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Chapter 4.3b Molecular Nomenclature

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welcome to the second video for chapter

four section three

on chemical nomenclature and we're

picking up where we left off with

molecular compounds

so if you have a molecular compound

rather than an ionic compound we

need to be able to name these with

unique and recognizable names in the

same way that we needed to

name our ionic compounds um but things

are a little bit trickier because we

need to know

what element comes first with ionic

compounds we could choose the

uh the element that was the cation which

is usually the metal

but here with molecular compounds we

don't have any cations or anions

and so we need to choose a system to

choose which element

goes first and what we do is choose the

element that is further towards the left

of the periodic table or further towards

the bottom and essentially what that is

is the more metallic

element so the closer towards the metals

that that element is

that element goes first then

we are going to use greek prefixes to

specify any ratios that we need to

so for example uh molecular compounds can

can

exist in many different uh combinations

of numbers of the same kind of element

and we need to um we need to specify

what how many elements or how many of

each type of element are in the specific

compound that we're looking at

the one exception is if the first

element uh there's only one of that

then we can drop the mono prefix so i've

put the greek

prefixes over here just for your

reference um we went over those in the

ionic compound video but here they are again

again

and uh so once we've decided which

element goes first we've used our greek prefixes

prefixes

we're going to use the eyed suffix on

the second element just like we did

with the ionic compounds so here's an

example we're going to go ahead and name

this molecule uh it consists of carbon

and two oxygen atoms

so we start out by figuring out who goes

first so we need to look at our periodic

table and identify which element is

further towards the left

or towards the bottom here carbon is

clearly further towards the left

so it will be the first atom we should

choose what prefix we use

here there's only one carbon atom and

it's the first one so we can drop

the mono prefix so we'll just write carbon

carbon

and then we'll use our prefix for the

number of oxygen

atoms and it's two so di and then oxide

so this is carbon dioxide all right

let's do a couple of

uh more examples so this next one we've

got nitrogen

and oxygen so we need to identify which

element is further towards the left or

towards the bottom

we see that nitrogen is further towards

the left so we will start off with that

we need to use the greek prefix dye for two

dinitrogen and then there are four oxygens

oxygens

so tetra the thing is that now we've got

a vowel next to a vowel so we've got

this a from

tetra and then we have oxide so when

there's an

a next to the o and oxide i just tetra

oxide is clumsy and so we drop that a

uh we can do another one so phosphorus

and fluorine

we look here and we see that phosphorus

is further towards the left

and the bottom than fluorine so we will

start off with phosphorus there's only

one of it we can drop that monoprefix

whoops phosphorus and then our prefix

here is five

penta and then

our element is fluorine and so that

phosphorus pentafluoride so that is how

you name

simple uh molecular compounds

there are a few special types of

molecular compounds that i'm going to

talk about and these are acids

the first kind of acid that we're going

to deal with is binary acids and so

those are things that can

contain a hydrogen and then one other

kind of element

so for example hbr is a binary acid and

so is hcl

so we'll use these two as examples as

we're naming these

if we were just to name these using our

rules we would wind up with hydrogen

bromide and that is in fact what this is

called when it's in its gaseous phase

but if you dissolve this guy into water

it becomes an acid and we need to

specify that it's acidic

so what we do is we go ahead and look at

this hydrogen and we call it hydro as a prefix

prefix

so we use this prefix hydro and then we

take the second element

which is here bromine and we use an ick

suffix on that element so bromine

becomes bromic

and then we add acid to the end of the word

word

so if we do this again we can look at

this one hcl if this is

aqueous dissolved in water it's an

acidic solution and we need to specify

that so it's going to become

hydro for the hydrogen and then

caloric whoops chloric

so that's in a nutshell how you name

binary acids

all right and then the last kind of

compound that we're going to talk about

are oxyacids and these are

a special type of acid that contain hydrogen

hydrogen

oxygen and at least one other element

and so often what we'll see

is that these are hydrogen combined with

a polyatomic ion that has oxygen in it

there's a whole process for naming these

and it always starts out with

we need to omit the hydrogen which means

we figure out what our root

anion is so we're going to look and see

what kind of polyatomic anion is this

that's different by one hydrogen and

what we see

is this is acetate it's c2h3

oh minus or equivalently written a

different way

ch3coo minus but with that extra

so once we know that base name of the ion

ion

of the anion then we can go ahead and

name our acid so what we're going to do is

leave out the hydrogen we're just going

to start right off with our anion

and then we're going to think about the

ending of that thing

so we're going to change any endings

that are eight

with ick so we're going to convert this

guy over from

acetate to acetic

and then we add acid

so oops acid not added

let me just fix that typo real quick

acid there we go so uh you may recognize

this as vinegar acetic acid this is vinegar

vinegar

all right so let's do a few more um this

one we recognize

that this is no3 minus with a hydrogen

out front

so again we take this ending and we

switch it from eight

to ick so this becomes nitric

acid all right so this next one's a

little bit tricky

so ah this is not an anion a polyatomic

anion that you know from the list that i

had in the last video

um but if you read your textbook you'll note

note

that if you have a a polyatomic that's

different than

one of the other ones just based by one

oxygen we've got some naming conventions

so nitrate one oxygen less than nitrate

becomes nitric

so this is no2 minus this becomes uh

sorry um one oxygen less than eight

is it so this is nitrite and when we

replace that ending the nitrite becomes

nitrous so this becomes nitrous

acid so there's some more naming

conventions with the

polyatomic ions in your textbook in

chapter 4.3

and i suggest that you read those just

so that you're familiar with them i

didn't cover them in depth

in either of these um videos just for

time but it's a good idea to go ahead

and read those

all right and then the last acid that

i'm going to do is this guy so this

one's a little bit odd because there's

two hydrogens

but that's totally just for charge

balance right because sulfate as we

recognize so4 is a two minus

um hydrogen tends to make a plus one

cation so

uh in fact it's all it makes is a plus

one cation

so we need two of them for charge

balance uh this has exactly the same

naming conventions as everybody else

this is the sulfate ion

and we do our uh our process so we

take um sulfate and um

sulfur is a little bit odd um if we just

followed the rules this would be sulfite

acid but it sounds weird so we use sulfuric

sulfuric

so we just go back to the actual name of

the element in the attic

um and sulfur is just sounds better so

this is sulfuric acid

so that is the naming convention for

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