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28 2 OKC

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on the morning of april 19th 1995 u.s

army veteran timothy mcveigh parked a

rented rider truck in front of the

alfred p

murrah federal building in downtown

oklahoma city inside the vehicle was a

powerful bomb

and mcvay ignited timed fuses at

precisely 902

am and the bomb exploded one third of

the building was reduced to rubble more

than 300 nearby buildings were damaged

or destroyed

and 168 people including 19 children

were killed

500 more people were injured this was

the worst

act of homegrown terrorism in the

nation's history

homegrown terrorism is terrorism

committed by native foreign american citizens

citizens

and coming on the heels of the world

trade center bombing in new york city

two years earlier which was largely unsuccessful

unsuccessful

the media and many americans assumed

this had to be an attack by middle

eastern terrorists

but the fbi tracked the writer truck

which is kind of like a u-haul back to mcveigh

mcveigh

who was already in jail in fact he'd

been arrested by an oklahoma state

trooper about 80 miles north of oklahoma

city for driving without a license plate

just 90 minutes after the bombing

and it's generally assumed that he

wanted to be caught

agents discovered that a friend of

mcvaes named terry nichols helped build

the bomb and that another man michael

fortier was aware of the plot

both mcveigh and nichols were u.s army

veterans associated with the extreme

right wing and the militant patriot movement

movement

which fears authoritarian plots by the

us government and corporate elites

at their most extreme the patriot

movement rejects the legitimacy of the

federal government

and a federal law enforcement april 19th

was a symbolic day it was patriots day

the anniversary of the american

rebellion against the british at

lexington massachusetts in 1775

and the anniversary of the federal raid

on the branch davidian compound in 1993

which the patriot movement sees as an

example of federal law enforcement

abusing its power to harass gun owners

mcveigh was convicted for the bombing

and was executed in 2001

nichols received life in prison

now the oklahoma city attack sparked

intense investigations of the militia

movement and other armed extremist

groups in the united states

in response to the federal assault

weapons ban passed by a bipartisan vote

during clinton's first term

nra that is the national rifle

association's president wayne lapierre

issued a fundraising letter shortly

before the oklahoma city bombing so this

was written before the bombing

it gets sent out and it's still kind of circulating

circulating

after the bombing had happened in this

letter lapierre said quote

the semi-auto auto ban gives jack-booted

government thugs more power to take away

our constitutional rights

that jack-booted reference was a clear

reference to the atf agents at waco and

ruby ridge

in response to la pierre's letter former

president george

h.w bush publicly resigned his lifetime

membership in the nra

and published a letter in the new york

times explaining why

and i'll read you a brief clip but the

entire letter is screenshot on this

slide so if you pause me you can read

the whole thing yourself if you prefer

bush wrote i was outraged when even in

the wake of the oklahoma city tragedy mr

wayne lapierre executive vice president

of the nra defended his attack on

federal agents as jack-booted thugs

to attack secret service agents or atf

people or any government law enforcement

people as wearing nazi bucket helmets

and black stormtrooper uniforms

wanting to attack law-abiding citizens

is a vicious slander

on good people la pierre issued a

perfunctory apology you know what that

is it's when politicians say i'm sorry

if you were offended not that i'm sorry

for my actions but i'm sorry if you were

offended by me issues this perfunctory apology

apology

about his multiple statements comparing

federal agents to nazis one week later

but he continued to serve and continues

today to serve as the ceo and executive

vice president of the nra

in 1996 republicans nominated aging

world war

ii hero senator bob dole of kansas

clinton won

making him the first democrat to serve

back-to-back terms since

fdr clinton was aided by conservative

support for his welfare reform

legislation the personal responsibility

and work opportunity reconciliation act

of 1996

which decreased welfare benefits

restricted eligibility and gave

states more power over administering benefits

benefits

basically it ended the welfare track of

social security

known as aid to families with dependent

children so welfare doesn't exist in the

united states today it was gone

away with it was done away with by this

law and it was replaced with the

temporary assistance for needy families program

program

and a five-year limit on any benefits it

also included stricter conditions for

food stamp eligibility reduced

assistance for immigrants and in-stated recipient

recipient

work requirements clinton said it would

quote break the cycle of dependency

and it fulfilled his campaign promise to

quote end welfare as we know it

it was also a cornerstone of the

republican party and newt gingrich's

contract with america and it's a pretty

conservative law

it's very conservative but remember

clinton even though he's a democrat is a

moderate democrat

and he has this thing called the third

way he wants to use both liberal and

conservative policies and kind of find a

middle ground

and pass that kind of legislation

clinton presided over a booming economy

fueled by new computer technology

pc skyrocketed in sales and the internet

became a mass phenomenon i know many of

you can't imagine

not having an internet but we did for a

while investors scrambled to find the

next microsoft or apple and the dot-com

boom fueled enormous economic growth

and financial speculation trying to find

the next google or

amazon so republicans defeated at the

polls in 1996 and 1998 looked for

other ways to sink clinton's presidency

the republican congress spent

millions on investigations hoping to

uncover some shred of damning evidence

that would be enough

to end the presidency whether it could

be real estate deals white house

staffing or adultery

and rumors of sexual misconduct had

always thrilled around clinton

the press which had historically turned

a blind eye to such matters

saturated the media with clinton's

potential sex scandals in part because

the internet

and internet news sites shifted the

standards for reporting

congressional investigations began and

clinton was called to testify before a

grand jury

he also made a statement to the american

public and in both he denied having

quote sexual relations

with white house intern monica lewinsky

which was a lie when clinton later

admitted that republicans allege that he

had committed perjury

as well as obstruction of justice in the

sexual harassment case brought by paula

jones against him

in december of 1998 the house of

representatives controlled by

republicans voted to impeach clinton

but it was a radical and wildly

unpopular step two-thirds of americans disapproved

disapproved

and a majority told gallup pollsters

that republicans were abusing their

constitutional authority

clinton's approval rating meanwhile

jumped to 78

in february of 1999 the senate acquitted clinton

clinton

and all 45 democrats in the senate voted

not guilty on both charges as did five republicans

republicans

and an additional five republicans

joined in voting not guilty on the

perjury charge

so clinton joins our list of presidents

who have been impeached

but not convicted never removed from

office so johnson clinton and trump

all three impeached but not convicted

two teenagers who watched the oklahoma

city bombing took it as inspiration for

their own act of domestic terrorism that

was largely misunderstood

the depressed and suicidal dylan klebold

and the textbook definition

psychopath eric harris and as you're

reading while several rumors were

reported as facts after the columbine

shooting the boys were not victims of bullying

bullying

taking revenge on specific targets they

planned a series of bombings that would

kill indiscriminately

the first in the cafeteria was timed for

a lunch when it was most crowded

and they hoped it would collapse the

library as well the second set of bombs

they planted in their cars hoping to

target fleeing victims

first responders and journalists on the

scene their goal was to quote

top oklahoma city and they planned their

massacre for the anniversary of the bombing

bombing

but they were delayed by a day despite

planning for a year the boys found it

difficult to obtain guns and ammunition

which in the end delayed their plans

only one of their bombs a decoy was

actually successful

they had brought guns intending to shoot

victims as they fled this horrific bombing

bombing

but when the bombs failed to go off they

quickly improvised plan b

which was to use the guns for a shooting

spree instead

in 16 minutes they shot and killed 12

students and fatally wounded a teacher

who you see on the slide

they also exchanged gunfire with an

armed campus security guard it initially

was reported that one student cassie

bernal was asked by one of the gunmen if

she believed in god

and when bernal allegedly said yes she

was shot to death

however it was later determined that

that question was not posed to bernal

but to another student who had already

been wounded by a gunshot

when the victim replied yes the shooter

became distracted and walked away

although school shootings involving

revenge for bullying or unrequited

advances were already becoming common

the sheriff's department that had

jurisdiction over columbine was unsure

of how to proceed

instead of immediately entering the

building they set up a perimeter

and waited it took 47 minutes before

swat entered the building and an excruciating

excruciating

five hours before they cleared it when

swat entered the classroom where injured

teacher dave sanders was bleeding to

death they evacuated the students but

left mr sanders behind

his daughters later received a one and a

half million dollar settlement from the

sheriff's office for inadvertently

contributing to the death of their father

father

the department had also received several

tips about harris

and an officer had drafted a search

warrant for his property that was never

brought before a judge

if it had been executed the bombs and

guns could have been discovered and the

columbine tragedy

likely avoided the sheriff's department

denied that they ever had the

information needed for the warrant

and engaged in a cover-up that was

revealed five years later

despite unfounded rumors and false

explanations for its motive school

administrators and first responders

learned useful lessons for how to respond

respond

the 2000 election pitted vice president

albert gore jr

against george w bush the son of the

former president who had been elected

twice as texas governor

gore was wary of clinton's recent

impeachment despite pretty high approval ratings

ratings

and he distanced himself from the

president in eight years of relative prosperity

prosperity

instead he ran as a pragmatic moderate

liberal much like clinton

bush too ran as a moderate he claimed to

represent a compassionate conservatism

and a new faith-based politics he was an

outspoken evangelical

in a presidential debate he declared

jesus christ his favorite political philosopher

philosopher

he promised to bring church leaders into

government and his campaign appealed to

churches and clergy to get out the vote

especially white evangelical churches

moreover he promised to bring honor

dignity and integrity to the oval office

a clear reference to clinton utterly

lacking the political charisma that had

propelled clinton

gore withered under bush's attacks he

found himself answering the media's

questions about whether he was

sufficiently an

alpha male and whether he had invented

the internet

now in fact he had been instrumental in

bringing the internet to fruition by

being its biggest supporter in congress

in the 1970s and 80s as it was being developed

developed

few elections have been as close and

contentious as

2000. the election ended in a deadlock

so we get upset if it's 2 o'clock in the

morning the night of the election and we

don't know who won yet

they have no idea for days gore had won

the popular vote by 500 000 votes

on election night the media had called

florida for gore but then

bush whose brother was the governor of

florida made gains

and news organizations reversed themselves

themselves

they declared the state for bush and

bush the probable president-elect

gore conceded privately to bush then

backpedaled as the counts edged back

towards gore yet again

the nation awoke the next day it was

still unclear who had been elected president

president

the vote in florida was so close that it

triggered an automatic recount and

lawyers descended on florida to argue

this out

the gore campaign called for several

manual recounts in counties especially

miami-dade where officials feared that a

voting machine glitch may have altered

the outcome

a manual recount began but on november

22nd several dozen protesters arrived in

suit jackets and button-down shirts to

demand the recount end

and the county be called in favor of

bush the media called it the brooks

brothers riot after the high-end

clothing company that most of these men

were wearing and there were several

claims that these people were largely

from dc coming down to florida working

with the campaigns

the protest was in fact planned by bush

campaign operatives including brad blakeman

blakeman

both sides agree that the protest played

a key role in clinching the election for bush

bush

the gore campaign filed motions in

florida courts to keep the recount going

while the bush campaign organized a

court battle a recount organization

and a pr campaign some republican

organizers tried to pass as locals like

marjory strayer who claimed to be a

virginian on vacation in miami

when she was actually an aide to

republican representative wilson of new mexico

mexico

and the most famous operative on the

scene was nixon's dirty trickster himself

himself

roger stone the republicans also played

into local politics

in miami arguing that the recount of

votes was actually gore's attempt at a

left-wing power grab comparable to fidel

castro in cuba

and of course a lot of cubans who fled

that nation after castro's reign began

left and came to miami they came to florida

florida

the miami-dade canvassing board ordered

the recount to stop

potentially depriving the gore campaign

of hundreds if not thousands of votes

local election boards the florida

secretary of state and the florida

supreme court

all weighed in eventually the supreme

court stepped in and in an

unprecedented 5-4 decision in bush v

gore ruled that the recount had to end

bush was awarded florida by a margin of

537 votes regardless of the votes left uncounted

uncounted

and that was enough to win him the state

a majority in the electoral college

and the presidency effectively he was

awarded the presidency by the united

states supreme court

in his first months in office bush

fought for enormous tax cuts skewed

towards america's highest earners

and reminiscent of reagan's early

policies he struggled with an economy

burdened by the bursting of the dot-com bubble

bubble

and old fights seemed ready to be fought

and then

everything changed on the morning of

september 11

2001 19 operatives of the al qaeda

terrorist organization hijacked four

passenger planes on the east coast

each flight was carrying a full load of

fuel for cross-country travel at 8 40 am

the federal aviation administration or

the faa called the north american

aerospace defense command that is norad

norad was designed to prepare to protect

the united states from threats originating

originating

outside u.s borders not from within

its fighter jets were dispersed between

only seven bases throughout the entire

united states

at 8 40 a.m the faa reported a possible

hijacking of american airlines flight 11.

11.

also at 8 40 a.m norad's mission crew

control turned to the weapons desk

and ordered all pilots to battle

stations meaning pilots were in their

planes but the engines weren't running yet

yet

at 8 43 am norad received a second call

from the ffa reporting a second possible

hijacking fighter jets were ordered to scramble

scramble

in other words to get in the air two f-15

f-15

fighter jets from otis air force brace

and falmouth massachusetts were airborne

by 846.

that same minute american airlines

flight 11 traveling at 470 miles per

hour crashed into the north tower of the

world trade center in new york city

the f-15s were flying one and a half

mark or between 1100 and 1200 miles per

hour racing to new york chasing the threat

threat

united airlines flight 175 traveling at

590 miles per hour crashed into the

south tower at 9 03 a.m when the f-15s

were still eight minutes out

these towers were designed to withstand

the impact of a commercial jetliner and

they did just that

new york fire and police did not think

twice before entering those buildings

at 9 24 am faa made the third call to norad

norad

reporting that american airlines flight

77 had also been hijacked

that flight which left dulles airport in

washington dc had turned back towards

the nation's capital

at 9 30 a.m three f-16s raced to meet

flight 77 over washington

from more than 130 miles away in langley virginia

virginia

one major told the pilots quote i don't

care how many windows you break

giving them permission to go supersonic

the rules had gone out the window

american airlines flight 77 crashed into

the western facade of the pentagon at 9

37 a.m when the f-16s were 12 minutes out

out

after the pentagon was hit president

bush gave an order that would have been

unthinkable moments before that order

was to shoot down

any domestic jetliner that threatened

the nation's capital

f-16s were now armed and orbiting over

dc ready to shoot down united airlines

flight 93

the last of the hijacked flights

the world trade center towers both

initially withstood the impact of the

planes they shuttered but remained standing

standing

there were 15 floors above the impact

point on the north tower there were 22

floors above the impact on the south tower

tower

the mass of the upper block in the north tower

tower

above the impact was roughly equivalent

to the mass of the titanic 38

000 tons the mass of the upper block and

the south tower was even larger

and dr frank greening and nuclear

chemists discovered why this became such

a big problem

momentum transfer the tower itself could

stay standing

but if a single floor gave way the

weight of all those higher floors

hitting the next floor would cause it to

give away

and the next floor to give in secession additionally

additionally

fuel from the fully fueled planes caught

fire and acted as an accelerant setting

multiple floors on fire

and scientists theorized that the fires

were so hot that the aluminum and the

airplane wreckage became molten

and led to small explosions when that

molten aluminum came into contact with

water from the fire suppressant systems

the fires burned so hot that while they

did not melt the steel structural

supports they softened the steel

weakening it the floors began to sag and

eventually the lateral supports let go

at 9 59 the south tower of the world

trade center collapsed

the faa received a call from todd beamer

a passenger aboard united airlines

flight 93

so proceed to the next two clips of the

lecture to hear more about flight 93 and

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28 2 OKC