Thyroid hormone, primarily T3, exerts its effects by entering target cells, converting T4 to T3, and then binding to nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression, ultimately influencing cellular metabolism, growth, and function across various organ systems.
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all right Ninja nerds in this video
we're going to talk about the thyroid
hormone and it's exert its effects
exerted on multiple different Target
tissues all right so before we do that
we need to first see so we we if you
guys have already seen our video on the
synthesis of thyroid hormone you guys
are caught up because right now we have
thyroid hormone circulating in the
bloodstream right and if you remember if
we have thyroid hormone it was bound to
this protein that was made by the liver
and this protein if you remember was called
called
thyroxine binding globulins right it was
made by the liver and it was
transporting in it
T3 and T4 our thyroid hormone before we
look at how it's affecting all these
different types of Target organs we have
to look and see how it's actually
working in this cell what are the
mechanisms by which this hormone is
exerting its effects on these cells so
let's see
here let's say that we have T3 and T4
right here's what we got to look at T4
is going to be one of the ma more major
components in the blood okay so T4 is
one of the more major components within
the blood now watch what happens to this
T4 and again T4 is called
thyroxine T4 or
thyroxine has the ability to pass
through the lipid biler so look it
actually moves right through the lipid
Bay when the thyroid hormone gets into
this target tissue when it moves through
the lipid bilayer there's a specific set
of enzymes in this area one of these
enzymes that work specifically within
this area is called five Prime
Prime
D iio denas so it's called five Prime
deiodinase and what is this enzyme doing
it's removing an iodine off of what the
thyroxine specifically on the five Prime
carbon so this enzyme is removing a
specific iodine residue all right so now
let me actually show you exactly what's
happening here with T4 and this five
Prime deonat let me show it over here in
a better diagram so let's say here
here's my tyrosine amino acid if you
guys remember it was represented by that
big circle and here was another tyrosine
amino acid which was repres represented
by that big circle right now if I were
to be really really specific this circle
is technically a six carbon ring so I
could say 1 2 3 4 5 6 right same thing
over here 1 2 3 4 5 6 and if you
remember we had iodines popping off but
what actually what carbons are they
popping off well hey this is confusing I
have 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 these can't
be 1 2 3 4 5 6 and these can't be 1 2 3
4 5 6 I actually have to say this is
One Prime 2 Prime three prime four Prime
five Prime six Prime that way I
differentiate between these two so
technically the iodines are on the
three the five over here and then
they're on the thre Prime and the five
Prime so if I'm using an enzyme called
five Prime deiodinase I'm pulling off an
iodine which carbon am I removing it off
of this five Prime so imagine my hand is
going to rip this thing off that's what
this enzyme is doing it's ripping this
off when it rips it off of the five
Prime carbon guess what T4 turns
into it turns into
T3 the active form this is the active
form of the thyroid hormone the trio
thyronine right now there is another
enzyme that can rip it off the fifth
carbon what would he be called five diod
theas if that happened if I RI this
iodine off the fifth carbon this
wouldn't be T3 it would be what's called
reverse T3 which is inactive okay that's
inactive we have to remember that I know
it's something so small but it's very
very important five Prime deiodinase
rips the iodine off of the five Prime
carbon to make it T3 which is the active
if it's five deiodinase he pulls it off
the five carbon and turns them into
reverse T3 which is inactive okay now
that we know that we've got our active
form how is this going to exert its
effects it's going to come over here you
see there's a receptor waiting for him
look here's your
T3 he's waiting to start binding onto
this pocket there's a little pocket
let's say that this thing right here is
Factor well or even a receptor right so
this is going to act like a receptor but
it has a transcription Factor portion so
look what happens T3 comes over here and
binds on to this pocket but he can't
exert his effect on the DNA until
something else comes over here and binds
on this pocket guess what else comes
over here and binds retinoic acid
retinoic acid he comes over here and
binds into this pocket so what two
things are binding into this pocket one
is T3 binds right into that pocket the
other one is retinoic acid binds right
into the pocket then this transcription
factor is now active and it can move
into the nucleus and stimulate a
specific Gene sequence a hormone
response element so look what's going to
happen now it's going to come in
here and it's going to stimulate a
specific Gene sequence when it
stimulates that specific Gene sequence
this Gene will then undergo
transcription you know it'll undergo
translation and what will be the overall
result it'll result in
eventually protein synthesis look at
this protein that we're drawing here so
what is this thing here called This is a
protein so what was the overall result
T4 got turned into T3 T3 and retinoic
acid sometimes they even denote it just
in case you see it in the literature
it's also called
rxr it's just a short term abbreviation
for retinoic acid because this a
heterodimer binds into the actual
hormone response element the gene
transcribes the actual Gene to make mRNA
gets translated to make proteins look
what these proteins are going to do love
these proteins they're going to get
plugged into the membrane all across the
membrane look at this protein right here
this protein right here and we'll put
one more here just cuz they're
fascinating proteins look what these
proteins are going to do they love to
pump three sodium ions out of the cell
and they love to pump two potassium ions
into the cell so what would this one be
pumping out guys say it out aloud with
me three sodiums pumping out and then
two potassiums pumping in three sodium
out two potassium ions in these are
sodium potassium ATP Aces what did I
just say ATP Aces they require ATP so
for this step right here ATP has to
react and get converted into
ADP same thing here ATP would have to
react here and get converted into ADP
and and then same thing here ATP would
have to react here and get converted
into ADP what do you notice guys I'm
using a lot of energy I'm using a lot of
energy to power these pumps guess what
thyroid hormone's doing he's increasing
the expression of these proteins on our
body cells if we make more of these
proteins we have more sodium potassium
pumps if we have more sodium potassium
pumps we start burning the ATP so in a
result what's going to happen to the ATP
levels here you're going to have a
decrease in cellular
cellular
ATP now if you if you guys think about
it since we already know this I'm going
to erase this guys since you already
know that ATP is a product of
metabolism if our if our ATP is going
down that's not a good thing why because
then we can't power the muscles we can't
power these pumps we can't power a lot
of cellular activities so what do we
need to do then we need to start burning
more fuel so what's going to happen
happen if you have a decrease in
cellular ATP what's that equation guys
for cellular respiration it goes C6 h126
plus six oxygen to yield what is it 6
CO2 plus six water right and then as a
result you're making ATP in heat right
this is a result of that
reaction well the ATP is decreasing so
we need to make more ATP so what are we
going to do we're going to provide more
fuel so what's going to happen then
we're going to start burning more
carbohydrate molecules or fat molecules
or protein molecules right and we're
going to use more oxygen for this
Pathway to occur so what starts
happening to the amount of oxygen it's
going to increase in usage so there's
going to be an increase in oxygen
usage and if there's an increase in
oxygen usage it's not just good for
burning carbohydrates but also good for
burning all different types of uh
macromolecules so in in summation what's
going to happen to the overall
metabolism or the metabolic rate it's
going to go up okay not that bad right
guys so increase in metabolic
rate and if you think about it if this
metabolic this reaction is occurring
excessively what else am I going to
produce a lot of a lot of heat and so
when you're producing a lot of heat what
else are you going to notice you're
going to get a little hot right so again
it's going to have a increase heat
production as a result of an increase in metabolic
metabolic
rate it's right there in the equation
you know what I mean it's easy to see
okay so that's that part there so so far
we know exactly how it's affecting these
cells at the molecular level and what
it's doing what else could it be doing
though at the molecular cellular level
or organellar level I didn't draw this
for no reason guys there's a
mitochondria there mitochondria
responsible for what being able to use
the different types of macromolecules in
the oxygen to produce
ATP but in the uh the in this event and
there's a decrease in cellular ATP and
then our body's going to have to
compensate that to cause more oxygen
more micromolecules to rush into this
mitochondria just like with uh you know
one thing you can't I can't do a whole
bunch of things at one time and I can't
I won't be able to do it very well so he
needs to make more
buddies so what's he going to start
mitochondria and on top of that the
mitochondria are going to get bigger so
what's going to happen to the
mitochondria number it's going to
increase so you're going to have
increased number of mitochondria and the
mitochondria are going to get bigger
because of their activity so increase in
the number of
mitochondria and size we'll call it hypertrophy
hypertrophy
right okay and that should make sense
because he's the he's the one who's
responsible for being the PowerHouse of
the cell making a TP okay so if you need
to make more he's got to be able to
compensate and get bigger and make more
of him all right that's that part now
that we've done that all the rest of the
stuff is going to be pretty darn easy
now let's look at what it does in the
liver since we're on metabolism let's
look and see what it does on the liver
because it does a lot of stuff here in
the liver you know one of the the main
goals of thyroxine is he wants to try to
increase your blood glucose levels
that's one of his his desires so he
comes over here and there's two ways in
which he does that I have inside of this
liver cell I'm going to draw this
guy you see this guy here this is going
to be a glycogen molecule so this right
here is called glycogen so again what is
this guy here called guys it's called
called
glycogen all glycogen is is just a
storage molecule of glucose it's just a
polymer a long chain of glucose okay
that's all it is but what happens is this
this
glycogen can get converted into
glucose but how thyroid hormone so now
let's say that here's thyroid hormone
let's see what he does he's going to
exert his effects through this actual
mechanism in here right similar
mechanism to help him make proteins and
then what's going to happen as a result these
these
proteins are going to trigger the
conversion of glycogen to glucose what
is this event called glycogenolysis I'm
cutting the glycogen so what does this
event here call where I'm breaking down
glycogen into glucose this event here is called
called
glyco genalysis
not bad and then what's the result well
then guess where that glucose is going
to go it's going to come out of the
liver and into the blood and what's
going to happen to the glucose levels in
the blood the glucose levels are going
to go up in the blood so there'll be
hyperglycemia okay what
else he can do another thing you know
that the liver has a lot of things like
glycerol he has a lot of glycerol in
this area here he has a lot of amino
acids in this area here so he has a lot of
of
glycerol he has a lot of amino
acids and he has a lot of lactic acid so
I'm going to put lactate here lot of
lactic acid here because lactate is just
the conjugate base right look what
happens here you can take glycerol you
can take amino acids and you can take
lactate and convert this into glucose oh
oh my goodness it's
beautiful okay so we made the
glucose if you look I made glucose from
glycerol amino acids and lactate H that
seems like an interesting pathway right
guess what this pathway is so guess who
else stimulates this obviously it's
going to be thyroid hormone that's what
we're talking about right so look what
he does he stimulates this pathway too
you know what this pathway is called
whenever you make glucose from
non-carbohydrate sources it's called
gluconeogenesis love it
so it it stimulates
gluco neo genesis you know what lse he's
really cool at doing and I love it you
know there's a lipoproteins inside of
our bloodstream you've heard of uh LDL
molecules so there they stand for low
density O Let's do them with this Parker
here color see this guy here this is
called low density
lipoproteins bad cholesterol not good
thyroid hormone does is he's actually
going to stimulate the liver to make
make many many receptors for this LDL
particles so now look what he does T3
and T4 actually come over here and
stimulate this guy here look what he
does let's actually say we draw this
part here in red he increases the number
of what is this right here LDL receptors
so who's doing this reaction here this
is the job of T3 and T4 so he's also
causing what the stimulation of LDL
receptors if there's many LDL receptors
what's going to happen to this LDL in
the blood it's going to get taken out of
the blood and then taken into the liver
and utilizing certain metabolic pathways
but overall what's it doing to the LDL
levels in the blood it's decreasing them
so what is it doing here it's increasing
LDL uptake and all that means it's just
taking it into the liver okay beautiful
we've gotten that okay let's just move
on let's go to the heart and then we'll
go up to the CNS so heart what is it
doing on the heart it's amazing what it
does on the heart it comes over to the
heart and it's like hey I want you to
make a specific receptor I want you to
make a protein and the receptor I want
you to make I want it to be specific for
not me but for something else so look
what he does he goes over here in The
myocardium of the muscle and he
increases the expression of a let's say
I actually zoom in on one of these cells
right and here comes T3 and T4 they come
in to this
cell exert their effects on this nucleus
and look what they plug into the
membrane up here look what gets plugged
into the
membrane they do this they stimulate
this pathway guess what this receptor is
this is a beta
one adrenergic
receptor who who binds on to beta one
adrenergic receptors epinephrine and
norepinephrine right so if there's
epinephrine there or noro epinephrine
these guys can bind
onto this receptor and what's the
overall result here they're going to
have an increased contractility and if
there's increased contractility what's
going to happen to the stroke volume
it's going to go up what happens if the
stroke volume goes up cardiac output
goes up and what if cardiac output goes
up blood pressure goes up so overall
with this there's an increase in cardiac
cardiac
output and we can put slash blood
pressure oh man that's
cool you know where else it does it it
does it on these little specialized
non-contractile muscle cells so over
here it acts on the SA node or the AV
node same thing so it's going to act on
these guys and look what it's going to
do it's going to increase the expression
of beta 1 adrenergic receptors so who
else is going to come in here and buy
now norepinephrine and
and
epinephrine and then what would be the
result if they bind onto this receptor
the SA node or the AV node if if you
remember from the extrinsic interation
video what is it a result it stimulates
the increase in action potentials so
there'll be an increase in heart
rate it makes so much sense doesn't it
when you put it together and stuff like
that because that's the overall goal of
our channels to make things make sense
not just to memorize it right so again
what will be increase in heart rate and
you guys know whenever there's an
increase in heart rate there is an
increase in blood pressure as a result
so we can even put here I could put
slash B P okay that's it for the heart
okay so that should make sense guys all
right let's go to the CNS he's really
important within the central nervous
system specifically for the development
of it so in the central nervous system
he's really really helping you know when
you have a neuron here neurons have a
lot of dendrites and stuff like that
right so a lot of dendrites coming off
of it just these little extensions
coming from the cell body then it has
the axon then it has the terminal bulb
right in general here what thyroid
hormone does is he helps to make more
dendrites so he helps with the dendrites
so what's one effect of the thyroid
hormone here he increases dendrite
formation so he increases the number of
dendrites you know what else he does
he's really really cool you know what
else is actually wrapping around these
guys here it's actually made up of fat
and protein and a lot of different other
types of molecules that help for this
actual Action potentials moving down
this way to be faster and Skip Along it
called saltatory conduction this is
milin he helps to increase myelination
so he increases H butchered that name
right there this is called
myelination and why would you want it to
be more melinated so that there be
faster Action
potentials and he's increasing the
number of synapses what is a synapse
let's say here's a press synaptic neuron
here's another neuron if you have more
of these synapses here you're going to
have more act like more different types
of neurochemical
reactions right so in general there's
going to be an increase in
synapses okay so overall within the
central nervous system is making more
dendrites more a uh more myelination and
increasing the number of synapses within
the CNS that should make sense if you
ever know anybody who has
hyperthyroidism what are they they're
always like geeked out right they're
they're anxious they're irritable
they're just they have a lot of like
everything's going on really really fast
because there's increased mation so
increased Action potentials more
dendrites to receive those syn signals
more uh synapses so because of that what
are they going to have anxiety
irritability right a lot of different
types of anxiousness that should make
sense okay so that that's it for the CNS
what about in the bone so it's it's for
the bone it's doing some really uh
interesting stuff so you know within the
bone you have two different types of
really important cells here one is
called Osteo
class and the other ones are called
called
osteoblasts and and osteoclast are the
ones that we know are responsible for
bre breaking down the bone or they call
it bone resorption right so they really
call it bone
resorption and then the osteoblasts are
really important for being able to
deposit certain things into the bone so
they're good for bone
bone
deposition the thyroid hormone here is
regul ating the balance between the two
so you don't want there to be excessive
osteoblastic and you don't want there to
be excessive osteoclastic activity okay
so now what is thyroid hormone doing
he's maintaining the balance between the
two so let's say here's a little balance
beam if you will over here we're going
to have on this side we're going to have
osteoblast and on this side over here
we're going to
have Osteo class thyroid hormone is
keeping these guys
balanced so thyroid hormone is keeping
these guys in an appropriate balance so
that there's not excessive osteoblastic
activity or excessive osteoclastic
activity you know what Els he's helping to
to
do he works at these epiphysial plates
and when he works at these epiphysial
plates he loves to cause the epiphysial
plates to grow in length what is that
called when you're growing in length at
the epiphysial plates it's called
interstitial growth so it loves to
interstitial
growth so it works in here on these
condra sites and causes them to undergo
proliferation hypertrophy and then
eventually calcification right so it'll
make more bone so that the bone can
elongate right you know what elsea helps
to do whenever the baby's developing or
they're you know they're growing
endochondral oifc so it helps to be able
to turn the Highland cars you know
endochondral OIC you start with the uh
what's called a parond and then it turns
into a periostal bone collar and then
the the periostal butt invades and a
whole bunch of different types of
activity occur right where you're
basically turning the cartilage into
bone thyroid hormone helps that activity
we'll talk about that in more detail
when we get into bone physiology but in
general what is it doing here on the
bone it's
increasing it's actually stimulating we
shouldn't say increasing it's
stimulating and regulating
Endo con Al
Al
oifc so you can imagine here that it's
positive effects with the with the
actual bone it wants to help with
keeping the gr the bones growing and
also he plays a role in bone remodeling
too let's list that one too he also
plays a role in bone remodeling what
does that
mean so bone
bone
remodeling really what that's saying is
it's regulating the activity of these
guys the osteoblastic and osteoclastic
activity because that's really what bone
remodeling is if you want to make more
bone you stimulate the osteoblastic
activity if you want to decrease the
amount of bone it's going to be
osteoclastic activity so it's it's
regulating bone remodeling by keeping
the balance between these
two okay let's go into the adapost
tissue all right so let's look at this
fatty fatty fatty all right over here we
got the adapost tissue in the adapost
tissue you know what's the main
component within the adapost tissue
triglycerides if you've ever known
anyone who's hyperthyroid you will know
that they're pretty thin they're burning
calories like a mofo why because thyroid
hormone is really good at being able to
increase the breakdown of this process
here so you know what happens here you
have receptors okay which are again for
inside of the cell for the thyroid
hormone right and what it does is it
activates specific enzymes let's
actually draw these enzymes here in blue
look at what these enzymes
are oh it's little sciss
the scissors are back what are these
scissor enzymes
doing they're cutting the triglycerides
they're breaking the triglycerides into
the the constituents glycerol and fatty
acids how are they doing that it's
activating these specific enzymes inside
of the cell so this is called
lipolysis where it's breaking down the
triglycerides into what would what what
would come out of here if I were to you
know look at this cell and it's cutting
and it's popping something out over here
what are the two constituents one is
it's going to be the fatty acid chains
so what is this called
fatty acid chains and what's the other
glycerol and where did that glycerol
didn't we talk about glycerol before
yeah we did where did we talk about it
guys if you come over here it's in the
liver guess where that glycerol is
coming from from the atopos tissue you
see how it's connecting that glycerol
comes from the adapost tissue into the
liver and then we use that to make
glucose thyroid hormone is so
smart Okay so that's what it's doing
here in the adapost tissue what is it
doing in the
muscles now thyroid hormone they're
still trying to figure out the mechanism
of how it's actually working with inside
of this these muscles specifically with
proteins but what they believe for the
it to be doing here in the muscles is
you know within protein metabolism
there's what's okay so if we have
protein metabolism if I use the word
metabolism that means the sum total of
catabolism and anabolism so let say here
I have
proteins and then I have amino acids
right because that's the constituents
those are the the building blocks or the
monomers of proteins but then you can
use these amino acids to make proteins
so if I go from proteins to amino
catabolism and then if I go from amino
acids to proteins this is called an
anabolism thyroid hormone is regulating
the activity of both of these to keep
them again in a nice balance so what is
thyroid hormone doing
here thyroid hormone is stimulating
anabolism and thyroid hormone is also stimulating
stimulating
catabolism so he's modulating the
activity between these two Pathways now
if someone becomes hyper thyroid it
shifts to catabolism so that's something
to remember normally it's maintaining
this metabolism which is the sum total
of catabolism and anabolism but whenever
the person is making too much thyroid
hormone it switches from anabolism to
mainly catabolism that's why if
someone's hyperthyroid their muscles are
really weak they're really small okay
they're atrophied and sometimes they
might have very very weak muscle
movements right not that they're
lethargic there's a difference it's just
they're very weak
they're atrophied okay that's the
difference all right now let's come over
to this integumentary system the
skin it's very cool and it should this
this should actually make the most sense
if you're really so what is thyroid
hormone doing we said we said it's
increasing your met metabolic rate so
your temperature is going up if your
temperature is going up what's going to
happen at the skin if I'm if I'm really
really hot I'm like right now I'm
sweating okay that doesn't mean my
thyroid hormones actually elevated but
whenever the body temperature is going
up your body has to try to regulate that
internal body temperature so how does it
do it you see these blood vessels here
underneath this is the skin right so
here let me actually just tell you all
the parts of the skin it's not relevant
here but it's just it's just cool I
guess so let's mention all of these so
this top layer here is called the stratum
stratum
corium then the next layer this green
layer is only present in uh thick skin
but you know if it's in thin skin you
won't find it but it's called stratum stratum
stratum
lucidum okay stratum lucidum this black
layer is going to be called the stratum
granulosum this purple layer here is
called the stratum spinosum
spinosum stratum
spinosum and then this last blue layer
here is called the stratum
basali so the stratum basali this makes
up the epidermis right now what happens
is is you have blood vessels running in
the dermis when it's get when it gets
really really hot these actual blood
vessels guess what they do they
dilate if they dilate a lot of blood
flow comes to this area if a lot of
blood flow comes to this area what's
going to happen you're going to notice
that their skin looks nice and soft it's
it's nice and flushed with fluid right
and it's going to allow for them to have
nice SK the nice actual like reddish Hue
to their skin right but also what's
going to happen they're going to be re
radiating heat another thing what
happens when you're really hot you sweat
so what's going to happen to these
little ecran or marrine sweat glands
over here they're going to start
producing sweat plus what does the
thyroid hormone do it increases the
sensitivity of catacol amines like
epinephrine and norepinephrine you know
epinephrine and norepinephrine act on
these these sweat glands and again
what's the result here you're going to
produce sweat and that sweat what does
it allow for it allows for the water to
sit over this area and Trigger what
evaporative cooling okay so again what's
the result here at the integumentary
system it's going to cause these blood
vessels in the dermis to dilate to
increase the blood flow to radiate heat
off the skin right to try to bring the
internal body temperature back down and
because of not only just the body
temperature going up but also remember
the sympathetic nervous system is is
enhanced the sensitivity they're going
to act on these Ean or Marin sweat
glands and cause sweat production and
then what's that going to do it's going
to layer the skin and cause evaporative
cooling to bring the body temperature
down a little bit okay so that's its
effect there so you'd imagine if someone
is having Hy per their their their face
would be nice and actual flushed with
fluid and sometimes it actually might
even be a little bit uh swollen a little
bit but in general it's going to have a
nice color to it also also not only
integumentary system consists of your
nails too so you'll notice that people
have hypothyroid their nails are really
really brittle okay so very very brittle
whereas if you think about
hyperthyroidism with the hair usually
the hair is thick but if it's
hypothyroid the hair is very thin okay
okay last one G tract what is it doing
you know there's a lot of uh glands here
a lot of glands that are actually all
over the place here and these glands are
SEC creting all different types of
substances so here let's say here's some
gland secretions here you know who's
controlling these glandular secretions
thyroid hormone so thyroid hormone is
actually helping to stimulate these
secretions of the actual GI tract
because you know you need secretions to
occur you need a lot of alkaline fluid
within this area here you need a lot of
intestinal fluid for a lot of these
actual uh GI process to occur
effectively you know what else is
happening smooth muscle you know there's
smooth muscle throughout this entire
area here that's primarily what the GI
tract is consisting of is smooth muscle
you know who actually works on these
smooth muscle cells you bet it thyroid
hormone and if thyroid hormone is
working here on these smooth muscle
cells it's enhancing the motility
normally so it helps with normal
motility of the GI tract so what's the
normal functions here of thyroid hormone
then it's affecting normal motility and
it's affecting G GI excretions or
secretions so what is it going to do
here to this actual motility here it's
going to increase the motility so what's
the overall effect here it's going to increase
increase
motility and it's going to increase
secretions now you can think about this
if you think about with someone who has
excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
they're making too much thyroid hormone
what's going to happen to the geom
motility it's going to increase what's
going to happen to the GI secretion it's
going to increase what's going to happen
to these people they're going to have
diarrhea they're going to pee out their
butthole okay so they're going to be
having a whole bunch of diarrhea whereas
if someone is having very little thyroid
hormone what's going to happen to the GE
motility it's going to be slow okay
what's going to happen to the secretions
it's not going to have as much and
what's going to happen that poop's going
to get stuck up in there and you're
going to get constipated you're going to
have a hard time being able to evacuate
your bowels right so again this should
make sense how it's helping normal GI
motility and
secretions all right Ninja nerds we
covered a lot in this video I really
hope all of this made sense I hope you
guys enjoyed it um in the next video
we're going to try to talk about
specifically hyper and hypoc secretion
and certain clinical correlations with
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