This content introduces the fundamental concepts of research, its various types, its significance, and outlines a systematic seven-step process for conducting research. It emphasizes that research is a careful investigation aimed at discovering truth, generating new knowledge, and solving problems.
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[Music]
uh session is on Research concept types and
and
significance okay uh because this
program is on research methodology so
let me share with you what we actually
mean by research uh what is the concept
uh what are its different types why we
need research what significance and then
of course how to uh how to uh carry out
the research so that is the most
important thing so so these are the
things uh I will be covering as far as
this session is concerned uh one one is
of course the concept of research and
and uh research methodology again uh
very important term so so what is the
meaning of research methodology okay
then why do we need research what is the
need of research what its
significance what are different types of
research again very very important how
we how we can categorize uh how we can
classify research and then of course the
most important thing is uh how to system
atically and scientifically uh carry out
the research so so these are the things
I will be covering in this session so uh
let us come to the first uh aspect uh
what what what do we mean by
research okay so uh my friends uh
research uh see research consists of two
uh further words one is re and the
second one is search so re plus search
search that is that is your
research just give me one minute
minute
okay now so what we mean by re re means
again okay you have to do something
again so that that is re re re again a
new a fresh you have to do it uh uh once
again so that we uh we say it is
and search search means when you are
examining something closely when you are
examining something carefully so that is
the research okay so re plus search that
is that means you are actually
examining something very carefully
examining something very
carefully and why you are doing it so as
to so as to reach the reality so as to
reach the truth so actually you are
searching for the truth you are
searching for reality you are searching
for the fact so when you are examining
something very carefully very closely so
as to reach the truth so as to reach the
reality so that is that is research so
that that means actually you are moving
from known to unknown something is known
to you something is not known to to you
and you are moving from known to unknown
it is it is a journey it is a voyage of
Discovery you you you are you are
undertaking a journey uh you are in
Pursuit Of Truth you are in pursuit of
reality and and that Journey that voyage
that is that is
research if you uh if you go through uh
the meaning of research in the
dictionary the Oxford Advanced learner
dictionary it says research uh is a careful
careful
investigation or inquiry through search
for new facts in any branch of knowledge
so so so this is what is uh uh what
research is re plus search careful
investigation care for closely you are
investigating something to to search for
uh new knowledge new fact okay you you
want to search for truth so that that is
a very important concept of research
that was given by one of the researcher
Creswell in
2008 and according to
Creswell research is a process of steps
used to collect and analyze information
so ultimately whenever uh you are uh
doing research on any topic ultimately
you will be collecting certain
information okay collecting information
and analyzing information these are the
two very important things any any
research you are
undertaking this thing you will have to
do you will have to collect the
information and you will have to analyze
that collected information so according
to Creswell research is a process used
to collect and analyze the information
to increase our understanding of a topic
okay you you want more knowledge you
more so you want more insight uh into a
particular topic you want uh better
understanding of an issue and and due to
that you collect and analyze uh
information in a series of Step that
that is research okay so Focus here is
on collecting and analyzing the
information let us go to another uh
another definition of research given by
grenell in 90
93 again uh grinell again very famous uh
researcher uh according to grenell uh
research is creation of new knowledge
and use and or use of existing knowledge
in a new and creative way so as to
generate New Concept methodologies and
understanding so research here here what
gel is saying that it is research is
dealing with creation of new new
knowledge and if you are having certain
knowledge you are using that uh
knowledge using the existing knowledge
so as to generate new knowledge generate
New Concept generate new methodologies
or generate or have better understanding
so according to grenell creation of new
knowledge or use of existing knowledge
to to generate something new that is
research okay uh I would uh like here uh
to uh share with you what actually uh
okay so so basically focus is on
collecting the collecting the data
collecting the information analyzing the
information to increase our
understanding so so this is clear
research now you know what is research
but then there are there are certain
things uh the the faculty member or some
person may think that this is a research
but but that actually may not be
research okay so you know that research
you are you are examining something uh
closely carefully to to to to reach at
the reality to to search for knowledge
so that is research or or systematically
and scientifically collecting and
analyzing the information to have a
better understanding that is research
but then there are certain activities
which do not come under uh the do of
research so what is that so which which
which activity is not research so that
you must be
clear so research is not simply
information gathering okay only see only
you if you are doing only one activity
that that it is that you are just collecting
collecting
information that is not research so
maybe if you are you are collecting uh
you have certain books you have certain
magazine and you are just gathering
information so that is not research
because uh uh as I discussed with you
that research should ultimately lead to
certain new knowledge okay you are you
are in pursuit of knowledge you are in
Pursuit Of Truth or reality so it should
contribute uh to new knowledge if that
is not happening that is not research so
merely or simply collecting the uh
certain information just simply
collecting certain data that is not
research then research uh also research
is not transportation of effect okay I
mean uh if there is certain
information some some information is
there uh in the books or or or some
certain Paper is there certain magazine
is there so some information is there
and you take that you are taking that
information and you are shifting uh
transporting that information from one
source to another source maybe you are
you are shifting it from textbook to to
to your ppts so shifting or
transportation of the information or
facts from one resource to another that
is not
research simply transporting the effect
from one one resource to another is not
research because again it is not it is
not cont contributing to new knowledge
it is just I mean you are just
representing the knowledge existing
knowledge which is so that it is
accessible uh more accessible to people
but my friends that is not research so
so I hope uh that the concept of
research is clear to you that simply
Gathering the information simply
transporting the effect from one source
to another that is not research okay
uh another term uh because because the
the title of uh this course is research
methodology so we we must be we must
have clarity as to what what we mean by
research methodology research I know I I
hope now you you're clear what is the
meaning of research but what is research
methodology so research methodology is
the science of studying how to carry out
the research sence scientifically how to
carry out the research systematically
that is research methodology methodology
the way you are conducting the research
in a systematic manner so that that is
research methodology so here the focus
is is the way in which you are
conducting the research how you are how
part how you are conducting the research
the way you are conducting the research
so that is research methodology so VAR
you you are using various methods which
we will be discussing during this
program so which method uh you are using
uh to conduct your research study okay
there are different method so research
methodology is dealing with use of
various method which researcher is
adopting to conduct the research study
so how you are carrying out the study uh
and uh uh the systematic way the SCI
ific way which you are adopting all
these thing are part of research
methodology okay now uh come to the need
part of the research why why do you need
to carry out the research you have you
want to be familiar uh with certain
phenomena why why something is happening
in in a particular way uh you you you
want to uh study the features of uh uh
some individual or some group or or or
or certain situ
so so again research is needed how
frequently something is happening you
you want to analyze that one again you
you you need research and you want to
test the hypothesis hypothesis we will
come a bit later but if you want to
examine the
hypothesis uh then again research is uh
needed okay uh research is very very
important okay I mean I you you cannot
imagine so so many things uh in your
life and what is happening around us so
all those things uh that are there it is
all because of research so if I go
through what is the purpose of research
what is the significance of research so
for I can broadly categorize them into
five five areas one one thing which is
very very important and that is to
generate new knowledge okay you you want
to you you are searching for knowledge
the the very meaning of research is you
are searching for knowledge you are
searching for truth searching for
reality so s research is generating new
knowledge so this is one thing you want
to have better understanding of complex
phenomena some something is complex you
you want to know about the universe okay
and and how how the things are uh uh
what is the phenomena of Galaxy what
what is the solar system so and
similarly there are so so so many things
uh with about which we are not clear so
if you want to have deeper understanding
of the phenomena the the nature so so
you you carry out the
research if we are conducting research
if we are conducting research in the
field of various field maybe medical
maybe engineering or maybe in the area
of health so it is leading to
technological advances okay all all the
Technologies uh uh advances all all the
tools which we are using it all is
because of the research you are using
mobile you are attending this program
online it is all is because of the
research ch
was chandrian 3 was able to land on the
moon okay it is all we we have put our
feet on the moon it is all because of
research to solve real life problem
again a very important uh very uh
significant reason why we are conducting
researches that in our day-to-day life
uh at our workpl or otherwise also in
our social life we are we might be
having certain
problems uh uh uh in uh in our
professional life there may be a problem
at the workplace profession maybe
marketing uh it may be related to
marketing it may be related to certain
operations so how to solve these real
life problem how to find out the
solution to this problem research comes
in handy to deal with this problem
sometime we take take up you must have
heard of this word action research so if
there is any specific problem in an
organization in an Institute and a team
is working uh uh on on that problem and
trying to F to give a solution to that
problem so that is action research so
research uh is uh contributing
significantly in solving the real life
problem and uh research is also useful
to the policy makers also useful to the
planners in uh in making the decision
I mean for
example um
our government uh uh I mean they have to
uh first uh create the resources okay
financial resources and then they have
to put these resources uh for
development of the society may maybe
there are so many areas where they have
to uh use these
resources but how much to put in which
area okay for example uh if I have to
invest in infrastructure or I have to in
uh invest in the area of Education or I
need to give priority to the health
aspect so so so uh someone has to take a
decision someone needs to
plan and that is where research comes in
handy I mean if someone is carrying out
a research and trying to find out that
this area is very very critical say
infrastructure is very very critical or
education is very very critical if we uh
if we uh give more uh focus on education
part then uh maybe it will give better
dividends so so policy makers planners
they are also they are always looking
out looking out uh for uh for some
research finding and these findings uh
they help these policy makers uh in
making better decisions okay so there
research is very very helpful so my
friends these are the this is why
research is very very significant very
very important and continuously we need
uh to to carry out uh these research uh
move towards uh new knowledge move
towards the
reality okay uh now we come to uh
another very important aspect uh which
will be discussing throughout during
this program and that
is what are different types of research
okay how we can categorize different
types of research so here uh I am uh
talking about say uh roughly eight types
of research one uh one uh I call as descriptive
descriptive
research and then uh the next one is
analytical research then similarly uh
one type of research is fundamental
research and then another type is
applied research then you you can also C
categorize or classify research uh in
one more area that is conceptual
research or Empirical research and
another method uh to to classify
research is uh that is quantitative
research and qualitative research so so
let us get familiar with these terms
descriptive research analytical research
fundamental research applied research
conceptual research Empirical research
quantitative and qualitative research
okay so let us take these research one
by one so first of all what is
descriptive research and then what is
analytical research okay so let and let
us compare both these descriptive
research versus analytical research okay
so descriptive research descriptive that
means describing or derived from
describing so the researcher who is
engaged in descriptive research he is
only describing he is only
reporting what has happened or what is
happening okay so so this is what what
we mean by descriptive research
describing the existing condition
describing the existing
characteristic or explaining the
existing Behavior so either something
has happened or it is happening at
present so what so what what are the
current state of affairs okay so so that
is the purpose you are you are
describing you are telling what are the
State of Affairs related to an
organization related to a system related
to related to something so so that is descriptive
descriptive
research now in because here you are
just reporting you do not have you are
you have no control over variable you
are not changing
anything okay otherwise researcher they
they are they they make change in
something and see the effect but here in
descriptive research you do not have any
control or over any variable only simply reporting
reporting
what is existing what is existing
existing condition existing
characteristic existing behavior that
that is that is descriptive research
okay let us take one example see what is
uh descriptive research see uh you have
uh I mean our in our technical education
system uh we have a system of uh
examination we we check the performance
of the students so so in a semester we
are having an examination system uh we
we are taking uh certain test during
during the
semester and then uh and we are giving
certain weightage to to those test and
then uh at the end of the semester again
uh we ask the student to appear uh for
the uh
examination and it is quite possible uh
that you are giving certain marks for
attendance uh maybe you are giving a
certain vit AG to to the assignment and
maybe certain presentation you are
asking the students to make certain
presentation so all these things
together so so that is your examination
system so if uh my uh the topic of my
research is that I want to uh know uh
the uh to to to check the existing
system of examination okay so so that so
so just simply reporting what is our
existing system of examination how much
weightage we are giving uh to to to to
different aspects so so that will come
under descriptive research because here
you are just describing the State of
Affairs you are just telling describing
what is our existing system no no change
in anything no control over any variable
so that is descriptive
research and compare it to analytical
research what is analy iCal research see
here in analytical research you are
analyzing the data there there is some
data is available either it is available
or you collect certain data and you make
use of this data you make uh use of this
information you analyze this data and
why you are analyzing this data because
you want to establish certain relation
certain relationship why something is
happening cause and effect relationship
if if you are trying to establish
certain relationship then my friends you
are going in for uh you are carrying out
an analytical research see Focus here is
to uh to to find out to explain the the
why part why why something uh uh has
happened and because because you think
that there is a relationship uh between
uh between two things and that is why uh
uh uh this thing is there so analytical
research uh it it it is going Beyond
descriptive research in descriptive
research you are just reporting what
what is happening at present or what has
already happened but here you you are
analyzing that uh existing information
and you are trying to uh establish a
certain relationship that that is that
is your uh analy iCal
research so so uh ultimately the focus
of analytical research is to to identify
if there is certain pattern to identify
uh if there is any uh cause of something
has happened or or to establish if there
is any relationship between two or more
variables so that is analytical research
okay then I come to uh the other part
that is fundamental research and applied
research fundamental research and
applied research okay so let us say what
is fundamental research okay fundamental
research is also called basic basic
research or fundamental research so so I
want to in fundamental research I want
to generalize something
I want to formulate a theory I want to
generalize uh certain uh Theory certain
concept so if that is the
purpose then my friends uh you you focus
on fundamental research the aim is to
find information uh that has a broad
base of application that is fundamental
research okay for example I mean in the
area of
Education uh if uh one of the you are
undertaking is uh that you want to uh uh
you want to formulate this theory that
how how our Learning Happens how
students learn okay if that is the focus
so that means you are generalizing a
theory okay so if if that is the topic
of your research then ultim so my friend
then you are you are uh you are doing
fundamental research or you are doing uh
basic research okay
whereas in applied
research the focus is on finding a
solution to a problem in fundamental
research we are not we are not focusing
on any problem but in applied research
the focus is on finding the solution
solution to a problem okay so so that so
that that is very very important if if
there is certain uh problem and and you
trying to find out the solution to a
problem so that that that that is
applied research the problem may be uh
certain business related problem uh the
problem may be uh certain social problem
so so any problem uh that you are trying
to uh uh to give a solution so then then
my friends you are you are focusing on
applied applied research okay then
another uh another uh uh category of
research we can call it as conceptual
research and uh corresponding to that
there's another research that is
Empirical research so what is conceptual
research okay so it is dealing with
certain abstract idea okay conceptual
research uh I mean it is being actually
being taken by certain
philosophers or certain thinkers you you
want to develop a New Concept
so there you are uh undertaking
conceptual research you you break down a
concept or or a theorem into sub parts
and then you study those subp parts so
so that there is more clarity uh on the
concept so so that is conceptual
research whereas in Empirical
research uh it is it is a databased it
depends mainly on experience or observation
observation
so so so so you you can call it as a
it's a database research and you can you
can actually uh verify uh the conclusion
so here when you are uh undertaking
Empirical research you you you you make
use of certain hypothesis I we will talk
about the hypothesis later but but you
have certain hypothesis and then you you
collect certain information either to to
to to say that okay whatever hypothesis
I have assumed it is correct or or you
are rejecting the hypothesis so so this
is this my friends is your Empirical
research so con conceptual research is
dealing with certain concept certain
dealing with certain abstract data and
uh whereas Empirical research it is it
is depending on experience it is
depending on observation and it is BAS
basically databased uh research which
you can always uh because uh it is
empirical you you are you are doing
certain experiment so you can always
verify uh if you have come come up with
certain conclusion some other person can
always verify uh your your finding so so
that is what is Empirical
research so so so this is uh uh this is
the difference between conceptual
research and Empirical research
Empirical research conceptual research
basically uh you you want to the the the
purpose is that you want to develop
certain New Concept or you want to
develop new theories like Aristotle or
or Newton or Einstein whereas
experimenting uh you are uh testing the
theories uh or forming uh new theories
you are experimenting
okay and making use of data and uh
making use of your experiences and
observation so that is uh Empirical
research or experimental research
okay and then we come to another
category of research that is
quantitative and uh
qualitative quantitative uh
research uh quantitative uh research
deals with measurement of quantity okay
so it is uh basically you are collecting
data numerical data okay you you want to
measure a certain characteristic and to
measure that characteristic you are
collecting lot of data okay numerical
data very very important you collecting
numerical data if you are doing that
then my friends it is quantitative
research okay dealing with measurement
of a quantity collecting data in
numerical form but only collecting data
again as I told you is not a research
you have to collect the data you have to
analyze it and then based on that you
have to make certain conclusion then it
is your quantitative resultar uh for
example uh you want to know see uh for
example what is the performance of the
students uh first year what is the uh
performance of the students uh in
various technical uh
institutions uh uh in a particular state
or uh in a particular uh District you
you want to see so so you will uh you
will find out the
score how many marks the students have
scored in various subjects if if they if
you want to uh get the information the
first year pass out so how much they
have scored and so so all these scores
all this information data you are
collecting so and after that you will
analyze it so all this data which you
are collecting it is in numerical form
so that is why uh you you you you call
it as Quant quantitive research so how
what is the how many students are uh
passing out from
institutions uh in a particular state or
at a national level so graduation
graduation rate how many graduates are
passing out so again you are collecting
data uh from various institution and
because it is in numerical it is
numerical data that is why it is called
quantitative quantitative research
and compare it with qualitative research
qualitative research is uh dealing with
dealing with data which is not numerical
okay so qualitative research again it it
is dealing with some data which is not
numerical so so for example you are
dealing with certain phenomena uh such
as you you want to uh find certain
aspect related to certain culture you
want to know what what are the belief of
of a society you you want to check the
behavior of humans behavior of a person
so so if your research is focused in
this area and because you will not
because it is not numerical data so that
is why it is qualitative research so
quantitative research if you compare
both these quantitative research is
collecting numerical data qualitative
research is collecting non numerical
data okay so for example in qualitative
data you you can interview interview
someone you are making certain
observation so it is not a numerical
data okay so you will be analyzing this
whatever information you collect from
the interview whatever information you
collect from the observation you analyze
it and after that you uh reach certain
uh conclusion so that is qualitative
research so basically focuses on uh
finding out the Behavior Uh the the the
culture the belief the so all if the
focus is on this one then it is qualitative
qualitative
research so uh I hope that all these
different types of research uh it is
clear to all the participants uh we
focused on uh the descriptive research
versus analytical research then we
focused on conceptual research versus Empirical
Empirical
research uh we f focused on fundamental
research versus applied research and
then quantitative research versus
qualitative research
okay then I come to so here what I'm
showing is that the the way you will be
collecting the data in quantitative
research it will be different uh because
in quantitative the data uh is uh uh
numerical whereas in qualitative you are
making use of interviews discussion case
studies so so so the way you are will be
collecting the data that will be
different uh if you uh talk about
quantitative or and qualitative okay uh
now I come to uh the most important part of
of
this program as well as this session how
to conduct the research in a systematic
and scientific way okay so so this is
the process the there are certain steps
which you need to follow and uh slowly
and steadily you move from one step uh
to the next step and that is how you
conduct the research so so I would like
all the participants uh to be well aware
of all these steps because all during
these five days we will be ultimately
focusing on going into the details of
all these steps so the first step
is the first step is you define the
research problem what is the problem in
which you are focusing so so you you
focus on that clearly state that problem
formulate that problem Define that
problem so so the first the this is a
very very important step if you are if
you can Define the problem properly okay
in in one or two lines if you are able
to define the problem the problem so
that is your first
step and and very very important step
because so many times you must have seen
people are carrying out research but
they do not have Clarity on which
problem they are working okay so so the
first step is clearly Define your
research problem this is the first
step okay then you go to the next step
literature review this is the second
step we'll discuss it the third step is
formulate the
hypothesis formulate the
hypothesis then go to the next step
prepare research design prepare the
research design I will tell you what is
research design then uh you go to the
next step data collection collecting the
data again very important aspect of
research collecting the data once
collection of data is over then again
you move to the next step that is data
analysis and my friend the the last step
uh in conducting research is
interpretation interpretation of the
data and uh report writing so so these
are the you can say seven steps uh uh
following and that is how you will be
conducting the research so let me repeat
all those steps the first step is Define
the research problem then literature
review then formulate the
hypothesis then prepare the research
design data
collection data
analysis and the last step is
interpretation and report writing so let
us uh let us uh take up these steps one by
by
one so that so that you have more
clarity as to how to carry out this
research so first thing is first thing
is Define define the research problem
okay so any you you you can you can
focus on any problem or you can focus on
uh any anything which is of concern to
you you you can take up anything which
you think is a is an issue which is
important for you and and this issue
this concern is actually uh making you
uh to to study that uh uh issue to study
that topic so that that is your research
problem we are actually having a
separate session on identification of
problem uh uh today itself in the
afternoon uh we'll be discussing uh this
step in detail uh but here uh what I
would like to share with you is that
research problem your problem uh how how
to actually uh what type of problem
constitute research we'll be discussing
it in afternoon but here what I'm trying
to share with you is that anything uh
any issue which you think uh uh is of
interest to you which which you think
that some study can be conducted on this
one and it will give a new insight it
will uh it will
it will lead to new knowledge so that
that that can be taken up as a research
problem when you are defining the
research problem initially uh you
because ultimately as I told you that
the first step is that you have to
Define you you formulate the problem
Define the problem so initially you will
be defining it in a very general way
okay so you define the problem initially
in a general way and then you fine tune
that uh uh definition okay find- tune
that statement of that problem and you
you move you're moving from General to
specific so initially uh the problem
definition is very very very general and
then slowly and steadily you are more
specific fine tunate again you spend
some more time make it more and more
more clarity more specific that is how
you define the research problem so my
friend what uh I'm sharing with you is
the first step Define thearch problem
very very important move from General to
specific when you have to define the
problem and any anything which is of
interest to you anything which is of
concern uh which you think is an issue
and which can uh lead to new knowledge
which which can actually solve uh uh the
problem which can
actually uh which can actually uh help
you uh which can help the soci it uh in
in in looking it at in a different way
that that that that is your research
problem okay uh here again I'm telling
you that initially you uh you state it
in a general way and then if there are
any ambiguities uh you you remove it you
fine tune it uh whenever you have to
define the problem you have to uh it is
it is important that that you understand
it thoroughly and you can discuss it
with your uh colleague discuss it with
anyone from society uh you have certain
literature and so so understand the
problem and then uh uh state it in a
general way and then with the passage of
time rephrase it fine tune it so that
any ambiguity it is removed your final
research problem is unambiguous and it
is when when you research defining the
research problem it will help you uh to
DET me what type of data you want to
collect and which type of technique you
will be using to to to to undertake
thear so definition of research problem
is very very uh important
okay then you come to the second aspect
literature review okay second uh Second
Step In conducting the research literature
literature
review so so so collect information
related to your problem uh C
you refer to certain papers articles certain
certain
documents uh what is happening uh at
present related to related to the
problem related to the issue that you
have identified for your research study
so what what is the what is the current
state of information related to that
topic what has already happened if some
C some certain research has already been
done related to that topic so so so
collect that information so that is your
uh that that is literature
review why do you why do you uh uh
review the literature
because see the purpose of liter
literature review is to provide the
evidence that someone is someone needs
uh your study
okay that means the the study that you
are carrying out has not been done by
some other person or any other person
this the first time you are you are
doing that study and if you are uh you
you you carry out this study you you
reach at a certain finding the other
researchers uh will be making use of
those finding so so literature view is
providing an evidence that other people
study you are also trying to Pro prove
that your research study is adding to
the exist existing uh uh uh existing uh
knowledge existing uh uh research that
has already been carried out so
something new will be added to existing
uh knowledge uh related to that area so
that is the purpose of your uh
literature View and it will help you it
will help to learn how other researchers
have composed their research study so
once you are reviewing the literature
once you are seeing
uh the other papers in the conference in
the journals or or other seminars so you
will have an idea that that is how the
research researcher compose their uh
rearch research papers how they how how
they write their findings so so that is
that again is the purpose of literature
view so very very important uh step uh
in carrying out uh research that is uh literature
literature
review okay uh you can use uh
various things such as journals or books
or uh conference proceedings
bibliographies uh of course lot of
information available on the internet uh
you can refer to certain reports any any
studies uh that have been uh undertaken
related to your problem by other
researchers so so that you can refer you
can go to the library uh offer to
various magazines and other information
and then of course go to the internet
Google Scholar and so many other things
I will be sharing with you so here I'm
just restricting it in a in a broad
manner so the so these are the things
which you can refer uh any other study
uh which has been take undertaken uh in
Rel corresponding to your problem so so
maybe certain thesis me thesis PhD
thesis is so if those things are
available in your Institute in your
organization you can refer to that so
that is that is literature review okay
then the third uh step we go to the
third step is formulate the hypothesis
okay very very important when you are uh
undertaking research studies uh in the
field of social sciences in the field of
Education in the field of psychology you
you need to formulate a
hypothesis uh again again uh we'll give
more uh time to this how to formulate
the thesis but here what I'm telling you
uh third step uh once uh you have
already uh defined your problem you have
done the literature review the third
step is that uh you are making a tentative
tentative
assumption okay that this is going to be
uh uh the finding of my research okay
this you think this is a tentative
assumption okay that this is going to
happen for
example uh you uh you are administrating
a uh you you are training uh the uh
students and you think that uh at the
end of training uh the performance of
students will improve okay this is the
one you want to check okay so so so uh
if uh you you formulate a hypothesis
your hypothesis may be that okay uh you
your uh this this can be one of the
hypothesis that uh that that after
training the uh the performance will not
improve that that may be the hypothesis
so so then uh after that you have to
check whether uh your hypothesis is
right or wrong whether you accept the
hypothesis or you reject the hypothesis
so so this is how you this is what I
would like to share with you about
hypothesis that that uh uh that at this
stage after literature view you need to
formulate hypothesis and what is
hypothesis it is a tentative assumption
uh you are making about the outcomes of
your research
and it see once you are formulating the
hypothesis it will affect your type of
data you have to collect how you will
analyze your data all these are getting
uh will be affected once you formulate
your hypothesis so uh while uh
formulating this hypothesis you discuss
with others uh and you see similar
studies and all these things you have
a personal greater Insight you can have
through personal investigation so so all
these approaches you can use but
hypothesis is very we will have a
certain exercises also on this one but
step three very very important and that
is formulating the hypothesis okay so
again coming back to this systematic
method of conducting the research we
have already discussed three steps the
first step is defining the research
problem the second step is literature
review and the third step is formulating
the hypothesis and now we come to the
fourth step that is preparing the
research design preparing the research
design so what is a research
design research design research design
is uh actually research design means
that is you are planning you plan for your
your
research any activity anything you do
you are you you you plan for example you
you want to uh come to delh okay so so
you are planning to come to Delhi for
some work so you plan that how you will
come to Delhi either you will come by
train or you will come by air or you
come by your own vehicle okay and this
is the day on which I will be coming
this is the day on which I will be going
back okay and uh this is how you plan to
spend the time so you are planning
everything you are planning so similarly
uh my friend similarly when you are
constructing in the house you you you
you have a blueprint okay that this is
this is this is the place where you plan
to have your kitchen this is the place
you plan to have your uh uh dining room
or this is the place where you'll have
your garden so so it is a blueprint for
house construction so similarly there's
a plan which you want to do for your
research so that plan Advanced planning
that is your research design and overall
plan that researcher will adopt uh to
undertake uh uh the research study that
is your that is your research
design and and so many things uh come
into picture okay when I'm talking about
this plan uh you you you even what type
of uh objectives you are having in your
mind whatever uh research questions you
have your in mind you think about that
how you will collect your data which
method you will use that that that is
the part of research design or which
what type of sample you will be
selecting for your data
uh that that again is part of what are
the instrument you are using for your
data collection how you will analyze the
data there are various there are various
methods of collecting the data so which
method you will be uh using for
analyzing the data how much time uh you
will take to complete your research
maybe one year or or at PhD level three
year four year uh in in in this much
time I will be able to complete the
literature review in this much time I
will be able to collect the data so the
the time frame you you you you are you
are having in your mind which resources
you will be using how how will you be
preparing uh making the presentation of
the data how you will be writing the
report so all these things when when you
are thinking about these things uh all
these things are part of research design
you are planning for the research okay
what what what type of activities you
are doing in how much time you will be
able to do certain things how you will
be able to what type of data you'll be
mainly focus on data what type of data
you'll be
collecting uh what is the method of
collecting the data what is the method
of analyzing the data what is the method
of presenting the data so all that is
part of research
design see here some something is very
very important that is sampling of
course again we are having separate
session on sampling but uh one or two
slides I would like to show you what is
sampling see because if uh in research
one very important aspect is collecting
the data and sometime you you will have
a feeling that there's a large amount of
data you have to collect so instead of
collecting a large amount of data from
so many responding
you think of having a sample okay so you
select a sample uh so the bigger the
bigger data set is the population and
out of the population you have a sample
to to carry out the uh to carry out the
uh to carry out to to collect the data
so so what here I'm telling about uh the
the the uh the concept of population and
Sample popul potion is the the the
bigger group and out of that you have a
smaller uh
smaller data uh so that is your sample
so how you will collect the uh how you
will select the sample so that so that
process of selecting the sample is
called sampling as as I told you
sampling is a how to select the sample
or how to go about sampling that is part
of research design
okay so sampling selecting a sample
we'll be covering in a separate session
but you must have Clarity that sampling
uh is part of research design okay
sampling is part of research design and
uh we will tell you how to how to select
the sample uh what are various methods
of what are various techniques of
selecting the sample but must need to
have a Clarity that population is the
Lar group and out of the population you
collect the uh you you select the sample
because it is it it will be very time
consuming it will need a lot of
investment if you collect the
information from the bigger group from
the entire population so so your sample
is the representative of the population
okay so so but how to select the sample
so that that again is very very
important and and we will discuss about
the sampling and and uh sampling and
various steps of sampling techniques
that we discuss okay but broadly
speaking sampling two types uh there are
two types of sampling probability
sampling and nonprobability sampling
probability sampling means when you have
an equal chance of inclusion in the
sample I mean just uh you you have if
there are 100 people and I want to
select five people so I just write the
name of 100 people put it in a box put
it in a hat and take out the slip and
and so so every every every person has a
equal chance of inclusion in the sample
that is probability
sampling and then there is another type
of sampling which we call as non
probability sampling uh in which uh
there is no assurance that every every
every item has uh uh equal chance uh it
is it is quite possible that uh the item
which you are selecting for the sample
uh uh they are deliberately selected by
the uh the researcher so that some
specific item is included in the sample
for example Kota quota sampling okay we
will talk about this quota sampling so
so that is that is non probability
sampling so let me compare probability
sampling and nonprobability sampling in probability
probability
sampling uh you have equal chance you
have the uh the item to be selected in
the sample has an equal chance equal
probability of inclusion in the sample
whereas in non probability it is not so
uh because uh uh that Assurance of equal
chance of inclusion is not there in non probability
probability
sent okay so again uh again uh let me uh
my friend go to again go to uh these uh
systematic process of cond the research
we have already discussed uh Define the
the first four steps Define research
problem literature view formulate
hypothesis and and and preparing the
research design then we go to the next
step that is data
collection what is data
collection in data collection so so
ultimately uh one very important aspect
of research is collecting the data
collecting the
information so when you have to collect
the information you have to collect the
data you identify the sources of
information who are the people from
where from whom you will be collecting the
the
information what are the places you will
be visiting some Institute you will be
visiting some organization you will be
visiting so so you maybe you will be
interacting with some people so where
you want to visit where you want to go
with with whom you want to uh whom you
want to contact uh so as to collect the data so so so that is part of data
data so so so that is part of data collection another very important of uh
collection another very important of uh very important aspect of data collection
very important aspect of data collection is that if you have to collect the data
is that if you have to collect the data uh from from from a place uh from from
uh from from from a place uh from from say from an organization you need to
say from an organization you need to obtain certain permission say for say
obtain certain permission say for say for example you want to collect uh
for example you want to collect uh certain information from uh H ODS uh
certain information from uh H ODS uh from from faculty member from students
from from faculty member from students of an Institute so so you need so you
of an Institute so so you need so you you need to have permission from
you need to have permission from director or or or management of The
director or or or management of The Institute that that you want to collect
Institute that that you want to collect this information so obtaining that
this information so obtaining that permission that is very very important
permission that is very very important you must have Clarity which type of data
you must have Clarity which type of data uh you you want to collect is it a
uh you you want to collect is it a numerical data or it is non-numerical
numerical data or it is non-numerical data
data and uh and based on that you will select
and uh and based on that you will select the Tool uh to collect the data uh if it
the Tool uh to collect the data uh if it is a quantitative data your tools will
is a quantitative data your tools will be different if it is qualitative data
be different if it is qualitative data which you are planning to collect then
which you are planning to collect then your tools will be data and so so so so
your tools will be data and so so so so so the data to be collected and the
so the data to be collected and the tools to be uh used for collecting the
tools to be uh used for collecting the data so so at this stage uh you you you
data so so at this stage uh you you you must uh you you you have you take a
must uh you you you have you take a decision on this one and then uh you
decision on this one and then uh you actually administer uh uh administer
actually administer uh uh administer that Tool uh so uh ultimately uh here
that Tool uh so uh ultimately uh here you are collecting the data there there
you are collecting the data there there are different tools uh that that you you
are different tools uh that that you you can use for collecting the data uh you
can use for collecting the data uh you you you can
you you can have the interviews uh you you can use
have the interviews uh you you can use uh make use of observation another
uh make use of observation another method for collecting the data uh you
method for collecting the data uh you you can carry out survey you can make
you can carry out survey you can make use of questionnaire for collecting the
use of questionnaire for collecting the data uh uh it is quite possible that
data uh uh it is quite possible that certain data is already available there
certain data is already available there so so so make use of that data which is
so so so make use of that data which is already available some some records are
already available some some records are there or or or certain findings are
there or or or certain findings are already there so so make use of that
already there so so make use of that data and focus group is another method
data and focus group is another method by by which you can click the data we
by by which you can click the data we will talk about again we will talk about
will talk about again we will talk about this one uh in our coming sessions so
this one uh in our coming sessions so make use of various tools either
make use of various tools either questionnaire or observation or
questionnaire or observation or interview method or focus group or or
interview method or focus group or or make use of uh data which is already
make use of uh data which is already available so by this by these methods
available so by this by these methods you you collect the
you you collect the data then my friends I come to uh step
data then my friends I come to uh step number six uh that is data analysis so
number six uh that is data analysis so whatever data you have
whatever data you have collected you you Analyze That data okay
collected you you Analyze That data okay so what this data is telling you broad
so what this data is telling you broad finding okay so how do
finding okay so how do you uh how do you analyze the data okay
you uh how do you analyze the data okay so for analyzing the data you uh make
so for analyzing the data you uh make use of
use of Statistics you make use of statistic for
Statistics you make use of statistic for analyzing the data and uh broadly
analyzing the data and uh broadly speaking uh there are two two two ways
speaking uh there are two two two ways if you are talking talking about
if you are talking talking about quantitative data there are two methods
quantitative data there are two methods one is descriptive statistic and the
one is descriptive statistic and the other one is inferential statistic okay
other one is inferential statistic okay so uh descriptive
so uh descriptive statistic so so broadly uh uh two two
statistic so so broadly uh uh two two two ways in which uh you can analyze
two ways in which uh you can analyze your data one is descriptive uh uh
your data one is descriptive uh uh descriptive statistic and another is
descriptive statistic and another is infuential
infuential statistic descriptive statistic is
statistic descriptive statistic is giving you the is actually describing
giving you the is actually describing the sample okay I told you that there's
the sample okay I told you that there's a population bigger group is population
a population bigger group is population from that bigger group because it is
from that bigger group because it is time consuming to to to collect the data
time consuming to to to collect the data from the population so you have a sample
from the population so you have a sample from the population and and you collect
from the population and and you collect the data from the sample so this
the data from the sample so this descriptive statistic is giving is
descriptive statistic is giving is describing the sample the characteristic
describing the sample the characteristic of the sample okay so descriptive
of the sample okay so descriptive statistic is dealing with the
statistic is dealing with the sample and what type of data you are
sample and what type of data you are collecting uh or what type of findings
collecting uh or what type of findings are there when you are using descriptive
are there when you are using descriptive statistic more most of you most of the
statistic more most of you most of the participant know about this one when you
participant know about this one when you are trying to find find out the mean
are trying to find find out the mean mean score or average score if you are
mean score or average score if you are trying to find out a mode maximum
trying to find out a mode maximum maximum value in a data set or median or
maximum value in a data set or median or standard deviation okay and uh skewness
standard deviation okay and uh skewness so if you are trying to if you are
so if you are trying to if you are finding out these things so you are you
finding out these things so you are you are actually in the area of descriptive
are actually in the area of descriptive statistic whereas whereas my friends in
statistic whereas whereas my friends in influential
influential statistic you are making the prediction
statistic you are making the prediction about the or you are drawing the
about the or you are drawing the conclusion about the
conclusion about the population in descriptive statistic you
population in descriptive statistic you are describing the sample whereas in
are describing the sample whereas in inferential statistic you are uh
inferential statistic you are uh describing or making uh making the
describing or making uh making the prediction drawing conclusion about the
prediction drawing conclusion about the population so uh but of course uh
population so uh but of course uh because see of course you you are having
because see of course you you are having certain findings from the sample and
certain findings from the sample and from those from the from those sample
from those from the from those sample from the study of the sample you are
from the study of the sample you are making the conclusion making prediction
making the conclusion making prediction about the population that is influential
about the population that is influential statistic and what type of test there
statistic and what type of test there are so many test which you are carry out
are so many test which you are carry out say for example T Test or correlation uh
say for example T Test or correlation uh analysis is correlation analysis when
analysis is correlation analysis when you actually want to correlate certain
you actually want to correlate certain variables so that is correlation uh
variables so that is correlation uh analysis or uh regression analysis so
analysis or uh regression analysis so when you are carrying out these test
when you are carrying out these test that is so that is part of inferential
that is so that is part of inferential statistic so let us have more clarity uh
statistic so let us have more clarity uh on uh on this descriptive statistic and
on uh on this descriptive statistic and inferential statistic uh from from this
inferential statistic uh from from this slide as I told you descriptive
slide as I told you descriptive statistic is focusing on the uh it it is
statistic is focusing on the uh it it is describing the sample the focus here is
describing the sample the focus here is on the sample when when you are uh when
on the sample when when you are uh when you are making use of descriptive
you are making use of descriptive statistic you are describing the sample
statistic you are describing the sample focuses on the
focuses on the sample but if you are using influential
sample but if you are using influential statistic you are describing the
statistic you are describing the population of course uh from the finding
population of course uh from the finding uh of the sample But ultimately the
uh of the sample But ultimately the focus is on population you you are
focus is on population you you are telling about the characteristics or
telling about the characteristics or features of the
features of the population through influential
population through influential statistic so let me repeat again
statistic so let me repeat again descriptive statistic focuses on Sample
descriptive statistic focuses on Sample you are describing the sample
you are describing the sample inferential statistic the focus is on or
inferential statistic the focus is on or you are making prediction you drawing
you are making prediction you drawing conclusion about the population okay and
conclusion about the population okay and my friend now come to the last last step
my friend now come to the last last step coming to the last step that is data
coming to the last step that is data interpretation and report writing so
interpretation and report writing so whatever data you have collected you
whatever data you have collected you have analyzed the data then you uh after
have analyzed the data then you uh after analyzing you come out uh you are coming
analyzing you come out uh you are coming out with the certain finding you are
out with the certain finding you are concluding certain thing and all those
concluding certain thing and all those things you're finding you're uh
things you're finding you're uh reporting uh that that you are doing uh
reporting uh that that you are doing uh you are making uh certain you making use
you are making uh certain you making use of certain tables certain figures maybe
of certain tables certain figures maybe uh you are making use of pie chart or
uh you are making use of pie chart or scatter
scatter diagram or or or you you are making use
diagram or or or you you are making use of uh any other line maybe line diagram
of uh any other line maybe line diagram or you are putting your data in certain
or you are putting your data in certain tables so all that reporting uh in
tables so all that reporting uh in various format uh so that that is how
various format uh so that that is how you are interpreting your data and and
you are interpreting your data and and uh also you are uh writing a report uh
uh also you are uh writing a report uh how you have carried out uh this uh
how you have carried out uh this uh research how what type of data you have
research how what type of data you have collected how you have analyzed it and
collected how you have analyzed it and how you have interpreted it all this
how you have interpreted it all this things you will be writing the report
things you will be writing the report and uh compare it you will be comparing
and uh compare it you will be comparing it with the past literature and maybe
it with the past literature and maybe you will also be telling what were the
you will also be telling what were the limitations of your study research study
limitations of your study research study and what are the areas in which you can
and what are the areas in which you can carry out future other people can carry
carry out future other people can carry out research in future so that all will
out research in future so that all will be part of your uh report
be part of your uh report writing so my friends uh these were the
writing so my friends uh these were the uh various steps uh in conducting the
uh various steps uh in conducting the research let me repeat again defining
research let me repeat again defining the research problem literature review
the research problem literature review formulating the hypothesis preparing
formulating the hypothesis preparing research design data collection data
research design data collection data analysis interpretation and report
analysis interpretation and report writing so uh so this is all uh what I
writing so uh so this is all uh what I wanted to share as far as this session
wanted to share as far as this session is concerned this session
is concerned this session was on Research uh concept types and
was on Research uh concept types and significance uh these are various
significance uh these are various references grel as I told you uh talked
references grel as I told you uh talked about uh the concept of research
about uh the concept of research Creswell also uh very good book
Creswell also uh very good book educational research planning conducting
educational research planning conducting and evaluating qu quantitative and
and evaluating qu quantitative and qualitative research you can go through
qualitative research you can go through that and Kohan Manion and Morrison uh
that and Kohan Manion and Morrison uh book on research methods in education so
book on research methods in education so so so these are the um so the this is
so so these are the um so the this is the material which you can go through uh
the material which you can go through uh if you are getting more inced uh in the
if you are getting more inced uh in the uh area of research
uh area of research [Music]
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