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27 2 HW Bush
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by the late 1980s the bankrupt soviet
union had declined to continue
subsidizing or paying for other
communist states
at 30 billion a year which cut off funds
to vietnam and cuba
as a result both opened up to western tourists
tourists
devastated by a stagnant economy admired
in a costly and disastrous war in afghanistan
afghanistan
confronted with dissidents and rocked by
internal dissent
the soviet union crumbled the soviet
union called bush's policy
towards them palsa as bush wanted to
pause and re-examine the relationship
between the two nations
he had disapproved of reagan's policies
both his hard-line stance and his first term
term
and his about face of trusting gorbachev
in his second term
which we talked about as kind of giving
space to the soviets to allow communism
to collapse
bush's foreign policy victories included
the incorporation of a reunified germany
and to nato so
east germany has been separate this
whole time but now that the soviet union
has fallen
east germany becomes part of germany and
of course
all of it is now part of nato he also
got reluctant soviet participation in
the coalition of nations allied against
saddam hussein's iraq which we'll talk
about in just a minute
finally on december 25th 1991 gorbachev
resigned his office declaring that the
soviet union no longer existed
and as mentioned robert gates former cia
director and later texas a m president and
and
secretary of defense wrote his book from
the shadows about the cold war under
five presidents
he concluded that soviet communism
committed suicide but that both reagan
and bush had crucially allowed it the
space to do so
the us was now the world's only
remaining superpower
global capitalism seemed triumphant and
yet the post-cold war world was not without
without
international conflicts thirty-five
thousand americans were living in panama
and they were critical in operating the
panama canal but panama was run by a
dictator named manuel noriega
in february of 1988 the drug enforcement
agency or dea
pressed charges against and a miami
federal judge indicted noriega
because he was the conduit between the
colombian drug cartel
and the united states on december 15
1989 noriega's government declared the
united states and panama to be in a quote
quote
state of war five days later bush
ordered an invasion of panama arguing
that there was an
imminent danger to 35 000 american
citizens there
on december 20th in operation just cause
u.s troops secured panama city
and noriega ran to the vatican embassy
claiming diplomatic immunity
the vatican refused to hand him over
when bush asked so the u.s army
encircled the embassy in panama city
now instead of attacking a foreign
embassy which could have dire
international consequences
they brought out enormous speakers
knowing that noriega hated rock music
they proceeded to blast heavy metal
24 7 for 10 days straight even taking
requests from u.s
troops on a call line noriega finally
turned himself in
he was tried and convicted of running
drugs and sentenced to 20 years in u.s prison
prison
after serving his time the united states
sent him to france where he served one
year there
he then returned to panama in 2011 and
was imprisoned on two murder charges but
he died on may
30th 2017. iraq had waged war against
iran from 1980 to 1988 which we've
discussed a little bit in the reagan lecture
lecture
and wars are always expensive they just are
are
and this one was more costly and drawn
out than most because the reagan
administration not wanting either party
to win
outright had aided both sides at
critical moments
iraq was over 100 billion dollars in
debt and much of that was owed to kuwait
and saudi arabia
by 1990 iraq was on the verge of
starvation so h.w bush supplied iraq
with 400 million dollars of credit for
food from the united states
saddam trying to get out of this debt
demanded that kuwait and saudi arabia
forgive the loans iraq owed
he argued that saddam a sunni muslim in
iraq a sunni country had saved other
sunni countries like kuwait and saudi
from the persian shiite threat of iran
so of course there are multiple types of
islam so he's arguing
that as a sunni muslim that he's
fought this shiite threat and therefore
aided these other sunni countries who
should forgive his debt
so the two types of islam sunni and shia
kind of like the two types of christianity
christianity
protestantism and catholicism but kuwait
and saudi declined to forgive the debt
so saddam asked opec to decrease
production in order to raise the price
of oil coming out of the middle east
which was fairly low
and 95 of iraq's national income came
from oil
but again kuwait and saudi said no so in
july of 1990 saddam ordered 100
000 troops and 300 tanks to the kuwait border
border
so we have iraq here here's kuwait to
the south and saudi arabia
which also shares a border with iraq and
with kuwait so he's
ordered all these troops here at 2 am on
august 2nd
1990 saddam zarak invaded kuwait and the
kuwaiti army put up
no resistance to the much larger and
better armed iraqis
the kuwaiti air force actually flew out
to saudi arabia to protect itself
one third of kuwait got in their cars
and drove to saudi to escape the conflict
conflict
the dictator with the largest army in
the middle east was now in control of
one third of the world's known oil
reserves and if he continued south and
took saudi arabia he would own one half
of the world's known oil reserves h.w
bush called it quote
naked aggression and said it will not stand
stand
before committing the united states to
battle though bush sought the support of
the international community the american people
people
and the american congress the u.n
security council met within hours of the
invasion and it unanimously passed u.n
resolution 660 denouncing the invasion
calling for iraq's withdrawal from
kuwait and promising sanctions if it did not
not
bush spoke to the american people
calling saddam an evil man comparing him
to hitler
and argued that he had robbed kuwait of
its legitimate government
government
u.s operation desert shield began in
august to protect saudi arabia from
saddam's further
action so a shield is defensive right so
operation desert shield is to defend
saudi to prevent
an invasion when saddam did not respond
to you in demands to leave kuwait saying
it had been annexed
by iraq bush senior began calling other nations
nations
in a brilliant diplomatic move he put
together a coalition of at least 28
nations he worked the phone day and
night to get france britain turkey and
seven arab countries including saudi
arabia egypt
and syria on board and he waited until
after the 1990 midterm elections to ask
the democratically controlled congress
to pass
the war powers act giving him permission
to use the u.s military in kuwait
he did not want this to be a campaign
issue for either side so he kind of
delays the war
until after the election is over and
then he works with the congress he has
on january 12th congress passed a war
resolution giving bush the authority as
commander-in-chief to take
action against iraq and defense of
kuwait responding to the united states
the united nations
and the coalition of nations allied
against him saddam said it would be
quote the mother of all battles the u.s
commenced combat operations known as operation
operation
desert storm that same month so desert
shield is to defend
saudi arabia to keep iraq from
continuing south through kuwait
desert storm is to push iraq back out of kuwait
kuwait
and if you proceed to the next clip you
get to see how operation desert storm began
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