heresy he is

ingested but he's not against the

philosophy itself because he uh you know

he thinks you know

and he thinks is part of the El Hickman

you know so for he names philosophy

and he names philosophers

so if they have wrong ideas he criticize

them but also you know you have to be

very careful you know sometimes uh one

scholar criticize another one it does

not mean he completely you know rejects

the work of that particular scholar

maybe just on this particular point so

they had himself

they were like fairs and they were very

critical but at the same time Fair like

let's say Imam Shafi criticizes

but he's very respectful to everyone at

the same time

and he does not reject 100 percent everything

everything

said on particular issues you know and

this is scholarly disagreement which is

very good very healthy you know it

should be there and the same thing with

even khaldoon like on certain issues

exercises philosophers but doesn't you

know uh uh abandon the complete them

uh thank you thank you Professor we actually

actually

um uh don't have much hands and much

queries than the in the chat or in the

uh in the participant among the

participants so don't know if there is a

mass questions

um one question I have though uh yes put

forward Professor that you talked about

uh Material World Knowledge of material

world in non-material world and the

Divine world this three level in

Multiplex epistemology uh um so

and if we talk if you talk about the um

modern uh Western secular knowledge uh

and sociology we we seem to come across

the these two level is them material

world and non-material world but Divine

world is missing and the existence of

soul is missing there and but at the heart and soul of uh Islamic

heart and soul of uh Islamic epistemology

epistemology um is the the presence of Soul or the

um is the the presence of Soul or the Divine world

Divine world is there any way to reconcile between

is there any way to reconcile between this

this eastern and western

eastern and western um Gene epistemology or knowledge

um Gene epistemology or knowledge knowledge uh Paradigm is there any way

knowledge uh Paradigm is there any way they're going to reconcile or you know

they're going to reconcile or you know yes yes yeah yeah I mean the modern or

yes yes yeah yeah I mean the modern or postmodern materialists

postmodern materialists whether materialists or idealist you

whether materialists or idealist you know reductionism you know uh is very

know reductionism you know uh is very simple-minded you know their reduction

simple-minded you know their reduction is they try to reduce reality

is they try to reduce reality to a single level whether material Level

to a single level whether material Level or the ideal level and also they want to

or the ideal level and also they want to reduce

reduce [Music]

[Music] knowledge into a single type of

knowledge into a single type of knowledge

knowledge this is you know you know very primitive

this is you know you know very primitive very simple

very simple approach to reality and knowledge you

approach to reality and knowledge you know they have to expand their Horizons

know they have to expand their Horizons and there is like reaction to uh

and there is like reaction to uh classical positivism classical

classical positivism classical materialism

materialism but then this reaction went to other

but then this reaction went to other extremes you know now they say no

extremes you know now they say no knowledge you know no truth nothing is

knowledge you know no truth nothing is acceptable nothing is proven so that's

acceptable nothing is proven so that's another extreme so we need to help these

another extreme so we need to help these people you know through uh Multiplex

people you know through uh Multiplex perspective that the you know there is

perspective that the you know there is certain knowledge

certain knowledge but in a particular domain and

but in a particular domain and subjectivity which is you know advocated

subjectivity which is you know advocated by postmodernity it also has its level

by postmodernity it also has its level in this Multiplex system

in this Multiplex system so I believe you know multiplexity will

so I believe you know multiplexity will bring together

bring together you know different approaches to

you know different approaches to knowledge in this Multiplex system so I

knowledge in this Multiplex system so I mean if you are empressist yes we have a

mean if you are empressist yes we have a room for you you know in the

room for you you know in the multiplexity system but don't claim that

multiplexity system but don't claim that everything

everything must be known through empirical methods

must be known through empirical methods uh you know there is a domain where

uh you know there is a domain where empirical myths are very useful but if

empirical myths are very useful but if you try to use empirical methods in a

you try to use empirical methods in a domain where they are not applicable you

domain where they are not applicable you know you are doing epistemological

know you are doing epistemological transgression I call this

transgression I call this epistemological transgression

epistemological transgression uh like this empirical epsonology is

uh like this empirical epsonology is good in one particular domain the

good in one particular domain the natural world the material world but if

natural world the material world but if you use like uh you know empirical

you use like uh you know empirical methods to study the Raw to study the

methods to study the Raw to study the metaphysical world

metaphysical world to make statements about the Hereafter

to make statements about the Hereafter this is transgression you know I mean

this is transgression you know I mean you are supposed to use this tool in a

you are supposed to use this tool in a particular domain you are using outside

particular domain you are using outside uh the proper domain and actually Imam

uh the proper domain and actually Imam gazal is critique of the philosophers

gazal is critique of the philosophers you know the Greek philosophers and

you know the Greek philosophers and their followers may be explained with

their followers may be explained with this concept of epistemological

this concept of epistemological transgression methodological

transgression methodological transgression because his critique was

transgression because his critique was you know he was saying these

you know he was saying these philosophers may know what's happening

philosophers may know what's happening in the natural world

in the natural world through the empirical and the Russian

through the empirical and the Russian research so if they make a statement

research so if they make a statement about natural words the material world

about natural words the material world we take it seriously and we check

we take it seriously and we check whether it's evidence-based or not it's

whether it's evidence-based or not it's evidence-based then we accept but if the

evidence-based then we accept but if the case statement about the metaphysical

case statement about the metaphysical Worlds the hereafter

Worlds the hereafter God

God reject from the very beginning because

reject from the very beginning because there is no way for them to know through

there is no way for them to know through empirical or rational methods the

empirical or rational methods the metaphysical world

metaphysical world so it's this is what I call you know

so it's this is what I call you know epistemological transgression yeah they

epistemological transgression yeah they transgress the borders you know where

transgress the borders you know where it's appropriate you know to use sense

it's appropriate you know to use sense perception or to use a reason so in that

perception or to use a reason so in that domain the metaphysical domain the

domain the metaphysical domain the Hereafter you know unit divine

Hereafter you know unit divine revelation

revelation you know your mind wouldn't tell you uh

you know your mind wouldn't tell you uh anything about it but your mind may tell

anything about it but your mind may tell you that it exists like God exists

you that it exists like God exists the Hereafter exists but that that's you

the Hereafter exists but that that's you know that's the most your mind can help

know that's the most your mind can help you uh understand but when it comes to

you uh understand but when it comes to uh like what's there you know your mind

uh like what's there you know your mind will not be able to uh

will not be able to uh you know uh to tell you anything about

you know uh to tell you anything about that just to just add to that Professor

that just to just add to that Professor uh

uh I just have profound few lectures for

I just have profound few lectures for example one is about what is from

example one is about what is from another is Professor um uh Eric ringer

another is Professor um uh Eric ringer they are talking about the limitation of

they are talking about the limitation of Western and eurocentric based uh this

Western and eurocentric based uh this knowledge base Paradigm and it seems

knowledge base Paradigm and it seems that the multiplex ontology or

that the multiplex ontology or multiplexer approach or equivalent is

multiplexer approach or equivalent is gaining ground do how do you how do you

gaining ground do how do you how do you see that the momentum going do you see

see that the momentum going do you see in the next two three years or so we

in the next two three years or so we will see more researchers and Scholars

will see more researchers and Scholars from the Western world will come forward

from the Western world will come forward and acknowledge the limitation of the

and acknowledge the limitation of the western paradigms yeah I think so

western paradigms yeah I think so because this is the only way uh you know

because this is the only way uh you know to exit the existing crisis you know now

to exit the existing crisis you know now the Western Civilization is in crisis

the Western Civilization is in crisis the ontology epistemology morality

the ontology epistemology morality ethics

ethics it's all in crisis

it's all in crisis this and the relationship with the

this and the relationship with the environments made it you know

environments made it you know very explicit that they have a problem

very explicit that they have a problem you know look what they have done to the

you know look what they have done to the world they brought to the world to the

world they brought to the world to the edge of Extinction

edge of Extinction I mean the life of the world may be

I mean the life of the world may be terminated it may come to an end because

terminated it may come to an end because what because of what they have done

what because of what they have done to the group so what kind of ontology is

to the group so what kind of ontology is behind that what kind of epistemology is

behind that what kind of epistemology is behind that what kind of methodology

behind that what kind of methodology concept of science is behind that

concept of science is behind that so they're all questioning you know

so they're all questioning you know these things but unfortunately they

these things but unfortunately they don't have an alternative

don't have an alternative and we are privileged

and we are privileged we have an alternative why because we

we have an alternative why because we have Islamic heritage

have Islamic heritage so the Islamic intellectual Heritage

so the Islamic intellectual Heritage helps us you know uh to uh to address

helps us you know uh to uh to address these questions

these questions and offer solutions to them so that's

and offer solutions to them so that's our advantage and I believe that you

our advantage and I believe that you know

know uh if we can plausibly intelligibly

uh if we can plausibly intelligibly introduce

introduce this multiplexity which we inherit from

this multiplexity which we inherit from intellectual tradition to the whole

intellectual tradition to the whole world they will recognize that there is

world they will recognize that there is a solution in this and they'll attracted

a solution in this and they'll attracted to it

to it excellent

excellent well thank you thank you that was the

well thank you thank you that was the last question and with that we are about

last question and with that we are about to close the session tonight we thank

to close the session tonight we thank Professor

Professor for this license presentation and we

for this license presentation and we thank you all for taking part in today's

thank you all for taking part in today's session just to let you know our next

session just to let you know our next lecture will be on Tuesday 21st March

lecture will be on Tuesday 21st March and the title will be called the known

and the title will be called the known method Multiplex methodology

method Multiplex methodology so we again thank you so much for

so we again thank you so much for joining in we hope to see you in our

joining in we hope to see you in our next lecture with that we're closing our

next lecture with that we're closing our session tonight thank you everyone bye

session tonight thank you everyone bye for now okay

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YouTube Transcript:Ibn Khaldun On Knowledge: Multiplex Epistemology | Prof. Dr. Recep Şentürk

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Ibn Khaldun On Knowledge: Multiplex Epistemology | Prof. Dr. Recep Şentürk