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Islam Empire of Faith Part 1 Prophet Muhammad and rise of Islam full PBS Documentary | Sawzia Society | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: Islam Empire of Faith Part 1 Prophet Muhammad and rise of Islam full PBS Documentary
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Summary
Core Theme
This content explores the origins and early expansion of Islam, focusing on the life of Prophet Muhammad, the core tenets of his message, and the profound impact of Islamic civilization on global history and culture.
[Music]
in Ciro muzin calls faithful Muslims to prayer
it's the same call that sounds five
times a day every day in cities across the
world nearly a quarter of the people on
Earth respond to it bound together by
calls I testify there is no other God but
but [Music]
[Music]
God I testify Muhammad is the messenger of
of [Music]
God come and
flourish God is most
God in the unfolding of History Islamic
civilization has been one of Humanity's
grandest achievements [Music]
[Music]
a worldwide power founded simply on
faith a spiritual Revolution that would
shape the nations of three
continents and launch an [Music]
[Music]
empire for the West much of the history
of Islam has been obscured behind a veil
of fear and
misunderstanding yet Islam's hidden
history is deeply and surprisingly
civilization it was Muslim scholar who
reclaimed the ancient wisdom of the
Greeks while Europe languished in the Dark
Dark [Music]
[Music]
Ages it was they who SED the seeds of
the Renaissance 600 years before the
Vinci from the way we heal the
counting cultures across the globe have
civilization but all this began with the
life of a single ordinary man and the
profound message he proclaimed would
change the world
h [Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
[Music]
to Muslims the life of Muhammad is a
story revered in its Mysteries as much
as its certainties that are beliefs held
sacred whatever we can tell about the
prophet of course is Screen through the
filter of what has been preserved over
the centuries and what people have
wanted to preserve and it's very
difficult to pull out from all of these
different sources that are very adoring
and the ordinary human being that uh the
the the person that he [Music]
[Music]
was we do know that Muhammad was born in
or around 570 ad in the sun blasted Arabian
Peninsula a land of savage scarcity
whose bedin tribes were locked in a
constant state of tribal War [Music]
while still an infant Muhammad's parents
gave him his first taste of life in the
desert Muhammad was from a town in Mecca
but he was sent off to live with the
bedwin because the people even in the
town of Mecca felt that the bedin were
the holders of the the deeper cultural Arab
values and the better one view the
town's people is having lost their
really authentic roots in Arab culture
and the poetry and and uh animal
husbandry and all the things that uh
well by the time Muhammad was six both
of his parents had died and he was taken
under the protection of his uncle chief
of his
clan being an outsider gave him a singular
singular
perspective he'd been orphaned early and
developed very early on a passionate
sense of concern for those who are left
out of society uh to be orphaned in a
tribal Society where Clan and family
relationships are your keys to
everything success status honor dignity
um is is to face what it really feels
like to be marginalized and that
obviously had a a a very deep impression
Man in some ways it was detrimental of
course to grow up without parents but in
other ways he was so adaptable he had
many parents he had many fathers he had
everybody Muhammad's Clan like Arabs all
across the Arabian Peninsula would share
the stories that had been told and
Generations Islamic Ian civilization was
largely an oral culture and uh it was
tremendous respect for and admiration
for people who could express themselves
orally and especially those who could
recite poetry almost at the drop of a
hat some of the most important people in
a tribe were the poets as they sang of
the glory of the tribe they they told
tribe to the beduin the word had a
poets linked the tribe to its ancestors
and celebrated values older than
memory poetry was the senu that bound
the bedin together celebrating their
victories lamenting their
defeats the poems themselves like the
poems of Homer both celebrate this great
heroic ethos and yet intimate in the
deepest way the tragedy that um this war
this e ethos of constant tribal Warfare
people Warfare and conflict were the
Grim realities of a dangerous
time Muhammad's Uncle taught him the
skills he'd need to survive in a world
where even a prophet would wield a bow and
arrow in a Wilderness punished by by the
elements and bereft of water rivalry
over a single well could provoke a blood
Generations a real rivalry real battles
and sometimes quite bloody so the
allegiance of individuals was to the
family immediately and at a larger
tribe without the trib's protection no
one could endure scattered across the
penin Peninsula were countless factions
all embroiled in bitter struggles each
defending its precious grazing lands
Wells well you have to understand and
most of the lands are dry and so water
is is something that's everyone always considers
precious for those of us in climates
that are more heavily watered it's
difficult to understand the depth and
the centrality of the symbol of water in
societies that uh are desert and in
which uh it only rains once or twice a
year and in which a little water makes
death each Clan had its own separate
gods and totems to water and wind fire and
and
night they were kept in the Caravan town
of Mecca in a shrine of wood Stone and
cloth it was called the cabba the Arabic
word for
cube pre-islamic Arabs worshiped a
number of spirits and they were
generally nature oriented Spirits
sometimes associated with natural
natural features like trees or rocks or
Springs and uh the cabba in Mecca was
one of a number of these
sanctuaries centered around a particular
cluster of
deities it was said the Hebrew patriarch
Abraham himself built the cabba centuries
centuries
before and that a sacred Black Stone it
held within had fallen from the
sky in these turbulent times the cabba
provided a rare place of
Peace only here would the beduin submit
to a temporary truce for returning to
their conflicts of the Open
Sands there was this one place in the
middle around the cabba which was from
even pre-islamic times was a place of a
a sacred enclosure where all people had
to put down their arms and this of
course facilitated
trading uh because it meant that you
couldn't carry on your feuds when you
the spiritual and economic importance of
the cabba in Mecca are pretty hard to
separate in as far as the pre-islamic
Arabs are [Music]
[Music]
concerned the cabba made Mecca a vibrant
Center for
trade here were found Arabian incense
exotic perfumes and Indian spices
Linens but perhaps the greatest treasure
to be found at Mecca was the rich
[Applause]
cultures there were people who came
through town who had all kinds of
interesting experiences to related to
farway places the local religion was
mixed there were Christians there were
Jews and there were also the Arabs of
the desert who followed an animous type of
of [Music]
[Music]
religion Muhammad's world was a Center
of Trade connecting the Mediterranean
Sea to the Indian ocean linking the
Aging empires of Byzantium and Persia to
[Music]
merchant in fact he had a great flare for
for
trade at the age of 25 while leading a
caravan northward to Syria his talents
caught the eye of the Shipman's owner a
wealthy Widow named
Khadijah she was so taken with Muhammad
she proposed
marriage ah well I think she was a
mentor as well as a wife a very strong
lady who had her own business and
Mohammad was helping her out so it was a
wonderful partnership and I'm sure he
learned learned a lot from
her he had a tremendous amount of
contact with Merchants coming from
different parts of the world passing
Peninsula I think he was a very
intelligent man very open-minded and he
was able to communicate with a great
variety of peoples he must have had
great Charisma as
well Muhammad had a way with people and
disputes once when the cabba fell into
disrepair the clan Chieftain quarreled
over who would have the honor of putting
belonged before violence could erupt
Muhammad proposed an equitable solution [Music]
United in the effort the four leaders
honor in gratitude they invited Muhammad
himself to replace the sacred
stone he became known as Al Amin The Trusted
Trusted
one there are all kinds of indications
that he was tremendously interested in
in religious questions this is obviously
not something that an ordinary person
probably was interested in in those days
he talked to uh sages Arab sages he
talked to Jewish and Christian sages who
lived in the
area he used to go up into the Rock
Hills around Mecca and meditate think about
about
things and at some point had this
extraordinary Vision which is spoken
in a cave above Mecca Muhammad had an
experience that would be the defining
moment of his [Music]
[Music]
life an angel was said to appear before
him in the form of a
man instructing him to recite in the
name of God the
almighty for Muhammad it was an
encounter as profound as it was deeply
disturbing you get a sense of what it
would be like to be a normal person in
society perhaps unusual in the sense of
your intensity for things like social
justice and finding out what the meaning
of life is but not being uh endowed with
anything that would see seem miraculous
by your
friends and all of a sudden having this
voice come to you and then come out of
you as you speak it and recite it to other
people and that is the beginning of the
prophetic career of [Music]
Muhammad the months to come would bring more
more
Revelations powerful words of a lcal
quality more beautiful than the most
above all Muhammad was to Bear one
message to his people a simple yet radical
radical
Proclamation that there is only one
God the central Tenant of Islam is the
Oneness the indivisible Unity of God uh
not something that is simply uh that one
pays lip service to but something that
is absolutely the most important concept
Divine Unity is more than saying God is
there's only one God and there aren't
other deities it's only thinking about
one thing so to be thinking about
possessions to be thinking about status
to be thinking about power are all intellectual
[Music]
Idols the implications were
staggering one God meant one
people no more Tri trible
divisions to the poor and unprotected
revolutionary seems to me that one of
the most important things of in his
early teaching that isn't isn't often
talked about is the strong social
justice message that he
delivered in Mecca of the time there was
an increasing separation between the
Hales and the Have Nots he insisted that
this was not to be and that we should
share the wealth and it was social
justice message that I think that really
got him a hearing among many of the
folks so coming with Islam it was a new
order a new way of life and it was a
beautiful way of life because everybody
was equal black white men women children
so it had that type of uh Universal
appeal which I think was the reason why
Islam spread so
rapidly many were moved by Muhammad's
message as he began to speak out in the community
community
it had the suppleness and symbolic depth
of the great pre-islamic poems that had
been created by this people and that had
given this people in Arabia such an
extraordinary ear for verbal expression
where verbal expression was the
commanding cultural
Force some people called him a poet and
there's a quranic uh Surah basically saying
saying
saying um Muhammad is not a poet poets
speak through
desire uh this is not the voice of
God Muhammad's following began to
grow they called themselves Muslims for
those who surrender to [Music]
[Music]
God they set out to preserve the message
Muhammad had brought
Quran the Quran was revealed orally but
very soon people realized that it had to
be written down in order to make sure
that it wasn't corrupted and that the
original message was
maintained and from a very early date
and it's it's very unclear when that
date was because no early manuscripts of
the Quran survive people began copying
the Quran is a revelation of spiritual
teaching of both ethical and social
Arabic and what's so extraordinary about
the Quran is its naturalness so that it
can say the most powerful Cosmic things
with a sense of of intimacy so that
power and tenderness come together
constantly in the quranic
language with words alone the Quran
delivers its Vision to the
faithful its imagery conjures a picture
of the afterlife that resonates with all
poetry imagine yourself in the
desert surrounded by dust by the glare
of the Sun
you wear cloaks to cover your body
because the wind will just sear your
skin right off your
oasis the temperature drops
dramatically there's a quiet there the
wind is no longer
howling everywhere you look you see
green and
color the uh World of Water and Paradise
are symbolic Ally tied to one
another and the Quran can conjure that
up with just a few briefly chosen [Music]
[Music]
words yet for all the imagery of
Paradise in the Quran there was no easy
description of God the mystery would
remain it's very difficult to talk about
god without reifying God reifying to
make God into a thing or
anthropomorphizing God to make God into
a projection of our own human self and
that's why Muslims don't uh like
sculpture for example traditionally
because they believe that there's that
danger and the Quran avoids that by
constantly shifting the pronouns so we
can't really reify God and get an image
a physical image of God [Music]
[Music]
rather than a physical image of God or
of Muhammad it is the beauty of the
Quran itself that is celebrated in
Islam Islam developed in this context
where pictures were not
favored the Quran as it was revealed was
God's representation on Earth and
Muslims felt from a very early time that
the only just representation of God
God's word was the Quran itself not any
picture of of of God certainly not
because you couldn't represent God and
certainly not a picture of Muhammad
because he wasn't [Music]
Divine at certain times and places
people did make images of the Prophet
Muhammad but these are not religious
images these are not images meant to be
worshiped they're not images of a saint
or of God there are images of Muhammad
figure he's sort of given Honor by
having a very bright blue background or
a white cloud near him um but he's he's
not otherwise distinguished from the
other characters in the story at other
times people did represent the prophet
but he was always represented with a
white cloth over his face to hide his
face so that there were different
but in all of these this these are not
devotional images you're not supposed to
look at them and pray towards them
you're to learn more about the history
of your religion with the emphasis on
history from [Music]
[Music]
them as Muhammad's Community
grew so did the
opposition people of course were
skeptical and said look if you're a
prophet where's your miracle and the
prophets in the Quran uh Moses had
Miracles Jesus had
Miracles where's your where's your
Miracle the chonic answer to that challenge
challenge
Quran but that wasn't Miracle enough for
the people who defined themselves by the
gods of their ancestors and the totems
of their
tribe their doubts
increased the idea of life after death appalled
appalled
them so the Quran presents people as
really being skeptical you mean to tell
me that after I die and my body has has
gone back to the elements and I've been
putrified that I'm going to be put back
together again and brought back to life
that of any of the messages in the Quran
that struck the people of Arabia as
being the most hard to believe [Music]
[Music]
Muhammad also spoke of Eternal damnation
for the
unjust he used the language of
apocalyptic imagery talking
about the signs of the ends of time when
the mountains crumble when the skies are
rolled up like Scrolls then you will
know what responsibility you bear for
your actions there are references uh to
those who are unjust going to the fire
to the
non-believers the Divine Reckoning
Muhammad invoked was an
outrage his dismantling of their
unsettling it was a threat a threat in
several ways to their social order to
their age-old traditions and an economic
threat because of the importance of the
pilgrimage Shrine of the cabba in [Music]
[Music]
Mecca as mohammed's following increased
the social fabric of the Caravan City
began to
unravel business suffered as pilgrims
and Traders worried for their safety left
left
town the tribal leaders decided Muhammad
and his message must be removed
removed
permanently they didn't want him taking
over they didn't want him horning in on
their control of the city they made
things very difficult ult for him
perhaps even plotted his assassination
they tried to keep him away from the
cabba they did everything they could to
town they demanded that Muhammad's Uncle
remove his Clan's protection from the
prophet which would clear the way for
[Music]
Retribution but his uncle
refused the battle lines were drawn
nothing short of tribal War would settle
now Muhammad is clearly asked to do
extraordinary things to tell the bwin to
give up U many of their Notions of
multiple gods um to give up their
attachment to their ancestors and their
tribal Warfare in the way they had uh
things that would could and did make him
the object of scorn persecution
attack Muhammad's followers were forced
starved those without Clan protection
killed in 619 ad Muhammad's wife
Khadijah died and his uncle as
well gone were his first great love and
his only
protector here at last was the
for but in the Lush Oasis town of
yathrib north of Mecca a refuge opened
to Muhammad and his
people Clan rivalries had become deadly
in the town and they desperately needed a
a
peacemaker they had heard that Muhammad
was a very trustworthy man they heard
that he had great arbitration skills and
they thought let's see if we can't get
him up here and help us out so they invited
[Music]
him Muhammad agreed to travel to yathrib
and settled their disputes in exchange
for Muhammad's followers leaving the
place of their ancestors their families
and tribes was the ultimate test of [Music]
devotion in doing so they began a new
community a new [Applause]
[Applause]
tribe for the first time they were bound
faith in the course of a single Caravan
Beginnings their journey is known as the
Hijra 622 in the Christian calendar
Muhammad's goal among the people of
yatrib was the same as his larger
mission to bring unity and peace with his
his
message he was asked to be a solomonic
figure to mediate tensions between
intractable as his work succeeded the
town would become known as the city of the
the prophet
prophet
Medina Muhammad's great task in Medina
was to try and bring together these
various groups and to try and Forge uh a
community of
Believers in a way that would uh bring
people together in a sort of [Music]
Harmony to The Divided clans of Medina
Muhammad offered a vision of
solidarity but even as he spread the
word of Islam he didn't challenge the
beliefs of other [Music]
[Music]
faiths Islam sees itself in relationship
to the earlier revealed religions of
Judaism and Christianity and treats them
book it believes that God had revealed
himself his word to mankind many times
to Moses to Jesus for example and but
throughout the Quran we have a sense of
the humanity of Muhammad his humbleness
as a person and the
extraordinary challenge of the mission
revelation as the Muslim Community grew
in Medina a life of simple devotion and ritual
ritual
developed a freed abian slave named Bal
was the first to call Believers to
prayer at Muhammad's house Allah
Allah
[Music]
Allah the call to prayer has within it
the firstest isamic pillar which is the
affirmation of God's
Unity that beautiful phrase which many
Muslims chant over and over in their
mind or vocally to constantly remind
themselves of the unity of God and unity
of what we should focus on in our life [Music]
[Music]
praying together is a good
thing it cements the idea of belonging
to a movement to a religion to an
community the result is something very
very powerful even to watch even for a
non-believer or someone from another
religion We Carry Out physical gestures
of Prayer in worship that unify our body
and our mind and our soul all at the
same moment of of uh bowing and touching
our head to the ground toward that exact
center uh what could be a more powerful
unity it said that while he was in
Medina Muhammad received a
revelation instructing those in prayer
to face in the direction of the cabba in Mecca
though filled with Pagan Idols it was
still the shrine of Abraham the first
believer in the one true [Music]
[Music]
God but even as the Muslims were praying
toward Mecca their enemies there were
rallying in force their goal to wipe out
arms though the Muslims prepared as best
outmatched they mastered a force of only
weapons while the approaching meccans
were heavily armed
and a thousand [Music]
strong for years Muhammad had tried to
bring Islam to the people of Mecca
the Muslims faced their own tribes
father yet they came armed with a powerful
powerful
weapon a passionate belief in their
faith Muhammad's troops fought with
every confidence that God's will was
they fought three very very bloody
battles um at one point the entire young
Muslim Community was right on the edge of
annihilation for 3 years the Muslim Army
as word of the fighting spread other
bedwin tribes saw God's hand in Muhammad's
victories One By One The Peoples of the
desert began to join in his
struggle the Muslim Army grew and the
the Muslim forces Advanced to the
Mecca it was a furious siege that lasted
Muhammad in 630 ad the terrified the
onslaught Muhammad's Army was returning
strong the vanquished knew the terrible
fate that awaited
them according to the BS of tribal
Warfare the mechanis could expect a big
Revenge the men are usually killed uh
slavery there's little pity for the
world but Muhammad had a surprise in
store for the Fallen
City when Muhammad came into Mecca and
not only did not carry out a bloody
Revenge but actually embrace the very
meccans who had fought him for three
years and attempted to annihilate him it
was very shocking to uh the people in his
his
mure so um within the very founding of a
religion one finds episodes of great generosity
generosity
um uh often extraordinary acts of of
mercy but not all of Mecca escaped Muhammad's
wrath flush with Victory his troops
cabba seven times they circled the
shrine as those who' come to seek its
but it was not the pagan people Muhammad
had come to
destroy it was their [Music]
[Music]
gods he raised his staff and the tribal
gods of his ancestors smashed into
dust when Muhammad entered Mecca and
entered the shrine and destroyed the
idols in the shrine this is of great
cultural and symbolic importance in his
all by breaking the
idols he was breaking apart the tribal
system in which each tribe really had
its own independent
independent
deity this was shocking to the better
one this was saying the gods of our
fathers are being destroyed in some
sense you're saying that our fathers
themselves were deluded how can you say
this in a tradition in which
relationships to one's father and tribe
were primary so this act of iconic clasm
then um is seen um as a as an act of um
prophetic violence that has just as much
importance in Islamic tradition as um
Moses's breaking of the tablets when he
saw the idolatry at Mount Si or Jesus's
um casting the money seller out of the [Music]
temple the destruction of the idols was
a new beginning a breaking from the past
Force Mecca was just the
beginning one after another the tribes
of a Nation were summoned to the fold
and United under the banner of Islam
a worldwide Community of Faith was begun
born in an extraordinary alignment of History
History
conviction what Muhammad did was to
bring a sense of solidarity a sense of
mission and he United all these separate
segments within the peninsula from then
on moved Eastward Westward northward Southward
the Muslims turned to the north swept
Syria they continued West into Egypt and
quickly across North Africa fortifying
Mediterranean only the Seas stopped
them its growth was so explosive uh from
uh 622 the year one of the Islamic
calendar um within 50 years people whose
father had had been camel herders were
now governing one of the major empires
in world
history within 200 years it extended
from Spain to [Music]
[Music]
China the Muslims absorbed the sassanian
Empire of Iran
Empire by now the empire was larger than
Rome it stretched from Morocco in the
west to the Indus River in the East
today how had it happened that so small
an army could conquer an area so large
so fast so [Music]
[Music]
easily Islam's success in expanding into
the Central Middle East and across North
Africa was due in in large part because
people were fed up with previous regimes
so the idea that Muslims were going
across the world saying convert or die
is is really not accurate not at
all that it didn't have a heavy hand
they didn't rule with a heavy hand they
they allowed the the conquered peoples
to maintain their their administrative
uh structures they allowed the
Christians and the Jews to maintain
their religious law and to be governed
by them and so in many cases the
conquered peoples did not feel the
presence of the the new regime very
heavily certainly for individuals who
felt themselves uh exploited or
downtrodden by an oppressive and even
sometimes parasitic priesthood
the idea of Islam being a religion
essentially free from clergy must have
attractive it's the times that creates
the movement and sometimes the men the
Roman Empire had collapsed the Byzantine
Empire wasn't strong enough there was a
need for a new vision a new uh way of
looking to life and I think what
happened at that time Muhammad's Mission
filled the void
that the societies wanted they really
lives the lessons of the Quran so
successful for the Muslims in Medina and
Mecca were playing out on a global [Music]
[Music]
scale as the conquest swept through
Syria the Muslims held their Friday
prayers in the Church of St John the
allowing its Christian congregation to
Sunday side by side the two faiths
shared the same
building in [Music]
[Music]
peace as the Muslim Community grew they
bought the old church from the Christian
congregation and built a huge mosque on
with Byzantine Artisans they decorated
Paradise the great Mosque of Damascus
would become a model for new mosques to
come all across the empire [Music]
[Music]
the Arabs transformed their conquered
lands maintaining improving or expanding the
the [Music]
[Music]
infrastructure in Tunisia building on
Roman ruins they devised an ingenious
system of water purification using
sediments part of this system were these
two enormous basins that they built
outside the city
walls the clean freshwat would flow over
the into the larger
Basin where it would then be distributed
by pipes to the city um this is you know
hundreds of years before anyone in
Europe ever thought of having running water
all over you find schemes for bringing
water from the mountains where there was
more water to the plains where there
water they resurrected elaborate
irrigation systems filling the Old Stone
water agriculture flourished as life
Staples like wheat were introduced to
the Mediterranean [Music]
region but Muslims saved their most
Jerusalem Islam's first great work of
art is the Dome of the
Rock it was built in a city that was
holy to Christians and Jews and it's spectacular
like Mecca and the cabba the
significance of this holy sight goes
back to Abraham for the rock within is
said to be the place he nearly
sacrificed his [Music]
[Music]
son it was built to rival the nearby
Church of the Holy Seiler where Jesus
was said to have been
bed what's extraordinary about the Dome
people revered this site as some place
that was holy to Abraham and to [Music]
[Music]
Isaac imagine if you will these new guys
coming in and taking over this piece of
estate and building a new building for a new
new
religion that sits on top of a mountain
and sparkles and Glitters in the
sunlight for everyone to
see this is not something that a fly by
night this is something big and
important Islam has come to
stay in just a 100 years Muhammad's
Vision had transformed the spiritual and
political map of the world and his
followers had established an Empire
it in the 11th year of the Islamic
calendar 632 ad only 2 years after the
[Music]
despair for days the city was consumed
with sorrow and
ceremony he's known to have said that he
wanted to be buried very simply with no
marker over his grave he didn't want
people to worship His Grave that would
interfere with their worship of
God God had spoken to them only through
Muhammad now that the prophet had left
them perhaps God would as
well Muhammad's death set up a crisis in
the young Islamic community the question
of succession was the first thing that
really occupied people's concerns at
this point there was a Divergence of
opinion as to how the community should
go about choosing a new leader according
to the Shiites the faction the Shia of
Ali Muhammad had indeed designated Ali
his son-in-law and cousin as his
successor the opinion that came to be
the majority opinion or the Sunni
opinion held that Muhammad had not
appointed a successor during his life
but had said said after I'm gone choose
one from among your peers from among the
elders and from the house there came out
a man who would be his successor Abu
Bakr and he addressed the people and
said if you worship Muhammad know that
he is dead if you worship God know that
forever here was the secret to Islam's
strength and profound influence
the unifying power of one God merciful
and compassionate The Power of One
People Bound by a common [Music]
[Music]
Faith Muhammad did not lead the conquest
or create the Empire to come the
transforming power of his message [Music]
[Music]
did out of that message would spring a
font of knowledge that would trans form
Humanity as Islam continued to spread
wide awaiting the Muslims would be a new
age they would be destined for
enlightenment for New
Horizons and a clash of great Powers the
like of which the world had never seen [Music]
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