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What 3D Bioprinting Is and How It Works | Hello World HD | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: What 3D Bioprinting Is and How It Works
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Summary
Core Theme
3D bioprinting is an emerging technology that uses bio-inks (cells suspended in hydrogels) to fabricate biological tissues and organs layer by layer, with potential to revolutionize medicine, agriculture, and drug testing.
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3D bioprinting also just known as
bioprinting is a relatively new
technology that in theory would allow
humans to fabricate nearly any tissue or
organ from
scratch the fundamental idea behind bio
printing is quite similar to that of
ordinary 3D printing in which a material
usually plastic is printed one layer at
a time instead of plastic however
bioprinters use bio
usually composed of cells suspended in a
special gel known as a hydrogel which
helps to protect nourish and hold the
cells together some bioinks use a single
type of cells While others contain
multiple types of cells or multiple
bioinks are used Side by Side each with
a different cell type there are three
categories of bioprinting that I will be
discussing in this video which
differentiate in the method by which
they turn the bio-ink into a specific
shape note that due to the fact that
this is an emerging technology the exact
name and classification of various
methods vary from source to Source the
concepts however are Universal I choose
to group the various bioprinting methods
into the following categories extrusion-based
extrusion-based
bioprinting droplet based bioprinting
and energy based
bioprinting extrusion-based bioprinting
is similar to what most people would
think of when they think of conventional
3D printers it involves forcing
continuous filaments of a material
through a nozzle in a controlled manner
to create a 3D
structure the material is bio-ink which
as I said before usually consists of
cells and a
hydrogel the filaments are forced
through a nozzle by either th pneumatic
pressure which is basically air pressure
or mechanically derived pressure which
comes from things like Pistons or screws
the bio-ink must be stabilized quickly
or else it will not retain its shape the
bio-ink can be St stabilized in a number
of ways largely depending on the
hydrogel that is being used as an
example during printing the bio-ink can
be stabilized by spraying a Mist with a
cross-linking agent dissolved in it by
the way crosslinking just means linking
one polymer chain to another and this is
done to stabilize
bio-ink in contrast droplet-based
bioprinting deposits discrete volumes or
droplets of bio-ink onto a surface
droplet-based bioprinting methods
include inkjet based bioprinting microv
valve based bioprinting and Laser
induced forward transfer
bioprinting as as with extrusion-based
bioprinting the bio- Inc must be quickly
stabilized in order for the structure to
retain its shape and the exact manner in
which this is accomplished depends on
the hydrogel being used inkjet based
bioprinting shares a lot in common with
traditional inkjet printing here's how
it works at a high level a pulse of
pressure is used to eject a droplet of
bio-ink the pulse of pressure can be
generated in one of two ways way using
thermal mechanisms or pzo electric
mechanisms in the thermal mechanism a
small surface of the bioink is heated
and vaporized to create a bubble which
occupies a larger space than the liquid
bio-ink did creating pressure forcing a
droplet of bio-ink out of the nozzle
once the bubble collapses a bit of
bioink is sucked from the reservoir
refilling the chamber and the process is
repeated in the Paso Electric mechanis M
an electric current is applied to a pazo
electric actuator causing the chamber to
deform slightly forcing a droplet of
bio-ink out of the nozzle by the way a
pazo electric actuator is a device that
responds to an electric current by
stretching and bending then when the
electric current to the pazo electric
actuator ceases the shape returns to
normal and a bit of bio- in is sucked
from the reservoir refilling the chamber
and the process is repeated next micro
valve based bioprinting involves small
valves that can be accurately opened and
closed with electromagnets to deposit
droplets of bioin which is under
pressure usually pneumatic pressure
meaning air pressure laser induced
forward transfer bioprinting uses lasers
to accurately position cells on a
substrate or the place where the tissue
will lie laser induced forward transfer
bioprinting can consists of a laser a
focus lens a ribbon and a substrate the
ribbon could contain a sheet of
transparent quartz glass with a very
thin gold coating and a coating of
bio-ink when the laser reaches the gold
it Heats it and greatly expands it
propelling a very small amount of bio-
in to the substrate which will have been
coated with hydrogel to dampen the
kinetic energy of the droplet of bioin
this laser is quite precise and hence
this method is also quite
precise finally in energy- based
bioprinting a focused energy source
often a laser is used to selectively
solidify or stabilize a bio- Inc this
method differs from extrusion-based
bioprinting and droplet based
bioprinting in that the bio Inc is
already in place perhaps the most
notable method of energy-based
bioprinting is stereol lithog graphy in
stereol lithography a laser is employed
to selectively harden a small amount of
bioin which contains a light sensitive
hydrogel this substance lies on a
platform that is then moved away from
the laser by a small amount if in doing
so the platform is immersed into bio-ink
then a Fresh coat of bio-ink will flow
on top of the now hardened layer of
bio-ink or if the platform has sidewalls
then a fresh layer of bio-ink can be
coded separately this process is
repeated eventually leaving you with a
solid 3D structure once the liquid
bioink is washed away each category of
bioprinting has its own pros and cons I
won't bore you with all the specifics
however as an example laser induced
forward transfer bio printing is precise
and has a high printing resolution
nevertheless it is expensive cumbersome
and timec consuming hence different
methods are used for different needs
interestingly there are approaches being
developed that combine different
bioprinting methods in order to maximize
efficiency maximizing efficiency is
crucial for bioprinting certain
structures like organs in general organs
must be printed quite quickly and yet
they have certain parts that contain
lots of details that consequently
require bioprinting with a high
resolution other parts don't need to be
printed with such precision and time can
be saved by not printing at such a high
resolution so by combining certain
methods that print slowly with a high
resolution with those that print quickly
with a lower resolution one can optimize
the bioprinting
process while these bioprinting methods
are based on 3D printing living things
develop and change over time hence
bioprinting can often be thought of as
4D bioprinting where the cells in the
printed tissue proliferate interact and
change in various ways over time in fact
certain chemicals are often added to the
bio-ink to influence the behavior and
development of cells also over time
hydrogel is meant to slow fully degrade
and be replaced by the native extracellular
extracellular
Matrix The extracellular Matrix is the
non-living material that cells secrete
which fills the spaces between cells
protects cells and holds cells together
sounds familiar that's because hydrogels
are meant to resemble the extracellular
Matrix now that you understand how the
various methods of bioprinting work I
would like to highlight some cool applic
applications perhaps most notable is the
ability to print entire fully functional
organs from scratch doing this poses
unique challenges due to the intricacy
of organs but even printing complex
organs will likely be viable in the near
future if this is the case the demand
for organs on organ transplant lists can
finally be equal to the supply of
healthy organs with bioprinting healthy
cells can be taken from a patient's
organ and be allowed to proliferate a
little bit if possible and can then be
used in the bio-ink by taking cells from
a patient rather than from some other
individual the probability of an organ
being rejected by the patient's immune
system is drastically reduced in this
way bioprinted organs can be superior to
foreign donor derived organs and if
creating custom organs from a patient
own cells is not a viable option for
some reason because of urgency in
implanting a new organ for instance
there is still the option of having
generic pre-made
organs also a special type of cells
called stem cells introduces some pretty
cool possibilities allowing for
personalized organs even if directly
acquiring the necessary cells is
impossible stem cells are basically
cells with the ability to change their
functionality based on their environment
all of the cells in a human's body with
specific functions actually originate
from certain types of stem cells so
instead of being forced to take certain
cells from a patient like healthy cells
from a failing organ which may be very
hard or even impossible to acquire cells
can be taken say from the patient skin
and in a lab they can be artificially
transformed into stem cells which can
then be induced into developing into the
different cell types that are needed to
bioprint a healthy new organ as
previously mentioned stem cells allow
for increased flexibility in
bioprinting however note that actually
working with stem cells is quite
challenging and even bioprinting simple
tissues with them at this time is very
difficult bioprinting tissues is simpler
than printing entire organs and is still
extremely Valu in a number of ways for
example bioprinting can be used to
create vegan meat or leather to do this
a small number of certain cells must be
collected from say a cow then by
carefully controlling the conditions in
which the cells are held these cells can
proliferate after this the cells can be
collected and bioprinted in a strategic
Manner and in a bit of time what remains
is meat or leather besides moral
considerations with investment and
development in this field cultivating
meat and leather in this way could be
much more efficient and have a much
smaller negative effect on the
environment in terms of things like
carbon emissions land use and freshwater
use also bioprinting could radically
change the process of developing and
testing new drugs today pharmaceutical
companies test the efficacy and safety
of a potential new drug on animals if a
drug proves to have the desired effect
on animals primarily mice without harsh
side effects then the drug is tested on
humans often often there is no desired
effect on humans rendering the money
invested in developing that drug a waste
in fact 90% of drugs that showed promise
in animals have no significant effects
on humans occasionally the drugs can
even harm the humans being tested this
testing process is extremely expensive and
and
inconvenient with bioprinting human
tissue or even organs can be bioprinted
that more accurately mimic The Human
Condition and thus are more suitable for
testing drugs an organ on a chip is a
simplified miniature version of an organ
that aims to mimic a real organ so that
it can be used to test a new drug
technically organs on chips are not
inherently related to bioprinting but
bioprinted tissue can be used used to
enhance such devices with better
positioning of cells and
reproducibility in the near future it
may be possible to have a nearly
perfectly accurate system for testing
drugs by linking organs on chips
together in a microfluidic circuit which
would be known as a human on a chip what
this means is that to test an oral drug
for example the drug could first be
introduced to a partially bioprinted gut
on a chip which would absorb the
compound and send it to a partially
bioprinted liver on a chip where it is
metabolized the metabolites are then
sent to other partially bioprinted
organs on chips including the kidney on
a chip heart on a chip lung on a chip
and bone on a chip throughout this
process the organs are tested for any
intended or unintended response to the
the drugs a similar pipeline could be
used to test the safety and
effectiveness of other forms of drugs
note that in this process organs on
chips need not have the full
functionality of particular organs
instead they only mimic the parts of the
organ that are valuable in testing the
effects of a new drug also instead of
introducing a disease to healthy animals
and then testing various drugs to treat
the animals a disease could be directly
introduced to a human on a chip reducing
the amount of unnecessary suffering in
summary using bioprinting to test new
drugs could be both more efficient and
more ethical in a similar way the safety
of new Cosmetics could be tested without
using animals but using bioprinted tissue
tissue
instead although it would come with
important challenges of its own
bioprinting plants is a potential future
application of bioprinting with the
possibility of creating new plant
varieties with desired traits for
agricultural use looking ahead if or
even when bioprinting fully functional
organs is common practice the following
questions naturally arise can
bioprinting be used to create organs
with abilities superior to the organ
that we are born with for example can we
bioprint eyes with supervision or
bioprint super efficient lungs as found
in Elite athletes is such a use of
bioprinting ethical will bioprinted
organs and super organs be reserved for
the rich these are important questions
that we must ask ourselves as this
technology is further developed thanks
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