This presentation guides qualitative researchers on structuring and writing their methodology chapter (Chapter 3), emphasizing the rationale behind methodological choices and the importance of researcher reflexivity.
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hello everyone my name is Philippa Duke
on one of the methodologies personality
and Cade and today I will present in
information about writing the
methodology chapter and in terms of
qualitative research so if you are doing
qualitative research what is expected of
you concerning your chapter 3 how should
a chapter 3 loop lie so let's move on to
the next one okay so before I talk about
you know what you should write in your
chapter 3 and this is just a basic
information about the difference between
the qualitative research and
quantitative research right for
quantitative research as you all know
you are collecting information on making
observation to test hypothesis or theory
right so you go out you collect your
numbers and you use of Solvay on and
gather information and use it to test
your hypothesis or to your theory for
qualitative study you are making
observation to develop an understanding
or develop a theory to better understand
a phenomenon right so you are going in
the other to interview participants to
maybe quality document to analyze you
are collecting worse you are collecting
stories to develop theory or develop an
explanation or develop theme or things
to address your research question right
so these are the basic information or
the differences between qualitative and
quantitative research so when do you
have to conduct a qualitative study if
you want to explore phenomenal Cades or
a situation in the natural environment
right then you know qualitative study or
qualitative approach will be the best
for you it is you want to explore
accomplice issue that you know you
haven't been able to identify specific
variables that you have to measure then
you could use a qualitative approach
maybe you want to explain a process or a
human behavior you can use a qualitative
approach want to describe an issue using
non numeric car data then you can use
qualitative approach you want to
understand a situation or you want to
call it participants stories to retell
those stories in a logical and
chronological mana then equal use your
volunteer after me so these are you know
ways where situations where positive
approach will be the best for you so
let's move on and talk about you know
chapter three you know one when you are
thinking of writing legal methodology
chapter there are four areas that you
have to think about the specific problem
that you want to address in this thing
why we call it a research problem how do
you identify the problem go back to the
literature you read a lot and then you
identify a gap in the literature that
you want to fill you want to use your
study to fill that gap right so you
first have to identify your research
problem then based on the problem you
develop the peppers the peppers is all
about what exactly you're going to do in
the study what action of what goal do
you want to achieve in the study right
and based on the peppers we develop
research questions that is consistent
with the purpose of your study to help
you gather information to address those
questions right and you also have to
think about the data what kind of data
do you want to call it
who are you going to call it the data
from lets you know the source of the
data right so these are the four areas
that you
to start thinking about when you want to
write your chapter 3 the problem the
purpose the research question and the
kind of data and how you're going to
call it the data what methodology are
going to use to follow those information
and then and one other thing that you
have to think about is what is the
purpose of writing chapter 3 shuttle 3
is all about telling your readers or
your audience about the decisions and
action that you are taking in the study
or you have already taken in your study
right what action that you are taking
what is the rationale why did you take
that those actions or decisions and then
how the process that implementation this
is more of like the procedure how are
you going to do things right so one
example is what what research approach I
did you take a research approach did you
choose right maybe you choose a you
chose a knowledge panel approach right
and then people want to know why did you
check that why did you choose for the
knowledge can approach so we have to
give a registration while you think for
the multi approach is the best approach
for you to collect rich information to
address your research question that you
have and then use nephilim logical but
it's a Presidium what are the actions
that you're going to take how are you
going to college your data from
participant what are the actions but
it's we're not going to take right who
I'm going to take information from but
so always think about these three things
as you try to think about or try to try
to write your chapter 3 so there are a
lot of components in chapter 3 but
because of time you created
so the main components right so in
Chapter three
you are expected to stick to your
research question you are expected to
describe your research design you are
expected to describe your background
beliefs and biases I'll talk about that
and they respected to talk about the
population the participant and sampling
strategy that you have to use your
aspect people want you to talk about the
procedure the data processing which is
all about how you're going to analyze
your data and also the quality assurance
in terms of how I'm gonna show ensure
that you know information but you are
hiding from participant is the right
information and it's going to address
your research question that you have
intent and I'm not entirely sure that
your information or the findings can be
transferred from one situation to
another situation similar situation
right so we're going to also talk about
a quality assurance before I continue do
you have any question if you have a
question contacted in or you can you
know on me to yourself and ask and I'll
be happy to address it before we start
the main presentation okay there's no
question and bullhead continue the
presentation so your chapter three you
start a pathway by giving an overview
right of what your chava 3 is going to
be about right so first you you know you
describe you sit you give a brief
information about the problem that you
want to address in your study and then a
brief information about a purpose of
your study and then you tell your
readers about what you what do what are
going to present in chapter 30 right so
that's all about overview and next step
is to talk about your research question right
right
what specific questions that you want to
address in your stand and then you have
to also add a justification we call it
rationale right you have to provide an
argument supporting the need to address
those questions right so you are going
to just give a brief information based
on your chapter 2 chapter 2 is all about
what literature will be based on the
relationship view why do you think you
need to answer these questions write it
consider based on the literature review
with there being research done in this
and that because of that this is the
reason why there is a need for us to
address this question right so you are
using existing literature to justify the
need to address those questions right
then and also the type of question you
have to also think about this too
one example is I have example of how
your research question should look like
how does meta help stigma influence
health seeking behaviors among teens
with meta health problems so as we can
see here your analytical research
question should be open-ended right so
your answer will not be it'll be like
closed-ended where you can say is there
a relationship between two variables or
something either way you are able to
know yes you are
you should be an exploratory in nature
you are exploring
so you can start with how right you can
also start with ha y so the most
important thing is that make sure that
your research question is open-ended in
nature so that you can call it
participant story to address those
question and I have a lot of
presentation on that um the type of
research question if you want more
information you can email me and I'll be
happy to give you that information so
the next one after talking about your
research question is in the last one
the recent design think about it as the
risk to your research approach right so
you are expected to state specific
research approach for your study right
so by Terry or Edith what the approach
is all about right and then you keep
information about why do you think that
what is the most appropriate considering
the the purpose of your study right and
the kind of the kinds of data that you
want to call it this making the version
the typo here is panels okay so based on
the purpose of your study and also the
kind of data that you want to call it
ended source of the data why do you
think maybe phenomenology can approach
is the best approach for your study
right so this is where you breathe you
present a justification as I said
chapter three is all about telling your
readers what are you going to do and why
are you going to do it right and then
because we are doing a qualitative study
is very important you also talk about
specific philosophical paradigm right
and philosophical paradigm is all about
beliefs held by a group of researchers
that informs the way they do research
right and I'm going to give you examples
of that from a lot of the car paranoid okay
okay
concerning the research design we have
you know five main research approaches
it doesn't mean that you can't have
other approaches to countries that
approach sometimes today leaving
combined two approaches some people can
say that I'm doing narrative nomological
approach by using finalities the
phenomenological approach so you can
combine approaches you can also use
other approaches apart from these five
these are five are there
popular approaches the researchers use
so as you can see from this diagram if
you want to you know capture participant
stories right and then analyze them and
then we tell those stories then you are
going to kind of use a narrative
approach right if you want to just
capture participants periods so this
means I personally I pass through some
experience and then you want to capture
those experience and then analyze it and
then make sense of those experiences
it's always more of a phenomenological
approach you can use phenomenological
approach if you want to develop an
explanation or develop a theory or a
model to explain a process or human
behavior or a situation you can use a
planetary approach if you want to study
a complex situation well-defined
situation by using multiple sources of
data then you can use K stain the well
defiant kids you know well describe in
terms of the location the time and try
the test and then you want to better
understand what is really going on with
that phenomena and by using multiple
data more than one forms of data then
you have you can use K stay if you want
to go to participant environment C
observe what we are doing or any
activities that has happened in the
environment is more of ethnographic
approach right go there sometimes you
have to believe you participate or
somehow you observe what you are doing
and when you do record all the
information somehow you have to
interview them it's all about
ethnography right so these are the five
approaches so you can use this eye
diagram to decide which approach that you
you
once you use for your study as I said
can type in your question and I'll be
happy to address them so after you have
decided okay
maybe I want to use phenomenological
approach then another thing that we have
to think about or describe is the
philosophical panel right
what paradigm informs the approach that
you want to use what is the meaning of
those paradigm with respect to the
product what is the ontology cast an
ontology is all about the state of reality
reality
right what is the epidemiology Constance
the study of knowledge right what is the
as your logic constant steady on value
right so first you choose a
philosophical a guide right and then you
describe what the philosophy patterns
and it's all about and then we'll talk
about these three stunts ontological and
epistemological and geological stands
now I'm going to give you brief examples
of that so and it's sometimes it's a
little of what to graph this information
but is very important as a qualitative
researcher to do this to present this
information to let your audience know
about this information your paradigm or
your philosophy in terms of how you see
things and how you are going to do the
research and then you have to present
information about how the part I've
informed your research approach that you
have to use okay so in terms of ontology
epistemology and audiology is also
called philosopher Karl assumptions
right so what is the meaning of intent
when you are doing a qualitative study
in your own politic half time is that
we have multiple realities and that each
relative is subjective why are we saying
that we have multiple relatives because
you go to participant a participant
might may have passed through similar
situation but the explanation of the
situation might be very different based
on your background so you're going to
get subjective meanings or relatives
from each of the participant and
sometimes when I get multiple meanings
all relatives because they have
different background am I making sense
here is all about ontology ontology is
more about the aesthetic of really for
quantitative study relative is seen as
we have several rarity where you have
single true but for qualitative study
you have multiple relatives because they
participant how different views of what
they are passing through right you can
have ten patterns when you pass through
the same thing but they give you
different explanation or people can pass
through the same issue but your reaction
might be different because they see
things differently that's why you have
multiple relatives is subjective because
is influenced by individual background
and biases and this melodica up stance
is all about knowledge how do you arrive
at knowledge for qualitative study you
closely interact with the participant
because you closely interact with them
your your background you know you might
influence how participant think about
issues oh you might influence how you
one example is that let's say you are
going to do an interview right and then
during an interview the beginner
interview introduce yourself to
participants right and then because of
your introduction to pass is fun okay
participant has passed through some
issues that you as a researcher has
passed through the similar issues
because you you gave your background
information about this one you just hire
probably for you to build trust with the
practice one and when you build trust
the passes one will be open to give you
all the information that you need so you
see how your interaction with patents
but influence the information that you
get from them it's very different from
when a researcher find it very difficult
to identify him or herself with the
participant does hypothesis but that
participant will not trust you and
because of that the information is gonna
collect from participant might not be
accurate because all of mine might be
limited because they don't trust you as
a researcher so you see how your
background your experience can influence
what information that you are collecting
from at all what kind of information
that is generated through that
interaction you have your participant so
in a qualitative study that's why you
always have to see yourself as an
instrument because you influence that
information that comes to you am I
making sense I'm hoping I have more
confuse with you okay let's talk about
the last part as Yali is all about value
I think you talked about background and
beliefs value always you know in polity
to study in need to better understand
people experience you have to know the
context you have to know their
background you have to know their
balance you have to know what you
believe in so that you be able to
understand so their bowels and beliefs
or participants and all even your arm
you as a researcher influence the
actions or your understanding of the
issues but we want to study right so in
qualitative study you cannot remove
beliefs and values of both participants
and researchers when you want to
understand it by phenomena so these are
the basic information you have to know
as you are doing the research because if
you don't have this basic information
qualitative research will be like a
quantitative study quantities we study
there's a separation between you as a
researcher and participants so that your
action will not influence
battlespire responses one other point is
that you give our survey but since I
might not even know who you are as a
researcher so you have not a clue don't
have a close connection with that
information participants so there's a
separation and that's why sometimes
quantitative researchers think about the
aesthetic as objective objectivity a
must we studied some time they think
about us as one subjective in nature
because your personal experiences can
improvise the information of your
quality from patents fun and participant
phase my experiences and also implement
that information at the present giving
you right so let me take a little break
here and see whether making sense
before I continued so what do you think
any question for me if I'm making that
you can say you can't type yes for me to
know what I am on track or if you have a
question I'll be able happy to address
okay so if nothing that I can go on
maybe I'm doing a great job so that's
why I don't have any questions coming ok
so the next one that you have to think
about is the philosophical a paradigm so
there are a lot of philosophically proud
of associated with qualitative study but
you know for pebbles of this
presentation I'm just going to focus on
three right so one of the top is
transformative paradigm right so
transformative patent think about this
is this way or those who are we didn't
have that research at who have this kind
of idea or belief they think that
research should be done to help to
improve the lives of participants so
they think that you have to do research
to in what you had to involve
participant in the study at the same
time you have to after doing the
research what you come up with should
address the issue on a problem in that
participant have you so you are doing
researched for participant to address
the needs of municipal so we have a
reset approach of participatory research
where you actively involve participant
for the study so if you are using for
this virtual research approach then I
think that the transformative power will
be the best paradigm to consistent with
the approach that we want to use right
so what is the anthology concern for a
person using transformative or attesa
women transformation panel so Antarctica
as I said is of the lived as I said is
all about the study of rarity right so
this means that you are actively
involving participant in the study in
constructing railing right so you are
the time is it let's say you are doing
action research where you identify the
problem that part is 1/2 and we try to
involve them to solve the problem as you
are collecting your data to better
understand what is really going on for a
peaceful illogical paradigm of a bit
smaller Caston it's all about giving
actively involving participant to arrive
at the solution right so this means that
when you're doing research after
collecting the data you have to involve
them to analyze the data and then in
this way that makes sense to them right
and in terms of a zoological stand you
have to take into consideration that
believes in a balance of participants in
order to help in construction they
really see how this so you can use the
same thing for the social constructivism
where as I believe that knowledge is a
five base or relative is from basis of
individual participant individual people
in interaction in a society so this
means I knowledge all reality is
developed based on the interaction
between an individual and the society
and then based on an analogous form so
with this kind of perception or dillards
I don't believe in for the untuk
ontology cast on you and participant and
develop in reality so you interact with
participant develop really one example
is doing a phenomenology using a
phenomenological approach where you have
identified people participant who are
past you with certain experience and
then you want them to talk about it as
you are talking to them you and
participant are constructing some rarity
here right and this is Norway student of
epistemological style where you all
construct or create new gravity
you interact as you interview them how
the conversation you are constructing
some reality right and also it's very
important for you to take into
consideration their beliefs and bowels
for you to very really understand what's
going on so the last one that I want to
talk about this pragmatism so look at
pragmatics a person with a pragmatic
paradigm thinks that for in for every
problem there are multiple solutions
right a lot of solutions for a problem
so a pragmatist will go and identify all
the possible solution assess the
strengths and weaknesses of the sole
solution take some of the solution that
works and use it to address the problem
that he identified so the part yes
there's a question for you using
transformative philosophical paradigm
participants are involved in the
analysis and design is this involvement
if only one participant is consulted
about questions or more needed that's
the question about transformative
philosophical paradigm Oh
for that you could focus of it depends
on the number of participants that you
want to involve them for the panel data
collection so this means that if you
want to involve about maybe thirty one
as you said and then I think it makes
sense to focus on about maybe three one
head of them or maybe you could identify
people who we call a gatekeepers or give
it a so we can identify maybe one Ted or
maybe about five or six of them who you
think have knowledge about a topic that
can have a very have a great experience
for setting the issue that we want to talk
talk
I want to focus on and based on that you
can communicate with them to help you to
construct the research question or
interview questions that you want to use
one example is let's say you want to
focus on seeing whether there is a
specific program that is have been
already implemented to help address the
problem of the personal problem you can
focus on those providers right to find
out from them the kind of questions that
you should ask participants to better
understand where the other program is
working or not so you can seek knowledge
from them and they'll be able to provide
it so we don't have to focus all of them
in in terms of construction of interview
question is it safe to nurse when you
call it after qualitative interview the
transcript and then analyzing the data
you can identify key members key
participants and then helps to help you
to you know do the analysis because of
time and resources you cannot focus on
all of them to help you to involve all
of them in the process but you can
involve some of them in some areas based
on the availability I hope our end
another question hopefully that answered
the question if not feel free that okay
so thank you another question came in
when we're talking about these
assumptions as you go through if you
could touch on what these assumptions
look like when doing a case study oh I
think about so what happened is that you
have to think about it this way I after
identifying a case study you have to
think about what this case of you all
about right case study is identifying a
specific well-defined problem right our
case and then trying to gather more
information not only from one source to
better understand what is really going
so in this case Hartmut ism will be the
best philosophy car
hide to inform case study because what
will happen is that you have collecting
more than one source of data pragmatism
also focus on identifying solutions that
best help you to understand or address
the problem so you are not only focus on
one solution that's why I like about
what I like about pragmatics so look at
the meaning of the philosophical
paradigm and also look at the essence of
the approach that you have chosen and
based on that you be able to identify
the consistency and then choose the one
that best inform the approach okay so
another thing that you have to think
about is you know the real one we spend
a lot of time here is that we when we
review your chapter three was at the
time I can see that most of them do they
don't present information about
philosophical issues and also the
researchers background and believes and
that's very important for quantitative
study for quantitative that you don't
have to talk about the abusive
background because we have an assumption
that you know you are separated from the
information that you are stating or the
issue that you are studying so there's
happy your bias or background doesn't
influence or the information of your
study so what about your record in
quality - because you're an instrument
your background information influence
the information that you are collecting
from participants every decision that
you make is influenced by your
experience and your background any
buyers winner beings so in your chapter
three there should be a section called
participant background beliefs and
biases this is where you describe to
your readers what your beliefs are how
you became interested
the topic what are you experienced you
shouldn't talk about a spirit that has
nothing to do with your topic right
talk about a spirit that has something
to do with your tongue that believes
your biases is very important for people
to know because when you I know your
beliefs are biases I'll be I'll be able
to understand why you are thinking
stepping away while you make that some
conclusive why you analyze your data
this way why you arrive at this such
conclusion there isn't being that you
might have researcher a researcher who
can do the same thing that we did in
your standing but that researcher will
arrive at a different kind is why the
reason being that the researcher may
have different background experiences
and beliefs so a qualitative group
qualitative researcher always have to
describe their lives
describe your background for readers to
better understand your findings and also
to increase credibility right so to know
that okay this is your background this
is the information let's say you want to
find out okay information about the
experience of women who have passed
through domestic violence right and then
you became interested in that topic
because you have passed through such
situation before you have to let your
readers know about it because if because
if you let your reader know about the
O'Bannon does that why you came into
that conclusion
why you are asking your participant in
certain certain kind of questions and
why participant trustee because what is
one know that you have passed through
the same situation that you are you want
so see yourself as a liaison between
participants and your audience right you
have been instructed to go to
participants to call it information from
death and that information that they are
giving you is also in firm by the
background beliefs and biases and you
receive those information and also you
have your background believe the biases
that you're going to use to interpret
those information and they report that
information to your audience but also
audience they have the ability biases so
you see the situation so as a researcher
you have to not only call that
participant if stories but you also want
to call it but it's bad background
information like whether the agenda get
situation that we are in right now the
location if is possible what did they
believe in what are their biases to help
to better understand participants right
and then you also have to know yourself
right and then sometimes have to bracket
those biases so that you'll not have
much influence on how you interpret your
data and you report that information to
your audience
so as you can see here you collect
information about participant relative
experiences right and then you also
capture the contest and a background of
participants so that you better
understand what is going on with
participant you give you information
about their multiple realities or
perspective about about an issue then
you analyze it and then you present the
findings and then you analyze it
identify things that represent the data
value call it from collected from
participant and then address your
research question as you're doing that
you have to know yourself you have to
know your background biases so that you
come bracket those who come you know
always think about
trying to put them in a box or that
Rhoda happy and as on do effect from the
information that you are analyzing so
these are the things you have to think
about in terms of the background and
biases so you have to be aware of your
vows you have to make sure that you all
have to make your values or your
background known to your audience you
have to also get to know your
participant also build trust by some
time telling them about your background
if it's very important it's going to
help but this one can open up you have
to almost distinguish between your views
and the views of participants and you
have to pay attention you've got contest
and Patterson bad background and
believes because that information will
help you to better understand the
experiences that you are presenting to
you so after your talk about your
background then you come back to your
participants I talk about a population
participant is subtly strategy the
population can be community that you are
going to focus on so you describe the
contest you describe the situation there
and then you can also talk about
specific participant now your focus is
going to focus on so and you have to
tell your audience or your readers about
why those participants are appropriate
for your study why do you think I'm
going to be able to call it rich
information from that right and then you
don't have to call it information about
yeah you have to talk about the sampling
strategy that you have to use right and
why you think that strategy is very
important in helping you to get the
right participants to call it data flow
and also have to talk about number of
participant and why it is appropriate
for your study so concerning the
sampling strategy we have been two main
ones which is the purposive sampling and
convenient sampling
that's what a lot of student use but we
also have some of the sampling positive
sampling strategies that you could use
and one of them is intensity something
so intensity something is all about your
samplings how you sample participant is
based on the information that you want
from participant right so let's say you
are looking at a complex issue and part
of the complex which you need maybe a
few participant but I'm not a part of
the same issue you need a lot of
participants so you are allowing how the
issues are is to help you to determine
the kind of the number of participant on
you need you have one example is that
let's say you focus on an issue where
after interview participant we realized
that I think there's some complex
information that came up so you can go
before the complex problems you can go
back to specific participant and see
whether you can get more information
about that so that you help you to
either address the issue that came up so
it's called intensity something you are
allowing the phenomenon to address your
research to address the kind of
participant graph to focus on in a
normal plant whether you have to focus
on a questionable same thing techniques
if you could please give a practical
example okay so one practical example
let's say you want to use a cross if
something so the example I gave you the
research question that I gave I gave an
example that we can go back to that
research question so your research
question is how does meta health stigma
influence help-seeking behaviors among
teens with meta health problems so this
based on this research question we want
to identify teens with meta health
problems right so we also have to think
about a location may be a specific
community so you identify the location
and you could look into maybe is there
any kind of organization that focus on
helping the youth with mental health
problem if there's any organization you
can contact them and then they will help
you to identify things that meet your
criteria right so it's a purposive
sampling because you are purposefully
seeking for participants who meet the
purpose of your step
right so you look at a participant okay
the organization will identify process
one who have met I have issue and then
based on that you can identify a India
except to be part of your setting that
you can interview them and then when
after interviewing them interview them
about their health it can be here but
that's because if something convenient
sampling is all about okay you are not
purposely seeking for them but these on
the advil ability right you want to so
maybe you are not equal to a community
Angelica okay look around and maybe
based on you tattoo few people like gate
keepers in the community and then they
can stick around and help you to
identify people who are durable whom I
have mental health issues that you might
communicate it but so these are some of
the examples that I have and I think
that the most important thing is to
think about what is the best way of
getting access to your participants
right is it compulsive sampling is it
criteria so producers know boring some
you know each of the subway strategy has
its own strengths and limitations
sometimes come from by to something
strategy as you can see down here we
have random purposive sampling this
meter you can possibly can possibly
sample participant and then randomly
sample them from the sample that you
have gotten right so let's say you the
organization gave you three hundred
participants then you can randomly salad
maybe 30 patents one from 300 and to
interview them so it's called random
purposive sub s orichalcum pi/2 sampling
strategies for instant the most
important thing is that after so what is
the best way of assessing participants
and what is the certain best reciprocity
that will help you to do that any
question okay so that I can go on and
talk about the number of possible for
your study so for the qualitative study
we don't have a method to determine the
number of passes for your study so it
all depends so there are a lot of
factors that you have to take into
consideration when you are analyzing all
you are looking for the number of passes
time for your study one way is to you
know the based on approach chosen and
some of the test book gives you the
range so for example phonological
approach some of the test book says that
you can have to 225 participant for your
study if you are using case study could
have even one participant but the most
important thing is that you have to get
participant that will help you to get
rich information to address your
research question right so then number
sometime doesn't really matter but it is
very important for you to have adequate
noble participant right based on the
recommendation by qualitative
researchers sometimes also based on the
homogeneity of participant if the
participant you are focusing on have
diverse background then there's a need
for you to get more cuts for your study
because when I get diverse issue
responses where you need a lot for you
to know the kind of information that cut
across but it's all that you have so if
you have participant whose background are
are
um not diverse which is homogeneous then
you need few participant because a
higher probability that they're going to
tell you similar with responses going to
give you a response similar responses
and so it's higher probability for you
to reach the level of saturation very
early in this stage so we don't need a
lot of participant for your study but I
think that all we think about this
access of how many participant do I need
for me to really adequately address the
problem that I've identified in a steady
or I've identified or address the
research question right so I think the
questioner question around number five
if you could give an example for
okay so saturation is all about richness
stage where no new information is being
collected right so what it bears on for
the same example that I gave about you
if you focus on a team with meta health
issues and you are talking about you ask
them to talk about it here seeking
behaviors right so you you are
interviewing them and then maybe if you
reach about it 15th person and then you
realize that they are saying similar
things that is other people have already
said all you haven't already have
already they are confirming what has
already been said and then you want to
deceased team person and they are saying
the same thing then there's the success
to you that you have written level of
saturation you don't need to continue
anymore when you are doing research with
limited time and resources like your
dissertation saturation is sometimes
difficult to attain right because what
if you need help a participant to reach
saturation as your interviewing process
while you are having with the stage
where they are repeating themselves so
you have to stop so what are you going
to do so saturation
it shouldn't be your ultimate goal for
your dissertation and the most important
thing is that are you collected which
information to help you to address your
research question if you reach that the
professional like it goes from that if
you reach saturation but to be perfect
right but maybe because of time and
resources my non-regional or saturation
so this is what you can do to reach some
level of saturation if you realize that
because of you have limited number of
participants for your study right what
you could do it will spend a lot of time
with each participant to adequately
address all the interview questions that
you have
so if you were to have let's say 50
participants for your study you could
spend about maybe 15 minutes for each
person alternate for each person and
then you might read the level of
concentration but if you have only 5
participant for your study - in order to
reach some level of saturation they need
not to spend about maybe 32 maybe an
hour just to really get detailed
information from them so so you can
reach some level of saturation based on
the availability of participants and
then based on availability you can
decide whether you have to spend a lot
of time with each button found on any
other question okay so like I move on to
the next one okay when it comes to
procedure you are just giving a step by
step process of quality media so step by
step process in terms of describing
where and how you work for letting you
collect the data right in terms of the
kind of data quality and who did ecology
data form and how long from each person
that holiday the data from
and specific action but you too in the
data collection process
dd-do observation did you spend a lot of
time with participant how long do you
spend time what kind of questions do you
ask them what bit participant doing a
study and so you are keeping step by
step homology card process so that when
you are you give that information to
presidio to somebody the person can do
the same thing that you did right that's
all about Presidium step-by-step
detailed information about the data
collection process after you looted
participant what happened
maybe after conclude meant you gave them
instantly informed consent you read in
from concept to them you allow them to
ask question about any form of sale and
then you allow them to sign and then you
move on to collect demographic
information the agenda the income and
the other information personal
information that will help you to better
understand what is going on with pasta
after that you went to the name
interview ask them about 10 main
questions and then you can do after
about follow-up questions too and then
on average you spend about 30 minutes or
Pattison each participant after the
interview you ask participate under
participant and then you ask them
whether they will be available for
follow-up interview just in case that's
happening and then you finish the
collected data it transcribed this is
what people want from you this is what
videos one from you one step by step
right procedure so as I say we have
procedure at this is where you also talk
about the data collection strategy that
you want to use right so there's a
difference between research approach and
the data collection strategy the
research approach is this what the water
I talked about the five approaches the
collection strategies are the ways that
you are going to call it the data don't
do observation can do participant
observation from the document collection
do in that interview or focus groups
these are the data collection strategy
for you for your study you can choose
one of them or you can choose more than
one then the characteristics can be
audio tests and this wall depending on
the kind of information that you want to
college one of them is a question
feminine No okay perfect so the next one
is Delta processing this is where you
describe how you're going to analyze
your busines right it's a qualitative
study so the contest is very very
important about my informational process
of practice but is very important so you
have to talk about how you're going to
analyze the demographic information all
present participant characteristics the
next one is to talk about the main data
of equality from participants right what
I wanna do with it so concerning the
data analysis process we call it coding
right coding is just assign labels to
significant information that we receive
from participant so that'll be able to
develop team to address your research
question on behalf so we always have to
start with the coding process you start
holding assignment levels and after code
you have to support them right group
them into categories based on the
similarities right based on that you
cannot go further and develop themes
that will help you to address your
research screen sometimes you can
develop theory especially when you are
doing a grand jury where you want to
develop a theory to better understand a
phenomenon that your focus on all right
so I have a presentation on data
analysis if you want more information
about that you can email me and I'll be
able to send you know the PowerPoint and
the video to and next one is the quality
assurance today I'm going to just talk
about three basic information about
volunteer shows in terms of qualitative
study so the first one is the
credibility right because it's a subjective
subjective
process when it comes to qualitative
study you have to make sure that you
your information is credible how I'm
going to do that you can quickly present
how you analyze a qualitative data from
participant how you derive friend and
from the data that you have and how and
when you are presenting your file is
bring contest to it and also another way
is to call it more than one source of
data like you can use interview and
focus group at the same time or you
really know trying to increase the
credibility or trustworthiness of your
information the next one is to transform
a transfer ability this is where you
describe the contents in such a way that
readers will be able to own future
researchers can be able to transfer your
information on your findings to similar
contests because you are able to
describe the content in the d2 way
research can you will be able to
transfer that information so making your
study transferable means that describing
the contest in a very detailed manner
and the last one dependability is where
you access um whether the finest it's
dependable in terms of you clearly
present step-by-step information right
about how you quality data and analyze
your data if you do that you know it's
very important for research official
researchers to do the same thing that we
did repeat the same thing of you did and
get a similar result and also you
describe the paradigm that informs you
study and also your background
information and your role in estate
I think that also will help a lot for to
ensure quality of your findings so I
think I'm taking all the time so do you
have any questions if you have some
question are we
up to address them and we can call it a
game any question okay so if there's no
question then we can call somebody's
talking to push yeah I think the our
question coupon is like they're coming in coop I do wanna help us with their
in coop I do wanna help us with their questions oh oh
questions oh oh okay the first one is when I collected
okay the first one is when I collected data asked I guess I asked the decent
data asked I guess I asked the decent amount of demographic information
amount of demographic information including gender age education
including gender age education profession income home language
profession income home language ethnicity and what languages they speak
ethnicity and what languages they speak and read fluently however I did not ask
and read fluently however I did not ask no biases should I try to go back and
no biases should I try to go back and ask that specifically or try to
ask that specifically or try to extrapolate possible biases from the
extrapolate possible biases from the interview yeah you can't do that from
interview yeah you can't do that from the interview I think that you know
the interview I think that you know sometimes you ask yourself you know they
sometimes you ask yourself you know they have a lot of information that you can
have a lot of information that you can collect from participants but answer so
collect from participants but answer so which background information will best
which background information will best help you to understand the main
help you to understand the main interview responses right so if you
interview responses right so if you think that what we have will help you to
think that what we have will help you to understand you don't have to go back to
understand you don't have to go back to participants you ask them about you
participants you ask them about you there are biases you could know use the
there are biases you could know use the information that we are giving you to
information that we are giving you to better understand how they responded to
better understand how they responded to your question that you have so I don't
your question that you have so I don't have to go back to the
have to go back to the but I think that you can also release
but I think that you can also release you try to know more about them
you try to know more about them finally you can find other ways of
finally you can find other ways of getting more information but acting is
getting more information but acting is not important you don't have to seek for
not important you don't have to seek for that information but I think that what
that information but I think that what is important is most of the time the
is important is most of the time the demographic information any information
demographic information any information that describe who they are that will
that describe who they are that will help you to better understand how they
help you to better understand how they respond to their questions you could you
respond to their questions you could you could color those information and then I
could color those information and then I think this next question is moot based
think this next question is moot based on what you said but if if I do go back
on what you said but if if I do go back to I guess ask questions about biases
to I guess ask questions about biases does this require modification to the
does this require modification to the IRB yeah yeah if you indicated in the
IRB yeah yeah if you indicated in the Arab application that you're going to do
Arab application that you're going to do a follow-up interview then you don't
a follow-up interview then you don't need to go back to IRB to ask for
need to go back to IRB to ask for permission if you think that biases are
permission if you think that biases are not important to know to help you to
not important to know to help you to better understand the main responses you
better understand the main responses you don't have to go back and ask them about
don't have to go back and ask them about the bias so it's all about a really part
the bias so it's all about a really part of the background information so that's
of the background information so that's why even I was talking about even when
why even I was talking about even when you are presenting your own bio
you are presenting your own bio information ask yourself is that
information ask yourself is that important if that's relevant to the
important if that's relevant to the topic you don't want to give a
topic you don't want to give a background information your childhood s
background information your childhood s period that have nothing to do with your
period that have nothing to do with your topic right and then there's another
topic right and then there's another question what happens when conducting
question what happens when conducting your study it does not happen the way
your study it does not happen the way you plan dot ie focus group was only
you plan dot ie focus group was only supposed to be eight but ended up as 18
supposed to be eight but ended up as 18 that's another thing that you always
that's another thing that you always have to plan for that on bonus packet so
have to plan for that on bonus packet so in terms of when you are doing an IRB
in terms of when you are doing an IRB application if you know that you're
application if you know that you're going to get about about 20 passes for
going to get about about 20 passes for your study you can tell IRB that you
your study you can tell IRB that you want to focus on third parties
want to focus on third parties in case a lot you always have to do what
in case a lot you always have to do what are being taught Arab leaders going to
are being taught Arab leaders going to do so when you tell them that the focus
do so when you tell them that the focus group will be most of them at most eight
group will be most of them at most eight and now you get 18 five ways of
and now you get 18 five ways of immaculate eight right by you know
immaculate eight right by you know taking such a randomly selecting some of
taking such a randomly selecting some of them each participant to participate in
them each participant to participate in your study and then but other questions
your study and then but other questions were about you know requesting copies of
were about you know requesting copies of the PowerPoint so I just typed into the
the PowerPoint so I just typed into the chat box that you can email dr. I do at
chat box that you can email dr. I do at P a due at the Chicago School ddu that's
P a due at the Chicago School ddu that's padu and if you want to view the actual
padu and if you want to view the actual presentation what-what was reviewed
presentation what-what was reviewed today you can click on that link and
today you can click on that link and bookmark the MKT YouTube channel or just
bookmark the MKT YouTube channel or just search YouTube for n Kade that's n CA de
search YouTube for n Kade that's n CA de and you'll find the channel it's the
and you'll find the channel it's the first one that shows up thank you any
first one that shows up thank you any question
okay if there's no question that I just want to thank you for your time and if
want to thank you for your time and if you have a like any other personal
you have a like any other personal questions for signing your study you can
questions for signing your study you can email us we'll be happy to address that
email us we'll be happy to address that point so thank you all for your time and
point so thank you all for your time and thank you that a glassy for the help
thank you that a glassy for the help immunity question my pleasure thank you
immunity question my pleasure thank you for the very informative presentation
for the very informative presentation thank you bye
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