0:03 by the late 1980s the bankrupt soviet
0:05 union had declined to continue
0:06 subsidizing or paying for other
0:08 communist states
0:11 at 30 billion a year which cut off funds
0:13 to vietnam and cuba
0:15 as a result both opened up to western tourists
0:16 tourists
0:18 devastated by a stagnant economy admired
0:20 in a costly and disastrous war in afghanistan
0:21 afghanistan
0:23 confronted with dissidents and rocked by
0:24 internal dissent
0:27 the soviet union crumbled the soviet
0:29 union called bush's policy
0:32 towards them palsa as bush wanted to
0:34 pause and re-examine the relationship
0:36 between the two nations
0:38 he had disapproved of reagan's policies
0:40 both his hard-line stance and his first term
0:41 term
0:43 and his about face of trusting gorbachev
0:45 in his second term
0:47 which we talked about as kind of giving
0:49 space to the soviets to allow communism
0:51 to collapse
0:53 bush's foreign policy victories included
0:55 the incorporation of a reunified germany
0:56 and to nato so
0:58 east germany has been separate this
1:00 whole time but now that the soviet union
1:00 has fallen
1:03 east germany becomes part of germany and
1:04 of course
1:07 all of it is now part of nato he also
1:09 got reluctant soviet participation in
1:11 the coalition of nations allied against
1:13 saddam hussein's iraq which we'll talk
1:14 about in just a minute
1:17 finally on december 25th 1991 gorbachev
1:19 resigned his office declaring that the
1:21 soviet union no longer existed
1:24 and as mentioned robert gates former cia
1:26 director and later texas a m president and
1:26 and
1:28 secretary of defense wrote his book from
1:30 the shadows about the cold war under
1:31 five presidents
1:33 he concluded that soviet communism
1:35 committed suicide but that both reagan
1:37 and bush had crucially allowed it the
1:39 space to do so
1:41 the us was now the world's only
1:43 remaining superpower
1:45 global capitalism seemed triumphant and
1:48 yet the post-cold war world was not without
1:48 without
1:51 international conflicts thirty-five
1:53 thousand americans were living in panama
1:55 and they were critical in operating the
1:58 panama canal but panama was run by a
2:00 dictator named manuel noriega
2:02 in february of 1988 the drug enforcement
2:03 agency or dea
2:05 pressed charges against and a miami
2:07 federal judge indicted noriega
2:09 because he was the conduit between the
2:10 colombian drug cartel
2:13 and the united states on december 15
2:15 1989 noriega's government declared the
2:17 united states and panama to be in a quote
2:17 quote
2:20 state of war five days later bush
2:22 ordered an invasion of panama arguing
2:23 that there was an
2:25 imminent danger to 35 000 american
2:26 citizens there
2:30 on december 20th in operation just cause
2:32 u.s troops secured panama city
2:34 and noriega ran to the vatican embassy
2:36 claiming diplomatic immunity
2:38 the vatican refused to hand him over
2:40 when bush asked so the u.s army
2:42 encircled the embassy in panama city
2:44 now instead of attacking a foreign
2:46 embassy which could have dire
2:47 international consequences
2:50 they brought out enormous speakers
2:52 knowing that noriega hated rock music
2:54 they proceeded to blast heavy metal
2:56 24 7 for 10 days straight even taking
2:58 requests from u.s
3:01 troops on a call line noriega finally
3:02 turned himself in
3:03 he was tried and convicted of running
3:05 drugs and sentenced to 20 years in u.s prison
3:06 prison
3:07 after serving his time the united states
3:09 sent him to france where he served one
3:10 year there
3:12 he then returned to panama in 2011 and
3:14 was imprisoned on two murder charges but
3:15 he died on may
3:19 30th 2017. iraq had waged war against
3:21 iran from 1980 to 1988 which we've
3:23 discussed a little bit in the reagan lecture
3:23 lecture
3:26 and wars are always expensive they just are
3:27 are
3:29 and this one was more costly and drawn
3:30 out than most because the reagan
3:32 administration not wanting either party
3:33 to win
3:35 outright had aided both sides at
3:36 critical moments
3:39 iraq was over 100 billion dollars in
3:41 debt and much of that was owed to kuwait
3:42 and saudi arabia
3:45 by 1990 iraq was on the verge of
3:47 starvation so h.w bush supplied iraq
3:49 with 400 million dollars of credit for
3:51 food from the united states
3:52 saddam trying to get out of this debt
3:54 demanded that kuwait and saudi arabia
3:56 forgive the loans iraq owed
3:59 he argued that saddam a sunni muslim in
4:01 iraq a sunni country had saved other
4:03 sunni countries like kuwait and saudi
4:06 from the persian shiite threat of iran
4:08 so of course there are multiple types of
4:10 islam so he's arguing
4:13 that as a sunni muslim that he's
4:14 fought this shiite threat and therefore
4:16 aided these other sunni countries who
4:18 should forgive his debt
4:20 so the two types of islam sunni and shia
4:22 kind of like the two types of christianity
4:23 christianity
4:26 protestantism and catholicism but kuwait
4:28 and saudi declined to forgive the debt
4:31 so saddam asked opec to decrease
4:33 production in order to raise the price
4:34 of oil coming out of the middle east
4:36 which was fairly low
4:39 and 95 of iraq's national income came
4:40 from oil
4:42 but again kuwait and saudi said no so in
4:45 july of 1990 saddam ordered 100
4:48 000 troops and 300 tanks to the kuwait border
4:48 border
4:50 so we have iraq here here's kuwait to
4:52 the south and saudi arabia
4:54 which also shares a border with iraq and
4:56 with kuwait so he's
4:59 ordered all these troops here at 2 am on
5:00 august 2nd
5:02 1990 saddam zarak invaded kuwait and the
5:03 kuwaiti army put up
5:05 no resistance to the much larger and
5:07 better armed iraqis
5:09 the kuwaiti air force actually flew out
5:11 to saudi arabia to protect itself
5:14 one third of kuwait got in their cars
5:16 and drove to saudi to escape the conflict
5:17 conflict
5:19 the dictator with the largest army in
5:21 the middle east was now in control of
5:23 one third of the world's known oil
5:25 reserves and if he continued south and
5:27 took saudi arabia he would own one half
5:30 of the world's known oil reserves h.w
5:31 bush called it quote
5:34 naked aggression and said it will not stand
5:35 stand
5:37 before committing the united states to
5:39 battle though bush sought the support of
5:41 the international community the american people
5:41 people
5:44 and the american congress the u.n
5:46 security council met within hours of the
5:48 invasion and it unanimously passed u.n
5:51 resolution 660 denouncing the invasion
5:53 calling for iraq's withdrawal from
5:55 kuwait and promising sanctions if it did not
5:57 not
5:58 bush spoke to the american people
6:00 calling saddam an evil man comparing him
6:01 to hitler
6:03 and argued that he had robbed kuwait of
6:04 its legitimate government
6:07 government
6:10 u.s operation desert shield began in
6:12 august to protect saudi arabia from
6:13 saddam's further
6:15 action so a shield is defensive right so
6:17 operation desert shield is to defend
6:19 saudi to prevent
6:21 an invasion when saddam did not respond
6:23 to you in demands to leave kuwait saying
6:24 it had been annexed
6:27 by iraq bush senior began calling other nations
6:28 nations
6:30 in a brilliant diplomatic move he put
6:32 together a coalition of at least 28
6:34 nations he worked the phone day and
6:36 night to get france britain turkey and
6:38 seven arab countries including saudi
6:39 arabia egypt
6:43 and syria on board and he waited until
6:45 after the 1990 midterm elections to ask
6:47 the democratically controlled congress
6:48 to pass
6:50 the war powers act giving him permission
6:53 to use the u.s military in kuwait
6:55 he did not want this to be a campaign
6:57 issue for either side so he kind of
6:58 delays the war
7:00 until after the election is over and
7:02 then he works with the congress he has
7:04 on january 12th congress passed a war
7:06 resolution giving bush the authority as
7:07 commander-in-chief to take
7:09 action against iraq and defense of
7:11 kuwait responding to the united states
7:12 the united nations
7:14 and the coalition of nations allied
7:16 against him saddam said it would be
7:19 quote the mother of all battles the u.s
7:20 commenced combat operations known as operation
7:21 operation
7:24 desert storm that same month so desert
7:25 shield is to defend
7:27 saudi arabia to keep iraq from
7:29 continuing south through kuwait
7:32 desert storm is to push iraq back out of kuwait
7:34 kuwait
7:35 and if you proceed to the next clip you
7:37 get to see how operation desert storm began
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