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Structure of the Heart & CV System | Cardiovascular System 01 | Anatomy & Physiology | Mike Tyler | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: Structure of the Heart & CV System | Cardiovascular System 01 | Anatomy & Physiology
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This content provides a foundational overview of the heart's structure, detailing its four chambers, four valves, and major blood vessels, explaining their roles in circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the body.
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what guys let's take a look at the
structure of the heart so we'll think
about during this brief video we'll
think about the four chambers of the
heart will name them and just talk very
briefly about sort of their roles and
functions we'll talk then about the four
valves of the heart and then we'll
finish up talking about the vessels that
lead to and from the heart and just try
and work out what they're called and
what they do so let's get in so the
first thing we need to realize is that
when we're talking about the heart we
need to decide or define which side of
the heart we're talking about so imagine
the heart on the screen is the heart
that belongs to someone who is facing
you okay so you're looking at someone
else's heart facing you so your left is
their right and your right is their left
and we do the same with the heart which
so we define as we look at the heart
that's currently on the screen the left
our left is actually the right side of
the heart and our right is actually the
left side of the heart because we were
imagining it's somebody else's heart
who's facing us so on the right hand
side of the heart the blood that's
flowing through the right hand side of
the heart or the right side of the heart
is blood that is returning from the body
so this is blood that's been sent around
the body and as done what it's needed to
do is deliver this oxygen and so on and
picks up carbon dioxide and other things
and he's now returning from the body to
the heart and he arrives at the heart
through veins and we were the way that I
remember it at least is that the word
vein contains the word in so a vein is
any any vessel that is going in or back
towards in towards the heart so the
blood that is returning in through the
veins to the heart on the right side of
the heart is deoxygenated blood that
means it's had its oxygen content
removed not entirely but to a certain
percentage some of that oxygen has been
removed and used around in the tissues
for respiration and from the right side
of the heart and this will become
relevant in a moment when we talk about the
the
different vessels and the size of the
vessels and so on from the right side of
the heart that blood goes to the lungs
on the left side of the heart which
again is on our right as we look at
somebody else's heart the left side the
heart is receiving blood back from the
lungs so the right side sends the blood
to the lungs and then the lungs the
blood returns from the lungs and when it
returns from the lungs it arrives in the
left side of the heart and again because
it's been to the lungs it's picked up
oxygen so it's got a greater oxygen
content now than he did when it arrived
back from the body so we talked we
talked about this blood being oxygenated
blood and then from there it's pumped to
the body to the various tissues that
need oxygen to respire via arteries
arteries and I remember this artery
begins with an A and so does the word
away that may or may not help you but
arteries go away and veins go in and
what's important to know here just
briefly before we move on is that on the
left side the chamber walls of the left
side of the heart and particularly in
this lower chamber which we'll explain
more about in a moment the the chamber
walls are a lot of thicker a lot thicker
on the left side the heart and then the
whole heart is essentially divided into
two roughly along that black line that
you can see on the screen and they're
all there abouts by by part of the heart
which is known as the septum and that
the septum simply separates so septum
separates separates the right side from
the left side of the heart so let's look
at the Chamber's so there are four
chambers you'll recall in the heart and
the first two we're going to talk about
are the top two chambers the two
chambers at the top of the heart which
you can see labeled here the right
atrium and the left atrium now that's
the word atrium is singular you'll
notice the title of this slide is atria
that's just the plural okay so one
atrium two atria
so we have a left atrium and we have a
right atrium and you might have heard
the word atrium used in the context of
buildings you come into a hallway a
large entry chamber if you like and that
is often called the atrium of a building
so the atrium is the entry chamber and
that's the same with the heart so these
are what we might call receiving
chambers where when the Blood returns to
the heart the first place it goes
whether it's coming to the right or the
left side of the heart the first place
it goes is it enters into these
receiving chambers called atria they
fill with blood and once they're pretty
much full of blood there's a contraction
in the atria and the blood is then
pushed through the valves which we'll
talk about in a moment
push through the vowels downwards into
the larger chambers beneath and those
larger chambers beneath are called
ventricles and when the blood is pushed
through the atria contract initially
whilst the ventricles are relaxed and
the blood flows into the ventricles so
we've got two ventricles as well so you
can see where the atria are the
ventricles are underneath them and these
are the larger chambers underneath so
there we are on the diagram left
ventricle down there and the right
ventricle underneath the right atrium so
these are larger chambers and we
sometimes refer to these as discharging
chambers because they're the Chamber's
from which when they contract blood is
ejected the blood goes out from the heart
heart
via the ventricles it's kind of the last
port of call if you like as it as the
blood is leaving the heart whether it's
going to the lungs or to the body and
the ventricles contract and send blood
out of the heart so the left ventricle
sends blood to the body and the right
ventricle sends blood to the lungs and
you'll notice that there are different
in size and in particular different in
thickness so that the muscle wall so the
heart muscle the cardiac most of the
wall is much thicker on the left-hand
side of the heart and the reason for
that is the left side as it says on the
screen now the left side the left
ventricle is pumping blood
to the body which means it's got a far
greater distance to go than the right
side which only needs to pump to the
lungs and as you know from your a and P
the lungs are right there next to the
heart so there doesn't require as much
pressure doesn't require therefore the
muscle to be quite quite as thick or as
powerful on the right side because the
Bloods only got to get to the lungs and
back whereas on the left side of the
heart it's much more muscular because
there needs to be a much greater amount
of pressure in order to eject that blood
and get it to continue its circuit
around the entire body and return again
to the heart and back again to the right
atrium so there are four valves as well
four valves that separate these chambers
from one another and keep blood from
just flowing forwards backwards or
wherever at any given time so the four
vows of these the first valve is the
bicuspid valve and often it's called the
mitral valve and either of those names
is fine and that is there between the
left atrium and the left ventricle and
it simply stops blood from flowing from
the atrium into the ventricle before
it's ready to do so on the other side of
the heart between the the right atrium
and the right ventricle we've got the
tricuspid valve and there it is on the
diagram then between the ventricles and
the the vessels that lead out of the
heart we've got another pair or another
set of valves that stop the blood from
being ejected from the ventricles until
the pressure is great enough to actually
send the blood where it needs to go so
we've got two semilunar valves one is
the semilunar or aortic valve which is
circled they're not the greatest diagram
unfortunately to represent where the
aortic valve is but blood leaving the
the left ventricle goes through the
aortic valve and into that very large
red vessel that you can see at the top
there which is the aorta and we'll come
to that again in a second
then we've also got another semilunar
valve which is circled there and that is
the pulmonary or pulmonary valve and
Palmer is simply is a word that we use
that means to relate to the heart so
whenever you hear our pulmonary or
pulmonary we're talking about sorry not
the heart the lungs relates to the lungs
so when we talk about cardio pulmonary
respiration or cardiopulmonary
resuscitation CPR the pbut the pulmonary
bit means to do with the lungs the
semilunar or polo nary pulmonary valve
is the one that allows blood to flow
through it before it heads to the lungs
so the purpose of all these valves is
essentially the same the first thing
they do is they prevent blood from
flowing in the wrong direction so what
we don't want is when the atria are
contracted when the atria contract we
don't want the blood flowing back out of
the heart we wanted to flow through into
the right direction into the ventricles
but then in once the blood is in the
ventricles we also don't want it to flow
back into the atria so that the mitral
valve and the the bicuspid and the
tricuspid valves closed when the
ventricles contract and then blood flows
out the way we want it to flow so it
prevents blood flowing in the wrong
direction and these these valves
particularly the tricuspid and the
bicuspid valves are held in place by
what we call heart strings or cord cord
I tend in AI chordae tendineae through
heartstrings that they're basically sort
of tendons
that keep the vowels from inverting from
from turning inside out and going the
wrong way
they sort of hold them in place to make
sure that blood can only flow one way
and any pressure that's pressed back on
them they don't invert they stay in
place so the blood can't flow the wrong
way and the phrases you'll notice
semilunar semilunar tricuspid bicuspid
the cuspid and the lunar parts of those
words just describe the shape of them so
the cuspid means that they form a sort
of a peak so you may have heard people
talking about being on the cusp of a wave
wave
example so when a wave forms and he
rises up and just before the moment the
wave breaks it rises into a peak that
peak is known as the cusp that peak is
known as the cusp and Luna means moon
shaped moon shaped so the tricuspid and
bicuspid valves peak and they're held in
that shape by the chordae tendineae eye
and the semilunar valves are sort of
half semi lunar half moon shaped and
that's what keeps them in place and it
allows blood to flow in one direction
but not in the other direction so what
about finally the major arteries and
veins that that allow blood to flow to
and from the heart so initially we've
got the aorta which I've already
mentioned that so that very large vessel
at the top of the heart there that's
labeled on the screen that is the aorta
and the aorta is the largest artery in
the body in terms of diameter it's the
largest artery in the body and because
the blood is being squeezed from the
left ventricle at great pressure really
high pressure and again that's because
it's got to go a long way it's gonna get
around the entire body
they oughta experience these really high
blood pressure fact the highest blood
pressure anywhere in the entire
cardiovascular system is found in the
aorta and so therefore the aorta needs
to be really elastic has to be quite
stretchy in order to account for the
changes in blood pressure especially
during exercise where blood pressure
really shoots up very high CoA otto's
you can sort of see from the diagram it
loops up and it heads off towards the
top part of the body but also it loops
down back behind the heart and splits
again below the diagram that we've got
on the screen splits down around the
level of the diaphragm and then splits
off and heads off down to the legs the
vena cava or vena cava is this blue
colored vessel on the on the right side
of the heart as the left as we look at it
it
and there we have the two parts of it
it's one vessel really but we we call
the superior part of the vessel or the
vena cava at the top is the superior
vena cava superior meaning at the top
and inferior vena cava the vena cava at
the bottom so both join together just
before just as they returned into or
returned blood into the right atrium so
the superior vena cava brings blood from
above the heart is pretty obvious and
the inferior vena cava brings blood from
below the heart so finally last thing to
note is some more some more arteries and
veins so here we've got the pulmonary
vein so I've already said that pulmonary
relates to the lungs and so the vein is
the vessel going in vein contains the
word in the vessel going into the heart
from the lungs and it's that purple one
there there's one on either side you can
see the other one poking out the side of
the superior vena cava there and the
role of the pulmonary vein is to simply
bring the blood back from the lungs so
not very far back from the lungs back to
the heart
so obviously that that blood that's
returning from the lungs has been
oxygenated and this is interesting
because the pulmonary vein is the only
vein that carries oxygenated blood it's
a vein because it's going into the heart
that's what a vein is that's how we
classify it but the pulmonary vein has
already picked up oxygen from the lungs
and is bringing it to the heart ready to
be sent around the body so therefore
it's the only vein that carries
oxygenated blood the pulmonary artery on
the other hand is this one so the
pulmonary artery a four away artery this
is where blood from the right side of
the heart or that's come back from the
body it's already deoxygenated it's
heading towards the lungs to pick up a
load more oxygen and to drop off the
carbon dioxide so it's because it's
going away from the heart it's an artery
it's a pulmonary artery which is going
away to the lungs as we've said here it
goes from the heart to the lungs and
again interestingly this is the only art
that carries deoxygenated blood I hope
that's been helpful and to get us
started on understanding the structure
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