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Storage Networking - Complete 8-Hour Course [CompTIA Storage+]

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This content provides a comprehensive overview of storage technologies and concepts, covering everything from the fundamentals of disk drives and storage arrays to advanced topics like Fibre Channel SANs, IP SANs, RAID, replication, backup, and troubleshooting. It aims to equip IT professionals with the knowledge necessary for efficient data storage, management, and recovery in a modern digital environment.

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hello and welcome to the compta storage

plus course in this module we will look

at the syllabus of the compta storage

plus course and then we will look at the

compta storage plus exam

overview this course is based on the

objectives of the compta storage plus

SG-1 business's Digital Data is growing

at an exponential rate so it becomes

necessary to efficiently store and

manage this data but there will be a

shortage of IT staff with storage

Administration skills compta storage

plus certification will help it

professionals be prepared to work with

multivendor technologies that support

storage now let's talk about the modules

that we're going to cover in this course

the modules are mechanical disc drives

Solid State Storage storage arrays raid

fiber channel sand IP sand converged

networking replication backup and

Recovery storage management storage

performance and

troubleshooting in the module titled

mechanical disc drives we will introduce

you to the hard dis Drive

and then we will talk about the hard

disk drive interfaces and

protocols we'll also talk about the

geometry and characteristics of the hard

drive in the solid state storage module

we will talk about Solid State Storage

such as flash memory in the storage

arrays module we will introduce you to

storage arrays and then we will talk

about the storage array architecture in

the raid module we will introduce you to

raid and then we will discuss the raid

organization in the fiber channel sand

module we will get in depth into the

fiber channel sand we will start off the

module by introducing you to storage

area networking and then we will talk

about the fiber channel architecture

we'll also cover the components of fiber

channel sand and the topologies that are

involved we will also talk about the

characteristics of a fiber channel

switch followed by a discussion on nport

ID virtualization in the IP sand module

we will introduce you to IP storage area

networking with a focus on is scuzzy San

in the converge networking module we

will introduce you to converge

networking that combines ethernet

technology and fiber channel technology

with a specific coverage on fiber

channel over Ethernet or fcoe in the

same module we will also focus on the

data center operations in the

replication module we will introduce you

to replication Technologies and then we

will discuss the types of replication in

the backup and Recovery module we will

introduce you to backup and Recovery

processes methods and implementation we

will also talk about backup targets and

in the same module we will also talk

about content addressable storage and

archives in the storage management

module we will talk about capacity

optimization methods Lun provisioning

techniques storage virtualization and

then we will talk about monitoring and

alerting in the storage performance

module we will discuss how latency and

throughput affects the storage

performance in the last module called

troubleshooting we will explain how to

troubleshoot the common fiber channel

problems and land problems now we will

take a look at the certification exam

overview the certification exam consists

of 100 Theory questions and you have to

complete the exam in 90

minutes the passing score is 720 out of

a th000 and the exam code is sgo

001 you can take the exam at pearsonview.com

pearsonview.com

that brings us to the end of this module

in this module we looked at the syllabus

of the compta storage plus course and

then we looked at the exam overview of

the compta storage plus exam in the next

module we will learn about hard disk

drives so let's get started [Music]

hello and welcome to unit 1 introduction

to the disc

drive in this lesson you will learn

about the dis drive and specifically you

will learn about the hard disk drive

Technologies we're going to start this

lesson by looking at what a dis Drive is

and then we will take a look at the hardisk

hardisk

drive we will then briefly talk about

the history of the hard disk drive

the next thing we will do is take a

detailed look at the mechanical

components of the hard disk

drive you'll be curious to know how the

data is written to the hard disk drive

so we will talk about the read write

process of the hard disk drive we will

then talk about the hard disk controller

board that interfaces the hard disk

computer when talking about the hard

disk controller we will also touch upon

the addressing scheme called logical

block clock addressing or

LBA last but not least we will also take

a look at the hard disk drive interface

that connects the hard disk drive to the host

host

computer let's begin with the disk drive

so what is a dis drive a dis Drive is a

storage device that uses a disk for

storing and retrieving

data the term disc drive popularly

represents the hard disk drive even

though there are other types of dis

drives such as a FL floppy disc drive or

an optical disc

drive a hard dis Drive is a storage

device that contains one or more rigid

discs for storing and retrieving

Data before we go in depth talking about

the mechanical components let's spend

some time on the history of the hard disk

disk

drive it would be surprising to know

that the hard disk drive technology is

more than 55 years old and we're still

relying on it for our storage

needs the world's first hard drive was

named IBM 350 disc drive and was

invented by IBM in

1956 it was the first storage device

with random access to data and was a key

component of the IBM 305 computer

systems the IBM 305 data processing

system combined with the 350 dis Drive

became known as the ramac which stands

for Random Access method of a counting and

and

control the IBM 350 disc drive consisted

of a stack of 50 magnetic discs that

were 2 ft in

diameter data was recorded on each side

of the disc in circumferential

tracks the IBM 350 disc drive stored 5

million characters and in today's

Computing terms it was less than 5

megabytes of data the hard disk drive is

the slowest part of a modern-day

computer because it contains mechanical

components that have physical movements

the graphics on the slide show the

internal components of a hard disk drive

the major mechanical components of the

hard disk drive are the platter spindle

spindle

actuator arm and

head these components are enclosed in a

dust-free compartment called a head dis

assembly now let's talk about these

components one by one so what is a

platter a platter is a disc that stores

the data it looks like a CD or a DVD and

is usually made up of aluminum alloy

which is rigid in

nature apparently the hard dis gets its

name from the rigid nature of the

platters the most common form factor or

the size of the platter is 3.5

in the top and the bottom surfaces of

the platter are coated with a magnetic

material that allows data to be recorded

magnetically on its surface

the data is actually stored on the

magnetic media of the platter by

aligning the field of the media

particles on the

surface the data thus stored is

nonvolatile meaning that it is retained

even when there is no power

supply a hard drive is composed of

multiple platters that are stacked on

top of each other as you can see in the

diagram The Platters are held together

by a central axis called a spindle which

in turn is direct directly attached to a

rotating motor called the spindle

motor so when the spindle rotates all

the platters rotate at the same time

with the same

Speed The Platters of the fastest hard

disk drive rotate at a speed of 15,000

revolutions per minute now let's look at

the actuator the actuator is responsible

for moving the Reed right arm in and out

across the surface of a rotating

platter it positions the read WR heads

precisely to a specific location on the

spinning platter there is only one

actuator for a hard disk assembly an

extension to the actuator is the read right

right

arm the read right arm contains the read

ends now let's talk about the read right

head the term read right head is a

mouthful so it is sometimes referred to as

head a head is an interface that reads

and writes data to the

platters there are two heads for each

platter one head is mounted on the top

side of the platter and the other one is

mounted on the bottom side of the

platter since the heads are attached to

the actuator they all move at the same

time the read WR head never touches the

surface of the platter while it is

writing or reading data but it floats

extremely close to the surface of the

platters the minute distance between The

Head and the surface of the platter is

referred to as flying height or floating

height or head Gap and it is measured in

terms of

nanometers in modern drives the flying

height is generally about 3

nanometers if you're wondering how small

a nanometer is then here it is 1

nanometer is 1 million times smaller

than a

millimeter it should be noted here that

if the head accidentally touches the

spinning platter then it would not only

damage both the head and the surface of

the platter but it will also damage the

data stored on the

dis this type of hard disk failure is

called Head crash however when powered

off the head will rest in contact with the

the

platter since hard drives are

susceptible to dis failures it is very

important that we back up the data

them during the right process the heads

write the data to the platters by

aligning the magnetic field of the

magnetic particles that pass under

them the polarity of the magnetic field

of the particles will depend on whether

a bit one or Bit Zero is

written an unchanged polarity is

considered as Bit Zero and a changed

polarity is considered as bit

one during the read process the heads

detect the polarities of the already

aligned magnetic particles that pass on

under them and convert them into

electrical signals it then transmits

these electrical signals to the hard disk

controller now let's talk about the hard disk

disk

controller the hard disk controller

board is a printed circuit board PCB

that is attached to the chassis of all

modern hard disk

drives such hard disk drives are also

called integrated Drive Electronics or

IDE because they have the hard dis

control controller attached to

it the hard disk controller contains a

microprocessor memory and firmware the

firmware of the hard disk controller

controls the internal parts for example

it controls the positioning and movement

of the actuator

arm the hard disk controller interfaces

the hard disk drive with the rest of the

computer it allows the movement of the

data in and out of the hard disk drive

the hard disk controller also provides

an important functionality of mapping

the physical addressing structure of the

disk to a logical addressing that the

computer system can

understand the logical block addressing

or LBA is a simplified addressing scheme

that hides the complexity of the

structure now let's look at the hard

disk drive

interface the hard disk drive interface

is a part of the hard disk

controller it contains a physical

connector that connects the hard disk

drive to the host

computer the primary function of the

hard disk drive interface is to provide

a standard protocol for the hard disk

drive to talk to the host

computer there are many types of hard

disk drive interfaces and each one

supports a particular protocol for

example the SATA drive uses the SATA

protocol the major hard disk drive

interfaces are scuzzy SATA SAS and

FC we will discuss more about them in

the upcoming videos and that brings us

to the end of this

lesson let's summarize what you learned

in this lesson in this lesson we saw

what a disc drive is and then we looked

at the hard disk

drive we spoke in brief about the

history of the hard disk drive and then

we looked in detail at the mechanical

components of the hard disk

drive while talking about the read WR

head we also looked into the read write

process of the hard disk drive we then

talked about the hard disk controller

board that interfaces the hard disk

drive with the rest of the computer we

also touched upon an addressing scheme

called logical block addressing or LBA

at the end of this lesson we looked at

the hard disk drive interface that

connects the hard disk drive to the host

computer in the next lesson we will talk

about the hard disk drive interfaces and

hello and welcome to unit 2 hard disk

drive interfaces and protocols in this

lesson you will learn about the hard

disk drive interfaces and

protocols we will begin this lesson by

recalling what a hard disk drive

interface is and then we will see what a

protocol is we will then take a detailed

look at the major types of hard disk

drive interfaces and protocols such as

ATA SATA scuzzy SAS and fiber

channel let's begin with the hard disk drive

drive

interface the hard disk drive interface

is a part of the hard disk drive

controller that connects the hard disk

drive to the rest of the

computer it provides a standard protocol

for the hard disk drive to talk to the

host computer

we can think of the standard protocol as

a language that is used for

communication and we can Define it as a

set of rules and communication

standards the major types of hard disk

drive interfaces are ATA SATA scuzzy SAS

and fiber

channel ATA and SATA are widely used in

the low-end Computing Market whereas

scuzzy SAS and fiber channel are used in

the high-end Enterprise Market Market we

will first look at the ATA interface ATA

stands for advanced technology

attachment it is the most common

interface that is used to connect the

hard disk drive to the host

computer the hard disk drives with ATA

interfaces are called integrated Drive

Electronics or IDE because the

controller board is integrated with the

hard disk drive there are two types of

ATA p and SATA P stands stand for

parallel ATA it is an older ATA and it

is characterized by slower data transfer

rate P uses a 40 pin ribbon cable that

connects the IDE drive to the computer's

motherboard and transfers 16 bits of

data in parallel over the cable the

recommended cable length is 18 in SATA

stands for Serial ATA it is a newer ATA

and it is characterized by faster data

transfer rate

uses a thinner 7even pin data cable that

connects the SATA drive to the

computer's motherboard and transfers

data in a Serial manner that is one bit

at a time the length of the Internal

Sata cable can be up to 1 M SATA

supports hot

swapping hot swapping is a feature that

allows plugging or unplugging a SATA

drive when the computer is

running this feature is also called hot

plugging hot swapping does not mean we

can unplug the drive while the data is

being written to it because such action

will only corrupt the

data now we will look at ESAT or

external SATA the Internal Sata bus can

be extended to connect external hard

disk drives through external SATA the

computer's motherboard or the expansion

card of the computer can provide us an

external SATA or eata port to plug in

external SATA

drives the external SATA drives use a

special external shielded cable which

can be up to 2 m

long SATA drives come in three versions

SATA 1 SATA 2 and sata

3 SATA 1 has a data transfer rate of 1.5

gbits per second with a maximum

throughput of 150 megabytes per

second SATA 2 has a data transfer rate

of 3 GBS per second with a maximum

throughput of 300 megabytes per

second sata 3 has a data transfer rate

of 6 GBS per second with a maximum

second SATA is Backward Compatible with

P drives using a SATA bridge this means

we need to have a SATA Bridge attached

to the P drive to make it compatible

with SATA hard disk drives Implement a

technique called queuing for dis

optimization the queuing technique

implemented by SATA drives for faster

read write operations

is called native command queing or

ncq now let's talk about scuzzy which

really is not a hard disk drive

interface we have included it under this

topic because it is mainly used for hard

disk drives so what exactly is scuzzy

scuzzy stands for small computer system

interface scuzzy is a parallel system

level interface that connects various

devices to a single common cable called

the scuzzy bus the scuzzy bus is is

connected to the scuzzy host adapter

card and all the devices on the scuzi

bus communicate with the host computer

through the scuzzy host adapter card so

in scuzzy architecture the host computer

communicates with the devices via the

parallel scuzzy

bus the scuzzy host adapter card is

plugged into the expansion slot of the

host computer the scuzzy host adapter

and the devices connected to the scuzzy

bus form a single daisy chain the number

of devices that can be connected to a

single scuzzi bus can either be seven or

15 devices based on the scuzzy standard

that is being

implemented these devices for example

can be hard disk drives CD DVD drives

tape drives printers and

scanners each device on the scuzzy bus

including the scuzi host adapter is

assigned a unique number between 0 and

15 the number assigned to the device is

called the scuzzy ID the scuzzy host

adapter manages all the devices in the

scuzzy bus using their scuzzy

IDs the scuzzy host adapter itself is

assigned the number 7 which has the

highest priority over all the other

devices in order to avoid signal

interference on the scuzzy bus we must

have Terminators at both ends of the

scuzzy bus some devices will have

built-in termination that can be enabled

in the absence of built-in termination a

hardware device called a terminating

resistor can be used scuzi is an

interface developed for high performance

servers there are three major versions

of scuzzy scuzzy 1 scuzi 2 and scuzzy 3

but they are commonly known as regular

scuzzy fast scuzzy and Ultra scuzzy

respectively earlier we saw native

command queuing ncq the queuing

technique implemented by satad drives

scuzzy also uses a powerful queuing

technique called command tag queuing it

cues multiple commands to a scuzzy drive

command tag queuing improves

performances because it establishes an

efficient way of ordering and processing

the io commands to the scuzi

drive let's look at the communication

that takes place on the scuzzy

bus at any given time communication

takes place only between two devices on

the scuzzy bus the device that initiates

or sends a command to another device is

called the

initiator the device that performs the

requested command is called the target

now let's look at the protocols that are

used for data transfers in scuzzy there

are two scuzzy protocols asynchronous

scuzi protocol and synchronous scuzi

protocol in asynchronous scuzzy protocol

acknowledgement is required for each

data transfer and cannot be delayed

which results in propagation

delays in synchronous scuzi protocol an

acknowledgement is required for each

data transfer but it can be delayed

hence there is no propagation delay now

let's talk about about SAS SAS stands

for serial attached scuzzy serial

attached scuzzy is the serial version of

the scuzzi interface it uses a

point-to-point Serial protocol and the

scuzzy command set the second generation

SATA disc drives are compatible with SAS

and can be connected to the SAS back

planes on a SAS back plane SATA 2 and

SAS drives can exist side by side

however SAS drives cannot be connected

to the SATA back planes in serial

attached scuzi the devices are connected

directly to the scuzi port rather than

connecting to the scuzi bus the

advantage of this is that the bandwidth

is not shared with other devices and as

a result higher transfer speeds are

achieved SAS drives have dual ports that

provide redundancy and that make them an

ideal option for building external

storage arrays the redundancy results

from the fact that each port on the SAS

Drive can be connected to a different

controller of the external storage array

so if one controller fails the other one

can take over the SAS

drive it should be noted that the ports

in the Dual ported SAS drive work in

active passive mode this means that only

one port can be active at a

time now let's look at the fiber

channel fiber channel is a Serial

interface that allows data to be

transferred serially over fiber optics

or copper cable it was developed for

Enterprise storage systems to provide

performance scalability and

redundancy in addition to providing a

high-speed serial data transfer rate the

fiber channel interface also provides

built-in redundancy through the Dual

Port access to the fiber channel

discs the fiber channel protocol or FCP

is the transport protocol that can

transport scuzzy commands and IP

commands over fiber channel networks the

fiber channel protocol permits a huge

number of hard disk drives to be

connected to a fabric topology you will

learn more about fiber channel in a

module dedicated to fiber channel

storage area network that brings us to

the end of this lesson let's summarize

what you have learned in this lesson in

this lesson you recalled what a hard

disk drive interface is and then you

learned what a protocol is we then

covered in detail the major types of

hard disk drive interfaces and protocols

such as ATA SATA scuzzy SAS and fiber

channel in the next lesson you will

learn about the hard disk drive geometry

watching hello and welcome to unit 3

hard disk geometry in this lesson lesson

you will learn about the hard disk drive

geometry we will begin this lesson by

recalling what you've learned about the

platters of the hard disk drive and then

with the help of a diagram we will see

how to identify the sides of the

platters on which the data is

stored we will also see how the discs

are organized into tracks and sectors

and then we will look into the zoned data

data

recording next we will see what a

cylinder is and then we will look into low-level

low-level

formatting last but not least we will

look into the data addressing schemes

such as CHS addressing and logical block

addressing we know that the hard disk

drive contains one or more platters and

the data is stored on the magnetic media

coded on the surface of a

platter a platter has two sides that are

used for recording

data on the slide you can see the

diagram of the platters that are stacked

on top of each other each platter has

two sides if we want to point out where

the data is located we will have to

first mention the side of the platter on

which the data is

stored in our diagram the top side of

the first platter is depicted as side

zero and its bottom side is depicted as

side one similarly the top side of the

second platter is depicted as side two

and its bottom is depicted as side

three each platter has two read write

heads to read and write data on both of

its sides in our diagram we have head

zero to read and write data to to side

zero and head one to read and write data

to side one of the first platter

similarly head 2 reads and writes data

to side two and head three reads and

writes data to side three of the second

platter the surface of each side of the

platter is divided into concentric

circles called

tracks on the slide you can see a

platter with the spindle at its Center

the surface of this platter is divided

into tracks each track is of different

size and is shown by a different color

in the

diagram the tracks in the outer rings

are longer the outermost track is

numbered zero and the numbers increase

as we move towards the inner Rings a

typical hard disk drive can have more

than 2,000 tracks per inch on the recording

recording

surface the tracks are further divided

into smaller addressable units and each

such unit is called a sector a single

sector holds 512 bytes of data a bite is

a unit of memory size that can hold a single

single

character when you look at the diagram

you will notice that the inner tracks

have fewer sectors compared to the outer

tracks this is because the outer tracks

are bigger and as expected they have

more area to squeeze in more sectors

compared to the inner tracks in our

diagram the inner tracks have eight

sectors and let's say we want to further

divide it equally into 16 sectors this

is just not possible because the size of

the sectors will become smaller and as a

result they cannot hold 512 bytes of

data the outer tracks in our diagram

have 16 sectors and let's say we want to

go down from 16 sectors to eight sectors

in that case we are just wasting space

because each sector would have the

capacity to store more than 512 bytes of

data in order to prevent the wastage of

storage space we have divided the

surface of the platter into two zones

the inner Zone and outer zone in our

diagram the inner Zone consists of three

inner tracks and the outer zone consists

of four outer tracks the tracks in the

outer zone can squeeze in more sectors

than the tracks in the inner Zone

resulting in maximum utilization of the

storage space on the surface of the

platter this technique of squeezing in

more sectors in the outer zone than in

the inner zone is called zoned data

recording or

zdr so far in the lesson we discussed

tracks and sectors we will now talk

about cylinders so what is a cylinder we

know that a hard dis Drive is made up of

platters that are stacked on top of each

other the platters consist of tracks and

if we look at a particular track let's

say a third track on all the platters

then they are stacked directly on top of

each other and together they appear to

form a cylinder as shown in the

diagram so the locations of a specific

track on all the platters form a

cylinder we saw how the surface of the

platter is divided into tracks and

sectors the process of forming the

tracks and sectors on the surface of the

platter is called Low lowle formatting

and it is typically done by the hard

disk drive

manufacturers during the low-level

formatting the address is written into

the sectors and also the starting and

ending points of each sector are marked

on the

platter when the lowle formatting is

complete the platters become ready to

hold 512 bytes of data in each

sector now let's look at how data is

addressed on a hard disk drive there are

two methods to address data CHS

addressing and logical block addressing

the first method is CHS addressing CHS

stands for cylinder head sector each CHS

address is composed of a cylinder number

a head number and a sector number in

this type of addressing the value of the

cylinder tells us on what track the data is

located the value of the head tells us

on which platter the data is

located the value of the sector points

to the sector to where the data is located

located

so in a CHS addressing the combination

of cylinder head and sector tells us

exactly where the data is located on the

dis Drive the second method is LBA

addressing LBA stands for logical block

addressing in The Logical block

addressing scheme the sectors of the

hard dis Drive are sequentially numbered

starting from zero with each sector

getting a unique logical address for

example the first sector will be

addressed as sector zero the second

sector will be addressed as sector 1 and

this continues until the last physical

sector it's interesting to note that the

first logical sector addressed in LBA

that is sector zero is the same as the

first logical sector addressed in CHS

addressing that is cylinder 0 head Zer

and sector 1 both CHS addresses and LBA

addresses are logical addresses of the

sectors the hard disk controller does

the conversion of The Logical address

into a physical address through a

translation process proc though CHS is a

logical address it was conceptualized

based on the physical parameters of the

hard disk drive such as cylinder number

head number and sector number cylinders

are numbered from zero to a maximum of

65,535 heads are numbered from 0 to a

maximum of 15 sectors are numbered from

0 to a maximum of

255 these maximum values are the

arbitrary numbers that were chosen when

the CHS addressing was a established

assuming that it would be sufficient

enough for the future as well that

brings us to the end of this unit let's

summarize what you have learned in this

lesson in this lesson we recall that the

hard disk drive will have one or more

platters and that data is stored on the

magnetic media coded on the surface of

the platter then with the help of a

diagram we saw how to identify the sides

of the platter on which the data is

stored we also saw how the dis was

organized into tracks and sectors and

then we looked looked into zoned data

recording next we saw what a cylinder is

and then we looked into low-level

formatting last but not least we looked

into the data addressing schemes such as

CHS addressing and logical block

addressing in the next lesson you will

learn about the hard disk drive

hello and welcome to unit 4 hard disk drive

drive

characteristics in this lesson you will

learn about the characteristics of the hard

hard

drive we're going to start by looking at

what a hard disk drive size is and then

we will look into the data storage

metrics next we will look at the speed

of the rotating platters we will also

look into the performance metrics of the

hard disk drive such as seek time

rotational latency average latency and

iops we will then look into the

sequential operations and random

operations of the hard disk

drive we will also look at what is meant by

throughput we will then look into a dis

optimization technique called queuing

last but not least we will touch on the

hard dis Drive mark

Market let's start with the size of the

hard disk drive like all other things

you might think that size is referring

to the physical dimensions of the hard

disk drive yes it does but it also can

refer to the capacity of data the hard

disk drive can

hold so a hard dis Drive size could

either be referring to the physical

dimension of the dis drive or it could

drive the physical dimension of the hard

dis Drive D is also referred to as hard

disk form factor and it's described in

inches the most common form factors of

hard dis drives are 2.5 in and 3.5

in these measurements refer to the

diameter of the platter inside the Hard dis

dis

drive there is something more that we

should know about these measurements

when we measure the size of the platter

inside a 3.5 in hard disk

drive you will notice that the actual

diameter of the platter is 3. 74 in not 3.5

3.5

in so the 3.5 in size that we are

talking here is really an approximate

value and it has a historical reason behind

behind

it the name 3.5 in hard disk drive comes

from the fact that it can easily fit

into the slot meant for the 3.5 in

floppy disc drive in our

system the 3.5 in drives are generally

low performance high-capacity drives

that come with data

interfaces on the other hand 2.5 in

drives are generally high performance

low capacity drives that come with SAS

interfaces that's all about the form

factor of hard disk drives now let's

talk about the size of the hard disk

drive with regard to the capacity of

data it can

hold we don't get the full capacity that

is mentioned on the hard disk drive why

is this so should we not be getting the

let's say that we have a 500 GB hard

disk drive but we don't get the 500 GB to

use one of the reasons for this

disproportion is because of the way hard

disk manufacturers Express storage

capacities computers treat 1 kilobyte as

1,24 bytes whereas the hard disk drive

manufacturers treat it as 1,000

bytes the difference of 24 bytes seems

to be negligible when we are talking in

terms of kilobytes but when we talk in

terms of megabytes we see a considerable

capacity in order to provide accurate

data storage metrics the international

electrotechnical commission IEC

introduced new metrics such as Kibby

bite mebi bite Gibby bite and tbbi

1 Meb equals 1,24 Kibby

bytes 1 Gibb equal 1,24 Meb

bytes and 1 tbbi equal 1,24 gibbi

bytes there are also other reasons why

we are not getting full capacity such as

the overhead associated with formatting

of the Diss and the dis space consumed

by the file

system now let's look at the speed of

the rotating platters of the hard disk

drive we quantify the speed of the hard

disk drive based on the number of

rotations it makes in a second and the

metric that denotes this is called

revolutions per minute or RPM most

common RPMs are 5400 7200 10,000 and

15,000 as you might have guessed more

RPMs increase the efficiency of the hard

disk drive as it provides faster read

and write operation ation on the drive

so hard disk drives with more RPMs are

expensive compared to the ones that have lesser

lesser

RPMs RPM also impacts the capacity hard

disk drives with more RPMs have lower

capacity and ones with lesser RPMs have

higher capacity you might be wondering

how increase in RPMs results in a lower

capacity let's do some simple math to understand

understand

this if the platters of a hard dis Drive

rotate at 5 200 RPM then it takes 11.54

milliseconds for a single complete

rotation however if we rotate the same

Platters at 7200 RPM then the time drops

to 8.33

milliseconds though the drive has become

faster the amount of time it takes to

write a single track is reduced from

11.54 milliseconds to 8.33

milliseconds the drive now has 8.33

milliseconds to write the dat data

instead of 11.54 milliseconds so it can

write only what it can during the 8.33

milliseconds resulting in a lower

capacity so whenever manufacturers

increase the rotation speed of the hard

disk drive it is necessary to increase

the read WR frequency to avoid the drive

capacity the performance of the hard

disk drive is also affected by seek time

seek time is the time it takes to to

move the read right head to the correct

location on the surface of the

platter it is measured in milliseconds 1

second is made of 1,000

milliseconds the faster seek improves

the performance the seek time has a

significant bearing on performance when

the read right head has to randomly read

the data random reads require the read

right head to move to different

positions of the platter the faster seek

time will improve the performance and

the slower seek time will be a hit on

the performance performance the seek

time changes depending on the number of

tracks that the head must navigate so we

consider the average seek time to

measure the performance the average seek

time is calculated as 1/3 of the full

seek time further we have the average

seek time for read and write operations mentioned

mentioned

separately for example if we take a hard

disk drive with 7200 RPM the average

seek time for the read operation will be

mentioned as less than 8.5 Mill seconds

and then average seek time for the right

operation will be mentioned as less than 9.5

9.5

milliseconds right after the head

positions itself on a track it has to

wait for the platter to rotate in order

to place the sector beneath the

head this waiting time or time taken for

the rotation of the platter to position

the sector beneath the head is called rotational

rotational

latency rotational latency varies with

the position of the sector if the sector

is near then less rotation is needed but

if it is far then a full rotation might

be required so an average latency is

considered for depicting the rotational

latency of the hard disk drives and it's

milliseconds average latency is the time

it takes for the platter to do a half

rotation this means that the average

latency is calculated directly from the

RPM of the hard disk

drive let's do some simple math to find

the average latency of a 7200 RPM hard disk

disk

drive we know that 7200 RPM is equal to

120 revolutions per second and hence for

monds and for a half rotation it takes 4.17

4.17

milliseconds so the average latency for

seconds since average latency is

directly related to the RPM the more the

RPMs are the less the average latency or

the waiting time will

be it should be noted that while seek

times are significant for random

workloads the average latency is

workloads we will discuss sequential and

random workloads in a few

minutes the next performance metric that

we will discuss is input output

operations per second or

iops it is used to measure the maximum

read or write operations in a second the

read or write operations are performed

by the storage device in response to a

request from the host computer iops are

typically used to measure the random

workloads there are several types of

input output operations such as read

operation write operation random

operation and sequential operation

operation so the iops measurement

corresponds to the type of input output

operation occurring at that

time iops also depends upon the size of

the input output

operation it is obvious that larger

input output operations take longer time

than the smaller

ones input output operations per second

are complex because they involve more

than one type of operations such as read

write sequential and random

now let's look at the sequential and

random operations in sequential

operations large number of sectors such

as 120 kilobytes is accessed in a

contiguous manner without jumping around

for example in a sequential operation

the alphabet A B C D and E are located

next to each other such as a then B then

C then D then

e in a random operation small number of

SE such as 4 kilobytes are accessed in a

non-contiguous manner for

example in a random operation the

letters A B C D and E are spread

out in hard disk drives the random iops

is mainly based on the seek time whereas

in solid state drives the random iops is

based on its internal controller and

memory interface

speeds a quick way to calculate the iops

of a hard disk drive is by using the

formula 1,00 / x + y whereas X is the

average seek time and Y is the average

rotational latency for example if we had

a hard disk drive whose average seek

time is 8.5 milliseconds and the average

rotational latency is 4.17

milliseconds then the iops will be 78

iops now that we have a good

understanding of the iops it's time to

look at the throughput of the disk drive

throughput is the rate at which the data

gets transferred in and out of the hard

disk drive without failure we will also

hear the term maximum throughput from the

the

vendors the maximum throughput is also

called maximum transfer rate sustained

transfer rate is also another term that

vendors use it is the rate at which the

hard dis Drive can transfer sequential

data from multiple tracks on the

dis now we will look at the queuing

technique implemented by hard disk

drives queuing is a dis optimization

technique that is used by hard disk

drives to create faster reads and writes

typically when a hard disk drive

receives multiple input output commands

at a time these are placed in a queue

and are reordered based on the dis

layout to carry out the read and write operations

operations

efficiently as a result queuing improves

the performance of hard disk

drives now let's look at the hard disk

drive Market

the hard disk drive Market is

characterized by two important things

the first thing is that there is a high

performance-based hard disk drive Market

where the hard disk drives are built to

deliver high performance for example SAS

and fiber channel drives are high

performance drives that come with high

cost the second thing is that there is a

capacity-based hard disk drive Market

which gives importance to the cost per

bite aspect and hence these drives are

slower and squeeze in as much bits as

possible in inreasing the capacity for

example SATA drives are low performance

high-capacity drives and that brings us

to the end of this unit let's summarize

what we have learned in this lesson we

looked at what a hard disk drive size is

and then we looked at data storage

metrics next we looked at the speed of

the rotating platters we also looked

into the performance metrics of the hard

disk drive such as seek time rotational

latency average latency and iops we then

looked into the sequential operations

and random operations of the hard disk

drive we also looked at what is meant by

throughput we then looked into a dis

optimization technique called queuing

and last but not least we covered the

hard disk drive Market in the next

lesson you will learn about Solid State

hello and welcome to unit 1 Solid State

Storage in this lesson you will learn

about Solid State

Storage we're going to start by looking

at the brief history of solid state

storage and then we will look at what

solid state storage

is next we will look at the two forms of

solid state storage that is solid state

card SSC and solid state drive

SSD we will look at what flash memory is

and then we will look at the two types

of flash memory that is nand flash

memory and nor flash memory we will also

look at the types of nand flash memory

in detail and these are called single

level cell SLC multi-level cell mlc

Enterprise mlc or E mlc and triple level cell

cell

TLC we will then look at the data

organization in nand flash memory next

we will see how data is stored in flash

memory using the erase write cycle we

will also look at a phenomenon called

Write amplification in flash memory and

then we will look at a technique called

garbage collection which is employed by

The Flash controller to free up

space we will look at what wear leveling

is and then we will look at the types of

wear leveling such as Dynamic wear

leveling and static wear leveling lastly

we look at what flash over provisioning

is now let's begin with the brief

history of solid state

storage solid state technology is not

new and it has been around since the

late 1970s the early solid state devices

were very expensive and provided less

capacity around the 1980s the

flash-based solid state technology came

into existence in 1987 the EMC

Corporation introduced solid state

drives for the mini computer

Market the presence of solid state

technology in the Enterprise storage

world was not felt until recently

because they had issues related to cost

performance and

reliability the traditional Enterprise

storage Market is now seeing the

emergence of the solid state

technology Solid State Storage is a

non-volatile storage that is built from solid

solid

semiconductors it includes any storage

that has no moving

components nonvolatile storage refers to

storage that can retain its stored data

even when the power is Switched

Off the term Solid State Storage was

created by snia and is seldom used in

the real

world there are two forms of solid state

storage solid state card SSC and solid

state drive SS s

SD solid state card or SSC is a pcie

card with the solid state media embedded

on it since it is a pcie card it can be

plugged into the pcie slot of the host

computer they are commonly used in

servers and are characterized by high

performance the solid state drive or SSD

is a solid state device that resembles a

hard disk drive it comes in form factors

3.5 in 2 .5 in and 1.8 in solidstate

drives have standard hard disk drive

interfaces and protocols such as SATA

SAS and fiber

channel they do not give high

performance like solid state cards

because the interfaces that connect them

to the host computer are not fast enough

to fully utilize their potential however

they are still faster than the hard disk

drives there are different kinds of

solid state media such as flash memory

phase change Ram or PC Ram Magneto

resistive Ram or M Ram resistive Ram R

RAM and many

more we will focus our discussion on

flash memory because of its widespread

acceptance so what is flash memory flash

memory is a solid state storage that is

rewritable in flash memory data is

stored in a collection of cells that is

made from floating gate

transistors flash memory offers

persistent storage because the data

stored on the chips are retained even when the power is Switched

when the power is Switched Off there are two types of flash memory

Off there are two types of flash memory nand flash memory and nor flash memory

nand flash memory and nor flash memory nand flash memory is commonly used

nand flash memory is commonly used because it is Affordable durable and

because it is Affordable durable and faster than nor flash

faster than nor flash memory nand flash memory is made up of

memory nand flash memory is made up of very small sized cells and the data is

very small sized cells and the data is stored in each

stored in each cell the cells can be written only for a

cell the cells can be written only for a limited number of times once the limit

limited number of times once the limit is reached the cells start to degrade

is reached the cells start to degrade resulting in loss of

resulting in loss of data this restriction on the number of

data this restriction on the number of times that we can safely write the data

times that we can safely write the data to a cell is called Write endurance and

to a cell is called Write endurance and is expressed in program erase Cycles or

is expressed in program erase Cycles or in short PE

Cycles there are four types of nand flash memory single level cell SLC

flash memory single level cell SLC multi-level cell mlc Enterprise mlc emlc

multi-level cell mlc Enterprise mlc emlc and triple level cell

and triple level cell TLC we will look at these one by one in

TLC we will look at these one by one in the single level cell or SLC type of

the single level cell or SLC type of nand flash memory a single cell can

nand flash memory a single cell can store one bit of data it can either be a

store one bit of data it can either be a binary number zero or a binary number

binary number zero or a binary number one it typically rates a r endurance of

one it typically rates a r endurance of 100,000 PE Cycles SLC is characterized

100,000 PE Cycles SLC is characterized by high performance high right endurance

by high performance high right endurance and high cost

and high cost in multi-level cell or mlc type of nand

in multi-level cell or mlc type of nand flash memory a single cell can store Two

flash memory a single cell can store Two Bits of data it can be a combination of

Bits of data it can be a combination of binary numbers such as 0 0 0 1 1 0 and 1

binary numbers such as 0 0 0 1 1 0 and 1 one it typically rates a right endurance

one it typically rates a right endurance of 5,000 PE Cycles mlc is characterized

of 5,000 PE Cycles mlc is characterized by medium performance low right

by medium performance low right endurance and low

endurance and low cost Enterprise mlc or emlc is an

cost Enterprise mlc or emlc is an improvised version of mlc that was

improvised version of mlc that was developed to handle Enterprise

developed to handle Enterprise workloads the enhanced error correction

workloads the enhanced error correction in emlc has improved its reliability and

in emlc has improved its reliability and right endurance compared to the standard

right endurance compared to the standard mlc

mlc flash it rates a right endurance of

flash it rates a right endurance of 30,000 PE

Cycles emlc is characterized by higher performance than mlc high right

performance than mlc high right endurance and low

endurance and low cost in triple level cell or TLC type of

cost in triple level cell or TLC type of nand flash memory a single cell can

nand flash memory a single cell can store three bits of data it can be the

store three bits of data it can be the combination of binary numbers such as

combination of binary numbers such as 000000

000000 001 0 1 0 01 1 1 0 0 101 110 and

001 0 1 0 01 1 1 0 0 101 110 and 111 it typically rates a right endurance

111 it typically rates a right endurance of 1,000 PE

of 1,000 PE Cycles TLC is characterized by higher

Cycles TLC is characterized by higher density lower WR endurance and lower

density lower WR endurance and lower cost now let's look at how data is

cost now let's look at how data is organized in nand flash memory nand

organized in nand flash memory nand flash memory is accessed in blocks each

flash memory is accessed in blocks each block is composed of

block is composed of pages we know that the flash memory is

pages we know that the flash memory is composed of cells cells are organized

composed of cells cells are organized into groups called

into groups called Pages the pages are then organized into

Pages the pages are then organized into groups called blocks in simple words a

groups called blocks in simple words a group of cells make a page and a group

group of cells make a page and a group of pages make a block

a page size can be 2K 4K 8K or 16k the size of the blocks can be 16k

16k the size of the blocks can be 16k 128k 256k or

128k 256k or 512k data is stored on the flash memory

512k data is stored on the flash memory using the erase right cycle the erase

using the erase right cycle the erase operation sets the value of the cell to

operation sets the value of the cell to Binary one and the right operation sets

Binary one and the right operation sets the values of the cell to

the values of the cell to zero what is important to know is that

zero what is important to know is that right operation works at page level but

right operation works at page level but the erase operation works at Block

the erase operation works at Block Level let's explain this concept in

Level let's explain this concept in detail when the flash memory is fresh

detail when the flash memory is fresh out of the box it is in an erased

out of the box it is in an erased condition that is all the cells come

condition that is all the cells come preset with binary

preset with binary ones it is very easy to write the value

ones it is very easy to write the value of a cell from binary 1 to Binary 0o but

of a cell from binary 1 to Binary 0o but changing it back to one requires an

changing it back to one requires an entire block containing the cell to be

entire block containing the cell to be erased

erased this is because the erase operation of

this is because the erase operation of the erase right Cycle Works only at the

the erase right Cycle Works only at the Block

Block Level now let's look at write

Level now let's look at write amplification in flash

amplification in flash memory we know that one or more bits of

memory we know that one or more bits of data are stored in each cell of the

data are stored in each cell of the flash memory if you recall cells are

flash memory if you recall cells are grouped into pages and pages in turn are

grouped into pages and pages in turn are grouped into

grouped into blocks while data is written at the page

blocks while data is written at the page level it can only be erased at the Block

level it can only be erased at the Block level in FL memory data cannot be

level in FL memory data cannot be overwritten directly as is done in hard

overwritten directly as is done in hard disk drives instead the entire block

disk drives instead the entire block must be erased before a page can be

must be erased before a page can be written to it as the flash memory is

written to it as the flash memory is being used the blocks get filled up with

being used the blocks get filled up with initial

initial wrs when there is a write request to

wrs when there is a write request to change or rewrite the data it cannot be

change or rewrite the data it cannot be overwritten to the block just like in

overwritten to the block just like in the hard disk drive instead the change

the hard disk drive instead the change data has to be either written to empty

data has to be either written to empty pages in the existing block or to new

pages in the existing block or to new Block in the absence of empty

Block in the absence of empty pages in our example the change data is

pages in our example the change data is written to empty pages now that the

written to empty pages now that the empty pages of the block one have been

empty pages of the block one have been filled for any subsequent rewrites the

filled for any subsequent rewrites the valid pages of block one have to be

valid pages of block one have to be moved to a free Block in our example the

moved to a free Block in our example the valid pages are relocated to block two

valid pages are relocated to block two since the valid data of block one is

since the valid data of block one is moved to block two block one is erased

moved to block two block one is erased as a result we have an empty block which

as a result we have an empty block which is is block one to which the data can be

is is block one to which the data can be written

written to the necessity to relocate the valid

to the necessity to relocate the valid data and to erase the block for writing

data and to erase the block for writing new data causes right

amplification so WR amplification occurs when the actual number of right

when the actual number of right operations executed on the media by The

operations executed on the media by The Flash controller is greater than the

Flash controller is greater than the number of right operations that was

number of right operations that was requested by the host

requested by the host computer now let's look at garbage

computer now let's look at garbage collection in flash memory garbage

collection in flash memory garbage collection is a technique employed by

collection is a technique employed by The Flash controller to free up blocks

The Flash controller to free up blocks that contain invalid data by invalid

that contain invalid data by invalid data we mean the older data that was

data we mean the older data that was replaced when a block is full of data it

replaced when a block is full of data it usually contains a mix of valid and

usually contains a mix of valid and invalid

invalid data so what the flash controller does

data so what the flash controller does is it copies the valid data of the block

is it copies the valid data of the block to an empty block and skips the invalid

to an empty block and skips the invalid data it then erases the original block

data it then erases the original block as a whole making it available for

as a whole making it available for future rights this results in effective

future rights this results in effective consolidation of multiple blocks into

consolidation of multiple blocks into fewer blocks now let's look at where

fewer blocks now let's look at where leveling wear leveling is the process of

leveling wear leveling is the process of Distributing the data rights across all

Distributing the data rights across all the memory locations so that the same

the memory locations so that the same memory location is not exploited While

memory location is not exploited While others remain sparingly

others remain sparingly used this is essential because writing

used this is essential because writing to the same memory location eventually

to the same memory location eventually wears out the

wears out the memory there are two types of wear

memory there are two types of wear leveling dynamic wear leveling and

leveling dynamic wear leveling and static wear

static wear leveling in Dynamic wear leveling the

leveling in Dynamic wear leveling the incoming WR requests are directed to the

incoming WR requests are directed to the sparingly used memory

sparingly used memory locations in static Weare leveling the

locations in static Weare leveling the content of the memory locations that

content of the memory locations that store static data are moved periodically

store static data are moved periodically so that the original memory locations

so that the original memory locations can be used to store other data that

can be used to store other data that changes

changes frequently now let's look at what flash

frequently now let's look at what flash over provisioning

over provisioning means Flash over-provisioning is a

means Flash over-provisioning is a technique of reserving a portion of the

technique of reserving a portion of the capacity by The Flash controller for

capacity by The Flash controller for various background activities such as

various background activities such as garbage collection and wear

garbage collection and wear leveling the reserved capacity is hidden

leveling the reserved capacity is hidden by The Flash controller and is not made

by The Flash controller and is not made known to outside

known to outside applications though flash over

applications though flash over provisioning reduces the usable capacity

provisioning reduces the usable capacity it increases the performance and right

it increases the performance and right endurance of the flash

endurance of the flash memory an example of this would be a

memory an example of this would be a flash drive that has 100 28 GB but only

flash drive that has 100 28 GB but only 120 GB is available to the user and the

120 GB is available to the user and the remaining 8 GB is

remaining 8 GB is over-provisioned that brings us to the

over-provisioned that brings us to the end of this unit let's summarize what we

end of this unit let's summarize what we have learned in this lesson we looked at

have learned in this lesson we looked at the brief history of solid state storage

the brief history of solid state storage and then we looked at what solid state

and then we looked at what solid state storage is next we looked at the two

storage is next we looked at the two forms of solid state storage that is

forms of solid state storage that is solid state card SSC and solid state

solid state card SSC and solid state drive SSD we we looked at what flash

drive SSD we we looked at what flash memory is and then we looked at the two

memory is and then we looked at the two types of flash memory that is nand flash

types of flash memory that is nand flash memory and nor flash memory we also

memory and nor flash memory we also looked at the types of Nan flash memory

looked at the types of Nan flash memory and these are single level cell SLC

and these are single level cell SLC multi-level cell mlc Enterprise mlc or

multi-level cell mlc Enterprise mlc or emlc and triple level cell

emlc and triple level cell TLC we then looked at the data

TLC we then looked at the data organization in nand flash memory next

organization in nand flash memory next we saw how data is stored in flash

we saw how data is stored in flash memory using the erase WR cycle we also

memory using the erase WR cycle we also looked at a phenomenon called WR

looked at a phenomenon called WR amplification in flash memory and then

amplification in flash memory and then we looked into a technique called

we looked into a technique called garbage collection we looked at what

garbage collection we looked at what wear leveling is and then we looked at

wear leveling is and then we looked at the types of wear leveling that is

the types of wear leveling that is dynamic wear leveling and static wear

dynamic wear leveling and static wear leveling lastly we looked into what

leveling lastly we looked into what flash over provisioning is in the next

flash over provisioning is in the next lesson you will learn the basics of

lesson you will learn the basics of storage arrays thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 1 introduction to storage

to storage arrays in this lesson you will learn the

arrays in this lesson you will learn the basics of storage arrays we're going to

basics of storage arrays we're going to start by looking at what a storage array

start by looking at what a storage array is and then we will look at the key

is and then we will look at the key components of the storage array and

components of the storage array and these are controller controller

these are controller controller enclosure drives and drive

enclosure drives and drive enclosure next we will take a look at

enclosure next we will take a look at the enclosure addressing scheme and then

the enclosure addressing scheme and then we will look at what a scuzzy enclosure

we will look at what a scuzzy enclosure service or cess

service or cess is after looking at the components of

is after looking at the components of the storage array we will see how these

the storage array we will see how these components work together we will then

components work together we will then look at the benefits of storage

look at the benefits of storage arrays we will also look at what a

arrays we will also look at what a direct attached storage or Das is and

direct attached storage or Das is and then we will look at the advantage of

then we will look at the advantage of the storage arrays over the direct

the storage arrays over the direct attached

storage next we will look at the types of storage arrays and these are network

of storage arrays and these are network attached storage or Nas array storage

attached storage or Nas array storage area network or san array and unified

area network or san array and unified array when we cover Nas array we will

array when we cover Nas array we will touch upon the file-based protocols such

touch upon the file-based protocols such as NFS and SMB sifts that are used by

as NFS and SMB sifts that are used by the NASA Rays to communicate with the

the NASA Rays to communicate with the host computers and then we will look at

host computers and then we will look at what a storage network is when we cover

what a storage network is when we cover the storage Network we will also touch

the storage Network we will also touch on block-based protocol lastly when we

on block-based protocol lastly when we cover the San array we will also look at

cover the San array we will also look at what lungs and volumes are now let's

what lungs and volumes are now let's begin with the storage array so what is

begin with the storage array so what is a storage array a storage array is a

a storage array a storage array is a storage system that provides data

storage system that provides data storage to the computers connected to it

storage to the computers connected to it through a shared

through a shared network storage arrays come in various

network storage arrays come in various sizes from the ones that can be kept on

sizes from the ones that can be kept on our computer table to the ones that are

our computer table to the ones that are extremely huge and need to be kept in

extremely huge and need to be kept in data

centers let's look at the physical components of a storage

components of a storage array the typical components of a

array the typical components of a storage array are controller controller

storage array are controller controller enclosure drives and Drive

enclosure drives and Drive enclosure a controller is a printed

enclosure a controller is a printed circuit board that contains a processor

circuit board that contains a processor memory modules and

memory modules and firmware it is often called a head or

firmware it is often called a head or storage processor or a

storage processor or a node the controller acts like a

node the controller acts like a specialized computer that manages all

specialized computer that manages all the functions of a storage array

the functions of a storage array including IO

including IO operations data recovery in the event of

operations data recovery in the event of dis failures and management of dis

dis failures and management of dis capacity

a controller enclosure is an enclosure that contains one or more controllers

that contains one or more controllers power supply units fans and other

power supply units fans and other miscellaneous

miscellaneous components drives can be either hard

components drives can be either hard disk drives or solid state drives or a

disk drives or solid state drives or a combination of both a drive enclosure is

combination of both a drive enclosure is an enclosure that contains an enclosure

an enclosure that contains an enclosure controller monitoring card multiple

controller monitoring card multiple drives power supply units fans and other

drives power supply units fans and other supporting components

the enclosure controller is a printed circuit board with a CPU that typically

circuit board with a CPU that typically manages the components of the drive

manages the components of the drive enclosure such as hard disk drives

enclosure such as hard disk drives fans power supplies and so

fans power supplies and so on the monitoring card is a dedicated

on the monitoring card is a dedicated Hardware monitoring device that has

Hardware monitoring device that has sensors such as for temperature voltage

sensors such as for temperature voltage and current to report on the status of

and current to report on the status of the drive enclosure and its components

the drive enclosure and its components and the environmental condition such as

and the environmental condition such as temperature the drives in the drive

temperature the drives in the drive enclosure are hot

enclosure are hot swappable this means that we can unplug

swappable this means that we can unplug a drive when it fails and then plug in a

a drive when it fails and then plug in a new

new drive now we will talk about the

drive now we will talk about the enclosure addressing scheme and scuzzy

enclosure addressing scheme and scuzzy enclosure service that is implemented in

enclosure service that is implemented in the drive

the drive enclosure the enclosure addressing

enclosure the enclosure addressing scheme is used to identify the devices

scheme is used to identify the devices in the drive enclosure by assigning each

in the drive enclosure by assigning each and every device a unique

and every device a unique address each hard disk drive is assigned

address each hard disk drive is assigned an address based on its location in the

an address based on its location in the drive

drive enclosure the enclosure addressing is

enclosure the enclosure addressing is important for troubleshooting and parts

important for troubleshooting and parts replacement the scuzzy enclosure service

replacement the scuzzy enclosure service or cess is a technology that provides

or cess is a technology that provides the means to Monitor and manage the

the means to Monitor and manage the health of the drive enclosure and its

health of the drive enclosure and its components cess can be used to detect

components cess can be used to detect and manage the state of power supplies

and manage the state of power supplies fans drives displays indicators and

fans drives displays indicators and locks for example we can have a

locks for example we can have a threshold limit on the power Supply's

threshold limit on the power Supply's voltage and if the 12volt output of

voltage and if the 12volt output of power supply varies by plus or minus 5%

power supply varies by plus or minus 5% then an alert can be sent to the

then an alert can be sent to the administrator the scuzzy enclosure

administrator the scuzzy enclosure service is either implemented on the

service is either implemented on the enclosure controller or on the

enclosure controller or on the monitoring card that is installed in the

monitoring card that is installed in the drive

drive enclosure now let's see how the

enclosure now let's see how the components work in the diagram we have a

components work in the diagram we have a controller it has a processor usually an

controller it has a processor usually an Intel processor and memory modules the

Intel processor and memory modules the ports on the controller that connect to

ports on the controller that connect to the storage Network are called front-end

the storage Network are called front-end ports and front end ports doesn't

ports and front end ports doesn't necessarily mean they are on the front

necessarily mean they are on the front side of the storage

side of the storage array the storage array receives the

array the storage array receives the incoming read write requests from the

incoming read write requests from the host computers through these front-end

host computers through these front-end ports the storage controller processor

ports the storage controller processor with the intelligence provided by the

with the intelligence provided by the firmware processes these requests for

firmware processes these requests for internal

internal action the controller also uses high

action the controller also uses high performance memory modules called

performance memory modules called dramm dram retains the data until it is

dramm dram retains the data until it is written to the hard disk and it is also

written to the hard disk and it is also known as cache since dram memory loses

known as cache since dram memory loses the data when there is a power loss the

the data when there is a power loss the data in the dam is protected through

data in the dam is protected through battery-backed Power in the event of an

battery-backed Power in the event of an unexpected power f

unexpected power f failure the dram cache accelerates the

failure the dram cache accelerates the performances of the storage array

performances of the storage array through read cache and write back cache

through read cache and write back cache Technologies read cache is implemented

Technologies read cache is implemented by keeping the frequently accessed data

by keeping the frequently accessed data in Cache so that a read request from a

in Cache so that a read request from a host computer for frequently accessed

host computer for frequently accessed data can be served immediately without

data can be served immediately without accessing the diss all the

accessing the diss all the time in right back cache technology

time in right back cache technology whenever an incoming right from the host

whenever an incoming right from the host computer reaches the cache an

computer reaches the cache an acknowledgement is sent to the host

acknowledgement is sent to the host computer without waiting for the data to

computer without waiting for the data to be written to the hard

be written to the hard disk both read cach and writeback cach

disk both read cach and writeback cach increases the responsiveness of the

increases the responsiveness of the input output operations which otherwise

input output operations which otherwise would have been slower because of the

would have been slower because of the mechanical nature of the hard disk

mechanical nature of the hard disk drives the back end of the controller

drives the back end of the controller consists of ports that connect to the

consists of ports that connect to the Dual ported hard disk drives tray

Dual ported hard disk drives tray through their interfaces such as SATA

through their interfaces such as SATA SAS and fiber channel the connections to

SAS and fiber channel the connections to the Dual ported hard drive are in active

the Dual ported hard drive are in active passive mode which means that only one

passive mode which means that only one port of the hard disk dries two ports is

port of the hard disk dries two ports is active at a

active at a time the major benefits of using storage

time the major benefits of using storage arrays are high availability increased

arrays are high availability increased capacity utilization and increased

capacity utilization and increased performance storage arrays provide High

performance storage arrays provide High availability by providing more than one

availability by providing more than one of the same components such as drives

of the same components such as drives controllers power supplies and

controllers power supplies and fans storage arrays increase the

fans storage arrays increase the capacity utilization by efficiently

capacity utilization by efficiently managing the allocation of storage

managing the allocation of storage resources let's find out what happens in

resources let's find out what happens in the absence of a storage

the absence of a storage array in the absence of a storage array

array in the absence of a storage array each server has to depend on its own

each server has to depend on its own storage which is usually one or more

storage which is usually one or more hard disk drives directly attached to it

hard disk drives directly attached to it and such storage cannot be shared with

and such storage cannot be shared with other

other servers this direct attachment of the

servers this direct attachment of the storage to a single server either

storage to a single server either internally or externally is called

internally or externally is called direct attached storage or

direct attached storage or Das the disadvantage of direct attached

Das the disadvantage of direct attached storage is that while one server may

storage is that while one server may have plenty of free storage capacity

have plenty of free storage capacity available another server may be running

available another server may be running out of space and there is no option to

out of space and there is no option to share the free capacity available in one

share the free capacity available in one of the servers

a storage array addresses this problem by having storage as a single pool that

by having storage as a single pool that can be shared among the

servers an example would help us explain this concept better let's say we have

this concept better let's say we have two servers X and Y server X has 500 GB

two servers X and Y server X has 500 GB as its storage capacity and server y has

as its storage capacity and server y has 500 GB as its storage

500 GB as its storage capacity let's say server X has utilized

capacity let's say server X has utilized only 100 GB of space out of its 500 so

only 100 GB of space out of its 500 so it has plenty of free space that is 400

it has plenty of free space that is 400 GB on the other hand let's say server y

GB on the other hand let's say server y has utilized 490 GB of space out of its

has utilized 490 GB of space out of its 500 obviously it is running out of space

500 obviously it is running out of space it would help if we could borrow some

it would help if we could borrow some free space from server X and give it to

free space from server X and give it to server y but this cannot be done because

server y but this cannot be done because the storage is attached to each server

the storage is attached to each server and therefore cannot be shared

as a result of direct attached storage the overall capacity utilization is

the overall capacity utilization is less the solution is to ensure that

less the solution is to ensure that storage is no longer attached to

storage is no longer attached to individual servers but rather belongs to

individual servers but rather belongs to a storage array which has a single pool

a storage array which has a single pool of

of storage so in our example let's say we

storage so in our example let's say we have moved the storage capacity to the

have moved the storage capacity to the storage array the storage array now has

storage array the storage array now has a total capacity of 1,000 GB and the two

a total capacity of 1,000 GB and the two servers X and Y can access their storage

servers X and Y can access their storage from the storage

array the storage array can now determine the storage allocation of each

determine the storage allocation of each server connected to it it can reclaim

server connected to it it can reclaim the Surplus space from server X and

the Surplus space from server X and replenish server y with some additional

replenish server y with some additional space overall the storage has increased

space overall the storage has increased the capacity utilization by efficiently

the capacity utilization by efficiently managing the allocation of storage

managing the allocation of storage capacity storage arrays increase the

capacity storage arrays increase the performance performance because some of

performance performance because some of the host computer's workload can now be

the host computer's workload can now be handled by the storage array

handled by the storage array controller now let's discuss the types

controller now let's discuss the types of storage

of storage arrays there are three types of storage

arrays there are three types of storage arrays network attached storage or Nas

arrays network attached storage or Nas array storage area network or san

array storage area network or san array unified Nas n San

array unified Nas n San array let's begin with the network

array let's begin with the network attached storage Nas is a storage array

attached storage Nas is a storage array that connects to host computer through

that connects to host computer through an IP network and communicates with them

an IP network and communicates with them using file-based protocols such as NFS

using file-based protocols such as NFS and SMB

and SMB CS let's understand a little bit more

CS let's understand a little bit more about NFS and SMB

about NFS and SMB CS NFS stands for Network file

CS NFS stands for Network file system it was designed to support the

system it was designed to support the Unix file system in which host machines

Unix file system in which host machines can mount a dis partition on the storage

can mount a dis partition on the storage array as if it were a local

array as if it were a local dis and NFS allows file sharing over a

dis and NFS allows file sharing over a network SNB stands for Server message

network SNB stands for Server message block it is microsofts protocol for the

block it is microsofts protocol for the Windows File system that allows file

Windows File system that allows file sharing over a network using a client

sharing over a network using a client server

model CS stands for common internet file system it is a public version of

system it is a public version of SMB in short NFS is for the Unix or

SMB in short NFS is for the Unix or Linux based operating system whereas SMB

Linux based operating system whereas SMB sifts is for the Windows operating

sifts is for the Windows operating system most Nas storage arrays support

system most Nas storage arrays support both NFS and SMB

both NFS and SMB sifts but for the sake of argument let's

sifts but for the sake of argument let's say the nas storage arrays support only

say the nas storage arrays support only SMB sifts then the Unix or linux-based

SMB sifts then the Unix or linux-based host computers can access Nas storage

host computers can access Nas storage arrays using the samba client Samba is

arrays using the samba client Samba is an SMB CS file server that runs in a

an SMB CS file server that runs in a Unix or Linux based operating system

Unix or Linux based operating system alternatively if the nas storage arrays

alternatively if the nas storage arrays support only NFS then the Windows

support only NFS then the Windows operating system can access Nas storage

operating system can access Nas storage arrays using the NFS

arrays using the NFS client before we Define the sand storage

client before we Define the sand storage array let's explain what a storage

array let's explain what a storage network

network is a storage network is a network that

is a storage network is a network that was developed for transporting

was developed for transporting block-based

block-based protocols the block-based protocol is a

protocols the block-based protocol is a protocol that transports an entire block

protocol that transports an entire block of data on the other hand the file-based

of data on the other hand the file-based protocol transports only one bite of

protocol transports only one bite of data at a time and it relies on the

data at a time and it relies on the lower level block protocol to reorder

lower level block protocol to reorder the bytes into

the bytes into blocks a sand storage array is a storage

blocks a sand storage array is a storage array that connects to the host

array that connects to the host computers through a storage area network

computers through a storage area network and communicates with them using

and communicates with them using block-based protocols such as fiber

block-based protocols such as fiber channel I scuzzy and

channel I scuzzy and fcoe when talking about a sand storage

fcoe when talking about a sand storage array it is important to mention how the

array it is important to mention how the storage is presented to the host

storage is presented to the host computers the storage capacity of a sand

computers the storage capacity of a sand storage array has to be shared among the

storage array has to be shared among the host computers so it is divided into

host computers so it is divided into logical discs that are assigned to the

logical discs that are assigned to the hosts these logical discs appear to the

hosts these logical discs appear to the hosts as local discs The Logical discs

hosts as local discs The Logical discs or logical units as they are usually

or logical units as they are usually called are identified by a unique number

called are identified by a unique number called a logical unit number or lung

called a logical unit number or lung luns play a vital role in the management

luns play a vital role in the management of storage in the sand storage

of storage in the sand storage array they provide a logical abstraction

array they provide a logical abstraction between the host computers and the hard

between the host computers and the hard disk drives of the storage

disk drives of the storage array the terms lungs and volumes should

array the terms lungs and volumes should not be confused with each other while

not be confused with each other while aun is a unique number that is assigned

aun is a unique number that is assigned to a logical unit volume on the other

to a logical unit volume on the other hand is a broad term that denotes a

hand is a broad term that denotes a contiguous area on a storage device and

contiguous area on a storage device and includes l and

includes l and partitions now let's look at the unified

partitions now let's look at the unified storage array a unified storage array is

storage array a unified storage array is a storage array that supports both

a storage array that supports both file-based protocols and block-based

file-based protocols and block-based protocols host computers can access the

protocols host computers can access the unified storage arrays either using

unified storage arrays either using file-based protocols or using

file-based protocols or using block-based

block-based protocols they are also called

protocols they are also called multi-protocol storage

multi-protocol storage arrays and that brings us to the end of

arrays and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you've

this lesson let's summarize what you've learned in this lesson in this lesson

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned what a storage array is and

you learned what a storage array is and then we looked at the key components of

then we looked at the key components of the storage array and these are

the storage array and these are controller controller enclosure drives

controller controller enclosure drives and drive

and drive enclosure next we looked at the

enclosure next we looked at the enclosure addressing scheme and then we

enclosure addressing scheme and then we looked at what a scuzzy enclosure

looked at what a scuzzy enclosure service or cess is after looking at the

service or cess is after looking at the components of the storage array we saw

components of the storage array we saw how these components work together we

how these components work together we then saw the benefits of storage arrays

then saw the benefits of storage arrays we also looked at what a direct attached

we also looked at what a direct attached storage or Das is and then we looked at

storage or Das is and then we looked at the advantages of the storage array over

the advantages of the storage array over the direct attached storage next we

the direct attached storage next we looked at the types of storage arrays

looked at the types of storage arrays and these were network attached storage

and these were network attached storage or Nas array storage area network or san

or Nas array storage area network or san array and unified

array and unified array when we covered the nas array we

array when we covered the nas array we also touched upon the file-based

also touched upon the file-based protocols such as NFS and SMB sifts that

protocols such as NFS and SMB sifts that are used by the NASA Rays to communicate

are used by the NASA Rays to communicate with the host computers and then we

with the host computers and then we looked at what a storage network was

looked at what a storage network was when we talked about the storage Network

when we talked about the storage Network we touched on block-based

we touched on block-based protocol lastly when we covered the San

protocol lastly when we covered the San array we also looked at what lungs and

array we also looked at what lungs and volumes were in the next lesson you will

volumes were in the next lesson you will learn about architectures of the storage

learn about architectures of the storage array thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 2 storage array architecture in this lesson you

array architecture in this lesson you will learn about the architectures of

will learn about the architectures of the storage array we're going to start

the storage array we're going to start by looking at what a dual controller

by looking at what a dual controller architecture is and then we will look at

architecture is and then we will look at what a mid-range storage array is we

what a mid-range storage array is we will also look at the two types of modes

will also look at the two types of modes in which controllers can work and these

in which controllers can work and these are active active mode and active

are active active mode and active passive mode we will then talk about how

passive mode we will then talk about how dram cache accelerates the performance

dram cache accelerates the performance of the storage array we will also look

of the storage array we will also look at the disadvantage of the Dual

at the disadvantage of the Dual controller storage array next we will

controller storage array next we will look at the grid architecture and then

look at the grid architecture and then we will look at the scalability in the

we will look at the scalability in the grid

grid architecture now let's begin with the

architecture now let's begin with the classification of storage array

classification of storage array architectures the two common

architectures the two common architectures of storage array are dual

architectures of storage array are dual controller architecture and grid

controller architecture and grid architecture Ure let's talk about dual

architecture Ure let's talk about dual controller architecture in the previous

controller architecture in the previous unit we explained the functioning of a

unit we explained the functioning of a storage array with a single controller

storage array with a single controller but a typical storage array comes with

but a typical storage array comes with two controllers and this type of storage

two controllers and this type of storage array architecture is referred to as

array architecture is referred to as dual controller

dual controller architecture a dual controller storage

architecture a dual controller storage array provides High availability with

array provides High availability with either controller having access to the

either controller having access to the pool of storage the underlying

pool of storage the underlying architecture of dual controller storage

architecture of dual controller storage arrays doesn't allow them to have more

arrays doesn't allow them to have more than two

than two controllers however it allows more hard

controllers however it allows more hard disk drives to be added to an existing

disk drives to be added to an existing storage array and because of this dual

storage array and because of this dual controller architecture is also called

controller architecture is also called scaleup

scaleup architecture on the slide we have a

architecture on the slide we have a diagram of a dual controller storage

diagram of a dual controller storage array with two controllers the purpose

array with two controllers the purpose of having two controllers is to provide

of having two controllers is to provide redundancy that is if one controller

redundancy that is if one controller fails the other one can provide

fails the other one can provide uninterrupted

uninterrupted service in dual controller storage

service in dual controller storage arrays each controller is connected to

arrays each controller is connected to each and every Drive enclosure in the

each and every Drive enclosure in the storage array the drive enclosure

storage array the drive enclosure contains the hard disk drives that are

contains the hard disk drives that are dual ported and each hard disk drive

dual ported and each hard disk drive will have two controllers connected to

will have two controllers connected to it this Arrangement ensures that in the

it this Arrangement ensures that in the event a controller fails the other

event a controller fails the other controller can still access all the hard

controller can still access all the hard disk

disk drives mid-range storage arrays are dual

drives mid-range storage arrays are dual controller storage arrays with a single

controller storage arrays with a single active passive pair of controllers

active passive pair of controllers combined with a modest level of cache

combined with a modest level of cache capacity and performance and they are

capacity and performance and they are best suited for small and medium-sized

best suited for small and medium-sized businesses now let's talk about the two

businesses now let's talk about the two types of mode in which the controllers

types of mode in which the controllers can work active active mode and active

can work active active mode and active passive mode in an active active array

passive mode in an active active array both the controllers can perform the

both the controllers can perform the read and write operations on a logical

read and write operations on a logical unit at the same time in other words

unit at the same time in other words both the controllers are said to own a

both the controllers are said to own a logical unit and either of them can

logical unit and either of them can service the io meant for that logical

service the io meant for that logical unit let's explain this with the help of

unit let's explain this with the help of an example

an example on the slide you can see a dual

on the slide you can see a dual controller array with controllers 1 and

controller array with controllers 1 and two in an active active array the

two in an active active array the controller one and controller two can

controller one and controller two can service the host IO operations at the

service the host IO operations at the same time on Lun zero and both these

same time on Lun zero and both these controllers are said to be active for

controllers are said to be active for Lun zero now let's explain active

Lun zero now let's explain active passive array in an active passive array

passive array in an active passive array only one of the two controllers can

only one of the two controllers can perform the read write operations on a

perform the read write operations on a logical unit at a given time even though

logical unit at a given time even though both the controllers can access access

both the controllers can access access it in other words only one of the

it in other words only one of the controllers is said to own a logical

controllers is said to own a logical unit and it can alone service the io

unit and it can alone service the io meant for that logical unit in this case

meant for that logical unit in this case the controller that owns The Logical

the controller that owns The Logical unit is said to be active while the

unit is said to be active while the other controller is said to be

other controller is said to be passive let's also explain this with the

passive let's also explain this with the help of an example on the slide you can

help of an example on the slide you can see a dual controller array with

see a dual controller array with controller one and controller two like

controller one and controller two like the one we showed before but this time

the one we showed before but this time it is for an active passive array in an

it is for an active passive array in an active passive array

active passive array both these controllers can access Lun

both these controllers can access Lun zero but only one controller can perform

zero but only one controller can perform the read write operations on it and

the read write operations on it and let's say that controller is controller

let's say that controller is controller one in other words controller one is set

one in other words controller one is set to own the Lun zero and it can alone

to own the Lun zero and it can alone serve the host IO meant for that logical

serve the host IO meant for that logical unit in this case the controller one is

unit in this case the controller one is said to be active while the controller 2

said to be active while the controller 2 is said to be

is said to be passive when the controller 1 fails or

passive when the controller 1 fails or loses access to Lun zero the ownership

loses access to Lun zero the ownership of Lun zero is now transferred from

of Lun zero is now transferred from controller 1 one to controller 2

controller 1 one to controller 2 controller 2 now owns Lun zero and IT

controller 2 now owns Lun zero and IT services the host IO meant for Lun zero

services the host IO meant for Lun zero storage vendors may call their dual

storage vendors may call their dual controller storage array as active

controller storage array as active active because both the controllers are

active because both the controllers are actively servicing input output

actively servicing input output operations at a given

operations at a given time however it is important to note

time however it is important to note that both these controllers may not be

that both these controllers may not be servicing a particular

servicing a particular Lan as a matter of fact each of the

Lan as a matter of fact each of the controllers will actively service a

controllers will actively service a different LAN and therefore the storage

different LAN and therefore the storage array is really an active passive

array is really an active passive array this unequal way of accessing the

array this unequal way of accessing the lungs is called asymmetric logical unit

lungs is called asymmetric logical unit access or

access or alua in a dual controller storage array

alua in a dual controller storage array the workloads are normally uniformly

the workloads are normally uniformly distributed across the two controllers

distributed across the two controllers by assigning the even number lungs to

by assigning the even number lungs to controller one and the odd number lungs

controller one and the odd number lungs to controller

2 as a result the even numbered luns will be active in controller one and

will be active in controller one and passive in controller 2 whereas the odd

passive in controller 2 whereas the odd number luns will be active in controller

number luns will be active in controller 2 and passive in controller

2 and passive in controller one if a controller fails the surviving

one if a controller fails the surviving controller will become active for all

controller will become active for all the luns including the luns that were

the luns including the luns that were assigned to the failed controller and

assigned to the failed controller and will process the hosts iOS meant for all

will process the hosts iOS meant for all the

the luns in the previous unit we saw that

luns in the previous unit we saw that the dam cache in the controller

the dam cache in the controller accelerates the performance of the

accelerates the performance of the storage array through read cache and

storage array through read cache and write back cache Technologies the dam

write back cache Technologies the dam cache is protected with a battery-backed

cache is protected with a battery-backed power source to prevent data loss in the

power source to prevent data loss in the event of an expected power

event of an expected power failure but how can the Dual controller

failure but how can the Dual controller array hold the right cache when the dam

array hold the right cache when the dam memory itself

memory itself fails the Dual controller array does

fails the Dual controller array does this by mirroring the contents of the

this by mirroring the contents of the right cache on the two

right cache on the two controllers so each controll will have

controllers so each controll will have its right cache and also a mirrored

its right cache and also a mirrored right cache of the other

right cache of the other controller in essence there are two

controller in essence there are two copies of right cache that are

copies of right cache that are physically isolated from each other to

physically isolated from each other to prevent data loss should a controller

prevent data loss should a controller fail if a controller fails the Dual

fail if a controller fails the Dual controller array will no longer be able

controller array will no longer be able to mirror the right cache and it will

to mirror the right cache and it will resort to write through caching

resort to write through caching mode in right through caching mode the

mode in right through caching mode the surviving controller doesn't acknowledge

surviving controller doesn't acknowledge the right operation to the host computer

the right operation to the host computer until the data is written to the hard

until the data is written to the hard disk the major problem with the Dual

disk the major problem with the Dual controller storage array architecture is

controller storage array architecture is the irrelevance of right back cache when

the irrelevance of right back cache when one of the two controllers

one of the two controllers fail in such a situation the surviving

fail in such a situation the surviving controller switches from the right back

controller switches from the right back caching mode to the right through

caching mode to the right through caching

caching mode this is because if the surviving

mode this is because if the surviving controller also fails then the data

controller also fails then the data written to the cache memory will be lost

written to the cache memory will be lost forever without being written to the

forever without being written to the hard

hard diss right writing to dis without using

diss right writing to dis without using right back cach takes a significantly

right back cach takes a significantly long time resulting in degraded

long time resulting in degraded performance the worst is yet to come

performance the worst is yet to come when the surviving controller just can't

when the surviving controller just can't handle the additional IO load because it

handle the additional IO load because it may be fully utilized for its own IO

may be fully utilized for its own IO load this is possible because IO load

load this is possible because IO load increases over time along with the

increases over time along with the capacity that is added to the storage

capacity that is added to the storage array so making a surviving controller

array so making a surviving controller handle the workload of two controllers

handle the workload of two controllers is not effective and scheduling a

is not effective and scheduling a downtime comes necessary to restore the

downtime comes necessary to restore the failed

failed controller now let's look at the grid

controller now let's look at the grid storage architecture grid storage

storage architecture grid storage architecture consists of more than two

architecture consists of more than two controllers controlled by management

controllers controlled by management software the grid storage architecture

software the grid storage architecture functions as a single system even though

functions as a single system even though it has storage units that are

it has storage units that are geographically distributed across

geographically distributed across multiple

multiple locations grid-based architectures are

locations grid-based architectures are characterized by the ability to provide

characterized by the ability to provide scalability of both performance and

scalability of both performance and capacity the these architectures are

capacity the these architectures are often referred to as scaleout

often referred to as scaleout architecture in Grid storage

architecture in Grid storage architecture the controllers can be

architecture the controllers can be heterogeneous in nature meaning

heterogeneous in nature meaning controllers from different vendors

controllers from different vendors should fit into the

should fit into the system grid architecture has the ability

system grid architecture has the ability to recover from failures without

to recover from failures without degrading

degrading performance unlike dual controller

performance unlike dual controller storage arrays the grid-based storage

storage arrays the grid-based storage arrays function in an active active mode

arrays function in an active active mode where more than one controller can own a

where more than one controller can own a particular Lun and write to it

a grid-based storage array can also be described as a cluster storage array

described as a cluster storage array because of its scalability in both

because of its scalability in both performance and capacity but a cluster

performance and capacity but a cluster storage array may not be a grid storage

storage array may not be a grid storage array because it may not be distributed

array because it may not be distributed geographically let's try to explain the

geographically let's try to explain the concept of scalability in the grid

concept of scalability in the grid storage architecture with the help of an

storage architecture with the help of an example in our diagram we have a grid

example in our diagram we have a grid storage array initially with two

storage array initially with two controllers

controllers though it looks like a dual controller

though it looks like a dual controller storage array we can scale its

storage array we can scale its performance by adding more controllers

performance by adding more controllers and also scale its capacity by adding

and also scale its capacity by adding more hard disk

more hard disk drives as the number of controllers

drives as the number of controllers increase so does the processing power

increase so does the processing power and cache of the storage array as we

and cache of the storage array as we mentioned before regardless of the

mentioned before regardless of the number of controllers added to the grid

number of controllers added to the grid architecture it operates as a single

architecture it operates as a single system one of the key advantages of the

system one of the key advantages of the grid architecture is that there is no

grid architecture is that there is no degradation of performance even even

degradation of performance even even when a controller fails because the

when a controller fails because the surviving controllers will have

surviving controllers will have sufficient cach memory to mirror the

sufficient cach memory to mirror the right cache and as a result they will

right cache and as a result they will service the host iio using right back

service the host iio using right back caching

caching mode that brings us to the end of this

mode that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this lesson

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned what a dual controller

you learned what a dual controller architecture is and then we looked at

architecture is and then we looked at what a mid-range storage array is we

what a mid-range storage array is we also looked at the two types of modes in

also looked at the two types of modes in which the controllers can work active

which the controllers can work active active and active pass passive mode we

active and active pass passive mode we then talked about how the dram cache

then talked about how the dram cache accelerates the performances of the

accelerates the performances of the storage array we also looked at the

storage array we also looked at the major disadvantage of the Dual

major disadvantage of the Dual controller storage array which is the

controller storage array which is the irrelevance of right back cach when one

irrelevance of right back cach when one of the two controllers

of the two controllers fail next we looked at the grid

fail next we looked at the grid architecture and then we looked at the

architecture and then we looked at the scalability in Grid storage

scalability in Grid storage architecture in the next lesson you will

architecture in the next lesson you will learn about the basics of raid thanks

learn about the basics of raid thanks for watching

hello and welcome to unit 1 introduction to

to raid in this lesson you will learn the

raid in this lesson you will learn the basics of raid we're going to start by

basics of raid we're going to start by looking at what raid is and then we will

looking at what raid is and then we will take a look at its brief

take a look at its brief history next we will look at why there

history next we will look at why there is a need for raid we will then look at

is a need for raid we will then look at raid Concepts and these are raid group

raid Concepts and these are raid group parody striping mirroring hot spare and

parody striping mirroring hot spare and hot

hot swap now let's begin with what raid

swap now let's begin with what raid is raid is an acronym that originally

is raid is an acronym that originally meant redundant array of inexpensive

meant redundant array of inexpensive discs but now it commonly represents

discs but now it commonly represents redundant array of independent

redundant array of independent discs so what exactly is a redundant

discs so what exactly is a redundant array of independent discs or

array of independent discs or Raid raid is a storage virtualization

Raid raid is a storage virtualization technology that combines multiple drives

technology that combines multiple drives to create one or more logical drives for

to create one or more logical drives for providing redundancy and enhancing

providing redundancy and enhancing performance let's explain this with the

performance let's explain this with the help of an

help of an example on the slide you can see there

example on the slide you can see there are nine physical drives the raid

are nine physical drives the raid technology is what virtualizes the

technology is what virtualizes the performance and capacity of these drives

performance and capacity of these drives to create logical

to create logical drives in our example it creates two

drives in our example it creates two logical drives of varying

logical drives of varying capacities there cannot be a better

capacities there cannot be a better preface to raid than to find out how it

preface to raid than to find out how it came into

came into existence raid came into existence in

existence raid came into existence in the late 1980s and it was invented by

the late 1980s and it was invented by David a Patterson G Gibson and Randy H

David a Patterson G Gibson and Randy H Katz at the University of California

Katz at the University of California Berkeley the acronym then stood for

Berkeley the acronym then stood for redundant array of inexpensive discs and

redundant array of inexpensive discs and it was based on the inexpensive magnetic

it was based on the inexpensive magnetic disc technology that was developed for

disc technology that was developed for personal

computers behind every invention there's a need this applies to raid as

a need this applies to raid as well the purpose of raid then was to

well the purpose of raid then was to provide an attractive alternative to the

provide an attractive alternative to the expensive Mainframe drives in terms of

expensive Mainframe drives in terms of performance reliability scalability

performance reliability scalability power consumption and

power consumption and cost at that time it was felt that there

cost at that time it was felt that there was no IO crisis because the performance

was no IO crisis because the performance of the Mainframe drives was modest

of the Mainframe drives was modest compared to the increasing performance

compared to the increasing performance of CPUs and

of CPUs and memory so the solution of the raid

memory so the solution of the raid inventors was to have a collection or an

inventors was to have a collection or an array of inexpensive magnetic discs

array of inexpensive magnetic discs which not only provided higher bandwidth

which not only provided higher bandwidth than the Mainframe drives but also

than the Mainframe drives but also included extra discs for storing

included extra discs for storing redundant data to recover the original

redundant data to recover the original data when a disc

data when a disc failed thus raid was

failed thus raid was born now let's look at the concepts that

born now let's look at the concepts that are fundamental to the understanding of

are fundamental to the understanding of raid let's start with the raid

raid let's start with the raid group a raid group is also known as a

group a raid group is also known as a raid set or Raid array it is a group of

raid set or Raid array it is a group of two or more physical drives that that

two or more physical drives that that are configured to work together in order

are configured to work together in order to provide data redundancy and increased

to provide data redundancy and increased performance now let's look at par parity

performance now let's look at par parity is a technique used for detecting errors

is a technique used for detecting errors and correcting

and correcting them in this technique the parody data

them in this technique the parody data is computed from the actual data in the

is computed from the actual data in the raid

raid set when a drive fails the parody data

set when a drive fails the parody data is used with the existing data to

is used with the existing data to reconstruct the lost

reconstruct the lost data parody data is constructed using

data parody data is constructed using the Boolean operator called exclusive or

the Boolean operator called exclusive or or

or exor what exor does is it takes two

exor what exor does is it takes two inputs and produces one output the

inputs and produces one output the output of the exor is based on the rule

output of the exor is based on the rule that if the two inputs are identical

that if the two inputs are identical then the output is

then the output is zero otherwise the output is

zero otherwise the output is one let's explain how it is done with

one let's explain how it is done with the help of an

the help of an example in our example on the slide we

example in our example on the slide we have a raid set with three drives a b

have a raid set with three drives a b and c our parody data will be computed

and c our parody data will be computed from the actual data that is stored in

from the actual data that is stored in drive a and drive B and it will be

drive a and drive B and it will be stored in Drive

stored in Drive C in the first row drive a has Bit Zero

C in the first row drive a has Bit Zero and drive B has Bit Zero since they have

and drive B has Bit Zero since they have identical data applying exor will give

identical data applying exor will give us the parody data as Bit Zero and it is

us the parody data as Bit Zero and it is stored in the first row of Drive

stored in the first row of Drive C in the second row drive a has Bit Zero

C in the second row drive a has Bit Zero and drive B has bit one since they don't

and drive B has bit one since they don't have identical data applying exor will

have identical data applying exor will give us the parody data as bit one and

give us the parody data as bit one and it is stored in the second row of Drive

it is stored in the second row of Drive C similarly in the third row drive a and

C similarly in the third row drive a and drive B don't have identical data bits

drive B don't have identical data bits and xoring the bits will give us the

and xoring the bits will give us the parity data as bit one and it is stored

parity data as bit one and it is stored in the third row of Drive

in the third row of Drive C the last row of our example has

C the last row of our example has identical data bits in drive a and drive

identical data bits in drive a and drive B and exerting the bits will give us the

B and exerting the bits will give us the parody data as Bit Zero and it is stored

parody data as Bit Zero and it is stored in the last row of Drive

in the last row of Drive C if one of our drives fail let's say

C if one of our drives fail let's say Drive B fails then we can reconstruct

Drive B fails then we can reconstruct the data in Drive B using the existing

the data in Drive B using the existing data in drive a a and the parody data

data in drive a a and the parody data that is available in Drive

that is available in Drive C this is done by applying exort to data

C this is done by applying exort to data bits in drive a and drive

bits in drive a and drive C in the first row of the table drive a

C in the first row of the table drive a has Bit Zero and drive C has bit

has Bit Zero and drive C has bit Zer since they have identical data

Zer since they have identical data applying exor will give us the

applying exor will give us the reconstructed data as

reconstructed data as zero in the second row drive a has Bit

zero in the second row drive a has Bit Zero and drive C has bit one since since

Zero and drive C has bit one since since they don't have identical data applying

they don't have identical data applying exor will give us the reconstructed data

exor will give us the reconstructed data as

as one we can repeat these steps to

one we can repeat these steps to reconstruct all the data of Drive

reconstruct all the data of Drive B there are two types of par in raid

B there are two types of par in raid dedicated parity and distributed

dedicated parity and distributed parity in dedicated parity the parody

parity in dedicated parity the parody data is stored on a separate Drive

data is stored on a separate Drive whereas in distributed parity the parity

whereas in distributed parity the parity data is spread across all the physical

data is spread across all the physical drives

drives now let's look at

now let's look at striping striping is the technique of

striping striping is the technique of writing data by Distributing it equally

writing data by Distributing it equally across all the physical drives in a raid

across all the physical drives in a raid set when data is stored on all the

set when data is stored on all the physical drives it is said to be

physical drives it is said to be striped striping is done by dividing

striped striping is done by dividing data into chunks or

data into chunks or Stripes chunks can be bites or

Stripes chunks can be bites or blocks let's explain striping with the

blocks let's explain striping with the help of an

help of an example in our diagram we have two

example in our diagram we have two physical drives these two physical

physical drives these two physical drives support a single logical

drives support a single logical Drive the data to be written is split

Drive the data to be written is split into blocks let's say block zero block 1

into blocks let's say block zero block 1 block 2 and block

block 2 and block three the first block that is block zero

three the first block that is block zero is written to drive a the second block

is written to drive a the second block block one is written to drive

block one is written to drive B since there are no additional drives

B since there are no additional drives the third block that is block two is

the third block that is block two is written to drive a and the fourth block

written to drive a and the fourth block block three is written to drive B this

block three is written to drive B this ensures that the blocks are equally

ensures that the blocks are equally spread across all of the

spread across all of the drives when the same data needs to be

drives when the same data needs to be read the blocks can be accessed from all

read the blocks can be accessed from all the

the drives striping improves the performance

drives striping improves the performance of a raid array when data is written in

of a raid array when data is written in small chunks across all the physical

small chunks across all the physical drives it makes the physical drives work

drives it makes the physical drives work in parallel to service the right op

in parallel to service the right op operation it also allows the data to be

operation it also allows the data to be read in

read in parallel the combined I/O performance of

parallel the combined I/O performance of all these physical drives improves the

all these physical drives improves the performance of The Raid

performance of The Raid array let's explain this with the help

array let's explain this with the help of an

of an example on the slide you can see a raid

example on the slide you can see a raid set that comprises four physical

set that comprises four physical drives let's say that each of these

drives let's say that each of these drives offers a throughput of 100

drives offers a throughput of 100 iops so in our example The Raid set with

iops so in our example The Raid set with four physical drives will give a total

four physical drives will give a total throughput of up to 400

throughput of up to 400 iops it is worth noting that the size of

iops it is worth noting that the size of the chunk affects the performance of The

the chunk affects the performance of The Raid

Raid set when the chunk size is small many

set when the chunk size is small many chunks will be striped across many

chunks will be striped across many physical drives so there will be many

physical drives so there will be many drives that will work in parallel to

drives that will work in parallel to service read and write

service read and write operations however the downside is that

operations however the downside is that as chunks increase the positioning time

as chunks increase the positioning time to access the chunks across all the

to access the chunks across all the drives

drives increases on the other hand when the

increases on the other hand when the chunk size is Big there will be a few

chunk size is Big there will be a few chunks that will be striped across a few

chunks that will be striped across a few drives though the positioning time to

drives though the positioning time to access the chunks reduces there will be

access the chunks reduces there will be many simultaneous IO operations across

many simultaneous IO operations across the few drives choosing the chunk size

the few drives choosing the chunk size should depend on the characteristics of

should depend on the characteristics of the workload that the raid set is

the workload that the raid set is required to handle the determining

required to handle the determining factor is is the average IO size of the

factor is is the average IO size of the workload a rule of thumb is that if the

workload a rule of thumb is that if the average IO size is Big then the chunk

average IO size is Big then the chunk size should be small and if the average

size should be small and if the average IO size is small then the chunk size

IO size is small then the chunk size should be big for example transaction

should be big for example transaction environments such as those running

environments such as those running databases involve a huge number of small

databases involve a huge number of small read and write operations and for such

read and write operations and for such use cases the preferred chunk size is

use cases the preferred chunk size is big a big chunk size could be anything

big a big chunk size could be anything starting from 64

starting from 64 kiloby on the other hand applications

kiloby on the other hand applications such as video editing applications

such as video editing applications require a small number of big files to

require a small number of big files to be read

be read promptly and for such use cases the

promptly and for such use cases the preferred chunk size is small a small

preferred chunk size is small a small chunk size could be anything between 512

chunk size could be anything between 512 bytes to 8

bytes to 8 kilobytes stripe width is the number of

kilobytes stripe width is the number of stripes or chunks that can be written or

stripes or chunks that can be written or read

read simultaneously it is equal to the number

simultaneously it is equal to the number of physical drives present in the raid

of physical drives present in the raid set so we can say stripe width equals

set so we can say stripe width equals number of physical drives in the raid

number of physical drives in the raid set now let's discuss mirroring

set now let's discuss mirroring mirroring is a technique in which all

mirroring is a technique in which all data written to a physical dis Drive is

data written to a physical dis Drive is also written to another physical dis

also written to another physical dis Drive mirroring provides redundancy

Drive mirroring provides redundancy because if one physical disc drive fails

because if one physical disc drive fails then the data can still be recovered

then the data can still be recovered from the other physical iCal disc drive

from the other physical iCal disc drive however it is expensive because it

however it is expensive because it involves duplication of physical disc

involves duplication of physical disc drives that results in using only 50% of

drives that results in using only 50% of the total storage

capacity in mirroring the right operation can be marginally slow because

operation can be marginally slow because the data has to be written to two

the data has to be written to two physical disc drives however mirroring

physical disc drives however mirroring provides improved read performance as

provides improved read performance as the data can be read in parallel from

the data can be read in parallel from the physical disc drives

the physical disc drives let's explain mirroring with the help of

let's explain mirroring with the help of an

an example in our diagram we have two

example in our diagram we have two physical dis drives these two physical

physical dis drives these two physical drives support a single logical Drive

drives support a single logical Drive let the two physical drives be drive a

let the two physical drives be drive a and drive B when data is written to

and drive B when data is written to drive a the same data will also be

drive a the same data will also be written to drive

written to drive B so when data 1 is written to drive a

B so when data 1 is written to drive a it will be written to drive B similarly

it will be written to drive B similarly when data 2 is written to drive a it

when data 2 is written to drive a it will also be written to drive B and so

will also be written to drive B and so on if each of these two physical disc

on if each of these two physical disc drives has a capacity of 500 GB The

drives has a capacity of 500 GB The Logical disc drive will not have an

Logical disc drive will not have an aggregated capacity of 1 tbte it will

aggregated capacity of 1 tbte it will only have a capacity of 500 GB this is

only have a capacity of 500 GB this is because there is a loss of 50% capacity

because there is a loss of 50% capacity due to data

due to data duplication now let's see what hot spare

duplication now let's see what hot spare and hot swap

and hot swap means hot spare is a spare physical disc

means hot spare is a spare physical disc drive used to automatically replace a

drive used to automatically replace a failed physical disc drive in a raid

failed physical disc drive in a raid array hot swap is the ability to replace

array hot swap is the ability to replace the failed physical disc drive with a

the failed physical disc drive with a good drive without disrupting the

good drive without disrupting the functioning of a raate

functioning of a raate array and that brings us to the end of

array and that brings us to the end of this

this lesson let's summarize what we have

lesson let's summarize what we have learned in this lesson in this lesson we

learned in this lesson in this lesson we learned what raid is and then we looked

learned what raid is and then we looked at its brief

at its brief history next we looked at why there is a

history next we looked at why there is a need for raid we then looked at raid

need for raid we then looked at raid Concepts and these are raid group parody

Concepts and these are raid group parody striping mirroring hot spare and hot

striping mirroring hot spare and hot swap in the next lesson you will learn

swap in the next lesson you will learn about the raid levels thank you for

about the raid levels thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 2 raid levels in this lesson you will learn

levels in this lesson you will learn about the raid

about the raid levels we're going to start by looking

levels we're going to start by looking at what a raid level is and then we will

at what a raid level is and then we will be looking at the important raid levels

be looking at the important raid levels these are raid Z raid 1 RAID 10 raid 01

these are raid Z raid 1 RAID 10 raid 01 raid five and raid

raid five and raid six lastly we will look at the two types

six lastly we will look at the two types of raid

of raid implementation and these are software

implementation and these are software raid and Hardware

raid and Hardware raid now let's look at raid

raid now let's look at raid levels so what is a RAID

levels so what is a RAID level the array of drives in raid can be

level the array of drives in raid can be arranged in various ways to provide a

arranged in various ways to provide a variety of choices that differ in

variety of choices that differ in performance and reliability

performance and reliability each such Arrangement is referred to as

each such Arrangement is referred to as a raid

a raid level there are many raid levels but we

level there are many raid levels but we will focus on the important ones and

will focus on the important ones and these are raid zero raid 1 RAID 10 raid

these are raid zero raid 1 RAID 10 raid 01 raid five and raid

01 raid five and raid six we will start with raid zero raid

six we will start with raid zero raid zero doesn't offer

zero doesn't offer redundancy the only thing that raid zero

redundancy the only thing that raid zero does is striping the data equally across

does is striping the data equally across the raid set

the raid set raid zero requires a minimum of two

raid zero requires a minimum of two physical drives as we have seen before

physical drives as we have seen before striping improves the performance of The

striping improves the performance of The Raid

Raid set raid zero is not recommended for any

set raid zero is not recommended for any critical data as it doesn't offer data

critical data as it doesn't offer data protection however it can be used along

protection however it can be used along with other raid levels that do offer

with other raid levels that do offer data

data protection now let's look at raid

protection now let's look at raid one raid one is based on mirroring it

one raid one is based on mirroring it requires at least one pair of physical

requires at least one pair of physical drives as we saw before the data that is

drives as we saw before the data that is written to a physical Drive is also

written to a physical Drive is also written to another physical

written to another physical drive this means that the second

drive this means that the second physical Drive contains an identical

physical Drive contains an identical copy of the data that is in the first

copy of the data that is in the first physical

physical Drive such a pair of physical drives is

Drive such a pair of physical drives is referred to as a mirrored

referred to as a mirrored pair so raid one requires at least one

pair so raid one requires at least one pair of physical drives in which one

pair of physical drives in which one drive acts as a duplicate of the other

raid one provides absolute redundancy because even if a physical Drive fails

because even if a physical Drive fails the other physical Drive continues to

the other physical Drive continues to function and the data is safe in

function and the data is safe in it right performance in raid one is

it right performance in raid one is marginally affected because data must be

marginally affected because data must be written twice in contrast the read

written twice in contrast the read performance improves as data can be read

performance improves as data can be read in parallel from the physical

drives raid one is expensive because twice the storage capacity must be

twice the storage capacity must be purchased to provide the required

purchased to provide the required storage

storage space for example if the required

space for example if the required storage capacity is 1 terabyte then we

storage capacity is 1 terabyte then we need to purchase two physical drives

need to purchase two physical drives each with a capacity of 1

each with a capacity of 1 terabyte so to provide one terabyte of

terabyte so to provide one terabyte of storage capacity we are actually

storage capacity we are actually purchasing a total capacity of 2

purchasing a total capacity of 2 terabyt when a physical Drive fails The

terabyt when a physical Drive fails The Raid set goes into a degraded mode

Raid set goes into a degraded mode in a degraded mode the performance of

in a degraded mode the performance of The Raid set is degraded and there is a

The Raid set is degraded and there is a risk of losing data if another disc also

risk of losing data if another disc also fails raid one allows faster rebuild of

fails raid one allows faster rebuild of the failed drive because the complete

the failed drive because the complete data exists in the surviving physical

drive now let's look at RAID 10 RAID 10 is the combination of raid one and raid

is the combination of raid one and raid zero in this Arrangement raid one is

zero in this Arrangement raid one is first applied to the raid set followed

first applied to the raid set followed by raid

by raid zero this provides the best of both the

zero this provides the best of both the levels when raid one is applied first we

levels when raid one is applied first we create a mirrored pair providing

create a mirrored pair providing redundancy to our

redundancy to our data on top of this mirrored pair when

data on top of this mirrored pair when we apply raid zero we take advantage of

we apply raid zero we take advantage of striping which improves

striping which improves performance RAID 10 requires a minimum

performance RAID 10 requires a minimum of four physical drives in our example

of four physical drives in our example on the slide the first two mirrored

on the slide the first two mirrored physical dri drives occupy half of the

physical dri drives occupy half of the striped

striped data and the second two mirrored

data and the second two mirrored physical drives occupy the other half of

physical drives occupy the other half of the striped

the striped data in a nutshell RAID 10 provides high

data in a nutshell RAID 10 provides high performance with absolute

performance with absolute redundancy it is also expensive because

redundancy it is also expensive because mirroring demands that we purchase twice

mirroring demands that we purchase twice the storage capacity

needed now let's look at raid 01 raid 01 is the combination of raid Z

01 raid 01 is the combination of raid Z and raid 1 it is not the same as RAID 10

and raid 1 it is not the same as RAID 10 in raid 01 The Raid Z level is applied

in raid 01 The Raid Z level is applied first and on top of that raid one is

first and on top of that raid one is applied raid 01 requires a minimum of

applied raid 01 requires a minimum of four physical drives the first two

four physical drives the first two physical drives occupy the striped data

physical drives occupy the striped data and the second two physical drives

and the second two physical drives mirror the first

mirror the first pair now let's look at raid five raid

pair now let's look at raid five raid five is a Block Level striping combined

five is a Block Level striping combined with a single distributed

with a single distributed parody it requires a minimum of three

parody it requires a minimum of three physical drives raid five Stripes blocks

physical drives raid five Stripes blocks of data along with parody across three

of data along with parody across three or more physical

or more physical drives so the chunks used for striping

drives so the chunks used for striping are

are blocks the parody data is computed and

blocks the parody data is computed and spread across the physical drives as a

spread across the physical drives as a single chunk of parody

single chunk of parody data raid five is known for good

data raid five is known for good performance redundancy and storage

performance redundancy and storage efficiency the advantage of raid five is

efficiency the advantage of raid five is that it can survive a single dis failure

that it can survive a single dis failure without losing data because of the

without losing data because of the single distributed

parody raid controllers that support raid five usually feature hot sparing

raid five usually feature hot sparing and automatic rebuilding of the failed

and automatic rebuilding of the failed physical

physical Drive raid 5 does have a capacity

Drive raid 5 does have a capacity overhead and it is calculated as 1

overhead and it is calculated as 1 divided by the number of drives

divided by the number of drives multiplied by

multiplied by 100 we saw earlier that the parody data

100 we saw earlier that the parody data along with the existing data is used to

along with the existing data is used to rebuild the lost data but if there are

rebuild the lost data but if there are many physical drives then the rebuild of

many physical drives then the rebuild of the failed Drive takes more

time now let's look at raid six raid 6 is a block level striping

six raid 6 is a block level striping with double distributed

with double distributed parity as with rid five the drives are

parity as with rid five the drives are striped with blocks of data but in this

striped with blocks of data but in this case there is dual parody data

case there is dual parody data distributed across the

distributed across the drives raid six requires four or more

drives raid six requires four or more physical

physical drives the advantage of raid 6 is that

drives the advantage of raid 6 is that it can survive two Drive failures

it can survive two Drive failures without losing data because of double

without losing data because of double distributed

parity when it comes to Performance raid six is marginally less compared to raid

six is marginally less compared to raid five

five but raid 6 offers additional

but raid 6 offers additional redundancy raid 6 like raid five does

redundancy raid 6 like raid five does have a capacity overhead and it is

have a capacity overhead and it is calculated as two divided by the number

calculated as two divided by the number of drives multiplied by

100 now let's look at how raid is implemented there are two types of raid

implemented there are two types of raid implementation software raid and

implementation software raid and Hardware

Hardware raid software raid is implemented at the

raid software raid is implemented at the operating system level and all the

operating system level and all the functions of the raid are carried out by

functions of the raid are carried out by the processor of the host

computer software raid is best suited for simple raid levels such as raid zero

for simple raid levels such as raid zero 1 and

1 and 10 there is no additional cost that

10 there is no additional cost that needs to be incurred for software raid

needs to be incurred for software raid since it is a part of the operating

since it is a part of the operating system on the downside a software raid

system on the downside a software raid impacts system perform

impacts system perform performance the impact is substantial on

performance the impact is substantial on the overall system performance when it

the overall system performance when it requires processing complex raid levels

requires processing complex raid levels such as raid

such as raid five a software raid is specific to an

five a software raid is specific to an operating system meaning their

operating system meaning their functionality depends on the specific

functionality depends on the specific operating

operating system this also creates compatibility

system this also creates compatibility issues because AR raid set up in an

issues because AR raid set up in an operating system cannot generally be

operating system cannot generally be shared or accessed using other operating

shared or accessed using other operating systems

Hardware raid is implemented using dedicated Hardware that performs all the

dedicated Hardware that performs all the functions of the

functions of the raid the dedicated Hardware is called

raid the dedicated Hardware is called the hardware controller because it

the hardware controller because it controls the raid

array the hardware controller is like a miniature computer because it has its

miniature computer because it has its own processor and

memory a hardware raid that is implemented in the host host computer's

implemented in the host host computer's Hardware is either integrated into the

Hardware is either integrated into the motherboard of the host computer or as a

motherboard of the host computer or as a controller card that is plugged into an

controller card that is plugged into an expansion slot of the host

computer all raid operations are processed by the hardware controller and

processed by the hardware controller and as a result a hardware raid does not

as a result a hardware raid does not impact the performance of the host

computer a hardware raid offers Advanced features and these are right back cache

features and these are right back cache mode mode Hot spares and hot

mode mode Hot spares and hot swapping right back cache dramatically

swapping right back cache dramatically improves the performance of The Raid

improves the performance of The Raid array and that brings us to the end of

array and that brings us to the end of this

this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

learned in this lesson in this lesson you have learned

lesson in this lesson you have learned what a raid level is and then we looked

what a raid level is and then we looked at the important raid levels which are

at the important raid levels which are raid zero raid 1 RAID 10 raid 01 raid

raid zero raid 1 RAID 10 raid 01 raid five and raid

five and raid six next we looked at the two types of

six next we looked at the two types of raid implementation and these were

raid implementation and these were software raid and Hardware raid in the

software raid and Hardware raid in the next lesson you will learn the basics of

next lesson you will learn the basics of a storage area network or san thank you

a storage area network or san thank you for watching

for watching [Music]

hello and welcome to unit 1 introduction to

to San in this lesson you will learn the

San in this lesson you will learn the basics of

basics of sand we're going to start by looking at

sand we're going to start by looking at what a San is and then we will take a

what a San is and then we will take a look at why we need a

look at why we need a sand next we will look at the evolution

sand next we will look at the evolution in data storage technology starting with

in data storage technology starting with the direct attached storage or

the direct attached storage or Das we will then look at the network

Das we will then look at the network attached storage or Nas which is the

attached storage or Nas which is the next stage of advancement in storage

next stage of advancement in storage technology after Nas it is the storage

technology after Nas it is the storage area network or san that has marked the

area network or san that has marked the next stage of evolution in storage

next stage of evolution in storage technology so we will see how San solves

technology so we will see how San solves the limitations of Das and then we will

the limitations of Das and then we will look at the media that connects the

look at the media that connects the servers to the storage devices in a

servers to the storage devices in a storage area area

storage area area network we will also talk about the

network we will also talk about the fiber channel technology that has become

fiber channel technology that has become extremely popular as media used for

extremely popular as media used for sand we will then introduce you to fiber

sand we will then introduce you to fiber channel sand or FC sand which is a sand

channel sand or FC sand which is a sand built using fiber channel

built using fiber channel technology lastly we will look at the

technology lastly we will look at the benefits of fiber channel

benefits of fiber channel sand now let's look at what a sand is so

sand now let's look at what a sand is so what is a sand sand stands stand for

what is a sand sand stands stand for storage area

storage area network storage area network is a

network storage area network is a high-speed Network whose main function

high-speed Network whose main function is to allow data transfer between the

is to allow data transfer between the computer systems and the storage devices

computer systems and the storage devices and also among the storage

and also among the storage devices why do we need San let's answer

devices why do we need San let's answer this question San represents the

this question San represents the evolution in data storage

evolution in data storage technology there has been progress in

technology there has been progress in the data storage technology from Das to

the data storage technology from Das to San

San in the traditional client server systems

in the traditional client server systems each server had its own storage and that

each server had its own storage and that storage was directly attached to the

storage was directly attached to the server either internally or

server either internally or externally such server attached storage

externally such server attached storage is referred to as direct attached

is referred to as direct attached storage or

storage or Das Das provides the servers with

Das Das provides the servers with high-speed exclusive access to the

high-speed exclusive access to the storage and it is preferred by small

storage and it is preferred by small companies considering cost and

performance however the disadvantage of Das is that it creates pockets of

Das is that it creates pockets of isolated storage that are not

isolated storage that are not efficiently

utilized for example when one server has plenty of free storage capacity

plenty of free storage capacity available another server may be running

available another server may be running out of space and by the direct attached

out of space and by the direct attached storage design the free capacity of the

storage design the free capacity of the servers cannot be

servers cannot be shared in addition to this when a

shared in addition to this when a business deploys more servers in a

business deploys more servers in a network not only is there an increase in

network not only is there an increase in the waste of storage capacity but there

the waste of storage capacity but there is also an increase in the complexity of

is also an increase in the complexity of managing isolated storage

resources the next stage of advancement in storage technology was the network

in storage technology was the network attached storage or

attached storage or Nas the concept of Nas is to decouple

Nas the concept of Nas is to decouple storage from the servers and make it a

storage from the servers and make it a centralized pool of shared storage that

centralized pool of shared storage that can be accessed by all the servers

can be accessed by all the servers connected to the

connected to the network technically speaking Nas is not

network technically speaking Nas is not a network but a storage array that is

a network but a storage array that is hooked up to an existing Network to

hooked up to an existing Network to provide shared

storage Nas can provide centralized shared storage with terabytes of storage

shared storage with terabytes of storage capacity however it doesn't provide the

capacity however it doesn't provide the high-speed data protection needed in

high-speed data protection needed in Enterprise environments because it

Enterprise environments because it typically sits on an existing shared

typically sits on an existing shared corporate Network and a complete data

corporate Network and a complete data backup will not only take a considerable

backup will not only take a considerable time but it will also bog down the

time but it will also bog down the network after Nas it was San that marked

network after Nas it was San that marked the next stage of evolution in storage

the next stage of evolution in storage technology San is a dedicated Network

technology San is a dedicated Network that transfers blocks of data at a high

that transfers blocks of data at a high speed to a storage device and it offers

speed to a storage device and it offers low latency for the io requests to

low latency for the io requests to access the storage

access the storage device in addition to that San allows

device in addition to that San allows several servers to connect to several

several servers to connect to several storage devices in order to share data

storage devices in order to share data and also allows the storage devices to

and also allows the storage devices to communicate with each

communicate with each other San helps to solve many of the

other San helps to solve many of the challenges faced in the traditional

challenges faced in the traditional server attached storage for example the

server attached storage for example the traditional server attached storage

traditional server attached storage cannot satisfy the ever increasing

cannot satisfy the ever increasing demands for storage capacity as it is

demands for storage capacity as it is not scalable due to the restrictions in

not scalable due to the restrictions in the number of storage devices that can

the number of storage devices that can be added to the

be added to the servers such problems can be solved by

servers such problems can be solved by San as it is scalable San allows many

San as it is scalable San allows many new storage devices to be added to the

new storage devices to be added to the network without adding new

network without adding new servers the storage devices in San can

servers the storage devices in San can be aggregated into a central pool of

be aggregated into a central pool of shared storage that can be accessed by

shared storage that can be accessed by the

the servers the server attached storage also

servers the server attached storage also doesn't provide High availability of

doesn't provide High availability of data because if a server goes down the

data because if a server goes down the data becomes inaccessible since the

data becomes inaccessible since the storage is tied to the server

storage is tied to the server San overcomes this problem because it

San overcomes this problem because it segregates the storage devices from

segregates the storage devices from servers so if a server goes down in a

servers so if a server goes down in a storage area network data is still

storage area network data is still accessible though San connects a

accessible though San connects a multitude of servers and storage devices

multitude of servers and storage devices the performance doesn't suffer because

the performance doesn't suffer because the network is characterized by both

the network is characterized by both highspeed and low latency

highspeed and low latency features the high-speed data transfer

features the high-speed data transfer and low latency of the io requests in

and low latency of the io requests in San can be compared to the high

San can be compared to the high performance of storage directly attached

performance of storage directly attached to a server as in direct attached

to a server as in direct attached storage so the io requests in San access

storage so the io requests in San access storage devices similar to

storage devices similar to das so in a nutshell San is a dedicated

das so in a nutshell San is a dedicated Network that is scalable and highly

Network that is scalable and highly available with the primary purpose of

available with the primary purpose of providing highspeed and low latency

providing highspeed and low latency access to storage

access to storage devices the next thing that we will talk

devices the next thing that we will talk about is the media that connects the

about is the media that connects the servers to the storage devices in a

servers to the storage devices in a storage area

storage area network media is the actual cables and

network media is the actual cables and physical wiring that connects the

physical wiring that connects the storage devices to the

storage devices to the servers the media is associated with a

servers the media is associated with a unique protocol and it is always managed

unique protocol and it is always managed by that

by that protocol the protocol specifies the

protocol the protocol specifies the format and sequence of data exchange

format and sequence of data exchange between the servers and the storage

between the servers and the storage devices fiber channel is a technology

devices fiber channel is a technology that has become extremely popular as a

that has become extremely popular as a medium used for sand the actual media

medium used for sand the actual media used in fiber channel technology can be

used in fiber channel technology can be different types of optical and

different types of optical and electrical transmission media such as

electrical transmission media such as fiber and copper

respectively Sands are typically built using the fiber channel Technology based

using the fiber channel Technology based on a family of Standards developed by

on a family of Standards developed by the American national standards

the American national standards Institute or

an these standards Define high-speed Network Technology that provides fast

Network Technology that provides fast data transfer rates that are commonly

data transfer rates that are commonly over 2 gbits per

over 2 gbits per second the standards also define the

second the standards also define the properties of the media and how data is

properties of the media and how data is transmitted across the

transmitted across the media fiber channel has become a defao

media fiber channel has become a defao standard in Sans for connecting client

standard in Sans for connecting client computers and server computers to a

computers and server computers to a highly scalable voluminous data

highly scalable voluminous data storage a sand built using fiber channel

storage a sand built using fiber channel technology is called a fiber Channel

technology is called a fiber Channel sand or FC

sand or FC San the goal of fiber channel sand is to

San the goal of fiber channel sand is to increase the accessibility of data

increase the accessibility of data across the

across the organization since organizations have

organization since organizations have heterogeneous combinations of operating

heterogeneous combinations of operating systems such as Windows Unix Linux and

systems such as Windows Unix Linux and Os 390 fiber channel was designed to

Os 390 fiber channel was designed to accommodate these operating systems and

accommodate these operating systems and the applications that run on

the applications that run on them fiber channel sand solves a

them fiber channel sand solves a fundamental problem of reliably making

fundamental problem of reliably making terabytes of information available to

terabytes of information available to hundreds of

hundreds of servers for making data available to

servers for making data available to servers applications and users across

servers applications and users across the Enterprise FC sand provide a network

the Enterprise FC sand provide a network of storage resources that decouple

of storage resources that decouple storage from Individual

storage from Individual servers while direct attached storage

servers while direct attached storage and network attached storage may be

and network attached storage may be appropriate for small networks fiber

appropriate for small networks fiber channel sand is most appropriate for

channel sand is most appropriate for large LGE storage

large LGE storage networks the benefits of fiber channel

networks the benefits of fiber channel sand are speeds up backup and restore

sand are speeds up backup and restore processes provides business

processes provides business continuity increases High

continuity increases High availability provid storage

availability provid storage consolidation let's look into these

consolidation let's look into these benefits one by

benefits one by one speeds up backup and restore

one speeds up backup and restore processes the growth of data and its

processes the growth of data and its criticality in organizations has made it

criticality in organizations has made it a valuable business asset that needs

a valuable business asset that needs protection and

protection and stability FC San can speed up and

stability FC San can speed up and simplify data backup

simplify data backup processes fiber channels are designed to

processes fiber channels are designed to transport large blocks of data with

transport large blocks of data with great efficiency and

great efficiency and reliability two popular sand-based

reliability two popular sand-based backup and restore models are the

backup and restore models are the landree and server free

landree and server free models we will talk more about landree

models we will talk more about landree and server free in a separate module

and server free in a separate module titled backup and

titled backup and Recovery provides business continuity

Recovery provides business continuity the distributed Network approach of FC

the distributed Network approach of FC Sands helps to recover data and bring it

Sands helps to recover data and bring it online in the event of a

online in the event of a disaster many organizations cannot

disaster many organizations cannot afford downtime of even a few minutes in

afford downtime of even a few minutes in such cases sand protects against

such cases sand protects against downtime in the following Ways by

downtime in the following Ways by ensuring that there is no single point

ensuring that there is no single point of failure by integrating failover

of failure by integrating failover software by rationalizing data backup up

software by rationalizing data backup up and recovery and enabling mirroring of

and recovery and enabling mirroring of data in remote

data in remote locations increases High

locations increases High availability the key availability

availability the key availability benefits of San include built-in

benefits of San include built-in redundancy Dynamic failover

redundancy Dynamic failover protection and automatic rerouting

protection and automatic rerouting capabilities with flexible connectivity

capabilities with flexible connectivity options a sand can be developed with no

options a sand can be developed with no single point of

single point of failure FC Sands also provide hot

failure FC Sands also provide hot pluging features that allow storage to

pluging features that allow storage to be plugged into the network without

be plugged into the network without experiencing any server

experiencing any server downtime provide storage

downtime provide storage consolidation fiber channel storage area

consolidation fiber channel storage area networks have become a stronghold for

networks have become a stronghold for companies that are looking to increase

companies that are looking to increase their storage utilization and

their storage utilization and manageability while at the same time

manageability while at the same time cutting

costs FC San allows any to any connectivity between heterogeneous

connectivity between heterogeneous servers and storage systems

servers and storage systems this allows efficient use of servers and

this allows efficient use of servers and storage Resources by consolidating the

storage Resources by consolidating the widely distributed underutilized storage

widely distributed underutilized storage into centralized

into centralized storage though sand has gained massive

storage though sand has gained massive popularity because of fiber channel

popularity because of fiber channel technology the concept of sand itself is

technology the concept of sand itself is not tied to any form of

not tied to any form of technology so sand can also be built

technology so sand can also be built using other Technologies such as

using other Technologies such as ethernet-based technology like internet

ethernet-based technology like internet scuzzi or I SC does

scuzzi or I SC does he and that brings us to the end of this

he and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned what a

lesson in this lesson you learned what a sand was and then we looked at why we

sand was and then we looked at why we need a sand next we looked at the

need a sand next we looked at the evolution in data storage technology

evolution in data storage technology starting with direct attached storage or

starting with direct attached storage or Das we then looked at network attached

Das we then looked at network attached storage or Nas which is the next stage

storage or Nas which is the next stage of advancement in storage technology

of advancement in storage technology after Nas it was sand that marked the

after Nas it was sand that marked the next stage of evolution in storage

next stage of evolution in storage technology so we saw how sand solves the

technology so we saw how sand solves the limitations of Das and then we talked

limitations of Das and then we talked about the media that connects the

about the media that connects the servers to the storage devices in a

servers to the storage devices in a storage area

storage area network we also talked about the fiber

network we also talked about the fiber channel technology that has become

channel technology that has become extremely popular as a media used for

extremely popular as a media used for sand we then introduced you to fiber

sand we then introduced you to fiber channel sand or FC sand which is a sand

channel sand or FC sand which is a sand built using fiber channel technology

built using fiber channel technology lastly we looked at the benefits of the

lastly we looked at the benefits of the fiber channel sand in the next lesson

fiber channel sand in the next lesson you will learn about the fiber channel

you will learn about the fiber channel architecture thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 2 fiber channel

channel architecture in this lesson you will

architecture in this lesson you will learn about the fiber channel

learn about the fiber channel architecture we're going to start by

architecture we're going to start by looking at what a fiber channel is and

looking at what a fiber channel is and then we will talk about the channels and

then we will talk about the channels and the networks in the context of fiber

the networks in the context of fiber channel

channel technology next we will look at the

technology next we will look at the features of fiber

features of fiber channel and then we will look at why

channel and then we will look at why there is a need for fiber channnel

there is a need for fiber channnel technology

technology we will look at how fiber channnel works

we will look at how fiber channnel works and then we will look at the fiber

and then we will look at the fiber channel

channel protocol before we get into the depth of

protocol before we get into the depth of fiber channel we will look at the

fiber channel we will look at the commonly used terms in fiber channel and

commonly used terms in fiber channel and these are node Port link and

these are node Port link and frame we will then look at how fiber

frame we will then look at how fiber channel is logically structured into

channel is logically structured into layers and then we will look at the

layers and then we will look at the functions of each

functions of each layer next we will look at the flow

layer next we will look at the flow control in fiber channel sand and then

control in fiber channel sand and then we will talk about the two types of flow

we will talk about the two types of flow control that can be implemented in fiber

control that can be implemented in fiber channel

channel sand these are end to endend flow

sand these are end to endend flow control and buffer to buffer flow

control and buffer to buffer flow control lastly we will look at the

control lastly we will look at the classes of services in fiber channel

classes of services in fiber channel San and these are class one class 2

San and these are class one class 2 class 3 class 4 and Class f

class 3 class 4 and Class f now let's look at what a fiber channnel

now let's look at what a fiber channnel is fiber channel is a set of standards

is fiber channel is a set of standards that Define a high performance data

that Define a high performance data transmission technology that can

transmission technology that can transport data of varying types and

transport data of varying types and sizes at high speeds over computer

sizes at high speeds over computer peripherals and

networks the name fiber channel can be misleading because the words fiber and

misleading because the words fiber and channel could make us think that the

channel could make us think that the technology is limited to fiber optics

technology is limited to fiber optics and channels

and channels but the fact is fiber channel also

but the fact is fiber channel also supports copper as a transmission media

supports copper as a transmission media and Carries channel and network traffic

and Carries channel and network traffic with equivalent

with equivalent efficiency let's shed some light on

efficiency let's shed some light on channel and network a channel is a

channel and network a channel is a peripheral input output interface that

peripheral input output interface that allows direct data transfer between the

allows direct data transfer between the computer and the devices attached to

computer and the devices attached to it the primary purpose of channels is to

it the primary purpose of channels is to provide error-free data delivery through

provide error-free data delivery through Hardware support

Hardware support being hardware-based channels provide

being hardware-based channels provide High data transfer speeds for large data

High data transfer speeds for large data with minimum

with minimum overhead channels are typically used for

overhead channels are typically used for the communication of peripheral devices

the communication of peripheral devices with the host computer such as dis

with the host computer such as dis drives tape units and

drives tape units and printers on the other hand networks

printers on the other hand networks connect a large number of devices to

connect a large number of devices to each other allowing any device to

each other allowing any device to communicate with any other

communicate with any other device there is a high overhead

device there is a high overhead associated with data transfer because

associated with data transfer because the packets are routed to the correct

the packets are routed to the correct destination usually with software

destination usually with software support which slows down the

support which slows down the network the network is used for a wide

network the network is used for a wide range of tasks such as delivering data

range of tasks such as delivering data that requires error-free delivery as

that requires error-free delivery as well as data that requires ontime

well as data that requires ontime delivery for example voice data transfer

delivery for example voice data transfer requires ontime

requires ontime delivery fiber channel overcomes the

delivery fiber channel overcomes the limitation of network data transfer by

limitation of network data transfer by combining the best of both Channel

combining the best of both Channel channel and network

channel and network Technologies as a result channel and

Technologies as a result channel and network protocols can share the same

network protocols can share the same transmission

transmission media fiber channel can be compared to a

media fiber channel can be compared to a telephone Network in that it provides a

telephone Network in that it provides a temporary direct connection between the

temporary direct connection between the nodes with the option of utilizing the

nodes with the option of utilizing the full bandwidth of the transmission media

full bandwidth of the transmission media as long as the connection

as long as the connection exists it is implemented as an interface

exists it is implemented as an interface that acts as a general-purpose transport

that acts as a general-purpose transport vehicle for simultaneously delivering

vehicle for simultaneously delivering command sets of various protocols such

command sets of various protocols such as IP scuzzy 3 and so

as IP scuzzy 3 and so on fiber channel allows data transfers

on fiber channel allows data transfers of varying sizes be it large data

of varying sizes be it large data transfer or small data

transfer or small data transfer as a result they are used in

transfer as a result they are used in transmitting data in Diversified systems

transmitting data in Diversified systems that range from workstations to

supercomputers the way fiber channel works is it defines the method of

works is it defines the method of transporting the data from one device to

transporting the data from one device to another device regardless of the type of

another device regardless of the type of data being

data being transmitted for example the devices can

transmitted for example the devices can be two computers on a network exchanging

be two computers on a network exchanging data or a computer sending data to its

data or a computer sending data to its peripheral device such as a dis

peripheral device such as a dis array let's discuss the important

array let's discuss the important features of fiber

features of fiber channel fast fiber channel provides

channel fast fiber channel provides high-speed data transfer rates with the

high-speed data transfer rates with the common speeds of 2 gbits per second 4

common speeds of 2 gbits per second 4 gbits per second 8 gbits per second and

gbits per second 8 gbits per second and 16 gbits per second flexible fiber

16 gbits per second flexible fiber channel allows multiple protocols to be

channel allows multiple protocols to be transported over a common transmission

transported over a common transmission media asynchronous fiber channel handles

media asynchronous fiber channel handles the transmission of both channel and

the transmission of both channel and network kinds of traffic in the very

network kinds of traffic in the very same protocol for the purpose of fully

same protocol for the purpose of fully utilizing the available

utilizing the available bandwidth long distance the cable

bandwidth long distance the cable lengths between devices can be from 30 m

lengths between devices can be from 30 m to 10

to 10 km we can have 30 m when using copper as

km we can have 30 m when using copper as the transmission medium and 10 km when

the transmission medium and 10 km when using fiber optics as the transmission

using fiber optics as the transmission medium

medium scalable more number of devices can be

scalable more number of devices can be connected a simple arbitrated Loop

connected a simple arbitrated Loop topology can have up to 126 devices

topology can have up to 126 devices connected and a switched fabric topology

connected and a switched fabric topology can support millions of

can support millions of devices reliable fiber channel provides

devices reliable fiber channel provides Superior data encoding and error check

Superior data encoding and error check checking mechanisms along with the

checking mechanisms along with the improved reliability of Serial

Communications Backward Compatible fiber channel is compatible with older

channel is compatible with older Technologies such as scuzzy and ethernet

Technologies such as scuzzy and ethernet using

Bridges standardized fiber channel is an industrywide standard so the products

industrywide standard so the products developed by different vendors will work

developed by different vendors will work together over the years the speed of

together over the years the speed of processors and peripheral devices kept

processors and peripheral devices kept improving but the network and channel

improving but the network and channel interconnect Technologies such as

interconnect Technologies such as ethernet and scuzzy couldn't cope with

ethernet and scuzzy couldn't cope with the Improvement and have become

the Improvement and have become bottlenecks in system

bottlenecks in system performance fiber channel was developed

performance fiber channel was developed as a solution to the growing need of an

as a solution to the growing need of an interconnect technology that supported

interconnect technology that supported both high-speed and high volume data

both high-speed and high volume data transfers for network and storage

Services fiber channel was the generic name given to the set of standards

name given to the set of standards developed by the Committees accredited

developed by the Committees accredited by the American national standards

by the American national standards Institute

Institute Ani these standards Define the physical

Ani these standards Define the physical characteristics of the transmission

characteristics of the transmission media and the connectors that connect

media and the connectors that connect the devices and also describes the

the devices and also describes the related Network

related Network topologies since fiber channel only

topologies since fiber channel only provides a data transport mechanism the

provides a data transport mechanism the standards Define how to map the upper

standards Define how to map the upper level protocols such as scuzzy and IP to

level protocols such as scuzzy and IP to the fiber channel data format without

the fiber channel data format without replacing them

replacing them them the advantages of mapping the

them the advantages of mapping the scuzzy command set to fiber channel when

scuzzy command set to fiber channel when compared to scuzzy are as follows

compared to scuzzy are as follows high-speed data transfers greater number

high-speed data transfers greater number of devices can be connected together

of devices can be connected together large distances are allowed between the

large distances are allowed between the devices fiber channel protocol is the

devices fiber channel protocol is the serial scuzzy command protocol used on

serial scuzzy command protocol used on fiber channel

fiber channel networks let's look at a few terms that

networks let's look at a few terms that are commonly used in fiber

are commonly used in fiber channel fiber Channel devices are called

channel fiber Channel devices are called nodes a node is a generic name used to

nodes a node is a generic name used to denote any device such as a dis Drive

denote any device such as a dis Drive printer workstation scanner

printer workstation scanner Etc each node has at least one port that

Etc each node has at least one port that provides access to other

provides access to other nodes a port is the interface in a node

nodes a port is the interface in a node used for external

used for external communication a node will have at least

communication a node will have at least one

one port each Port has two connections

port each Port has two connections designated as transmitter

designated as transmitter TX and receiver

RX fiber channel allows transmission of data over different kinds of electrical

data over different kinds of electrical and optical

and optical cables the pair of cables that connect

cables the pair of cables that connect two nodes is called a link one cable

two nodes is called a link one cable plugged into TX is used to carry

plugged into TX is used to carry information out of the node and the

information out of the node and the other cable plugged into RX is used to

other cable plugged into RX is used to receive information into the

receive information into the node data is broken into frames which

node data is broken into frames which are transmitted from one node to the

are transmitted from one node to the other via a

other via a link the link can handle multiple types

link the link can handle multiple types of frames for example a frame containing

of frames for example a frame containing scuzzy information can be sent along

scuzzy information can be sent along with a frame containing IP information

with a frame containing IP information and so

and so on a frame is the smallest unit of data

on a frame is the smallest unit of data that can be transferred across a link

that can be transferred across a link and is composed of a string of four

and is composed of a string of four contiguous encoded characters such as

contiguous encoded characters such as data characters or special characters

data characters or special characters the frames are typically constructed by

the frames are typically constructed by the node that transmits the

the node that transmits the frames a sequence in data transmission

frames a sequence in data transmission is one or more

is one or more frames an exchange is one or more

frames an exchange is one or more sequences the main constituents of a

sequences the main constituents of a frame are a header a payload and a

frame are a header a payload and a cyclic redundancy check sum

cyclic redundancy check sum CRC in addition to that it is also

CRC in addition to that it is also surrounded by a start of frame delimiter

surrounded by a start of frame delimiter and an end of frame delimiter

and an end of frame delimiter the header contains Source destination

the header contains Source destination and other frame

information it tells from where the frame came and to where it is destined

frame came and to where it is destined to start of frame and end of frame

to start of frame and end of frame delimeters indicate the beginning and

delimeters indicate the beginning and the end of a frame

the end of a frame respectively a payload contains the

respectively a payload contains the useful data carried by the

useful data carried by the frame and has a maximum length of

frame and has a maximum length of 2,112 bytes

2,112 bytes cyclic redundancy check sum or CRC is

cyclic redundancy check sum or CRC is the scheme that detects Errors By

the scheme that detects Errors By checking the Integrity of the header and

checking the Integrity of the header and the

payload fiber channel is logically structured into five layers based on

structured into five layers based on their functions as shown in the

their functions as shown in the figure these layers are similar to

figure these layers are similar to layers of the OSI model and have

layers of the OSI model and have interfaces for interlayer

communication let's discuss the functions of each

functions of each layer fc0 fc0 defines the physical

layer fc0 fc0 defines the physical interfaces including the physical

interfaces including the physical transmission media connectors and the

transmission media connectors and the parameters for optical and electrical

parameters for optical and electrical data

data transmission fc1 is the transmission

transmission fc1 is the transmission protocol layer that does the serial

protocol layer that does the serial encoding decoding and error control of

encoding decoding and error control of the

the data fc2 is the signaling protocol that

data fc2 is the signaling protocol that breaks the data into frames for

breaks the data into frames for transport port and reassembles them at

transport port and reassembles them at the receiving

the receiving end it defines the framing rules of the

end it defines the framing rules of the data that is sent from one port to

data that is sent from one port to another it also has mechanisms for

another it also has mechanisms for managing three service classes and

managing three service classes and controls the sequence of data

transfer fc3 provides a set of services that are common for multiple ports on a

that are common for multiple ports on a node fc4 defines the interface mapping

node fc4 defines the interface mapping between the upper layer protocols and

between the upper layer protocols and the lower layers of fiber

the lower layers of fiber channel examples of upper layer

channel examples of upper layer Protocols are scuzi and

Protocols are scuzi and IP next we will look at flow control

IP next we will look at flow control flow control restricts the flow of

flow control restricts the flow of frames from the transmitter port to the

frames from the transmitter port to the receiver port in order to prevent

receiver port in order to prevent overflow at the receiver

overflow at the receiver Port fiber channel uses a credit model

Port fiber channel uses a credit model to implement flow

to implement flow control a credit is the maximum number

control a credit is the maximum number of frames that can be transmitted to a

of frames that can be transmitted to a recipient there are two types of flow

recipient there are two types of flow control end to end flow control and

control end to end flow control and buffer Tob buffer flow

buffer Tob buffer flow control in end to end flow control the

control in end to end flow control the credits are negotiated between the

credits are negotiated between the source end device and the destination

source end device and the destination end device before the data transmission

end device before the data transmission takes

place the source end device decreases its credits by one when it sends a frame

its credits by one when it sends a frame to the destination end

to the destination end device on receipt of the frame the

device on receipt of the frame the destination end device sends an

destination end device sends an acknowledgement frame or act frame to

acknowledgement frame or act frame to the source end

the source end device when the source end device

device when the source end device receives the acknowledgement frame it

receives the acknowledgement frame it increases its credits by one so that it

increases its credits by one so that it can send one more

can send one more frame buffert buffer flow control is

frame buffert buffer flow control is used between an end device and a switch

used between an end device and a switch or between end devices in a

or between end devices in a point-to-point topology

point-to-point topology the credits are negotiated before data

the credits are negotiated before data transmission takes place in buffer to

transmission takes place in buffer to buffer flow control the receiver sends a

buffer flow control the receiver sends a receiver ready frame to the sender when

receiver ready frame to the sender when it is ready to receive the

it is ready to receive the frames the sender decreases its credits

frames the sender decreases its credits by one for every frame sent and

by one for every frame sent and increases its credit by one for every

increases its credit by one for every receiver ready frame it

receiver ready frame it receives next we will look at the

receives next we will look at the classes of

classes of services classes of services are

services classes of services are different methods of communication

different methods of communication between two

between two nodes there are five classes of

nodes there are five classes of services class one is a dedicated

services class one is a dedicated connection between two nodes it allows

connection between two nodes it allows the nodes to communicate using the full

the nodes to communicate using the full bandwidth of the dedicated connection

bandwidth of the dedicated connection without being affected by other network

without being affected by other network traffic as a result the frames are

traffic as a result the frames are guaranteed to be delivered in the order

guaranteed to be delivered in the order of their

of their transmission end to end flow control is

transmission end to end flow control is used in class one class one is good for

used in class one class one is good for high throughput transactions

high throughput transactions Class 2 Class 2 is a frame switched

Class 2 Class 2 is a frame switched service with no dedicated connection

service with no dedicated connection Class 2 allows different nodes to share

Class 2 allows different nodes to share the bandwidth of the service by

the bandwidth of the service by multiplexing

multiplexing frames since there is no dedicated

frames since there is no dedicated connection a node can transmit frames to

connection a node can transmit frames to and receive frames from multiple nodes

and receive frames from multiple nodes the transmitting node receives an

the transmitting node receives an acknowledgement that confirms the frame

acknowledgement that confirms the frame delivery Class 2 uses both buffer to

delivery Class 2 uses both buffer to buffer and endtoend flow control

buffer and endtoend flow control class two can be compared to typical

class two can be compared to typical land traffic where order and ontime

land traffic where order and ontime delivery is not

delivery is not crucial class 3 class 3 is a frame

crucial class 3 class 3 is a frame switched connectionless service similar

switched connectionless service similar to class 2 but does not use

to class 2 but does not use acknowledgements to confirm frame

acknowledgements to confirm frame delivery class 3 is also referred to as

delivery class 3 is also referred to as datagram service when the frames are

datagram service when the frames are lost during delivery the upper layer

lost during delivery the upper layer protocol efficiently ensures

protocol efficiently ensures retransmission

class 3 uses buffert buffer flow control class 4 provides multiple

control class 4 provides multiple dedicated connections from one node to

dedicated connections from one node to many nodes at the same time it differs

many nodes at the same time it differs from class one because in class one

from class one because in class one there is only one dedicated connection

there is only one dedicated connection between two nodes but in class 4 a node

between two nodes but in class 4 a node may be connected to more than one node

may be connected to more than one node via separate logical circuits each path

via separate logical circuits each path provided by a logical circuit between

provided by a logical circuit between two nodes receives only a portion of the

two nodes receives only a portion of the bandwidth because it is shared among

bandwidth because it is shared among multiple logical

multiple logical circuits in class 4 service the frames

circuits in class 4 service the frames are guaranteed to be delivered in the

are guaranteed to be delivered in the order of their transmission and

order of their transmission and acknowledgements are used for delivered

acknowledgements are used for delivered frames endtoend flow control is used in

frames endtoend flow control is used in class

class 4 class f is a reserved service used for

4 class f is a reserved service used for switch to switch Communications in a

switch to switch Communications in a fabric it is a connectionless service

fabric it is a connectionless service that provides acknowledgement for the

that provides acknowledgement for the delivery of

delivery of packets it is used only for ports that

packets it is used only for ports that connect two switches and for various

connect two switches and for various tasks such as exchange routing name

tasks such as exchange routing name service and delivery of notifications

service and delivery of notifications between

between switches class F uses buffer to buffer

switches class F uses buffer to buffer flow

flow control and that brings us to the end of

control and that brings us to the end of this

this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this lesson

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned what a fiber channel is and

you learned what a fiber channel is and then we talked about channels and

then we talked about channels and networks in the context of fiber channel

networks in the context of fiber channel technology next we looked at the

technology next we looked at the features of fiber channel and then we

features of fiber channel and then we looked at why there is a need for fiber

looked at why there is a need for fiber channel technology we also looked at how

channel technology we also looked at how fiber channel works and then we looked

fiber channel works and then we looked at the fiber channel

at the fiber channel protocol next we looked at the commonly

protocol next we looked at the commonly used terms in fiber channel technology

used terms in fiber channel technology and these are node Port link and frame

and these are node Port link and frame we then looked at how fiber channel is

we then looked at how fiber channel is logically structured into layers and and

logically structured into layers and and then we looked at the functions of each

then we looked at the functions of each layer next we looked at the flow control

layer next we looked at the flow control in fiber channel San and then we looked

in fiber channel San and then we looked at the two types of flow control that

at the two types of flow control that can be implemented in fiber channel sand

can be implemented in fiber channel sand these are end to endend flow control and

these are end to endend flow control and buffer to buffer flow

buffer to buffer flow control lastly we looked at the classes

control lastly we looked at the classes of services in fiber channel sand and

of services in fiber channel sand and these are class 1 2 3 4 and F in the

these are class 1 2 3 4 and F in the next lesson you will learn about the

next lesson you will learn about the components of fiber channel sand thank

components of fiber channel sand thank you for

watching hello and welcome to unit 3 components of FC

components of FC San in this lesson you will learn about

San in this lesson you will learn about the components of fiber channel sand we

the components of fiber channel sand we will look at the components of a fiber

will look at the components of a fiber channel storage area network and these

channel storage area network and these include servers host bus adapters cables

include servers host bus adapters cables hubs switches Bridges and storage when

hubs switches Bridges and storage when we talk about the host bus adapter or

we talk about the host bus adapter or HBA we will look at what the worldwide

HBA we will look at what the worldwide name is and then we will look at the two

name is and then we will look at the two types of worldwide name the these are

types of worldwide name the these are worldwide node name or

worldwide node name or wwnn and worldwide Port name or ww

PN in the context of HBA we will look at what a gigabit interface converter or

what a gigabit interface converter or gbic is and then we will look at what

gbic is and then we will look at what small form factor plugable or SFP

small form factor plugable or SFP is we will also look at the types of

is we will also look at the types of sfps and these are electrical SFP

sfps and these are electrical SFP and Optical

and Optical SFP we will cover the optical SFP in

SFP we will cover the optical SFP in detail when we talk about the

detail when we talk about the connectivity of the fiber optic cables

connectivity of the fiber optic cables to the fiber channel

to the fiber channel devices next we will look at the

devices next we will look at the converged network adapter which is a PCI

converged network adapter which is a PCI expansion card which combines the

expansion card which combines the functionality of both the host bus

functionality of both the host bus adapter and the network interface

adapter and the network interface card when talking about the converged

card when talking about the converged network adapter we will look at what

network adapter we will look at what data center Bridge or DCB

data center Bridge or DCB is when talking about data cables we

is when talking about data cables we will take a detailed look at the type of

will take a detailed look at the type of cables that are used in fiber channel

cables that are used in fiber channel sand these are copper cables and Fiber

sand these are copper cables and Fiber Optic

Optic Cables we will also look at what fiber

Cables we will also look at what fiber optic connectors are and then we will

optic connectors are and then we will look at the two most popular fiber optic

look at the two most popular fiber optic connectors these are Lucent connector

connectors these are Lucent connector and subscriber

and subscriber connector when talking about fiber

connector when talking about fiber channel switch we will also look at what

channel switch we will also look at what inter switch link or ISL is lastly we

inter switch link or ISL is lastly we will look at what a fiber channel Port

will look at what a fiber channel Port is and then we will look at the

is and then we will look at the different port names these are nport

different port names these are nport fport E port G port and

fport E port G port and uport now let's start with the

uport now let's start with the components of a fiber channel storage

components of a fiber channel storage area

area network the components of a fiber

network the components of a fiber channel storage area network are servers

channel storage area network are servers host bus adapters cables hubs switches

host bus adapters cables hubs switches Bridges and

Bridges and storage let's look at them one by one

storage let's look at them one by one servers in a sand environment do not

servers in a sand environment do not have storage tied to them as the data

have storage tied to them as the data management is taken by the storage

management is taken by the storage devices such as storage arrays the

devices such as storage arrays the servers can efficiently handle their

servers can efficiently handle their other

other tasks the next component we will be

tasks the next component we will be looking at is the host bus adapter or

looking at is the host bus adapter or HBA a host bus adapter is an IO adapter

HBA a host bus adapter is an IO adapter typically in the form of a pcie

typically in the form of a pcie expansion card or a component on the

expansion card or a component on the motherboard that connects the server's

motherboard that connects the server's memory bus to its IO

memory bus to its IO bus the io adapter accepts input and

bus the io adapter accepts input and generates output in a specific

generates output in a specific format the iob bus refers to the path

format the iob bus refers to the path used for transferring data and control

used for transferring data and control information either to a storage device

information either to a storage device or to a

or to a network HBA typically is a standard PCI

network HBA typically is a standard PCI expansion card that is plugged into the

expansion card that is plugged into the expansion slot of the

expansion slot of the server it connects the server to a

server it connects the server to a storage device either as direct attached

storage device either as direct attached storage or as networked

storage or as networked storage a host bus adapter looks like a

storage a host bus adapter looks like a network interface card or

network interface card or Nick compared to an HBA a Nick only

Nick compared to an HBA a Nick only frames packets and controls the flow of

frames packets and controls the flow of data to the data link layer a Nick

data to the data link layer a Nick depends on the server CPU for other

depends on the server CPU for other tasks such such as protocol

tasks such such as protocol processing each entity in a fiber

processing each entity in a fiber Channel network is uniquely identified

Channel network is uniquely identified by a 64-bit address called a worldwide

by a 64-bit address called a worldwide name they are represented in eight hexad

name they are represented in eight hexad deim pairs separated by colons as shown

deim pairs separated by colons as shown in the

in the slide there are two types of worldwide

slide there are two types of worldwide names worldwide node name

names worldwide node name wwnn and worldwide Port name or wwpns

wide node name uniquely identifies each device on the fiber Channel

device on the fiber Channel network the worldwide Port name uniquely

network the worldwide Port name uniquely identifies each port in a

identifies each port in a device each HBA has a unique worldwide

device each HBA has a unique worldwide node name and a unique worldwide Port

node name and a unique worldwide Port name the worldwide node name identifies

name the worldwide node name identifies the entire device and in this case the

the entire device and in this case the entire HBA the worldwide Port name

entire HBA the worldwide Port name identifies each port and in this case

identifies each port and in this case the HBA port

the HBA port the worldwide name is similar to the MAC

the worldwide name is similar to the MAC address of a Nick card but unlike a MAC

address of a Nick card but unlike a MAC address it cannot be used to transport

address it cannot be used to transport frames on the

frames on the network an HBA contains a processor

network an HBA contains a processor memory and

memory and firmware HBA frees the server CPU by

firmware HBA frees the server CPU by offloading the critical tasks such as

offloading the critical tasks such as protocol processing and error detection

protocol processing and error detection during the offload process the HBA

during the offload process the HBA caches the incoming data into memory to

caches the incoming data into memory to improve performance in addition to that

improve performance in addition to that the intelligence of the hba's firmware

the intelligence of the hba's firmware takes care of useful features such as

takes care of useful features such as load balancing and

load balancing and failover the biggest advantage of HBA is

failover the biggest advantage of HBA is that it gives a throughput close to that

that it gives a throughput close to that of data link speed with a negligible

of data link speed with a negligible impact on the

impact on the CPU the BIOS in the fiber channel HBA

CPU the BIOS in the fiber channel HBA allows dis list servers to boot from the

allows dis list servers to boot from the storage array that has the operating

storage array that has the operating system when a diskless server is powered

system when a diskless server is powered on the HBA bios of that server connects

on the HBA bios of that server connects to the San and locates the storage array

to the San and locates the storage array that has the operating system since

that has the operating system since fiber channel hbas operate at 1 or 2

fiber channel hbas operate at 1 or 2 gbits per second booting from Sand

gbits per second booting from Sand shouldn't be a problem the host bus

shouldn't be a problem the host bus adapter contains the gigabit interface

adapter contains the gigabit interface converter or GIC into which the network

converter or GIC into which the network cable is plugged

cable is plugged in these networking cables can either be

in these networking cables can either be fiber optic cable or copper

fiber optic cable or copper cable GIC is a hot swappable transceiver

cable GIC is a hot swappable transceiver that takes care of the conversion

that takes care of the conversion between the electrical signals used by

between the electrical signals used by the HBA and either electrical or Optical

the HBA and either electrical or Optical signals suitable for transmission over

signals suitable for transmission over the network

the network cables the purpose of gbic was to

cables the purpose of gbic was to provide a gigabit Port that can support

provide a gigabit Port that can support a number of fiber channel media

a number of fiber channel media types the upgraded version of GIC is

types the upgraded version of GIC is called small form factor pluggable or

called small form factor pluggable or SFP an SFP module is half the size of a

SFP an SFP module is half the size of a gbit

gbit but provides double the number of

but provides double the number of ports SFP modules are also called mini

ports SFP modules are also called mini GIC there are two types of sfps

GIC there are two types of sfps electrical SFP and Optical

electrical SFP and Optical SFP the electrical SFP connects the HBA

SFP the electrical SFP connects the HBA to The Copper networking cable and the

to The Copper networking cable and the optical SFP connects the HBA to the

optical SFP connects the HBA to the fiber optic networking

fiber optic networking cable the optical SFP has a laser

cable the optical SFP has a laser emitting diode or a laser diode that

emitting diode or a laser diode that emits Optical signals used for

emits Optical signals used for transmission of data over the Fiber

transmission of data over the Fiber Optic

Optic Cables the optical SFP is the type of

Cables the optical SFP is the type of SFP that is dominant in the

SFP that is dominant in the market we will talk more about Optical

market we will talk more about Optical SFP when we talk about the connectivity

SFP when we talk about the connectivity of the fiber optic cables to the fiber

of the fiber optic cables to the fiber channel

channel devices the next thing we will talk

devices the next thing we will talk about is the converged network

about is the converged network adapter the converged network adapter is

adapter the converged network adapter is a PCI expansion card that combin the

a PCI expansion card that combin the functionality of both the host bus

functionality of both the host bus adapter and the network interface

adapter and the network interface card the converge network adapter

card the converge network adapter supports simultaneous Lan and sand

supports simultaneous Lan and sand traffic over a shared ethernet Link in

traffic over a shared ethernet Link in addition to that it offloads the server

addition to that it offloads the server CPU with the protocol

CPU with the protocol processing let's say we want to connect

processing let's say we want to connect our server to both fiber channel sand

our server to both fiber channel sand and ethernet Lan in a traditional setup

and ethernet Lan in a traditional setup the server would need two adapters a

the server would need two adapters a fiber channel host bus adapter and and

fiber channel host bus adapter and and an Ethernet Nick as you can see in the

an Ethernet Nick as you can see in the diagram the server can access both the

diagram the server can access both the storage area network and the local area

storage area network and the local area network but with the help of two

network but with the help of two different adapters that is fiber channel

different adapters that is fiber channel HBA and Nick respectively we mentioned

HBA and Nick respectively we mentioned that CNA provides the functionality of

that CNA provides the functionality of both fiber channel HBA and Nick in a

both fiber channel HBA and Nick in a single adapter now in the diagram you

single adapter now in the diagram you can see that the server is using only

can see that the server is using only one converged network adapter that

one converged network adapter that connects to a DCB switch DC CB or data

connects to a DCB switch DC CB or data center bridging refers to the

center bridging refers to the enhancements made to the ethernet

enhancements made to the ethernet protocol in order to allow ethernet

protocol in order to allow ethernet based land switching to support fiber

based land switching to support fiber channel traffic now let's talk about the

channel traffic now let's talk about the data cables that are used in a fiber

data cables that are used in a fiber channel storage area

channel storage area network we know that a cable is one or

network we know that a cable is one or more wires with a protected casing used

more wires with a protected casing used for transmitting either electricity or

for transmitting either electricity or signals a data cable is a cable that

signals a data cable is a cable that physically connects the computers and

physically connects the computers and devices for the purpose of data

devices for the purpose of data communication

communication there are two types of cables that

there are two types of cables that enable data transmission in a fiber

enable data transmission in a fiber channel storage area network copper

channel storage area network copper cables and Fiber Optic

cables and Fiber Optic Cables the early implementation of fiber

Cables the early implementation of fiber channel used copper cables copper cables

channel used copper cables copper cables use electrical signals to transmit data

use electrical signals to transmit data the data transmission distance of copper

the data transmission distance of copper cables in fiber channel cabling is

cables in fiber channel cabling is limited to a maximum of 30 m it is

limited to a maximum of 30 m it is ideally used within

ideally used within buildings let's look at a few

buildings let's look at a few characteristics of copper cables they

characteristics of copper cables they are

are inexpensive they use electrical pulses

inexpensive they use electrical pulses to transfer data and they can be used

to transfer data and they can be used for short distance data

for short distance data transmission copper cables have their

transmission copper cables have their downsides the downsides are data

downsides the downsides are data transmission in copper cable is

transmission in copper cable is disrupted when exposed to

disrupted when exposed to electromagnetic

interference there is also a loss of signal strength when the signal travels

signal strength when the signal travels long distances copper cables are not

long distances copper cables are not immune to external

immune to external noise copper cables have a lower

noise copper cables have a lower bandwidth than Fiber Optic

bandwidth than Fiber Optic Cables now let's look at the types of

Cables now let's look at the types of copper cables there are four types of

copper cables there are four types of copper cables coaxial twin ax unshielded

copper cables coaxial twin ax unshielded twisted pair or UTP and shielded twisted

twisted pair or UTP and shielded twisted pair

pair STP coaxial cable has a solid copper

STP coaxial cable has a solid copper wire at its Center it is surrounded by a

wire at its Center it is surrounded by a plastic layer of insulation and this

plastic layer of insulation and this insulation is covered by the braided

insulation is covered by the braided metal shield that protects against

metal shield that protects against electromagnetic

interference a final layer of insulation covers the braided metal

covers the braided metal shield twinx has two solid copper wires

shield twinx has two solid copper wires at its Center instead of

at its Center instead of one it is the only type of cable that is

one it is the only type of cable that is widely used in fiber channel copper

widely used in fiber channel copper cabling unshielded twisted pair cable

cabling unshielded twisted pair cable has four pairs of Twisted copper wires

has four pairs of Twisted copper wires each of these wires is covered by

each of these wires is covered by colorcoded plastic

colorcoded plastic insulation all the wires are bundled

insulation all the wires are bundled inside a plastic

inside a plastic jacket both ends of a UTP cable are

jacket both ends of a UTP cable are terminated using a RJ45

terminated using a RJ45 connector one end of the UTP cable with

connector one end of the UTP cable with the RJ45 connector is plugged into a

the RJ45 connector is plugged into a computer's Nick card and the other end

computer's Nick card and the other end with the RJ45 connector is plugged into

with the RJ45 connector is plugged into a female RJ45 Port there are different

a female RJ45 Port there are different categories of UTP caes

categories of UTP caes at present there are six categories

at present there are six categories Based on data transmission

Based on data transmission rates we will look at the popular ones

rates we will look at the popular ones Cat 5 cat 5e and Cat 6 here cat is the

Cat 5 cat 5e and Cat 6 here cat is the abbreviation of the word category and E

abbreviation of the word category and E in cat 5e stands for

in cat 5e stands for enhanced Cat 5 is capable of a data

enhanced Cat 5 is capable of a data transmission rate of 100 megabits per

transmission rate of 100 megabits per second cat 5e is capable of a data

second cat 5e is capable of a data transmission rate of 1 gabit per

transmission rate of 1 gabit per second cat 6 is capable of a data

second cat 6 is capable of a data transmission rate of 10 gbits per

transmission rate of 10 gbits per second a shielded twisted pair cable has

second a shielded twisted pair cable has four pairs of Twisted copper wires with

four pairs of Twisted copper wires with each pair shielded with foil and they

each pair shielded with foil and they are all bundled inside a braided

are all bundled inside a braided jacket STP cables are costlier than utps

jacket STP cables are costlier than utps and support higher transmission rates

and support higher transmission rates across long

across long distances copper cables are seldom used

distances copper cables are seldom used in fiber channel sand

in fiber channel sand fiber optic cable is typically used for

fiber optic cable is typically used for cabling in FC

cabling in FC Sands however fiber optic cables are

Sands however fiber optic cables are costlier than copper

costlier than copper cables since fiber channel devices are

cables since fiber channel devices are not compatible with copper cables an SFP

not compatible with copper cables an SFP transceiver is used to interface between

transceiver is used to interface between a fiber channel device and a copper

a fiber channel device and a copper cable now we will talk about Fiber Optic

cable now we will talk about Fiber Optic Cables Fiber Optic Cables use light

Cables Fiber Optic Cables use light pulses to transmit

pulses to transmit data the depending on the type of

data the depending on the type of optical cable the data transmission

optical cable the data transmission distance can be up to 2 km or up to 10

distance can be up to 2 km or up to 10 km now let's look into the composition

km now let's look into the composition of a fiber optic

of a fiber optic cable a fiber optic cable is made up of

cable a fiber optic cable is made up of one or more Optical

one or more Optical fibers an optical fiber is the medium

fibers an optical fiber is the medium through which light signals are

through which light signals are transmitted from one place to

transmitted from one place to another these signals are digital pulses

another these signals are digital pulses or continuously modulated analog streams

or continuously modulated analog streams of light that represent information such

of light that represent information such as data video and

as data video and audio each optical fiber consists of a

audio each optical fiber consists of a core a cladding layer and a protective

core a cladding layer and a protective buffer layer as shown in the

buffer layer as shown in the diagram the main part of an optical

diagram the main part of an optical fiber is the core through which light

fiber is the core through which light travels the core is made up of an

travels the core is made up of an extremely thin flexible strand of pure

extremely thin flexible strand of pure glass with a diameter between 8.3

glass with a diameter between 8.3 microns and 10 microns a micron R is a

microns and 10 microns a micron R is a thousandth of a

thousandth of a millimeter data is transmitted through

millimeter data is transmitted through the core in the form of light

the core in the form of light signals the core is covered by a layer

signals the core is covered by a layer of a different type of glass called

of a different type of glass called cladding the cladding has a higher

cladding the cladding has a higher refractive index than the core which

refractive index than the core which keeps the light signals contained inside

keeps the light signals contained inside the core by bouncing them back and forth

the core by bouncing them back and forth when the light signals hit the

when the light signals hit the cladding the protective buffer layer is

cladding the protective buffer layer is made of plastic material that protects

made of plastic material that protects the core and the cladding from from any

the core and the cladding from from any damage there are two types of buffer

damage there are two types of buffer tight and loose

tight and loose tube in a tight buffer the protective

tube in a tight buffer the protective layer is coated on each side of the

layer is coated on each side of the optical fibers in the

optical fibers in the cable in a loose tube buffer one or more

cable in a loose tube buffer one or more Optical fibers are placed inside a tough

Optical fibers are placed inside a tough plastic tube which is then filled with

plastic tube which is then filled with protective gel to provide

protective gel to provide cushioning Optical fibers inside a fiber

cushioning Optical fibers inside a fiber optic cable are often designated as a

optic cable are often designated as a ratio of core size and cladding

ratio of core size and cladding size the core size is the diameter of

size the core size is the diameter of the core and the cladding size is the

the core and the cladding size is the outer diameter of the

outer diameter of the cladding typical core size by cladding

cladding typical core size by cladding size ratios are 9 by

size ratios are 9 by 125 50 by

125 50 by 125 and 62.5x

125 in addition to the corar size by cladding size ratio colors are used to

cladding size ratio colors are used to differentiate fiber optic

differentiate fiber optic cables for example the jacket colors

cables for example the jacket colors yellow orange and slate gray are used to

yellow orange and slate gray are used to identify the core diameters of 9 50 and

identify the core diameters of 9 50 and 62.5 microns

respectively the primary advantages of using fiber optic cables are higher band

using fiber optic cables are higher band with more information can be transmitted

with more information can be transmitted in less

in less time less attention uation lower signal

time less attention uation lower signal loss than

loss than copper no electrical interference not

copper no electrical interference not affected by electromagnetic

interference let's see how fiber optic cable

cable Works a laser diode or LED emits light

Works a laser diode or LED emits light signals into the fiber optic

signals into the fiber optic cable these light signals travel through

cable these light signals travel through the core by bouncing back and forth on

the core by bouncing back and forth on the edges of the core covered by

the edges of the core covered by cladding

this is because when the light signals are sent at a certain angle to hit the

are sent at a certain angle to hit the core it propagates through the core by

core it propagates through the core by being reflected back and forth as if the

being reflected back and forth as if the edges of the core were a mirror this

edges of the core were a mirror this process is called total internal

reflection transmission of light occurs due to total internal

due to total internal reflection though there is no loss of

reflection though there is no loss of optical power at the core cladding

optical power at the core cladding interface the light is still lost while

interface the light is still lost while it travels through the core this loss of

it travels through the core this loss of light is called

attenuation now let's discuss the types of fiber optic cables there are two

of fiber optic cables there are two types of fiber optic cables single mode

types of fiber optic cables single mode fiber cable and multi mode fiber

fiber cable and multi mode fiber cable this classification is based on

cable this classification is based on the mode in which the light signals

the mode in which the light signals travel in the optical

travel in the optical fiber in a single mode fiber cable the

fiber in a single mode fiber cable the light signals travel in a single path by

light signals travel in a single path by being reflected at a consistent angle

being reflected at a consistent angle the most common core diameter of a

the most common core diameter of a single mode fiber is 8.3

single mode fiber is 8.3 microns this requires a laser as the

microns this requires a laser as the light source since the light has to

light source since the light has to travel long

distances single mode fibers support data transmission up to a distance of 10

data transmission up to a distance of 10 km they are characterized by extremely

km they are characterized by extremely low signal attenuation and high

low signal attenuation and high bandwidths the single mode fibers are

bandwidths the single mode fibers are primarily used for tele communication

primarily used for tele communication systems in a multimode fiber cable the

systems in a multimode fiber cable the light signals travel in different paths

light signals travel in different paths by bouncing off the walls of the core at

by bouncing off the walls of the core at different

angles the most common core diameter of a multimode fiber is either 50 or 62.5

a multimode fiber is either 50 or 62.5 microns both laser and light emitting

microns both laser and light emitting diodes can be used as light sources

diodes can be used as light sources since the light travels only short

since the light travels only short distances Optical fibers with multimode

distances Optical fibers with multimode transmission experience higher

transmission experience higher attenuation than single mode

attenuation than single mode transmission multimode fibers with 50

transmission multimode fibers with 50 microns and 62.5 microns can support

microns and 62.5 microns can support data transmission up to a distance of

data transmission up to a distance of 500 M and 175 M

500 M and 175 M respectively the multimode fibers are

respectively the multimode fibers are primarily used within data

primarily used within data centers fiber optic cables are

centers fiber optic cables are categorized based on the number of

categorized based on the number of individual Optical fibers present in the

individual Optical fibers present in the cable the use cost and size of the cable

cable the use cost and size of the cable determines the number of optical fibers

determines the number of optical fibers the three categories are as follows

the three categories are as follows Simplex cables duplex cables and

Simplex cables duplex cables and multifiber

multifiber cables a Simplex cable has only one

cables a Simplex cable has only one tight buffered optical fiber inside

tight buffered optical fiber inside it they are typically used for

it they are typically used for interconnections on the front side of a

interconnections on the front side of a patch panel a duplex cable has two tight

patch panel a duplex cable has two tight buffered Optical fibers inside it

buffered Optical fibers inside it in a duplex Cable ONE optical fiber is

in a duplex Cable ONE optical fiber is used for transmission and the other is

used for transmission and the other is used for reception for a

used for reception for a connection they are typically used as

connection they are typically used as fiber optic Lan backbone

fiber optic Lan backbone cables a multifiber cable has more than

cables a multifiber cable has more than two tight buffered Optical fibers inside

two tight buffered Optical fibers inside it they are typically used for

it they are typically used for interconnections on the back side of a

interconnections on the back side of a patch

patch panel now that we have discussed Fiber

panel now that we have discussed Fiber Optic Cables we will discuss the

Optic Cables we will discuss the connectivity of the fiber optic cables

connectivity of the fiber optic cables to the fiber channel

to the fiber channel devices Fiber Optic Cables connect to

devices Fiber Optic Cables connect to the fiber channel devices using small

the fiber channel devices using small form factor pluggable or SFP

form factor pluggable or SFP transceivers a transceiver is both a

transceivers a transceiver is both a transmitter and a receiver in one

transmitter and a receiver in one module an SFP transceiver is used to

module an SFP transceiver is used to interface between a fiber channel device

interface between a fiber channel device and a fiber optic cable an SFP

and a fiber optic cable an SFP transceiver receives data from the fiber

transceiver receives data from the fiber Channel device in the form of electrical

Channel device in the form of electrical signals and converts the data into light

signals and converts the data into light pulses which are then transmitted across

pulses which are then transmitted across the fiber optic cable the SFP

the fiber optic cable the SFP transceiver at the other end of the

transceiver at the other end of the fiber optic cable receives these light

fiber optic cable receives these light pulses and converts them back to

pulses and converts them back to electrical signals which are then used

electrical signals which are then used by the other fiber channel

by the other fiber channel device there are two types of SFP

device there are two types of SFP transceivers shortwave SFP transceivers

transceivers shortwave SFP transceivers and longwave SFP transceivers shortwave

and longwave SFP transceivers shortwave SFP P transceivers have shortwave lasers

SFP P transceivers have shortwave lasers that transmit data over a short

that transmit data over a short distance it is used to transmit data

distance it is used to transmit data through multimode fiber cables longwave

through multimode fiber cables longwave SFP transceivers have longwave lasers

SFP transceivers have longwave lasers that transmit data over a long

that transmit data over a long distance it is used to transmit data

distance it is used to transmit data through single mode and multimode fiber

through single mode and multimode fiber cables now let's look at

cables now let's look at connectors fiber optic connectors

connectors fiber optic connectors connect two fiber optic cables or a

connect two fiber optic cables or a fiber optic cable and a fiber channel

fiber optic cable and a fiber channel device the most popular fiber optic

device the most popular fiber optic connectors are Lucent connector and

connectors are Lucent connector and subscriber connector Lucent connector or

subscriber connector Lucent connector or LC was developed by Lucent Technologies

LC was developed by Lucent Technologies and hence was named Lucent connector LC

and hence was named Lucent connector LC is an RJ45 type male connector in duplex

is an RJ45 type male connector in duplex configuration it is the popular small

configuration it is the popular small form factor

form factor connector LC connectors are also

connector LC connectors are also available either in Simplex or duplex

available either in Simplex or duplex configuration subscriber connector or SC

configuration subscriber connector or SC was developed by a company called nipon

was developed by a company called nipon Telegraph and telephone SC is a snap-in

Telegraph and telephone SC is a snap-in mail connector that is available either

mail connector that is available either in Simplex or duplex

in Simplex or duplex configuration SC Simplex connectors are

configuration SC Simplex connectors are color-coded beige for multimode fibers

color-coded beige for multimode fibers and blue for single mode

and blue for single mode fibers the next thing we will talk about

fibers the next thing we will talk about is fiber channel Hub a hub is a device

is fiber channel Hub a hub is a device that has ports for interconnecting other

that has ports for interconnecting other devices all the devices attached to the

devices all the devices attached to the hub form a circular path called a loop

hub form a circular path called a loop and they communicate with each

and they communicate with each other the bandwidth in a hub is shared

other the bandwidth in a hub is shared among all the connected

among all the connected devices fiber channel hubs were

devices fiber channel hubs were developed to solve problems associated

developed to solve problems associated with the loops created by connecting the

with the loops created by connecting the transmit link to the receive link

transmit link to the receive link between multiple devices for example if

between multiple devices for example if a new device had to be added to the loop

a new device had to be added to the loop the entire Loop must be brought to

the entire Loop must be brought to down these problems were resolved by the

down these problems were resolved by the star configuration offered by The Hub

star configuration offered by The Hub the downside of hubs is that by

the downside of hubs is that by cascading hubs a sand cannot be built

cascading hubs a sand cannot be built with more than 127 nodes now let's talk

with more than 127 nodes now let's talk about a fiber channel switch a fiber

about a fiber channel switch a fiber channel switch is a device that provides

channel switch is a device that provides Central connection points for servers

Central connection points for servers and fiber channel devices to communicate

and fiber channel devices to communicate with each

with each other this switch temporarily sets up

other this switch temporarily sets up logical connections between the fiber

logical connections between the fiber channel devices for routing data through

channel devices for routing data through the connection

the connection points the switch learns which devices

points the switch learns which devices are connected to which ports and uses

are connected to which ports and uses that information to forward traffic to

that information to forward traffic to the correct

the correct device a fiber channel switch has at

device a fiber channel switch has at least eight

least eight ports each Port of the switch has a

ports each Port of the switch has a dedicated

dedicated bandwidth a storage area network built

bandwidth a storage area network built with at least one fiber channel switch

with at least one fiber channel switch is called a

is called a fabric a fiber channel switch also

fabric a fiber channel switch also offers certain services such as

offers certain services such as Management Service name service and so

Management Service name service and so on to the devices and servers attached

on to the devices and servers attached to

to it these services are called fabric

it these services are called fabric services and they simplify the

services and they simplify the management of the devices that are

management of the devices that are interconnected on the

fabric a fiber channel switch can also be connected to another fiber channel

be connected to another fiber channel switch so that the existing fabric can

switch so that the existing fabric can be a large-scale sand the cable that

be a large-scale sand the cable that connects two fiber channel switches is

connects two fiber channel switches is called called an inter switch link or

called called an inter switch link or ISL there are three types of fiber

ISL there are three types of fiber channel switches entry-level switches

channel switches entry-level switches fabric switches and director

fabric switches and director switches entry-level switches are

switches entry-level switches are lowcost switches with limited

lowcost switches with limited scalability they are typically used as

scalability they are typically used as replacements for

replacements for hubs fabric switches are expensive

hubs fabric switches are expensive switches that are scalable they are used

switches that are scalable they are used to interconnect other switches to form a

to interconnect other switches to form a large fabric director switches are

large fabric director switches are highly expensive switches that form the

highly expensive switches that form the core of a large storage area

core of a large storage area network they are typically blade based

network they are typically blade based with each blade having up to 64 ports so

with each blade having up to 64 ports so director switches usually have a high

director switches usually have a high Port count for example brocade dcx can

Port count for example brocade dcx can handle up to 512

handle up to 512 ports director switches are known for

ports director switches are known for high performance High availability and

high performance High availability and high

high scalability they are known for high

scalability they are known for high availability because they are redundant

availability because they are redundant hot swappable components and redundant

hot swappable components and redundant power supplies and cooling systems which

power supplies and cooling systems which ensure that there is no single point of

ensure that there is no single point of failure in addition to that the director

failure in addition to that the director switches have dual controllers which

switches have dual controllers which provide active passive

provide active passive failover next we will look at Bridges

failover next we will look at Bridges bridges are the devices that connect the

bridges are the devices that connect the parallel scuzzi devices to the fiber

parallel scuzzi devices to the fiber channel storage area

channel storage area network for example they connect a

network for example they connect a scuzzy tape device to an FC sand

scuzzy tape device to an FC sand let's now talk about Storage storage is

let's now talk about Storage storage is one of the main components of the fiber

one of the main components of the fiber channel storage area network it can

channel storage area network it can either be fiber channel based or scuzzy

either be fiber channel based or scuzzy based let's look at the fiber channel

based let's look at the fiber channel based storage

based storage devices fiber channel disc drive in its

devices fiber channel disc drive in its simplest form a storage device can be a

simplest form a storage device can be a dis drive with a fiber channel interface

dis drive with a fiber channel interface that provides dual porting

capability jbod jbod stands for just a bunch of discs it is a collection of dis

bunch of discs it is a collection of dis drives connected together in a

drives connected together in a cabinet storage array a storage array is

cabinet storage array a storage array is a storage system that provides data

a storage system that provides data storage to computers connected to it

storage to computers connected to it through a shared

network a storage array contains a collection of dis drives and one or more

collection of dis drives and one or more controllers enclosed in a cabinet the

controllers enclosed in a cabinet the controllers in a storage array have the

controllers in a storage array have the intelligence to manage the dis Drive and

intelligence to manage the dis Drive and to provide redundancy of data through

to provide redundancy of data through raid let's talk about fiber channel

raid let's talk about fiber channel ports in FC

ports in FC San a fiber channel Port is an interface

San a fiber channel Port is an interface where the fiber channel cable is plugged

where the fiber channel cable is plugged in for the purpose of

in for the purpose of communication the ports are implemented

communication the ports are implemented on devices such as a fiber channel

on devices such as a fiber channel switch a host bus adapter on a server

switch a host bus adapter on a server and a storage array fiber channel ports

and a storage array fiber channel ports have different port names based on their

have different port names based on their mode of operation which depend on the

mode of operation which depend on the kind of device connected to the other

kind of device connected to the other end of the

end of the Port we will start with end port and end

Port we will start with end port and end port is a node Port available in end

port is a node Port available in end devices such as servers and storage

devices such as servers and storage arrays it is used to connect to a port

arrays it is used to connect to a port on the fiber channel switch in a fabric

on the fiber channel switch in a fabric an fport is the port on a fiber channel

an fport is the port on a fiber channel switch that connects to the end port of

switch that connects to the end port of an end device such as a server or a

an end device such as a server or a storage

storage array an E port is an expansion Port

array an E port is an expansion Port that resides on fiber channel

that resides on fiber channel switches it is used to connect a fiber

switches it is used to connect a fiber channel switch with another fiber

channel switch with another fiber channel switch the fiber channel cable

channel switch the fiber channel cable that connects two fiber channel switches

that connects two fiber channel switches is called an inter switch

is called an inter switch link a g Port is a generic port on a

link a g Port is a generic port on a fiber channel switch it becomes either

fiber channel switch it becomes either an fport or an end port depending on

an fport or an end port depending on whether the device connected at the

whether the device connected at the other end is a fiber channel switch or

other end is a fiber channel switch or an end

an end device a u Port is a universal fiber

device a u Port is a universal fiber channel

channel Port all unidentified ified and unlisted

Port all unidentified ified and unlisted ports are considered as U

ports are considered as U ports and that brings us to the end of

ports and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you

this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about the components of a fiber channel

the components of a fiber channel sand these components are servers host

sand these components are servers host bus adapters or HBA cables hubs switches

bus adapters or HBA cables hubs switches Bridges and

Bridges and storage when we talked about the host

storage when we talked about the host bus adapter we also looked at what a

bus adapter we also looked at what a worldwide name was

worldwide name was and then we looked at the two types of

and then we looked at the two types of worldwide name these are worldwide node

worldwide name these are worldwide node name or

name or wwnn and worldwide Port name or

wwpns FP is we also looked into the types of sfps and these are electrical

types of sfps and these are electrical SFP and Optical SFP

SFP and Optical SFP we covered the optical SFP in detail

we covered the optical SFP in detail when we talked about the connectivity of

when we talked about the connectivity of the fiber optic cables to the fiber

the fiber optic cables to the fiber channel

channel devices next we looked at the converged

devices next we looked at the converged network adapter which is a PCI expansion

network adapter which is a PCI expansion card that combines the functionality of

card that combines the functionality of both the host bus adapter and the

both the host bus adapter and the network interface

network interface card when talking about converged

card when talking about converged network adapter we looked at what data

network adapter we looked at what data center bridging or DCB is while talking

center bridging or DCB is while talking about data cables we took a detailed

about data cables we took a detailed look at the types of cables that are

look at the types of cables that are used in fiber channel sand these are

used in fiber channel sand these are copper cables and Fiber Optic

copper cables and Fiber Optic Cables we also looked at what fiber

Cables we also looked at what fiber optic connectors are and then we looked

optic connectors are and then we looked at the two most popular fiber optic

at the two most popular fiber optic connectors these are Lucent connector

connectors these are Lucent connector and subscriber

and subscriber connector when talking about the FC

connector when talking about the FC switch we also looked at what inter

switch we also looked at what inter switch link or ISL is lastly we looked

switch link or ISL is lastly we looked at what a fiber channel Port is and then

at what a fiber channel Port is and then we looked at the different port names

we looked at the different port names these are nport fport E port G port and

these are nport fport E port G port and U port in the next lesson you will learn

U port in the next lesson you will learn about the topologies of fiber channel

about the topologies of fiber channel storage area network thank you for

storage area network thank you for watching

watching [Music]

hello and welcome to unit 4 FC sand topologies in this lesson you will learn

topologies in this lesson you will learn about the topologies of fiber channel

about the topologies of fiber channel storage area

storage area network we're going to start by looking

network we're going to start by looking at what a topology

at what a topology is and then we will look at the types of

is and then we will look at the types of fiber channel sand topologies these are

fiber channel sand topologies these are point to point

point to point topology arbitrated Loop topology and

topology arbitrated Loop topology and switched fabric topology

we will also look at what a fabric is and then we will look at the types of

and then we will look at the types of Switched fabric

Switched fabric topologies these are cascade topology

topologies these are cascade topology ring

ring topology mesh topology and core Edge

topology mesh topology and core Edge topology then we will illustrate a

topology then we will illustrate a simple fiber channel sand using the

simple fiber channel sand using the switched fabric

switched fabric topology and then we will explain the

topology and then we will explain the terms of high availability and

terms of high availability and scalability with reference to fiber

scalability with reference to fiber channel

channel sand lastly we will illustrate a good

sand lastly we will illustrate a good fiber channel sand using the switched

fiber channel sand using the switched fabric

fabric topology now let's take a look at what a

topology now let's take a look at what a topology is a topology is a logical

topology is a topology is a logical layout of a computer

layout of a computer network it deals with the layout of The

network it deals with the layout of The Logical connections between the

Logical connections between the components of the network such as

components of the network such as computers switches storage devices and

computers switches storage devices and other peripheral devices irrespective of

other peripheral devices irrespective of their actual physical

locations fiber channel architecture provides three

provides three topologies pointto point arbitrated Loop

topologies pointto point arbitrated Loop and switched

and switched fabric each topology is meant for a

fabric each topology is meant for a specific

specific purpose however there is no strict rule

purpose however there is no strict rule that only one topology should be used to

that only one topology should be used to deliver a solution these topologies can

deliver a solution these topologies can be joined together to provide a solution

be joined together to provide a solution that serves a specific need

that serves a specific need let's discuss these topologies one by

let's discuss these topologies one by one point-to-point topology is a direct

one point-to-point topology is a direct connection between two devices the

connection between two devices the transmit or TX Port of a device is

transmit or TX Port of a device is connected to the receive or RX Port of

connected to the receive or RX Port of the other device through a fiber channel

the other device through a fiber channel cable and vice versa as shown in the

cable and vice versa as shown in the diagram since there is always a

diagram since there is always a dedicated connection between the two

dedicated connection between the two devices the bandwidth of the

devices the bandwidth of the transmission media is fully available to

transmission media is fully available to these

these devices point to Point topology is

devices point to Point topology is typically used for directly connecting

typically used for directly connecting servers to storage arrays for example if

servers to storage arrays for example if a storage array has four fiber channel

a storage array has four fiber channel ports then four servers can be directly

ports then four servers can be directly connected to the storage

connected to the storage array the advantage of point-to-point

array the advantage of point-to-point topology is that it provides shared

topology is that it provides shared storage for multiple servers with

storage for multiple servers with minimum

configurations in arbitrated Loop topology the devices are connected to

topology the devices are connected to each other to form a circular data path

each other to form a circular data path called a loop

called a loop the arbitrated Loop topology allows up

the arbitrated Loop topology allows up to 126 devices to be connected to each

to 126 devices to be connected to each other in the form of a

other in the form of a Ring The Ring is formed by connecting

Ring The Ring is formed by connecting the transmit or TX Port of a device to

the transmit or TX Port of a device to the receive or RX Port of the other

the receive or RX Port of the other device through a fiber channel

device through a fiber channel cable this process is repeated until the

cable this process is repeated until the receive Port of the first device is

receive Port of the first device is connected to the transmit Port of the

connected to the transmit Port of the last device in the ring as shown in the

last device in the ring as shown in the diagram

in this topology all the devices have a shared transmission media and they

shared transmission media and they communicate with each other on a time

communicate with each other on a time sharing

sharing basis let's say the two devices in an

basis let's say the two devices in an arbitrated Loop topology wanted to

arbitrated Loop topology wanted to communicate with each

communicate with each other one of the devices will own the

other one of the devices will own the shared transmission media in order for

shared transmission media in order for the communication to take place during

the communication to take place during this period of communication the other

this period of communication the other device has to wait there is an

device has to wait there is an arbitration of control over the loop

arbitration of control over the loop among the devices to share the bandwidth

among the devices to share the bandwidth of the single- shared transmission media

of the single- shared transmission media hence the name arbitrated Loop

hence the name arbitrated Loop topology arbitrated Loop topology is

topology arbitrated Loop topology is typically used to connect strings of

typically used to connect strings of hard drives to a server as shown in the

hard drives to a server as shown in the diagram a fabric is a storage area

diagram a fabric is a storage area network built with at least one fiber

network built with at least one fiber channel

channel switch in a switched fabric topology

switch in a switched fabric topology each device is connected to a fiber

each device is connected to a fiber channel switch and the switches in turn

channel switch and the switches in turn interconnect all the devices in the

interconnect all the devices in the network through inter switch links a

network through inter switch links a device in a switched fabric topology can

device in a switched fabric topology can communicate with other devices

communicate with other devices simultaneously at full bandwidth since

simultaneously at full bandwidth since switches can efficiently Route traffic

switches can efficiently Route traffic between

between them the advantage of Switched fabric

them the advantage of Switched fabric topology is that it is scalable and the

topology is that it is scalable and the devices can be added or removed to the

devices can be added or removed to the network without disrupting other

network without disrupting other devices there are different kinds of

devices there are different kinds of fabric topologies and we can use a

fabric topologies and we can use a combination of these Fabrics to build a

combination of these Fabrics to build a highly available and scalable

highly available and scalable Network the common fabric topologies are

Network the common fabric topologies are as follows Cascade topology ring

as follows Cascade topology ring topology mesh topology and core Edge

topology mesh topology and core Edge topology Cascade topology is a series of

topology Cascade topology is a series of switches connected to one another

switches connected to one another through inter switch links to form a

through inter switch links to form a chained

chained Network however the switches at the end

Network however the switches at the end of the chain are not connected to each

of the chain are not connected to each other other Cascade topology is

other other Cascade topology is unreliable because each switch is a

unreliable because each switch is a single point of failure so if a switch

single point of failure so if a switch fails the network is

fails the network is disrupted it is typically used in

disrupted it is typically used in circumstances where most of the traffic

circumstances where most of the traffic is restricted to individual switches and

is restricted to individual switches and the management traffic can be routed

the management traffic can be routed through the inter switch

through the inter switch link ring topology is similar to Cascade

link ring topology is similar to Cascade topology but with switches at the end of

topology but with switches at the end of the chain connected to each other to

the chain connected to each other to form a circular Network

form a circular Network ring topology has better reliability

ring topology has better reliability compared to Cascade topology because the

compared to Cascade topology because the network is not disrupted even if one of

network is not disrupted even if one of the switches or isls fail in the

the switches or isls fail in the ring however ring topology is not

ring however ring topology is not scalable without disrupting the fabric

scalable without disrupting the fabric because if we want to connect a new

because if we want to connect a new switch to the fabric at least one ISL

switch to the fabric at least one ISL must be

must be disconnected mesh topology is an

disconnected mesh topology is an interlaced fabric of interconnected

interlaced fabric of interconnected switches there are two types of mesh top

switches there are two types of mesh top topology full mesh topology and partial

topology full mesh topology and partial mesh

mesh topology in full mesh topology every

topology in full mesh topology every switch is directly connected to every

switch is directly connected to every other switch in the

other switch in the fabric let's explain this with the help

fabric let's explain this with the help of an example if we have eight switches

of an example if we have eight switches in our fabric then each switch in the

in our fabric then each switch in the mesh topology will connect to seven

mesh topology will connect to seven switches in the fabric reducing the

switches in the fabric reducing the available ports by

available ports by seven full mesh topology is resilient

seven full mesh topology is resilient because it provides multiple redundant

because it provides multiple redundant inter switch links so if an inter switch

inter switch links so if an inter switch link fails traffic can still be routed

link fails traffic can still be routed through other inter switch

through other inter switch Links full mesh topology is not scalable

Links full mesh topology is not scalable without disrupting the fabric because if

without disrupting the fabric because if we want to connect a new switch to the

we want to connect a new switch to the fabric The Edge devices must be

disconnected partial mesh topology is similar to full mesh topology but has

similar to full mesh topology but has some switches that are not directly

some switches that are not directly connected to each

connected to each other as you can see in the diagram two

other as you can see in the diagram two two switches are not directly connected

two switches are not directly connected to each other as there is no inter

to each other as there is no inter switch link or ISL between

switch link or ISL between them the ISL between two switches is

them the ISL between two switches is removed if there is no traffic flow

removed if there is no traffic flow between them like full mesh topology

between them like full mesh topology partial mesh topology is also resilient

partial mesh topology is also resilient partial mesh topology is also not

partial mesh topology is also not scalable without disrupting the fabric

scalable without disrupting the fabric but it has more free ports than full

but it has more free ports than full mesh

mesh topology in core Edge topology two or

topology in core Edge topology two or more switches form the center of the

more switches form the center of the network and are interconnected with

network and are interconnected with other

other switches the switches that form the

switches the switches that form the center of the network are called core

center of the network are called core switches the switches connected to the

switches the switches connected to the core switches are called Edge

core switches are called Edge switches in a typical core Edge topology

switches in a typical core Edge topology director switches are used as core

director switches are used as core switches it is a common practice to have

switches it is a common practice to have the storage devices directly connected

the storage devices directly connected to the core switches and the hosts or

to the core switches and the hosts or servers connected to the edge switches

servers connected to the edge switches core Edge topology is scalable without

core Edge topology is scalable without disrupting the network it is also

disrupting the network it is also reliable and offers high

reliable and offers high performance now let's construct a simple

performance now let's construct a simple sand using the switched fabric topology

sand using the switched fabric topology and for this we will need a server with

and for this we will need a server with a host bus adapter a fiber channel

a host bus adapter a fiber channel switch fiber channel cables and a

switch fiber channel cables and a storage array in our diagram This Server

storage array in our diagram This Server is a diskless server with an HBA card we

is a diskless server with an HBA card we will connect the server to the fiber

will connect the server to the fiber channel switch by plugging one end of a

channel switch by plugging one end of a fiber channel cable into the host bus

fiber channel cable into the host bus adapter of the server and its other end

adapter of the server and its other end into one of the ports of the fiber

into one of the ports of the fiber channel

channel switch in the next step we will plug one

switch in the next step we will plug one end of another fiber channel cable into

end of another fiber channel cable into one of the free ports of the FC switch

one of the free ports of the FC switch and connect its other end into the port

and connect its other end into the port of the storage

of the storage array we have created a simple FC sand

array we have created a simple FC sand using switched fabric

using switched fabric topology it is a simple sand but definit

topology it is a simple sand but definit not a good one because a good sand

not a good one because a good sand should be highly available and

scalable by high availability we mean the sand should be able to survive any

the sand should be able to survive any kind of failure in our simple sand if

kind of failure in our simple sand if any one of the components fails it

any one of the components fails it disrupts the entire

disrupts the entire network High availability can be

network High availability can be achieved by configuring redundant

achieved by configuring redundant components so if one component fails the

components so if one component fails the Redundant component comes to the rescue

we will add redundant components to our simple sand and make it highly

simple sand and make it highly available by scalability we mean that

available by scalability we mean that more servers more storage and more

more servers more storage and more switches can be added to the sand

switches can be added to the sand without affecting

without affecting performance now let's construct a good

performance now let's construct a good sand using the switched fabric topology

sand using the switched fabric topology and for this we will need a server with

and for this we will need a server with two host bus adapters two fiber channel

two host bus adapters two fiber channel switches fiber channel cables and a dual

switches fiber channel cables and a dual controller storage array as you can see

controller storage array as you can see in our diagram the dis server has two

in our diagram the dis server has two host bus adapters each host bus adapter

host bus adapters each host bus adapter is connected to a fiber channel switch

is connected to a fiber channel switch which in turn is connected to the same

which in turn is connected to the same dual controller storage

dual controller storage array if you notice there is a dual path

array if you notice there is a dual path between the server and the storage array

between the server and the storage array if one path fails the Redundant path

if one path fails the Redundant path provides the alternate path between the

provides the alternate path between the server and the storage

server and the storage array for example if host bus adapter X

array for example if host bus adapter X fails the server can still access the

fails the server can still access the storage via host bus adapter

storage via host bus adapter y even the cables and switches can

y even the cables and switches can survive the

survive the failures for example if one of the fiber

failures for example if one of the fiber channel cables connecting switchx and

channel cables connecting switchx and the Dual controller storage array breaks

the Dual controller storage array breaks switch X can still access the storage

switch X can still access the storage through the Redundant fiber channel

through the Redundant fiber channel Cable in a worst case scenario if the

Cable in a worst case scenario if the fiber channel switch X itself fails the

fiber channel switch X itself fails the server can still access the storage

server can still access the storage through fiber channel switch

through fiber channel switch y that brings us to the end of this

y that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about the topologies of fiber channel storage

the topologies of fiber channel storage area network we started by looking at

area network we started by looking at what a topology is and then we looked at

what a topology is and then we looked at the types of fiber channel sand

the types of fiber channel sand topologies these are Point too

topologies these are Point too arbitrated Loop and switched fabric

arbitrated Loop and switched fabric topology we also looked at what a fabric

topology we also looked at what a fabric is and then we looked at the types of

is and then we looked at the types of Switched fabric topologies these are

Switched fabric topologies these are cascade topology ring topology mesh

cascade topology ring topology mesh topology and core Edge

topology and core Edge topology next we Illustrated a simple

topology next we Illustrated a simple fiber channel sand using the switched

fiber channel sand using the switched fabric topology and then we explain the

fabric topology and then we explain the terms High availability and scalability

terms High availability and scalability with reference to the fiber channel

with reference to the fiber channel sand lastly we Illustrated a good fiber

sand lastly we Illustrated a good fiber channel sand using the switched fabric

channel sand using the switched fabric topology in the next lesson

topology in the next lesson you will learn about the different

you will learn about the different features and capabilities of fiber

features and capabilities of fiber channel switches thank you for

watching hello and and welcome to unit 5 characteristics of FC

5 characteristics of FC switches in this lesson you will learn

switches in this lesson you will learn about the different features and

about the different features and capabilities of fiber channel

capabilities of fiber channel switches we're going to start by looking

switches we're going to start by looking at what a domain ID is in the context of

at what a domain ID is in the context of a fiber channel

a fiber channel switch and then we will look at the

switch and then we will look at the fabric Services provided by the fiber

fabric Services provided by the fiber channel

channel switches these fabric services are name

switches these fabric services are name service

service login server fabric controller

management server and time server after talking about the fabric

server after talking about the fabric Services we will talk about the fabric

Services we will talk about the fabric login process and the port login

process next we will look at what zoning is and then we will look at what a Zone

is and then we will look at what a Zone set

set is we will also look at the types of

is we will also look at the types of zoning and these are worldwide name

zoning and these are worldwide name zoning and Port zoning

we will look at the advantages of zoning and then we will look at the

and then we will look at the implementation of zoning we will also

implementation of zoning we will also look at what a Zone Alias is and then

look at what a Zone Alias is and then look at the best practices in

look at the best practices in zoning next we will look at what a

zoning next we will look at what a virtual fabric is and then we will look

virtual fabric is and then we will look at its

at its features we will also look at what over

features we will also look at what over subscription is and lastly we will look

subscription is and lastly we will look at what over subscription ratio is

at what over subscription ratio is now let's look at what a domain ID

now let's look at what a domain ID is each switch in a fabric is identified

is each switch in a fabric is identified by a unique ID called a domain ID domain

by a unique ID called a domain ID domain IDs are assigned to the switches by a

IDs are assigned to the switches by a switch in the fabric called the

switch in the fabric called the principal

principal switch fiber channel switches in the

switch fiber channel switches in the fabric provide a common set of services

fabric provide a common set of services to devices in the fabric these services

to devices in the fabric these services are called fabric

are called fabric Services the fabric Services provide

Services the fabric Services provide information to the devices connected to

information to the devices connected to the

the fabric we will discuss these Services

fabric we will discuss these Services one by

one by one let's start with name server the

one let's start with name server the name server is a central repository of

name server is a central repository of information about the

information about the fabric whenever a device is added to the

fabric whenever a device is added to the network it registers itself with the

network it registers itself with the name

name server there is only one name server for

server there is only one name server for the entire

the entire fabric the name server information is

fabric the name server information is shared with the name servers of all the

shared with the name servers of all the switches making it a distributed name

switches making it a distributed name server

server server just like nodes have Network

server just like nodes have Network addresses the fabric Services also have

addresses the fabric Services also have Network

Network addresses but these addresses do not

addresses but these addresses do not change and are known as well-known

addresses now we will talk about the login

server a device that needs to connect to the fabric must send a login request to

the fabric must send a login request to the well-known address 0x FF FF Fe of

the well-known address 0x FF FF Fe of the login server

the login server server the login server processes the

server the login server processes the request now we will talk about the

request now we will talk about the fabric

fabric controller the well-known address of the

controller the well-known address of the fabric controller is 0x FF FF

fabric controller is 0x FF FF FD this address sends a state change

FD this address sends a state change notification to all the registered

notification to all the registered devices in the

devices in the fabric a state change notification is

fabric a state change notification is used when there is a change in the

used when there is a change in the fabric topology

a device registers for a state change notification by sending a state change

notification by sending a state change registration frame or scr to the

registration frame or scr to the well-known address of the fabric

well-known address of the fabric controller the fabric controller lets

controller the fabric controller lets the device know of any change by sending

the device know of any change by sending a notification called a registered state

a notification called a registered state change notification frame or rscn frame

change notification frame or rscn frame to the

to the device now we will talk about the

device now we will talk about the management

management server the well-known address of the

server the well-known address of the management server is 0 x FF

management server is 0 x FF FFA the fabric can be managed by using

FFA the fabric can be managed by using the management server from any switch in

the management server from any switch in the

the fabric now we will talk about the time

fabric now we will talk about the time server the well-known address of the

server the well-known address of the time server is 0x FF FF

time server is 0x FF FF FB the time server maintains a uniform

FB the time server maintains a uniform system time across all the devices in

system time across all the devices in the

the fabric now we will talk about about the

fabric now we will talk about about the fabric login

fabric login process though a server or a storage

process though a server or a storage device is physically connected to a

device is physically connected to a fabric The Logical connection is

fabric The Logical connection is established only when it executes the

established only when it executes the fabric login or F loggy

fabric login or F loggy process the F logy process is done to

process the F logy process is done to discover the existence of a

discover the existence of a fabric if a fabric is found the fabric

fabric if a fabric is found the fabric login sets up a session between an nport

and the participating fport once the session is is established

fport once the session is is established the nport will send an F loggy frame to

the nport will send an F loggy frame to the well-known address of the login

the well-known address of the login server with its details such as node

server with its details such as node name and Port name and service

parameters when the f logy is successful the fport assigns a 24-bit dynamic

the fport assigns a 24-bit dynamic address to the end port of the device in

address to the end port of the device in addition to that buffert buffer credits

addition to that buffert buffer credits are also

are also negotiated now we will talk about the

negotiated now we will talk about the port login process

port login process the next step after the F loggy process

the next step after the F loggy process is the port login or P logy

is the port login or P logy process Port login is necessary for the

process Port login is necessary for the data exchange to take place between the

data exchange to take place between the end

end devices it is used to establish a

devices it is used to establish a session between the two end devices or

session between the two end devices or end

end ports during the port login process the

ports during the port login process the two end ports negotiate service

two end ports negotiate service parameters such as endtoend credit and

parameters such as endtoend credit and the information about a device is

the information about a device is entered into the name

server now let's talk about zoning the drawback of server operating systems of

drawback of server operating systems of the servers attached to a sand is that

the servers attached to a sand is that they are not aware of each other and

they are not aware of each other and this will result in uncoordinated

this will result in uncoordinated actions of the sand attached

actions of the sand attached storage techniques were developed to

storage techniques were developed to provide the servers restricted access to

provide the servers restricted access to the storage devices by subdividing the

the storage devices by subdividing the sand into private

sand into private networks each such private Network

networks each such private Network provided coordinated sharing of shared

provided coordinated sharing of shared storage within its

storage within its Network these techniques have different

Network these techniques have different names depending on where they are

names depending on where they are implemented if it is implemented in a

implemented if it is implemented in a switch it is called zoning if it is

switch it is called zoning if it is implemented in a host bus adapter it is

implemented in a host bus adapter it is called Lun

called Lun masking if it is implemented in a raid

masking if it is implemented in a raid it is called Lun

it is called Lun mapping all the techniques work on the

mapping all the techniques work on the principle of restricting access by

principle of restricting access by blocking a range of addresses

blocking a range of addresses so zoning is a technique of subdividing

so zoning is a technique of subdividing a sand into private networks called

a sand into private networks called zones a zone is essentially a collection

zones a zone is essentially a collection of end devices or end ports that are

of end devices or end ports that are allowed to communicate with each

other it is recommended for a Zone to have a single server and one or more

have a single server and one or more storage ports this approach is called

storage ports this approach is called single initiator

zoning the initiator is a device that first initiates the communication or

first initiates the communication or requests an action for example a server

requests an action for example a server is an

is an initiator a Target is a device that

initiator a Target is a device that responds to the requests of an initiator

responds to the requests of an initiator by providing the required

by providing the required data for example storage is a

data for example storage is a Target now we will talk about the

Target now we will talk about the restrictions imposed by

restrictions imposed by zoning when zoning is enabled a device

zoning when zoning is enabled a device in a Zone can only communicate with

in a Zone can only communicate with other devices Within in the same

other devices Within in the same Zone this also means that the device in

Zone this also means that the device in the zone cannot communicate with devices

the zone cannot communicate with devices outside the

outside the Zone devices not included in any zone

Zone devices not included in any zone are not accessible to any other devices

are not accessible to any other devices in the

in the fabric when no zoning is enabled the

fabric when no zoning is enabled the fabric is said to be in a default

fabric is said to be in a default Zone the default zoning access can

Zone the default zoning access can either be open or

either be open or closed when the default zoning is open

closed when the default zoning is open all devices can see all the other

all devices can see all the other devices when it is closed all devices

devices when it is closed all devices are

isolated now we will talk about Zone set a Zone set is a collection of

a Zone set is a collection of zones there can be hundreds of zones in

zones there can be hundreds of zones in a

a fabric a fabric can have a single or

fabric a fabric can have a single or multiple Zone sets but at any given time

multiple Zone sets but at any given time only one zone set can be active for a

only one zone set can be active for a fabric

fabric when any changes are done to an active

when any changes are done to an active Zone set such as adding a zone or

Zone set such as adding a zone or removing a Zone it should be reapplied

removing a Zone it should be reapplied to the fabric for the changes to become

to the fabric for the changes to become effective there are two types of zoning

effective there are two types of zoning worldwide name zoning and Port

worldwide name zoning and Port zoning worldwide name zoning allows the

zoning worldwide name zoning allows the connectivity between the attached

connectivity between the attached devices based on their worldwide

devices based on their worldwide names the benefit of this zoning is that

names the benefit of this zoning is that the attached node can be moved anywhere

the attached node can be moved anywhere in the Fabric and it will still be in

in the Fabric and it will still be in the same

the same Zone Port zoning Port zoning allows the

Zone Port zoning Port zoning allows the connectivity based on the port numbers

connectivity based on the port numbers of the

of the switches in this zoning all devices

switches in this zoning all devices connected to all the switch ports that

connected to all the switch ports that are members of a Zone can communicate

are members of a Zone can communicate with each

with each other the benefit of port zoning is that

other the benefit of port zoning is that ports can easily be added to the Zone

ports can easily be added to the Zone irrespective of whether a device is

irrespective of whether a device is connected to a port or

connected to a port or not the advantage of zoning is that it

not the advantage of zoning is that it not only prevents unauthorized access of

not only prevents unauthorized access of storage but it also prevents The

storage but it also prevents The Unwanted host-to-host

Unwanted host-to-host Communications and the fabric wide

Communications and the fabric wide registered state change

notifications the reason to prevent fabric wide registered state change

fabric wide registered state change notifications is that it has the

notifications is that it has the potential to disrupt the storage traffic

potential to disrupt the storage traffic since we talked about the two types of

since we talked about the two types of zoning we will now cover the

zoning we will now cover the implementation of zoning the worldwide

implementation of zoning the worldwide name Zone zoning and Port zoning can be

name Zone zoning and Port zoning can be implemented either as soft zoning or

implemented either as soft zoning or hard

hard zoning this is like asking if we are

zoning this is like asking if we are going to take a soft approach or a hard

going to take a soft approach or a hard approach in implementing the worldwide

approach in implementing the worldwide name zoning and Port

name zoning and Port zoning the hard zoning and soft zoning

zoning the hard zoning and soft zoning should not be confused with Worldwide

should not be confused with Worldwide name zoning and Port zoning soft zoning

name zoning and Port zoning soft zoning is implemented by the name server when

is implemented by the name server when an end device queries the name server

an end device queries the name server about other devices in the fabric the

about other devices in the fabric the name server provides only the list of

name server provides only the list of devices that are in the same

devices that are in the same Zone as a result the end device receives

Zone as a result the end device receives a restricted view of the

a restricted view of the fabric however the downside of this

fabric however the downside of this zoning is that if an end device knows

zoning is that if an end device knows the address of another end device it can

the address of another end device it can still communicate with it so it is not

still communicate with it so it is not considered

considered secure hard zoning is implemented by

secure hard zoning is implemented by switch Hardware it checks the frames

switch Hardware it checks the frames that cross the fabric and allows only

that cross the fabric and allows only those Fram fres that belong to the

those Fram fres that belong to the Zone it is used in conjunction with soft

Zone it is used in conjunction with soft zoning now we will talk about Zone

zoning now we will talk about Zone Alias a Zone Alias is the custom name

Alias a Zone Alias is the custom name that is assigned to a port address or

that is assigned to a port address or wwnn address in a

wwnn address in a Zone this is because the port addresses

Zone this is because the port addresses and wwnn addresses are difficult to read

and wwnn addresses are difficult to read and remember and a humanfriendly name or

and remember and a humanfriendly name or Alias is needed that simplifies the Zone

Alias is needed that simplifies the Zone Administration once the Zone Alias is

Administration once the Zone Alias is assigned the zoning operation can be

assigned the zoning operation can be performed using the

performed using the Alias now we will talk about best

Alias now we will talk about best practices in

practices in zoning it is recommended to use single

zoning it is recommended to use single initiator single Target or single

initiator single Target or single initiator multiple Target Zone sets it

initiator multiple Target Zone sets it is recommended to create a Zone with

is recommended to create a Zone with only a few

only a few members it is recommended to Define

members it is recommended to Define zones using worldwide Port

zones using worldwide Port names the default Zone set should be set

names the default Zone set should be set to no access because when Zone setting

to no access because when Zone setting is disabled the device will be

is disabled the device will be isolated zoning changes affect the

isolated zoning changes affect the entire fabric several minutes should be

entire fabric several minutes should be allowed for the changes to propagate

allowed for the changes to propagate across the entire fabric if the fabric

across the entire fabric if the fabric is

is large now let's talk about virtual

large now let's talk about virtual fabric virtual fabric is known as

fabric virtual fabric is known as virtual San or

virtual San or vsan the vsan technology allows a large

vsan the vsan technology allows a large sand to be logically partitioned into

sand to be logically partitioned into small Sands called virtual Sands or

small Sands called virtual Sands or virtual

virtual Fabrics a virtual fabric is created by

Fabrics a virtual fabric is created by partitioning a physical switch into

partitioning a physical switch into multiple logical switches each virtual

multiple logical switches each virtual fabric is just like a separate physical

fabric is just like a separate physical fabric containing its own dedicated

fabric containing its own dedicated fabric Services data paths and

fabric Services data paths and management

management capabilities hosts and devices that

capabilities hosts and devices that belong to a virtual fabric communicate

belong to a virtual fabric communicate with each other using a virtual topology

with each other using a virtual topology implemented over a physical sand

implemented over a physical sand the virtual Fabrics cannot communicate

the virtual Fabrics cannot communicate with each other because they are

with each other because they are separate

separate entities as you can see in the diagram

entities as you can see in the diagram the fiber channel switch has 16 ports we

the fiber channel switch has 16 ports we will create two virtual Fabrics by

will create two virtual Fabrics by partitioning this switch into two

partitioning this switch into two logical switches the first six ports are

logical switches the first six ports are configured as vsan 1 and the remaining

configured as vsan 1 and the remaining 10 ports are configured as vsan

10 ports are configured as vsan 2 these vends do not communicate with

2 these vends do not communicate with each other a port in the physical fabric

each other a port in the physical fabric switch cannot belong to two VSS Sands

switch cannot belong to two VSS Sands for example Port two only belongs to VSS

for example Port two only belongs to VSS sand

sand 1 now let's talk about the features of

1 now let's talk about the features of virtual fabric shared topology all

virtual fabric shared topology all virtual Fabrics implemented on a

virtual Fabrics implemented on a physical sand share the same

physical sand share the same topology isolation virtual Fabrics

topology isolation virtual Fabrics cannot communicate with each

cannot communicate with each other the traffic of a virtual fabric is

other the traffic of a virtual fabric is contained within its boundaries

contained within its boundaries scalability the ability to create

scalability the ability to create multiple virtual Sands from a single

multiple virtual Sands from a single physical sand increases the scalability

physical sand increases the scalability of s since it can be suited for

of s since it can be suited for different

applications redundancy having more than one virtual

redundancy having more than one virtual sand provides redundancy because if one

sand provides redundancy because if one virtual sand fails another virtual sand

virtual sand fails another virtual sand can be configured as a backup path

can be configured as a backup path between the server and the

between the server and the switch ease of

switch ease of configuration it is very easy to move a

configuration it is very easy to move a device from one virtual sand to another

device from one virtual sand to another virtual Sand by configuring it at the

virtual Sand by configuring it at the Port level instead of physically moving

Port level instead of physically moving it to another

it to another location Independence a change in the

location Independence a change in the fabric configuration of one virtual

fabric configuration of one virtual fabric doesn't affect the

fabric doesn't affect the other now let's look at over

other now let's look at over subscription when several devices

subscription when several devices contend for the same link there may not

contend for the same link there may not be sufficient bandwidth available over

be sufficient bandwidth available over the link to support all the devices and

the link to support all the devices and when this happens we say the link is

when this happens we say the link is over

subscribed having over subscription doesn't mean that it will result in

doesn't mean that it will result in congestion because not all the devices

congestion because not all the devices will operate at the maximum throughput

will operate at the maximum throughput at the same

at the same time if the combined throughput of all

time if the combined throughput of all the devices does not exceed the

the devices does not exceed the bandwidth of the link only then is it

bandwidth of the link only then is it safe to oversubscribe the

safe to oversubscribe the link there are some cases for which over

link there are some cases for which over subscription is not suitable

subscription is not suitable for example traffic generated by video

for example traffic generated by video streaming content that is continuous and

streaming content that is continuous and constant it is not suitable for over

constant it is not suitable for over subscription because it needs sufficient

bandwidth inter switch links are usually over

over subscribed in order to ensure that

subscribed in order to ensure that performance is not affected over the ISL

performance is not affected over the ISL the number of devices that can contend

the number of devices that can contend for an isl's bandwidth is calculated as

for an isl's bandwidth is calculated as a ratio number called an over

a ratio number called an over subscription ratio

subscription ratio over subscription ratio is the ratio

over subscription ratio is the ratio number of non- ISL ports to the number

number of non- ISL ports to the number of ISL ports on the

of ISL ports on the switch let's say our Edge switch has 16

switch let's say our Edge switch has 16 ports all operating at 4 gbits per

ports all operating at 4 gbits per second and it has two isls that are each

second and it has two isls that are each connected to two core

connected to two core switches Since There are 16 ports and

switches Since There are 16 ports and two are used for ISL the remaining free

two are used for ISL the remaining free ports or non ISL ports are

ports or non ISL ports are 14 hence the over subscription ratio is

14 hence the over subscription ratio is calculated as

calculated as follows over subscription ratio equals

follows over subscription ratio equals number of non ISL ports to number of ISL

number of non ISL ports to number of ISL ports that is equal to 14

ports that is equal to 14 to2 it reduces to

to2 it reduces to 7:1 so the over subscription ratio is

7:1 so the over subscription ratio is 7:1 over subscription is just a

7:1 over subscription is just a possibility indicating that the seven

possibility indicating that the seven devices May contend for an ISL and it

devices May contend for an ISL and it doesn't mean that all seven devices are

doesn't mean that all seven devices are really contending for an

really contending for an ISL and that brings us to the end of

ISL and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you

this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this

have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about the different

lesson you learned about the different features and capabilities of fiber

features and capabilities of fiber channel

channel switches we started by looking at what a

switches we started by looking at what a domain ID is in the context of fiber

domain ID is in the context of fiber channel switch and then we looked at the

channel switch and then we looked at the fabric Services provided by the fiber

fabric Services provided by the fiber channel

channel switches these fabric services are name

switches these fabric services are name server login server fabric controller

server login server fabric controller management server and time

management server and time server after covering the fabric

server after covering the fabric Services we looked at the fabric login

Services we looked at the fabric login process and the port login

process and the port login process next we looked at what zoning

process next we looked at what zoning was and then we looked at what a Zone

was and then we looked at what a Zone set was we also looked at the types of

set was we also looked at the types of zoning and these are worldwide name

zoning and these are worldwide name zoning and Port

zoning and Port zoning we looked at the advantages of

zoning we looked at the advantages of zoning and then we looked at the

zoning and then we looked at the implementation of zoning

implementation of zoning we also looked at what a Zone Alias is

we also looked at what a Zone Alias is and then we looked at the best practices

and then we looked at the best practices in

in zoning next we looked at what a virtual

zoning next we looked at what a virtual fabric was and we looked at its

fabric was and we looked at its features we also looked at what an over

features we also looked at what an over subscription was and lastly we looked at

subscription was and lastly we looked at what an over subscription ratio was in

what an over subscription ratio was in the next lesson you will learn about the

the next lesson you will learn about the end port ID virtualization thank you for

end port ID virtualization thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 6 nport ID virtualization in this lesson you will

virtualization in this lesson you will learn about the end port ID

learn about the end port ID virtualization since nport ID

virtualization since nport ID virtualization is based on server

virtualization is based on server virtualization we're going to start by

virtualization we're going to start by looking at at what server virtualization

looking at at what server virtualization is and then we will look at what

is and then we will look at what hypervisor

hypervisor is next we will talk about the virtual

is next we will talk about the virtual machines sharing the host IO connections

machines sharing the host IO connections and the problems associated with it we

and the problems associated with it we will then look at the challenges faced

will then look at the challenges faced with server

with server virtualization next we will recall what

virtualization next we will recall what nport is and then we will talk about the

nport is and then we will talk about the fabric login or F loggy process we will

fabric login or F loggy process we will also talk about the port login or P

also talk about the port login or P loggy process we will then look at nport

loggy process we will then look at nport ID virtualization or

ID virtualization or npiv while talking about nport ID

npiv while talking about nport ID virtualization we will look at fabric

virtualization we will look at fabric Discovery and then we will look at the

Discovery and then we will look at the implementation of nport ID

implementation of nport ID virtualization we will also look at the

virtualization we will also look at the advantages of

advantages of npiv next we will look at the challenges

npiv next we will look at the challenges faced in a traditional environment and

faced in a traditional environment and then we will see how nport virtualizer

then we will see how nport virtualizer or npv addresses these challenges we

or npv addresses these challenges we will also look at how nport virtualizer

will also look at how nport virtualizer works and then we will look at the

works and then we will look at the benefits of end port virtualizer next we

benefits of end port virtualizer next we will look at what multipathing is and

will look at what multipathing is and then we will look at the implementation

then we will look at the implementation of multipathing we will also look at

of multipathing we will also look at redundancy in the context of

redundancy in the context of multipathing we will look at why there's

multipathing we will look at why there's a need for multipathing software and

a need for multipathing software and then we will look at the types of

then we will look at the types of multipathing software based on their

multipathing software based on their modes of operation and these are active

modes of operation and these are active passive mode and active active mode

passive mode and active active mode lastly we will look at The Logical Drive

lastly we will look at The Logical Drive visibility of the host operating system

visibility of the host operating system in the contents of

in the contents of multipathing nport ID virtualization is

multipathing nport ID virtualization is based on server virtualization so we

based on server virtualization so we will talk about that

will talk about that first the present day trend in data

first the present day trend in data centers is to use server virtualization

centers is to use server virtualization to avoid proliferation of physical

to avoid proliferation of physical servers server virtualization is the

servers server virtualization is the partitioning of a single physical server

partitioning of a single physical server into multiple virtual

into multiple virtual servers these multiple virtual servers

servers these multiple virtual servers are called virtual Machin

are called virtual Machin each virtual machine behaves like a

each virtual machine behaves like a physical

physical server the software that implements

server the software that implements server virtualization is called

server virtualization is called hypervisor and it runs directly on the

hypervisor and it runs directly on the physical server in place of an operating

physical server in place of an operating system when it comes to accessing

system when it comes to accessing storage these virtual machines share the

storage these virtual machines share the io connections of the physical

io connections of the physical server sharing the io connections leads

server sharing the io connections leads to the problem of bandwidth contention

to the problem of bandwidth contention among the virtual machines which in turn

among the virtual machines which in turn ffects the quality of service received

ffects the quality of service received by the applications running in these

by the applications running in these virtual

machines in addition to this storage administrators don't have application

administrators don't have application Level visibility in the tools used for

Level visibility in the tools used for the following

the following monitoring troubleshooting and securing

monitoring troubleshooting and securing San this is because iOS come from the

San this is because iOS come from the same physical

same physical HBA before server virtualization a

HBA before server virtualization a typical practice was to create a Zone to

typical practice was to create a Zone to allow a server access to a storage LUN

allow a server access to a storage LUN this was done using worldwide name

this was done using worldwide name zoning where the wwnn of the server's

zoning where the wwnn of the server's host bus adapter was assigned to a

host bus adapter was assigned to a Lun since wwnn is a unique identifier of

Lun since wwnn is a unique identifier of HBA this method not only allowed secure

HBA this method not only allowed secure access to the Lan but it also provided a

access to the Lan but it also provided a customizable quality of service for the

application with server virtualization this practice came to a halt because a

this practice came to a halt because a physical server may have multiple

physical server may have multiple virtual machines and each virtual

virtual machines and each virtual machine shares access to the server's

machine shares access to the server's host bus

host bus adapter and as a result has the same

adapter and as a result has the same wwnn identification to the

wwnn identification to the Lun there was no mechanism in place to

Lun there was no mechanism in place to identify individual virtual machines to

identify individual virtual machines to track their use of sand resources or to

track their use of sand resources or to ensure they didn't conflict with the

ensure they didn't conflict with the sand

sand resources there is also another

resources there is also another challenge with server virtualization

challenge with server virtualization because it provides live migration of

because it provides live migration of virtual Machin from one physical server

virtual Machin from one physical server to

to another when live migration is done

another when live migration is done storage administrators need to remember

storage administrators need to remember to include the wwnn of the second

to include the wwnn of the second physical serers HBA in the zone

physical serers HBA in the zone otherwise the migrated virtual machine

otherwise the migrated virtual machine will not see its

will not see its Lun this is because the virtual machine

Lun this is because the virtual machine after migration will have the wwnn of

after migration will have the wwnn of the second physical servers HBA and not

the second physical servers HBA and not that of the first physical servers HBA

that of the first physical servers HBA and sand will block its access to the

and sand will block its access to the Lun treating it as an unauthorized

Lun treating it as an unauthorized wwnn one might think that adding

wwnn one might think that adding dedicated physical server hbas to each

dedicated physical server hbas to each virtual machine would solve the problem

virtual machine would solve the problem instead of having the hypervisor manage

instead of having the hypervisor manage the virtual

hbas but that's a costly Affair and it doesn't provide much value on

doesn't provide much value on investment in addition including more

investment in addition including more physical hbas would require more end

physical hbas would require more end ports in a fabric result ing in a bigger

ports in a fabric result ing in a bigger sand

fabric in order to address these concerns nport ID virtualization or npiv

concerns nport ID virtualization or npiv was

was developed before we look at what nport

developed before we look at what nport id virtualization is we will first cover

id virtualization is we will first cover a few basic things such as end port

a few basic things such as end port fabric login process and Port login

fabric login process and Port login process we know that an end port is a

process we know that an end port is a node Port that refers to the ports on

node Port that refers to the ports on the end devices in a

the end devices in a fabric and it could be either an HBA

fabric and it could be either an HBA port in the server or a Target Port in

port in the server or a Target Port in storage each end port of an end device

storage each end port of an end device has a unique 64-bit identifier called

has a unique 64-bit identifier called the worldwide Port name assigned by its

manufacturer in a non- virtualized environment where an end device is first

environment where an end device is first attached to a fabric switch it will

attached to a fabric switch it will execute a fabric log on process or F

execute a fabric log on process or F loggy

loggy process an F logy is a service that

process an F logy is a service that establishes a logical connection between

establishes a logical connection between the nport of the end device and the

the nport of the end device and the fport of the fabric

fport of the fabric switch once the session is established

switch once the session is established the end port will send an f- loggy frame

the end port will send an f- loggy frame to the well-known address of the login

to the well-known address of the login server with its details such as node

server with its details such as node name n Port name and service

name n Port name and service parameters when the f logy is successful

parameters when the f logy is successful the fport assigns a 24-bit dynamic

the fport assigns a 24-bit dynamic address called an nport ID to the nport

address called an nport ID to the nport of the

of the device the end port ID assigned to an

device the end port ID assigned to an end port will change each time when the

end port will change each time when the end port is reinitialized it is used by

end port is reinitialized it is used by the nport for communicating with the

fabric the next step after the fogy process is the port login or P

process is the port login or P logy during the P logy process the end

logy during the P logy process the end device registers its information such as

device registers its information such as end port ID with the name

end port ID with the name server so in a non calized environment

server so in a non calized environment an nport has both a worldwide Port name

an nport has both a worldwide Port name and an nport

and an nport ID if we take fiber channel HBA as an

ID if we take fiber channel HBA as an example its end port will have a single

example its end port will have a single worldwide Port name and a single end

worldwide Port name and a single end port ID associated with

it nport ID virtualization or npiv is an ANC standard that allows the following

ANC standard that allows the following single fiber channel HBA port or nport

single fiber channel HBA port or nport to register as multiple world wide Port

to register as multiple world wide Port names in the

names in the fabric each registered worldwide Port

fabric each registered worldwide Port name is assigned a unique nport

name is assigned a unique nport ID in simple words nport ID

ID in simple words nport ID virtualization allows a single physical

virtualization allows a single physical end port to acquire multiple nport

end port to acquire multiple nport IDs each nport ID can be mapped to a

IDs each nport ID can be mapped to a different initiator such as a virtual

different initiator such as a virtual machine this allows the creation of

machine this allows the creation of multiple virtual links over a single

multiple virtual links over a single physical link by mapping many nport IDs

physical link by mapping many nport IDs with one

with one fport an end device that supports npiv

fport an end device that supports npiv features will use the F logy process

features will use the F logy process only once to get the first nport

only once to get the first nport ID in order to acquire additional nport

ID in order to acquire additional nport IDs it will start executing a fabric

IDs it will start executing a fabric Discovery process or an Fisk process as

Discovery process or an Fisk process as many times as needed fabric Discovery is

many times as needed fabric Discovery is a service that verifies if the existing

a service that verifies if the existing login in the fabric is still valid

however it is also used to obtain additional nport

additional nport IDs in order to implement npiv the San

IDs in order to implement npiv the San itself should be npiv capable that is it

itself should be npiv capable that is it should contain npiv capable hbas and

should contain npiv capable hbas and npiv capable

npiv capable switches an npiv capable HBA can be

switches an npiv capable HBA can be virtualized into multiple virtual

virtualized into multiple virtual hbas each virtual HBA will have its own

hbas each virtual HBA will have its own virtual world worldwide Port name and

virtual world worldwide Port name and its own virtual end

its own virtual end port the virtual end port like a

port the virtual end port like a physical end port can register with the

physical end port can register with the fabric to get an nport

fabric to get an nport ID the nport ID can then be used by the

ID the nport ID can then be used by the virtual HBA to communicate with the

virtual HBA to communicate with the fabric the advantages of

fabric the advantages of npiv in a virtualized environment each

npiv in a virtualized environment each virtual machine can have a separate

virtual machine can have a separate worldwide Port name and its zoning can

worldwide Port name and its zoning can be managed independently

in addition to that there would be no need for extra physical hbas to be

need for extra physical hbas to be connected to sand so there would be no

connected to sand so there would be no need for more Edge switches one major

need for more Edge switches one major concern when it comes to designing and

concern when it comes to designing and building a sand is the number of

building a sand is the number of switches that can exist each fiber

switches that can exist each fiber channel switch in a fabric requires a

channel switch in a fabric requires a unique domain ID when a lot of switches

unique domain ID when a lot of switches join a fabric the number of domain IDs

join a fabric the number of domain IDs becomes a

becomes a concern the fiber channel standard

concern the fiber channel standard allows a maximum of 239 Port addresses

allows a maximum of 239 Port addresses that can be used for domain

that can be used for domain IDs in addition to that having more

IDs in addition to that having more domain IDs creates complexity in

domain IDs creates complexity in managing the fabric and it also impacts

managing the fabric and it also impacts the performance because of a lot of

the performance because of a lot of switch

switch connectivity one other design issue that

connectivity one other design issue that administrators face is the

administrators face is the interoperability with the thirdparty

interoperability with the thirdparty switches this is because the vendor

switches this is because the vendor specific attributes used for switchto

specific attributes used for switchto switch connectivity between different

switch connectivity between different vendor switches is make inter switch

vendor switches is make inter switch connectivity challenging in order to

connectivity challenging in order to address these concerns nport virtualizer

address these concerns nport virtualizer was

was developed the nport virtualizer or npv

developed the nport virtualizer or npv is based on an nport ID virtualization

is based on an nport ID virtualization but is implemented at switch level it

but is implemented at switch level it allows an npiv enabled switch to bundle

allows an npiv enabled switch to bundle the connections it receives from end

the connections it receives from end devices or end ports into one or more

devices or end ports into one or more connections that link to a core

connections that link to a core switch the requirement for npv is that

switch the requirement for npv is that the core switch support npiv

the core switch support npiv features the npiv enabled Edge switch

features the npiv enabled Edge switch registers with the fabric as an end

registers with the fabric as an end device the end port virtualizer provides

device the end port virtualizer provides the npiv enabled Edge switch with a

the npiv enabled Edge switch with a unique Port name and node name used for

unique Port name and node name used for the fabric login or F loggy

the fabric login or F loggy process therefore the npiv enabled Edge

process therefore the npiv enabled Edge switch is not assigned a domain the

switch is not assigned a domain the connection from an npiv enabled Edge

connection from an npiv enabled Edge switch to a non- npiv fabric switch is

switch to a non- npiv fabric switch is treated as an nport to fport connection

treated as an nport to fport connection rather than an E port to E port

rather than an E port to E port connection an npiv enabled Edge switch

connection an npiv enabled Edge switch shares the domain ID of the core

shares the domain ID of the core switch it doesn't require separate

switch it doesn't require separate domain IDs to receive connectivity from

domain IDs to receive connectivity from the fabric and doesn't participate in

the fabric and doesn't participate in fabric

fabric Services the end ports of the end

Services the end ports of the end devices that log in to the npiv enabled

devices that log in to the npiv enabled Edge switch have a a unique node name

Edge switch have a a unique node name and Port name and these are seen by the

and Port name and these are seen by the npiv enabled Edge switch as a group of

npiv enabled Edge switch as a group of npiv ports behind a single physical Port

npiv ports behind a single physical Port the npiv enabled Edge switch Maps them

the npiv enabled Edge switch Maps them to its permanent Port

name now let's look at the benefits of the end port

the end port virtualizer the benefit of an end port

virtualizer the benefit of an end port virtualizer is that it makes sand

virtualizer is that it makes sand scalable by allowing more switches to be

scalable by allowing more switches to be added to the fabric without using extra

added to the fabric without using extra domain

domain IDs it also solves the problem of

IDs it also solves the problem of interoperability between switches that

interoperability between switches that come from different

come from different vendors now let's talk about

vendors now let's talk about multipathing in a sand fabric if a

multipathing in a sand fabric if a server has only one IO paath to access

server has only one IO paath to access the storage device then in the event of

the storage device then in the event of the IOP paath failure it will not be

the IOP paath failure it will not be able to access the storage

able to access the storage device multipathing is a technique that

device multipathing is a technique that allows a server to to use more than one

allows a server to to use more than one path to access a storage

path to access a storage device it offers both redundancy and

device it offers both redundancy and performance to the fabric in order to

performance to the fabric in order to implement the multipathing technique the

implement the multipathing technique the fabric should have redundant components

fabric should have redundant components such as the following fiber channel hpas

such as the following fiber channel hpas fiber channel switches and fiber channel

fiber channel switches and fiber channel cables these components provide multiple

cables these components provide multiple physical paths from the servers to the

physical paths from the servers to the storage

storage device setting up multiple paths with

device setting up multiple paths with redundant components in ensures that

redundant components in ensures that there is no single point of failure so

there is no single point of failure so even if one of the physical paths fails

even if one of the physical paths fails owing to a component failure the server

owing to a component failure the server can still access the storage device

can still access the storage device using an alternate

using an alternate path now let's talk about multipathing

path now let's talk about multipathing software having multiple paths alone

software having multiple paths alone will not help reroute the input output

will not help reroute the input output requests from One path to another in the

requests from One path to another in the event of a component failure the server

event of a component failure the server should be aware of the existence of

should be aware of the existence of multiple paths otherwise it will not

multiple paths otherwise it will not route the IO requests to an alternate

route the IO requests to an alternate path in the event of a component

path in the event of a component failure here's where multipath software

failure here's where multipath software comes to our Aid multipathing software

comes to our Aid multipathing software differs in the way it uses multiple

differs in the way it uses multiple paths the types of multipathing software

paths the types of multipathing software are as

are as follows active passive mode active

follows active passive mode active active

active mode in active passive mode the

mode in active passive mode the multipathing software takes care of only

multipathing software takes care of only failover recovery though the

failover recovery though the multipathing software manages all the

multipathing software manages all the paths between the server and the storage

paths between the server and the storage device it uses only one path for sending

device it uses only one path for sending the io requests if that path fails the

the io requests if that path fails the multipathing software will identify and

multipathing software will identify and access an alternate path to redirect the

access an alternate path to redirect the io

requests in active active mode the multipathing software shares the io

multipathing software shares the io requests equally across all the

requests equally across all the available

available paths in order to do this it

paths in order to do this it continuously monitors the paths to see

continuously monitors the paths to see which one is available available and

which one is available available and enables or disables them based on their

enables or disables them based on their availability the advantage of active

availability the advantage of active active mode is that it makes the best

active mode is that it makes the best use of underlying Hardware by combining

use of underlying Hardware by combining failover recovery with load

failover recovery with load balancing the multipathing software

balancing the multipathing software ensures that the storage device's

ensures that the storage device's logical Drive is visible to the host

logical Drive is visible to the host operating system or its application

operating system or its application without any

without any duplication even though the same logical

duplication even though the same logical Drive is made available several times to

Drive is made available several times to The Host post using each and every

The Host post using each and every path and that brings us to the end of

path and that brings us to the end of this

this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about nport ID

nport ID virtualization since nport ID

virtualization since nport ID virtualization is based on server

virtualization is based on server virtualization we started by looking at

virtualization we started by looking at what server virtualization is and then

what server virtualization is and then we looked at what hypervisor

we looked at what hypervisor is next we talked about the virtual

is next we talked about the virtual machines sharing the host IO connections

machines sharing the host IO connections and the problems associated with

and the problems associated with it we then looked at the challenges

it we then looked at the challenges faced with server

faced with server virtualization next we recalled what

virtualization next we recalled what nport is and then we talked about the

nport is and then we talked about the fabric login or F logy

fabric login or F logy process we also talked about the port

process we also talked about the port login or P logy

process we then looked at ort ID virtualization or

virtualization or npiv while talking about nport ID

npiv while talking about nport ID virtualization ation we looked at fabric

virtualization ation we looked at fabric Discovery and then we talked about the

Discovery and then we talked about the implementation of nport ID

implementation of nport ID virtualization we also looked at the

virtualization we also looked at the advantages of

advantages of npiv next we looked at the challenges

npiv next we looked at the challenges faced in a traditional environment and

faced in a traditional environment and we saw how nport virtualizer or npv

we saw how nport virtualizer or npv addresses these challenges we also

addresses these challenges we also looked at how nport virtualizer works

looked at how nport virtualizer works and then we looked at the benefits of

and then we looked at the benefits of nport

nport virtualizer next we looked at what

virtualizer next we looked at what multipathing is and then we looked at

multipathing is and then we looked at the implementation of

the implementation of multipathing we also looked at

multipathing we also looked at redundancy in the context of

redundancy in the context of multipathing we looked at why there is a

multipathing we looked at why there is a need for multipathing software and then

need for multipathing software and then we looked at the types of multipathing

we looked at the types of multipathing software based on their mode of

software based on their mode of operation and these are active passive

operation and these are active passive mode and active active mode lastly we

mode and active active mode lastly we looked at the logical Drive visibility

looked at the logical Drive visibility of the host operating system in the

of the host operating system in the context of

context of multipathing in the next lesson you will

multipathing in the next lesson you will learn about IP San thank you for

watching hello and welcome to unit 1 introduction to IP San

introduction to IP San in this lesson you will learn about IP

in this lesson you will learn about IP San we're going to start by looking at

San we're going to start by looking at the evolution of Ip San and then we will

the evolution of Ip San and then we will look at what IP San is next we will talk

look at what IP San is next we will talk about combining both the application

about combining both the application Network and the storage Network on the

Network and the storage Network on the same IP network we will also talk about

same IP network we will also talk about the it skills required for IP San and

the it skills required for IP San and then we will talk about the cost of Ip

then we will talk about the cost of Ip components next we will talk about

components next we will talk about consolidating storage using IP San and

consolidating storage using IP San and then we will look look at the advantages

then we will look look at the advantages of consolidating

of consolidating storage we will look at the

storage we will look at the disadvantages of using FC sand for

disadvantages of using FC sand for storage

storage consolidation and then we will look at

consolidation and then we will look at the benefits of Ip

the benefits of Ip San we will also look at the types of Ip

San we will also look at the types of Ip San and then we will look at the three

San and then we will look at the three protocols for implementing IP

protocols for implementing IP San these are internet scuzzy or I

San these are internet scuzzy or I scuzzy fiber channel over IP or

scuzzy fiber channel over IP or FCI and internet fiber channel Proto

FCI and internet fiber channel Proto call or

call or ifcp lastly we will look at the types of

ifcp lastly we will look at the types of Ip sand deployments these are native

Ip sand deployments these are native bridging and

bridging and extension now let's look at the

extension now let's look at the evolution of Ip

evolution of Ip sand sand became popular because of

sand sand became popular because of fiber channel

fiber channel technology FC San a high-speed dedicated

technology FC San a high-speed dedicated network with low latency and high

network with low latency and high availability features is a perfect

availability features is a perfect choice for Mission critical applications

however its implementation is complex and requires new skills to manage

and requires new skills to manage it in addition to that the relatively

it in addition to that the relatively higher cost of FC San infrastructure

higher cost of FC San infrastructure compared to the ethernet-based networks

compared to the ethernet-based networks affected the adoption of sand in many

affected the adoption of sand in many organizations this led to the

organizations this led to the development of standards and

development of standards and technologies that used ethernet and IP

technologies that used ethernet and IP for storage

for storage networking its goal was to deliver a San

networking its goal was to deliver a San that could use the following existing

that could use the following existing Network infrastructure existing it

Network infrastructure existing it skills and leverage of lowcost ethernet

skills and leverage of lowcost ethernet to offer performance and scalability

to offer performance and scalability with the ease of simplified management

with the ease of simplified management across the

across the organization when storage is networked

organization when storage is networked over an IP network it offers many of the

over an IP network it offers many of the benefits of fiber channel San along with

benefits of fiber channel San along with cost

savings fiber channel San uses block iOS to communicate with the storage

to communicate with the storage devices block iOS are the storage

devices block iOS are the storage protocol calls such as scuzzy that issue

protocol calls such as scuzzy that issue IO commands for reading and writing

IO commands for reading and writing blocks of data to

blocks of data to storage with the advancement in IP

storage with the advancement in IP technology block ios's can now be

technology block ios's can now be handled over an existing IP

handled over an existing IP network and as a result we have a

network and as a result we have a storage solution that can connect

storage solution that can connect servers to storage devices using block

servers to storage devices using block ios's over IP

ios's over IP networks in simple words storage area

networks in simple words storage area network over IP is referred to as as IP

network over IP is referred to as as IP San what makes IP sand more attractive

San what makes IP sand more attractive is that it makes storage networking

is that it makes storage networking possible over an IP network at low cost

possible over an IP network at low cost and great

and great efficiency IP San leverages the existing

efficiency IP San leverages the existing IP network

IP network infrastructure the protocols that make

infrastructure the protocols that make IP sand happen are I scuzi fcip and

IP sand happen are I scuzi fcip and ifcp these run on top of tcpip which

ifcp these run on top of tcpip which makes it compatible with the components

makes it compatible with the components of an IP network such such as cables

of an IP network such such as cables switches routers and Management

switches routers and Management Systems it is possible to combine both

Systems it is possible to combine both the application Network and the storage

the application Network and the storage Network on the same IP network by taking

Network on the same IP network by taking advantage of the existing IP network

advantage of the existing IP network infrastructure however many

infrastructure however many organizations prefer to have a storage

organizations prefer to have a storage Network separated from the application

Network separated from the application Network for reasons such as security and

Network for reasons such as security and performance organizations that have

performance organizations that have existing IP network infr structures have

existing IP network infr structures have it staffs to manage and maintain the

it staffs to manage and maintain the networks while implementing IP San the

networks while implementing IP San the skills of the existing IT staff can be

skills of the existing IT staff can be used instead of hiring new IT

used instead of hiring new IT staff the lowc costs of Ip components

staff the lowc costs of Ip components can be attributed to the high level of

can be attributed to the high level of interoperability among various vendor

interoperability among various vendor equipment for example an ethernet switch

equipment for example an ethernet switch would cost less than a fiber channel

would cost less than a fiber channel switch the real savings come from the

switch the real savings come from the decision to use NYX which offers zero

decision to use NYX which offers zero cost per host connection over fiber

cost per host connection over fiber channel

hbas a Nick can handle a moderate IO workload however when the workload

workload however when the workload increases the protocol overhead will

increases the protocol overhead will start affecting the performance of the

start affecting the performance of the server one may tend to choose NYX with

server one may tend to choose NYX with tcpip offload engines because it takes

tcpip offload engines because it takes over the protocol workload from the

over the protocol workload from the server's processor but it will cost more

server's processor but it will cost more and will eliminate the Savings of

and will eliminate the Savings of implementing an IP

implementing an IP San so an IP San would make more sense

San so an IP San would make more sense in a low to moderate workload

in a low to moderate workload environment now we will talk about

environment now we will talk about consolidating storage using IP San and

consolidating storage using IP San and its

its advantages IP San is considered an ideal

advantages IP San is considered an ideal solution for consolidating storage

solution for consolidating storage confined to low-end

confined to low-end servers the advantages of consolidating

servers the advantages of consolidating storage are optional efficiency improved

storage are optional efficiency improved data security

data security and lowered total cost of

and lowered total cost of ownership now let's look at the

ownership now let's look at the disadvantages of using FC sand for

disadvantages of using FC sand for storage

storage consolidation FC sand cannot be used to

consolidation FC sand cannot be used to consolidate storage of low-end servers

consolidate storage of low-end servers since it is an expensive

since it is an expensive solution this is because the cost of a

solution this is because the cost of a fiber channel HBA along with the ports

fiber channel HBA along with the ports of a fiber channel switch used for

of a fiber channel switch used for connectivity may be more costly than the

connectivity may be more costly than the low-end

low-end servers now let's summarize the benefits

servers now let's summarize the benefits of Ip sand

of Ip sand IP sand provides a standard sand-based

IP sand provides a standard sand-based storage environment by providing Block

storage environment by providing Block Level storage access to the

Level storage access to the servers it offers an ease of migration

servers it offers an ease of migration from direct attached

from direct attached storage and it has the lowest total cost

storage and it has the lowest total cost of ownership when compared to FC

of ownership when compared to FC San this is because the cost associated

San this is because the cost associated with using and managing an existing

with using and managing an existing infrastructure is less than that of FC

infrastructure is less than that of FC San my ation to IP s is easy because the

San my ation to IP s is easy because the IP expertise of the existing IT staff

IP expertise of the existing IT staff can be

can be used remote data replication can be done

used remote data replication can be done using IP

using IP San use of well-managed standards and

San use of well-managed standards and management tools makes Network

management tools makes Network management

easier while FC San is used for business critical applications IP San can be used

critical applications IP San can be used for applications that are not business

for applications that are not business critical now let's look at the types of

critical now let's look at the types of Ip San

Ip San IP sand transports scuzzy block ios's

IP sand transports scuzzy block ios's over an IP network in two ways in one

over an IP network in two ways in one method a fiber channel frame is

method a fiber channel frame is encapsulated inside an IP datagram with

encapsulated inside an IP datagram with the help of one of the following fcip

the help of one of the following fcip protocol or ifcp protocol in another

protocol or ifcp protocol in another method a scuzzy frame is encapsulated

method a scuzzy frame is encapsulated inside an IP datagram with the help of

inside an IP datagram with the help of an i scuzzy

an i scuzzy protocol now we will look at the

protocol now we will look at the protocols that are used used to

protocols that are used used to implement IP

implement IP San the three protocols that are used to

San the three protocols that are used to implement IP San are as follows internet

implement IP San are as follows internet scuzzy or I scuzzy fiber channel over IP

scuzzy or I scuzzy fiber channel over IP or fcip and internet fiber channel

or fcip and internet fiber channel protocol or

protocol or ifcp now let's look at these protocols

ifcp now let's look at these protocols one by one we will start with the is

one by one we will start with the is scuzzi

scuzzi protocol the I scuzzi protocol functions

protocol the I scuzzi protocol functions as a native

as a native protocol it is because all devices in IP

protocol it is because all devices in IP San have ethernet interfaces and use I

San have ethernet interfaces and use I scy to communicate with each other

scy to communicate with each other without any

translation I scuzi protocol works over long distances and it uses TCP IP

long distances and it uses TCP IP headers to ensure that its frames are

headers to ensure that its frames are routed with guaranteed

routed with guaranteed delivery now let's look at

delivery now let's look at fcip FCI is a protocol that allows

fcip FCI is a protocol that allows tunneling of fiber channel information

tunneling of fiber channel information through the IP network and because

through the IP network and because because of this the fiber channel

because of this the fiber channel devices don't know the IP network

devices don't know the IP network exists since fcip does tunneling of

exists since fcip does tunneling of fiber channel information it is also

fiber channel information it is also called tunneling

called tunneling protocol fcip interconnects two isolated

protocol fcip interconnects two isolated FC SS and merges them into a single FC s

FC SS and merges them into a single FC s with only one name

with only one name server fcip also supports long-distance

server fcip also supports long-distance connectivity using an IP network

connectivity using an IP network now let's look at

now let's look at ifcp ifcp allows fiber channel devices

ifcp ifcp allows fiber channel devices to communicate with each other over the

to communicate with each other over the IP network using TCP

IP network using TCP IP it does this by replacing the lower

IP it does this by replacing the lower level transport mechanism of the fiber

level transport mechanism of the fiber channel protocol with TCP

channel protocol with TCP I ifcp uses an existing IP network to

I ifcp uses an existing IP network to interconnect isolated FC sand networks

interconnect isolated FC sand networks that are often geographically

that are often geographically distributed without merging them into a

distributed without merging them into a single sand

single sand fabric since it interconnects FC Sands

fabric since it interconnects FC Sands ifcp is referred to as a bridging

ifcp is referred to as a bridging protocol ifcp supports long-distance

protocol ifcp supports long-distance connectivity using an IP

connectivity using an IP network now let's look at the types of

network now let's look at the types of deployments in IP storage area

deployments in IP storage area networking there are three types of

networking there are three types of deployments in IP

deployments in IP sand native bridging and extension in

sand native bridging and extension in the native type of deployment everything

the native type of deployment everything is IP based this deployment uses

is IP based this deployment uses existing IP infrastructure and all the

existing IP infrastructure and all the devices in the infrastructure have

devices in the infrastructure have ethernet

ethernet devices they connect to ethernet Lan and

devices they connect to ethernet Lan and communicate using I scuzzy protocol with

communicate using I scuzzy protocol with no translations or tunneling

required this is a pure IP sand deployment which doesn't need any fiber

deployment which doesn't need any fiber channel devices such as fiber channel

channel devices such as fiber channel switches or fiber channel host bus

switches or fiber channel host bus adapters

in the bridging type of deployment devices with ethernet interfaces that

devices with ethernet interfaces that can communicate using I scuzi protocol

can communicate using I scuzi protocol are joined to the existing fiber channel

are joined to the existing fiber channel Sand Bridge deployment is used in

Sand Bridge deployment is used in situations where a lower cost solution

situations where a lower cost solution is required for consolidating storage in

is required for consolidating storage in an existing

Sand Bridge deployment uses Bridge equipment to join an IP network and FC

equipment to join an IP network and FC San

San in the extension type of deployment the

in the extension type of deployment the IP network is used to interconnect

IP network is used to interconnect existing

existing Sands this is primarily done to

Sands this is primarily done to interconnect Sands that are in different

interconnect Sands that are in different locations without having to install a

locations without having to install a dedicated Network to connect

dedicated Network to connect them that brings us to the end of this

them that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what we have

lesson let's summarize what we have learned in this

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about IP San we started by looking at the

IP San we started by looking at the evolution of Ip San and then we looked

evolution of Ip San and then we looked at what IP San is next we talked about

at what IP San is next we talked about combining both the application Network

combining both the application Network and storage Network on the same IP

and storage Network on the same IP network we also talked about the it

network we also talked about the it skills required for IP s and then we

skills required for IP s and then we talked about the cost of Ip

talked about the cost of Ip components next we talked about

components next we talked about consolidating storage using IP San and

consolidating storage using IP San and then we looked at the advantages of

then we looked at the advantages of consolidating

consolidating storage we looked at the disadvantages

storage we looked at the disadvantages of using FC sand for storage

of using FC sand for storage consolidation and then we looked at the

consolidation and then we looked at the benefits of Ip

benefits of Ip San we also looked at the types of Ip

San we also looked at the types of Ip San and then we looked at the three

San and then we looked at the three protocols that are used to implement IP

protocols that are used to implement IP San these are internet scuzzy or I

San these are internet scuzzy or I scuzzy fiber channel over IP or

scuzzy fiber channel over IP or fcip and internet fiber channel protocol

fcip and internet fiber channel protocol or

or ifcp lastly we looked at the types of Ip

ifcp lastly we looked at the types of Ip sand deployments native bridging and

sand deployments native bridging and extension in the next lesson you will

extension in the next lesson you will learn about I scuzzy San thank you for

watching hello and welcome to unit 2 I scuzzy San

scuzzy San in this lesson you will learn about I

in this lesson you will learn about I scuzzy San we're going to start by

scuzzy San we're going to start by looking at what I scuzzy San is and then

looking at what I scuzzy San is and then we will look at the I scuzzy

architecture we will also look at the components of I scuzzy sand these are

components of I scuzzy sand these are initiator Target and IP

initiator Target and IP network next we will look at the

network next we will look at the physical I scuzzi interfaces and then we

physical I scuzzi interfaces and then we will talk about the I scuzzy

will talk about the I scuzzy networks we will look at the isui naming

networks we will look at the isui naming and then we will look at the device

and then we will look at the device Discovery process in isui

Discovery process in isui San we will also look at what a network

San we will also look at what a network portal is and then we will look at how

portal is and then we will look at how an initiator discovers a

an initiator discovers a Target next we will talk about the ice

Target next we will talk about the ice scuzzy session that the initiator

scuzzy session that the initiator establishes with the Target and then we

establishes with the Target and then we will talk about the login

will talk about the login process we'll look at the full feature

process we'll look at the full feature phase that begins when the login process

phase that begins when the login process is complete

is complete next we'll talk about the ice scuzzy

next we'll talk about the ice scuzzy payload and its

payload and its Transportation lastly we will look at

Transportation lastly we will look at the two popular methods used for

the two popular methods used for implementing I scuzzy

implementing I scuzzy security these are challenge handshake

security these are challenge handshake Authentication Protocol or

Authentication Protocol or Chap and Internet Protocol security or

Chap and Internet Protocol security or IP

IP secc now let's begin with iuy

secc now let's begin with iuy San An isui San is a storage area

San An isui San is a storage area network implemented over a IP network

network implemented over a IP network using an i scuzi

using an i scuzi protocol I scuzi protocol is a mapping

protocol I scuzi protocol is a mapping of the scuzzy protocol over the TCP

of the scuzzy protocol over the TCP protocol it carries Block Level data

protocol it carries Block Level data over the IP network as a result the

over the IP network as a result the block storage can be accessed over the

block storage can be accessed over the IP network as if it's directly attached

IP network as if it's directly attached to the

to the server I scuzzi architecture is based on

server I scuzzi architecture is based on the client server model of

the client server model of scuzzy in an is scuzi par Lance it is

scuzzy in an is scuzi par Lance it is referenced to as the initiator Target

referenced to as the initiator Target Model basically an I scuzi sand consists

Model basically an I scuzi sand consists of three components initiator Target and

of three components initiator Target and IP

IP network in isui San the initiator is the

network in isui San the initiator is the system component that first initiates

system component that first initiates the read or write requests over the IP

the read or write requests over the IP network an example of a device that runs

network an example of a device that runs the initiator process is the server

the initiator process is the server computer

computer the target is the system component that

the target is the system component that responds to the requests of the

responds to the requests of the initiator over the IP

initiator over the IP network an example of a device that runs

network an example of a device that runs the target process is the storage

the target process is the storage array initiators and targets need

array initiators and targets need physical I scuzzi interfaces to connect

physical I scuzzi interfaces to connect to the IP

to the IP network the I scuzzy interface is

network the I scuzzy interface is available either as a PCI expansion card

available either as a PCI expansion card or it is integrated into the motherboard

there are four different kinds of I scuzzy

scuzzy interfaces ethernet Nick ethernet Nick

interfaces ethernet Nick ethernet Nick with TCP offload engine is scuzzy host

with TCP offload engine is scuzzy host bus adapter and converged network

bus adapter and converged network adapter we will begin with ethernet

adapter we will begin with ethernet Nick software on the server called the

Nick software on the server called the software initiator configures the

software initiator configures the standard ethernet Nick as an I scuzzy

standard ethernet Nick as an I scuzzy initiator most operating systems such as

initiator most operating systems such as Windows and Linux have built in software

Windows and Linux have built in software initiators the second one is ethernet

initiators the second one is ethernet Nick with TCP offload engine or tow

Nick with TCP offload engine or tow engine this interface is an Ethernet

engine this interface is an Ethernet Nick with a TCP offload engine and is

Nick with a TCP offload engine and is also configured by a software

also configured by a software initiator the TCP offload engine

initiator the TCP offload engine relieves the server CPU from processing

relieves the server CPU from processing the protocol overhead of the TCP stack

the protocol overhead of the TCP stack however other activities such as pdu

however other activities such as pdu creation and encapsulation or

creation and encapsulation or decapsulation of pdus are handled by the

decapsulation of pdus are handled by the server's

server's CPU the third option is the I scuzzy

CPU the third option is the I scuzzy host bus adapter the ice scuzzy host bus

host bus adapter the ice scuzzy host bus adapter is more powerful than the

adapter is more powerful than the ethernet Nick with toe because it has a

ethernet Nick with toe because it has a CPU and memory and it takes care of all

CPU and memory and it takes care of all the I scuzzi related

the I scuzzi related processing the I scuzi host bus adapter

processing the I scuzi host bus adapter has a ROM that allows dis list servers

has a ROM that allows dis list servers to boot from an I scuzzy sand storage

to boot from an I scuzzy sand storage volume the last kind of interface that

volume the last kind of interface that we will discuss is the converged network

we will discuss is the converged network adapter or

CNA the converged network adapter is similar to I scuzzy HBA but it has the

similar to I scuzzy HBA but it has the ability to support additional protocols

ability to support additional protocols such as

fcoe we will now look at the three common types of Ip networks that connect

common types of Ip networks that connect the initiators and the

the initiators and the targets these are shared IP Networks

targets these are shared IP Networks networ dedicated VLAN and dedicated

networ dedicated VLAN and dedicated physical IP

physical IP network we will first look at the Shared

network we will first look at the Shared IP

IP network this is the existing IP network

network this is the existing IP network in an

in an organization when isui San is

organization when isui San is implemented the IP network will carry

implemented the IP network will carry both storage traffic and other

both storage traffic and other traffic this is the cheapest solution

traffic this is the cheapest solution available and is not

available and is not secure and it has performance problems

secure and it has performance problems the second type of IP network is the

the second type of IP network is the creation of a dedicated

creation of a dedicated VLAN having a VLAN dedicated for ice

VLAN having a VLAN dedicated for ice scuzzy sand ensures that storage traffic

scuzzy sand ensures that storage traffic is isolated from the other

is isolated from the other traffic a dedicated VLAN improves

traffic a dedicated VLAN improves performance and security when compared

performance and security when compared to a shared IP

to a shared IP network it's also the cheapest solution

network it's also the cheapest solution available since it doesn't require any

available since it doesn't require any additional

additional equipment the last type of IP network

equipment the last type of IP network that we will discuss is the dedicated

that we will discuss is the dedicated physical IP network this is the best

physical IP network this is the best solution available because having a

solution available because having a dedicated physical IP network provides

dedicated physical IP network provides the best performance and

the best performance and security however the downside is that it

security however the downside is that it is

is costly in a dedicated physical IP

costly in a dedicated physical IP network High availability can be

network High availability can be achieved by having redundant paths as in

achieved by having redundant paths as in FC

FC San this solution is well suited for

San this solution is well suited for business critical application

business critical application now let's look at the isui naming in

now let's look at the isui naming in iszi San each and every device is

iszi San each and every device is identified by a unique Global name for

identified by a unique Global name for addressing

addressing purposes the popular naming convention

purposes the popular naming convention used in I scuzzy San is called is scuzi

used in I scuzzy San is called is scuzi qualified name or

qualified name or iqn the format of an iqn name is as

iqn the format of an iqn name is as follows iqn represents the naming

follows iqn represents the naming convention used in is scuzi qualified

convention used in is scuzi qualified name

name y y y y- mm generally represents the

y y y y- mm generally represents the year and month in which the company

year and month in which the company registered its domain

registered its domain name the domain name of the company

name the domain name of the company represents the naming

represents the naming Authority the optional string is any

Authority the optional string is any string in utf8 text format to specify

string in utf8 text format to specify additional information such as the

additional information such as the device model and

device model and number the dot hyphen and colon are

number the dot hyphen and colon are delimiters that separate the name ging

delimiters that separate the name ging Fields anything after the colon is

Fields anything after the colon is considered optional

text we will now discuss the discovery of devices by the

of devices by the initiators for communication to take

initiators for communication to take place between an initiator and a Target

place between an initiator and a Target the initiator must first find the target

the initiator must first find the target with which it can establish

with which it can establish contact the process of finding the

contact the process of finding the target is technically referred to as

target is technically referred to as device

device Discovery the initiator Discover covers

Discovery the initiator Discover covers a Target using the target's is scuzzi

a Target using the target's is scuzzi name IP address and TCP Port the

name IP address and TCP Port the combination of a target's IP address and

combination of a target's IP address and its listening TCP Port 3260 is called a

its listening TCP Port 3260 is called a network

network portal there are four ways in which an

portal there are four ways in which an initiator discovers a

initiator discovers a Target these are manual Discovery send

Target these are manual Discovery send targets Discovery internet storage

targets Discovery internet storage network service isns discovery

network service isns discovery and service location protocol

and service location protocol Discovery in the manual Discovery method

Discovery in the manual Discovery method the initiator is manually configured

the initiator is manually configured with the Target's

with the Target's address this method is not scalable and

address this method is not scalable and it is suitable only for small scale

it is suitable only for small scale environments in send targets Discovery

environments in send targets Discovery method an initiator is manually

method an initiator is manually configured with the network portal of a

configured with the network portal of a Target the initiator then uses the

Target the initiator then uses the target's network portal to establish

target's network portal to establish contact with the

contact with the Target in this process the initiator

Target in this process the initiator issues a send targets command to the

issues a send targets command to the Target and the target responds with the

Target and the target responds with the list of names and IP addresses of the

list of names and IP addresses of the available Targets this method is used in

available Targets this method is used in smallscale is scuzzy San

smallscale is scuzzy San implementation in the internet storage

implementation in the internet storage name service or isns method the

name service or isns method the initiator can automatically discover the

initiator can automatically discover the target the initiator and the Target

target the initiator and the Target register themselves with the isns

servers the initiator can query the isns for the list of available

for the list of available Targets this method is used in large

Targets this method is used in large scale is scuzzi

scale is scuzzi implementation the last method we will

implementation the last method we will discuss is the service location protocol

discuss is the service location protocol Discovery in this discovery method the

Discovery in this discovery method the initiator issues a service location

initiator issues a service location protocol or SLP multicast request to

protocol or SLP multicast request to which the target responds

which the target responds this method requires the SLP user agent

this method requires the SLP user agent to be running on the initiator and the

to be running on the initiator and the SLP service agent to be running on the

SLP service agent to be running on the target SLP is used in the mediums scale

target SLP is used in the mediums scale implementation of is scuzzy

implementation of is scuzzy sand after the initiator has discovered

sand after the initiator has discovered its Target the next step is to establish

its Target the next step is to establish an i scuzi session with the

an i scuzi session with the target an i scuzzi session can have one

target an i scuzzi session can have one or more TCP connections between the

or more TCP connections between the initiator and the target

initiator and the target the initiator sets up each TCP

the initiator sets up each TCP connection and initiates the login

connection and initiates the login process for that

process for that connection the initiator starts the

connection the initiator starts the login process by connecting to the

listening TCP Port 3260 on the target during the login process the

target during the login process the following happens both the devices are

following happens both the devices are authenticated security parameters are

authenticated security parameters are negotiated and optional parameters are

negotiated and optional parameters are negotiated and finally the TCP

negotiated and finally the TCP connection is marked as part of the is

connection is marked as part of the is scuzi session the login process must be

scuzi session the login process must be completed before the icui data can be

completed before the icui data can be transmitted on that

transmitted on that connection when the login process is

connection when the login process is complete the ice scuzi session is said

complete the ice scuzi session is said to enter the full feature

to enter the full feature phase in this phase the scuzzy data

phase in this phase the scuzzy data transmission occurs between the

transmission occurs between the initiator and the target over the is

initiator and the target over the is scuzi

scuzi session in is scuzzy San the is scuzi

session in is scuzzy San the is scuzi protocol is used for transporting scuzi

protocol is used for transporting scuzi data over the IP

data over the IP network the scuzzy data consists of

network the scuzzy data consists of scuzzy commands and user data and

scuzzy commands and user data and collectively it is referred to as I

collectively it is referred to as I scuzi

scuzi payload we will now see how the scuzzy

payload we will now see how the scuzzy payload is transported from the

payload is transported from the initiator to the

initiator to the Target the basic unit of communication

Target the basic unit of communication in is skazi San is protocol data unit or

in is skazi San is protocol data unit or pdu the is scuzzi payload is

pdu the is scuzzi payload is encapsulated inside a pdu

encapsulated inside a pdu it is then encapsulated inside one or

it is then encapsulated inside one or more TCP

more TCP segments the TCP segments are

segments the TCP segments are encapsulated in the IP packet which in

encapsulated in the IP packet which in turn is encapsulated inside the ethernet

turn is encapsulated inside the ethernet frame these levels of encapsulation are

frame these levels of encapsulation are necessary to transmit the scuzzy data

necessary to transmit the scuzzy data over the IP

over the IP network the scuzzy payload passes

network the scuzzy payload passes through the different layers of the is

through the different layers of the is scuzi protocol

scuzi protocol model on the left hand side of the slide

model on the left hand side of the slide we have the scuzzy payload at the scuzzy

we have the scuzzy payload at the scuzzy layer of the

initiator at the I scuzzy layer the scuzzy payload is encapsulated inside

scuzzy payload is encapsulated inside the I scuzzy pdu it is passed down to

the I scuzzy pdu it is passed down to the TCP

the TCP layer at the TCP layer the I scuzzy pdu

layer at the TCP layer the I scuzzy pdu is encapsulated inside one or more TCP

is encapsulated inside one or more TCP segments it is then forwarded to the IP

segments it is then forwarded to the IP layer where it is further encapsulated

layer where it is further encapsulated inside an IP package

then it is passed down to the ethernet layer where it is further encapsulated

layer where it is further encapsulated inside an Ethernet

inside an Ethernet frame the I scuzzy pdu with all these

frame the I scuzzy pdu with all these layers of encapsulation is ready to be

layers of encapsulation is ready to be transmitted over the IP network to the

transmitted over the IP network to the Target when the encapsulated I scuzzi

Target when the encapsulated I scuzzi payload reaches the target it finds its

payload reaches the target it finds its way up the protocol

stack at the ethernet layer the ethernet encapsulation is

encapsulation is removed it is then passed up to the IP

removed it is then passed up to the IP layer where the IP encapsulation is

layer where the IP encapsulation is removed it is then moved up to the TCP

removed it is then moved up to the TCP layer where the TCP segments are

layer where the TCP segments are removed it is at the TCP layer that the

removed it is at the TCP layer that the reordering of frames is done if they

reordering of frames is done if they were not received in the order of

were not received in the order of transmission the ice scuzzy pdu is then

transmission the ice scuzzy pdu is then passed on to the I scuzzy layer where

passed on to the I scuzzy layer where the I scuzi pdu encapsulation is removed

the I scuzi pdu encapsulation is removed to extract the is scuzi payload which

to extract the is scuzi payload which was transmitted by the

was transmitted by the initiator now let's talk about the

initiator now let's talk about the security aspect of isui San the two

security aspect of isui San the two popular methods used for implementing

popular methods used for implementing isui security are as follows challenge

isui security are as follows challenge handshake Authentication Protocol or

handshake Authentication Protocol or Chap and Internet Protocol security

Chap and Internet Protocol security IPC challenge handshake Authentication

IPC challenge handshake Authentication Protocol or chat allows the initiator

Protocol or chat allows the initiator and the target to mutually authenticate

and the target to mutually authenticate each other

each other the authentication is based on a shared

the authentication is based on a shared secret

secret password it is highly recommended to use

password it is highly recommended to use chap with strong

chap with strong passwords chap does not secure the data

passwords chap does not secure the data as it is transmitted in clear text over

as it is transmitted in clear text over the IP network this is where Internet

the IP network this is where Internet Protocol security or IPC comes to the

Protocol security or IPC comes to the rescue IPC provides an endtoend

rescue IPC provides an endtoend encryption service for the data

encryption service for the data transferred over the IP network between

transferred over the IP network between the initiator and the target

that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in

let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned

this lesson in this lesson you learned about is skazzy San we started by

about is skazzy San we started by looking at what iszy San is and then we

looking at what iszy San is and then we looked at the is scui

looked at the is scui architecture we also looked at the

architecture we also looked at the components of iszy San these are

components of iszy San these are initiator Target and IP

initiator Target and IP network next we looked at the physical I

network next we looked at the physical I scuzzy interfaces and then we talked

scuzzy interfaces and then we talked about the is scuzzy

about the is scuzzy networks we looked at is scuzzi naming

networks we looked at is scuzzi naming and then we looked at the device

and then we looked at the device Discovery process in is scui

Discovery process in is scui San we also looked at what a network

San we also looked at what a network portal is and then we looked at how an

portal is and then we looked at how an initiator discovers a

initiator discovers a Target next we talked about the ice

Target next we talked about the ice scuzzy session that the initiator

scuzzy session that the initiator establishes with the Target and then we

establishes with the Target and then we talked about the login process we looked

talked about the login process we looked at the full feature phase that begins

at the full feature phase that begins when the login process is complete

then we talked about the ice scuzzy payload and its

payload and its Transportation lastly we looked at the

Transportation lastly we looked at the two popular methods used for

two popular methods used for implementing I scuzzy

implementing I scuzzy security these are challenge handshake

security these are challenge handshake Authentication Protocol or Chap and

Authentication Protocol or Chap and Internet Protocol security or

Internet Protocol security or IPC in the next lesson you will learn

IPC in the next lesson you will learn about the basics of network convergence

about the basics of network convergence thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 1 introduction to converged

networking in this lesson you will learn the basics of network convergence

the basics of network convergence we're going to start by looking at what

we're going to start by looking at what network convergence is and then we will

network convergence is and then we will look at why there's a need for

look at why there's a need for convergence next we will look at the

convergence next we will look at the drawbacks of traditional

drawbacks of traditional ethernet and then we will compare fiber

ethernet and then we will compare fiber channel sand with

channel sand with ethernet we will also look at the

ethernet we will also look at the limitations of fiber channel

limitations of fiber channel sand we will look at the immergence of

sand we will look at the immergence of network

network convergence and then we will look at

convergence and then we will look at what network convergence does

what network convergence does we will also talk about the benefits of

we will also talk about the benefits of network

network convergence next we will talk about the

convergence next we will talk about the two setups one is a traditional setup

two setups one is a traditional setup without network

without network convergence and the other one is a setup

convergence and the other one is a setup with network

with network convergence lastly we will look at what

convergence lastly we will look at what fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe

fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe is now let's begin by looking at what

is now let's begin by looking at what network convergence

network convergence is Network convergence concerns

is Network convergence concerns combining an Ethernet Lan and a fiber

combining an Ethernet Lan and a fiber channel sand into a single unified

channel sand into a single unified Network that can carry both server

Network that can carry both server traffic and storage traffic over a

traffic and storage traffic over a single network

cable the primary reasons for having the network infrastructure and storage

network infrastructure and storage infrastructure converge into a single

infrastructure converge into a single infrastructure are the

infrastructure are the following to reduce the infrastructure

following to reduce the infrastructure footprint in a data

footprint in a data center to improve the utilization of a

center to improve the utilization of a data Center's resources

data Center's resources and to reduce the cost of

and to reduce the cost of ownership by having multiple types of

ownership by having multiple types of network traffic handled in a single

network traffic handled in a single infrastructure there are Savings in

infrastructure there are Savings in terms of the

terms of the following cost reduction associated with

following cost reduction associated with the purchase installation operation and

the purchase installation operation and management of the equipment in a data

management of the equipment in a data center a single infrastructure for both

center a single infrastructure for both Network and storage eliminates the need

Network and storage eliminates the need for multiple types of equipment and

for multiple types of equipment and cables

cables the reduced footprint of a data center

the reduced footprint of a data center provides Savings in the terms of the

provides Savings in the terms of the cost of the following equipment cables

cost of the following equipment cables power and cooling consumption IT staff

power and cooling consumption IT staff traditionally ethernet is used to

traditionally ethernet is used to provide local area connections between

provide local area connections between clients and

servers however as a protocol it is not meant to transfer block data in a

meant to transfer block data in a storage Network when multiple computers

storage Network when multiple computers in an Ethernet Network try to send data

in an Ethernet Network try to send data simult mously it results in data

collisions as the network consumption increases the data collisions will also

increases the data collisions will also increase significantly and will

increase significantly and will subsequently consume all the available

subsequently consume all the available Network

bandwidth when there is Network congestion the ethernet drops frames so

congestion the ethernet drops frames so the higher level Protocols tcpip are

the higher level Protocols tcpip are used to ensure that the frames are

used to ensure that the frames are retransmitted when they drop based on an

retransmitted when they drop based on an acknowledgement mechanism

since ethernet drops frames it is considered as a lossy

considered as a lossy network compared to ethernet fiber

network compared to ethernet fiber channel is considered a high-speed low

channel is considered a high-speed low latency and lossless

latency and lossless Network by lossless we mean that packets

Network by lossless we mean that packets are not dropped when there is Network

are not dropped when there is Network congestion fiber channel has desirable

congestion fiber channel has desirable traits for a storage network but it does

traits for a storage network but it does have some

have some limitations fiber channel is a separate

limitations fiber channel is a separate network from the data center ethernet

network from the data center ethernet Network and it requires additional

Network and it requires additional infrastructure and

infrastructure and costs in addition to that FC San is a

costs in addition to that FC San is a different technology than ethernet so it

different technology than ethernet so it requires different skill sets to install

requires different skill sets to install configure operate and manage adding to

configure operate and manage adding to the cost in terms of IT staff

requirements one of the factors that contributed to network convergence was

contributed to network convergence was the continuous Evol ution of the

the continuous Evol ution of the ethernet network from the transmission

ethernet network from the transmission speed of 100 megabits per second to a

speed of 100 megabits per second to a widely used speed of 10 gbits per

widely used speed of 10 gbits per second at present 40 gbits per second

second at present 40 gbits per second and even 100 gbits per second has become

and even 100 gbits per second has become a

a reality in the simple context of data

reality in the simple context of data transmission speeds the speed of

transmission speeds the speed of ethernet have exceeded the available

ethernet have exceeded the available speeds of fiber

speeds of fiber channel furthermore ethernet can now be

channel furthermore ethernet can now be enriched with the capabilities that make

enriched with the capabilities that make it a low latency and lossless Network

it a low latency and lossless Network similar to fiber

Channel network convergence combines Network and storage traffic into a

Network and storage traffic into a unified Network that has the following

unified Network that has the following high performance low latency high

high performance low latency high scalability and high

scalability and high reliability the benefits of network

reliability the benefits of network convergence are as follows it provides a

convergence are as follows it provides a single high-speed Network that can

single high-speed Network that can support both Network and storage traffic

support both Network and storage traffic it offers low latency high throughput

it offers low latency high throughput scalability and

reliability it provides cost reduction it offers simplified

reduction it offers simplified management and improved resource

utilization now let's look at an oversimplified traditional setup without

oversimplified traditional setup without network

network convergence as you can see on the slide

convergence as you can see on the slide the server requires ethernet Nick and

the server requires ethernet Nick and HBA adapters to connect to both the

HBA adapters to connect to both the ethernet Network and the fiber channel

ethernet Network and the fiber channel sand in addition to that each Network

sand in addition to that each Network requires different switches and

requires different switches and cables as a result purchases

cables as a result purchases installations configurations operations

installations configurations operations and management are done separately for

and management are done separately for both the ethernet Network and the FC

San now let's look at a setup with network

network convergence the converged Network uses

convergence the converged Network uses enhanced ethernet capabil ities to

enhanced ethernet capabil ities to combine both storage and network traffic

combine both storage and network traffic on a single

on a single Network in this diagram the server is

Network in this diagram the server is using only one converged network

using only one converged network adapter and the converged network

adapter and the converged network adapter connects to a DCB

adapter connects to a DCB switch a converged network doesn't

switch a converged network doesn't require different types of adapters

require different types of adapters switches and cables to have the clients

switches and cables to have the clients servers and storage devices connected to

servers and storage devices connected to the

the network fewer devices results in

network fewer devices results in simplified management and reduces the

simplified management and reduces the total cost of

ownership the convergence Network uses enhanced ethernet as its physical

enhanced ethernet as its physical transmission

transmission technology and the fiber channel frames

technology and the fiber channel frames transmitted over ethernet are called

transmitted over ethernet are called fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe

frames in the next lesson we will talk more about

more about fcoe and that brings us to the end of

fcoe and that brings us to the end of this lesson

this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in

let's summarize what you have learned in this

this lesson in this lesson you have learned

lesson in this lesson you have learned the basics of network

the basics of network convergence we started by looking at

convergence we started by looking at what network convergence is and then we

what network convergence is and then we looked at why there's a need for Network

looked at why there's a need for Network convergence next we looked at the

convergence next we looked at the drawbacks of traditional ethernet and

drawbacks of traditional ethernet and then we compared fiber channel sand with

then we compared fiber channel sand with ethernet we also looked at the

ethernet we also looked at the limitations of FC

limitations of FC San we looked at the emergence of

San we looked at the emergence of network convergence and then we looked

network convergence and then we looked at what network convergence does we also

at what network convergence does we also talked about the benefits of network

talked about the benefits of network convergence next we talked about the two

convergence next we talked about the two setups one is a traditional setup

setups one is a traditional setup without network convergence and the

without network convergence and the other one is a setup with network

other one is a setup with network convergence lastly we looked at what

convergence lastly we looked at what fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe

fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe is in the next lesson you will learn

is in the next lesson you will learn about fiber channel over Ethernet or

about fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe thank you for

watching hello and welcome to unit 2 fiber channel over ethernet

fiber channel over ethernet in this lesson you will learn about

in this lesson you will learn about fiber channel over Ethernet or

fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe we're going to start by looking at

fcoe we're going to start by looking at what fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe

what fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe is and then we will look at fcoe

is and then we will look at fcoe encapsulation next we will look at the

encapsulation next we will look at the fcoe protocol stack and then we will

fcoe protocol stack and then we will look at the fcoe

infrastructure we will also look at the traditional setup in a Data Center and

traditional setup in a Data Center and then then we will look at the fcoe

setup while talking about the fcoe setup we will look at the converged network

we will look at the converged network adapter or CNA and the fcoe

adapter or CNA and the fcoe switch next we will look at what

switch next we will look at what lossless ethernet is and then we will

lossless ethernet is and then we will look at what data center bridging or DCB

look at what data center bridging or DCB is while talking about DCB we will also

is while talking about DCB we will also look at what DCB task groups are we will

look at what DCB task groups are we will look at three ethernet enhancements

look at three ethernet enhancements and these are priority flow control or

and these are priority flow control or PFC enhanced transmission selection

PFC enhanced transmission selection ETS and data center bridging exchange or

dcbx lastly we will look at the three common fcoe deployments and these are IO

common fcoe deployments and these are IO link

link consolidation topof rack deployments and

consolidation topof rack deployments and end of road

deployments now let's look at what fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe is fiber

channel over Ethernet or fcoe is fiber channel over ethernet is a protocol that

channel over ethernet is a protocol that allows fiber channel frames to be

allows fiber channel frames to be transmitted over

transmitted over ethernet it's used for transmitting

ethernet it's used for transmitting storage traffic along with the network

storage traffic along with the network traffic over enhanced

traffic over enhanced ethernet in FC San the scuzzy data is

ethernet in FC San the scuzzy data is encapsulated inside a fiber channel

encapsulated inside a fiber channel frame on the fiber channel host bus

frame on the fiber channel host bus adapter of the server before being

adapter of the server before being transmitted over the FC

Network in a converg network the scuzzy data is also encapsulated into an FC

data is also encapsulated into an FC frame but the fcoe protocol encapsulates

frame but the fcoe protocol encapsulates the fiber channel frames into ethernet

the fiber channel frames into ethernet frames that can be transmitted along

frames that can be transmitted along with the IP

traffic the sizes of the FC frames are over 2 kilobytes so it becomes necessary

over 2 kilobytes so it becomes necessary for the adapters and switches in the

for the adapters and switches in the converge Network to support baby jumbo

converge Network to support baby jumbo frame

frame in order to prevent the segmentation of

in order to prevent the segmentation of the FC

frames during the encapsulation process fcoe wraps the complete fiber channel

fcoe wraps the complete fiber channel frame without modifying

frame without modifying it the encapsulation provides onetoone

it the encapsulation provides onetoone mapping of the fiber channel frames with

mapping of the fiber channel frames with the ethernet frames which means that a

the ethernet frames which means that a fiber channel frame is not segmented nor

fiber channel frame is not segmented nor are multiple frames placed inside a

are multiple frames placed inside a single ethernet frame

fcoe ensures that the construct of a fiber channel frame is preserved to

fiber channel frame is preserved to provide for the following an fcoe frame

provide for the following an fcoe frame can be seamlessly integrated with the

can be seamlessly integrated with the existing FC

existing FC environments an fcoe frame can use Fiber

environments an fcoe frame can use Fiber Channel Technologies such as zoning

Channel Technologies such as zoning distributed name server registered state

distributed name server registered state change notification and management

change notification and management tools now let's look at the fcoe

tools now let's look at the fcoe protocol stack

protocol stack an fcoe protocol stack is constructed by

an fcoe protocol stack is constructed by replacing the lower layers fc0 and fc1

replacing the lower layers fc0 and fc1 of the fiber channel protocol stack with

of the fiber channel protocol stack with the physical layer and the data link

the physical layer and the data link layer of the lossless

ethernet however the fcoe protocol stack retains the upper layers of the FC

retains the upper layers of the FC protocol stack that is fc4 fc3 and fc2

protocol stack that is fc4 fc3 and fc2 as you can see in the diagram the fcoe

as you can see in the diagram the fcoe protocol lies in between the FC layers

protocol lies in between the FC layers and the ethernet

layers now let's look at the fcoe infrastructure the fcoe infrastructure

infrastructure the fcoe infrastructure consists of three

consists of three components a converged network

components a converged network adapter lossless ethernet links and an

adapter lossless ethernet links and an fcoe

fcoe switch in a traditional data center

switch in a traditional data center approach the server has a Nick for

approach the server has a Nick for Network traffic and a fiber channel HBA

Network traffic and a fiber channel HBA for storage traffic as shown in the

for storage traffic as shown in the diagram with fcoe these two adapters in

diagram with fcoe these two adapters in the server are replaced with a single

the server are replaced with a single converged network

adapter a single CNA connects the server to an fcoe switch which in turn provides

to an fcoe switch which in turn provides connectivity to Lan and

San a converged network adapter or CNA is a network adapter that that can

is a network adapter that that can function as a standard ethernet Nick as

function as a standard ethernet Nick as well as a fiber channel

HBA it supports both protocols when a CNA is installed in a

protocols when a CNA is installed in a server the server operating system will

server the server operating system will not see any fcoe device but it will see

not see any fcoe device but it will see a Nick entity and an HBA entity so that

a Nick entity and an HBA entity so that the CNA can function as a storage

the CNA can function as a storage adapter as well as a LAN adapter

the CNA has an fcoe entity that completes the encapsulation before

completes the encapsulation before sending it over the converged enhanced

sending it over the converged enhanced Ethernet or CE link it also completes

Ethernet or CE link it also completes the decapsulation of ethernet frames

the decapsulation of ethernet frames when it receives from the CE

when it receives from the CE link an fcoe switch is a network device

link an fcoe switch is a network device that connects both FC San and ethernet

that connects both FC San and ethernet Lan

environments it contains an fcoe entity that that extracts the FC payload from

that that extracts the FC payload from the ethernet frames and forwards it to

the ethernet frames and forwards it to the FC storage

devices it also encapsulates FC frames that need to be transmitted over

that need to be transmitted over ethernet

links fcoe switches inspect the ether type of the frames that they receive

type of the frames that they receive from the

from the servers if the ether type of the frame

servers if the ether type of the frame is fcoe then the switch recognizes that

is fcoe then the switch recognizes that it can contains the FC payload and

it can contains the FC payload and forwards it to the fcoe entity within

forwards it to the fcoe entity within the switch as you can see in the

the switch as you can see in the diagram The fcoe Entity extracts the FC

diagram The fcoe Entity extracts the FC payload and forwards it to the FC

payload and forwards it to the FC Port if the ether type of the frame is

Port if the ether type of the frame is not fcoe then as shown in the diagram

not fcoe then as shown in the diagram the switch handles the traffic as

the switch handles the traffic as Network traffic and forwards it over the

Network traffic and forwards it over the ethernet

ethernet ports since fcoe switches support both

ports since fcoe switches support both storage traffic and network traffic they

storage traffic and network traffic they can seamlessly integrate into FC sand

can seamlessly integrate into FC sand and ethernet

environments fcoe frames are transmitted over an Ethernet that does not drop

over an Ethernet that does not drop frames in the event of network

frames in the event of network congestion such an Ethernet is called a

congestion such an Ethernet is called a lossless

ethernet with fcoe any lost frames can be recovered only at the scuzzy layer

be recovered only at the scuzzy layer because it has no transmission control

because it has no transmission control protocol

TCP fortunately a set of enhancements are available to the ethernet to support

are available to the ethernet to support the lossless Behavior this is called

the lossless Behavior this is called Data Center bridging or

Data Center bridging or DCB DCB is also referred to as converged

DCB DCB is also referred to as converged enhanced

enhanced ethernet the i e workg group that

ethernet the i e workg group that provided these extensions to enable the

provided these extensions to enable the enhanced ethernet is the DCB task group

enhanced ethernet is the DCB task group we will look at three such enhancements

we will look at three such enhancements that provide a lossless transport for

that provide a lossless transport for fcoe frames over the

fcoe frames over the ethernet these are priority flow control

ethernet these are priority flow control or

or PFC enhanced transmission selection or

PFC enhanced transmission selection or etss and data center bridging exchange

etss and data center bridging exchange or

or dcbx now let's look at priority flow

dcbx now let's look at priority flow control or

control or PFC priority flow control is a link like

PFC priority flow control is a link like protocol that allows high priority

protocol that allows high priority traffic to flow while temporarily

traffic to flow while temporarily stopping the low priority traffic when

stopping the low priority traffic when Network congestion

Network congestion occurs now let's look at enhanced

occurs now let's look at enhanced transmission selection or

transmission selection or ETS enhanced transmission selection is a

ETS enhanced transmission selection is a link layer protocol that controls the

link layer protocol that controls the bandwidth management by ensuring that

bandwidth management by ensuring that one kind of traffic doesn't consume too

one kind of traffic doesn't consume too much of the overall

much of the overall bandwidth ETF s can be used to allocate

bandwidth ETF s can be used to allocate bandwidth by prioritizing the

bandwidth by prioritizing the traffic now let's look at data center

traffic now let's look at data center bridging exchange or

bridging exchange or dcbx data center bridging exchange is a

dcbx data center bridging exchange is a discovery and configuration protocol

discovery and configuration protocol that allows for the discovery and

that allows for the discovery and configuration of fiber channel devices

configuration of fiber channel devices on the converged

on the converged Network it is an extension of Link layer

Network it is an extension of Link layer Discovery protocol or

Discovery protocol or llddp now now let's talk about fcoe

llddp now now let's talk about fcoe deployments fcoe deployments are seen in

deployments fcoe deployments are seen in three

three areas IO link

areas IO link consolidation topof rack deployments and

consolidation topof rack deployments and end of road

end of road deployments we will first look at IO

deployments we will first look at IO link

link consolidation server IO link

consolidation server IO link consolidation occurs because of server

consolidation occurs because of server virtualization the io link consolidation

virtualization the io link consolidation results in higher IO needs because of

results in higher IO needs because of the applications in multiple virtual

the applications in multiple virtual machines CNAs with 10 GBE throughputs

machines CNAs with 10 GBE throughputs can be used to satisfy the higher IO

can be used to satisfy the higher IO needs that arise from IO link

needs that arise from IO link consolidation CNAs with 10 GBE

consolidation CNAs with 10 GBE throughputs also allow for a

throughputs also allow for a consolidation of slower ethernet and FC

consolidation of slower ethernet and FC connections onto a faster

connections onto a faster connection next we will look at top of

connection next we will look at top of rack

rack deployments a rack is a standardized

deployments a rack is a standardized frame used in data centers to mount

frame used in data centers to mount multiple Computing

multiple Computing devices in top of rack deployments the

devices in top of rack deployments the switches are placed on the top shelves

switches are placed on the top shelves of the rack while the physical servers

of the rack while the physical servers that connect to the switches occupy the

that connect to the switches occupy the shelves beneath

them most server racks and data centers connect to lands and Sands using two

connect to lands and Sands using two redundant ethernet switches and two

redundant ethernet switches and two redundant fiber channel

switches in such environments a single pair of fcoe switches can simultaneously

pair of fcoe switches can simultaneously replace all the ethernet switches and

replace all the ethernet switches and fiber channel switches in the rack that

fiber channel switches in the rack that connects to lands and

connects to lands and Sands an fcoe switch eliminates the need

Sands an fcoe switch eliminates the need for separate switches and cables for LS

for separate switches and cables for LS and Sands because both Lan and sand

and Sands because both Lan and sand traffic can travel over a CE

traffic can travel over a CE link this results in less rack space

link this results in less rack space usage and simplified C in throughout the

usage and simplified C in throughout the data

data center since we touched on cabling we

center since we touched on cabling we need to mention that the copper twin

need to mention that the copper twin axial cabling is an available option for

axial cabling is an available option for fcoe Solutions of a 10 gbit

fcoe Solutions of a 10 gbit ethernet it uses SFP plus interface for

ethernet it uses SFP plus interface for copper

copper connection it consumes low power and is

connection it consumes low power and is low

low cost the copper twin axial cabling

cost the copper twin axial cabling supports short distances less than 10 m

supports short distances less than 10 m it is ideal for server to top of Rack or

it is ideal for server to top of Rack or end of row switch

end of row switch environments next we will look at end of

environments next we will look at end of row

row deployments in data centers the server

deployments in data centers the server racks are arranged in

racks are arranged in rows in end of row deployments a common

rows in end of row deployments a common switch is placed at the end of the row

switch is placed at the end of the row and the servers in the individual racks

and the servers in the individual racks of a row are connected to

of a row are connected to it there is no need for topof rack

it there is no need for topof rack switches in this kind of deployment

switches in this kind of deployment the number of fcoe switches that

the number of fcoe switches that participate in end of row deployments is

participate in end of row deployments is fewer than topof rack deployments but

fewer than topof rack deployments but they provide High availability with no

they provide High availability with no single point of failure since they have

single point of failure since they have redundant

redundant components and that brings us to the end

components and that brings us to the end of this

of this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this lesson

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about fiber channel over

you learned about fiber channel over Ethernet or

Ethernet or fcoe we started by looking at what fiber

fcoe we started by looking at what fiber channel over Ethernet or fcoe is and

channel over Ethernet or fcoe is and then we looked at the fcoe

then we looked at the fcoe encapsulation next we looked at the fcoe

encapsulation next we looked at the fcoe protocol stack and then we looked at the

protocol stack and then we looked at the fcoe

fcoe infrastructure we also looked at the

infrastructure we also looked at the traditional setup in a Data Center and

traditional setup in a Data Center and then we looked at the fcoe

then we looked at the fcoe setup while talking about the fcoe setup

setup while talking about the fcoe setup we looked at the converged network

we looked at the converged network adapter or CNA and and the fcoe

adapter or CNA and and the fcoe switch next we looked at what lossless

switch next we looked at what lossless ethernet is and then we looked at what

ethernet is and then we looked at what data center bridging or DCB

data center bridging or DCB is while talking about DCB we also

is while talking about DCB we also looked at what DCB test group

looked at what DCB test group is we looked at the three ethernet

is we looked at the three ethernet enhancements these are priority flow

enhancements these are priority flow control or

control or PFC enhanced transmission selection or

PFC enhanced transmission selection or etss and data center bridging Exchange

etss and data center bridging Exchange change or

change or dcbx lastly we looked at the three

dcbx lastly we looked at the three common fcoe

common fcoe deployments these are iol link

deployments these are iol link consolidation topof rack deployments and

consolidation topof rack deployments and end of Road

end of Road deployments in the next lesson you will

deployments in the next lesson you will learn about environmental concerns and

learn about environmental concerns and physical safety in data centers thank

physical safety in data centers thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit three data center

center operations in this lesson you will learn

operations in this lesson you will learn about the environmental concerns and

about the environmental concerns and physical safety in data

physical safety in data centers we're going to start by looking

centers we're going to start by looking at what a data Center is and then we

at what a data Center is and then we will look at why there's a need for data

will look at why there's a need for data centers we will also look at the data

centers we will also look at the data center

center environment next we will look at the

environment next we will look at the heating ventilation and cooling or HVAC

heating ventilation and cooling or HVAC system of the data center and then we

system of the data center and then we will look at how HVAC Works in a data

will look at how HVAC Works in a data center while talking about HVAC we will

center while talking about HVAC we will look at the typical hot Isle cold aisle

look at the typical hot Isle cold aisle conditions in a data

conditions in a data center we will also look at the rack

center we will also look at the rack mount servers and then we will talk

mount servers and then we will talk about rack

about rack loading we will look at the power

loading we will look at the power distribution in data centers and next we

distribution in data centers and next we will look at the fire risk in data

will look at the fire risk in data centers while talking about the fire

centers while talking about the fire risk we will look at the impact of fire

risk we will look at the impact of fire and then we will look at fire

and then we will look at fire suppression agents we will also look at

suppression agents we will also look at the types of fire suppression agents

the types of fire suppression agents which are wet pipe dry pipe and gaseous

which are wet pipe dry pipe and gaseous agents next we will look at the lifting

agents next we will look at the lifting techniques and then we will look at what

techniques and then we will look at what an anti-static device

an anti-static device is lastly we will talk about rack

is lastly we will talk about rack stabilization now let's look at what a

stabilization now let's look at what a data center is according to Wikipedia a

data center is according to Wikipedia a data center is a facility used to house

data center is a facility used to house computer systems and Associated

computer systems and Associated components such as telecommunications

components such as telecommunications and storage

and storage systems It generally includes redundant

systems It generally includes redundant or backup power supplies redundant data

or backup power supplies redundant data Communications connections

Communications connections environmental controls for example air

environmental controls for example air conditioning and fire suppression and

conditioning and fire suppression and various security

various security devices but why do we need data

devices but why do we need data centers data centers help organizations

centers data centers help organizations centralize the management of computing

centralize the management of computing resources they reduce the total cost of

resources they reduce the total cost of ownership by consolidating Power Cooling

ownership by consolidating Power Cooling and maintenance required for running

and maintenance required for running servers in a single

servers in a single place now let's talk about the the data

place now let's talk about the the data center

center environment racks and rack mounted

environment racks and rack mounted servers are used in data

servers are used in data centers the components of a data center

centers the components of a data center such as servers storage arrays power

such as servers storage arrays power distribution units switches Etc generate

distribution units switches Etc generate a lot of

a lot of heat heat should be removed because it

heat heat should be removed because it affects the electrical equipment

affects the electrical equipment resulting in equipment malfunction or

resulting in equipment malfunction or failure since heat affects the

failure since heat affects the reliability of the electrical equipment

reliability of the electrical equipment we need to keep the data center cool

we need to keep the data center cool this requires exhausting the hot air

this requires exhausting the hot air from the machines and moving in cold air

from the machines and moving in cold air just like in a PC

just like in a PC Chassis hot air and cold air within the

Chassis hot air and cold air within the data center should not be mixed and for

data center should not be mixed and for this reason we have the hot Isle cold

this reason we have the hot Isle cold Isle

Isle Arrangement if the cold air mixes with

Arrangement if the cold air mixes with the hot air without going through the

the hot air without going through the equipment then it becomes

equipment then it becomes useless now let's talk about HVAC HVAC

useless now let's talk about HVAC HVAC stands for heating ventilation and

stands for heating ventilation and cooling an HVAC system provides Optimum

cooling an HVAC system provides Optimum temperature and indoor air quality for

temperature and indoor air quality for Data Center

Data Center Performance the HVAC system not only

Performance the HVAC system not only keeps things cool and keeps things humid

keeps things cool and keeps things humid to an extent but it also removes

to an extent but it also removes contaminants from the

contaminants from the air let's see how HVAC

air let's see how HVAC works as you can see in the diagram cold

works as you can see in the diagram cold air is pumped from the HVAC system into

air is pumped from the HVAC system into the cold aisle as an input put for the

the cold aisle as an input put for the servers servers pull in cold air from

servers servers pull in cold air from the front to cool themselves and they

the front to cool themselves and they exhaust hot air which goes into the hot

exhaust hot air which goes into the hot aisle the AC duct carries the hot air

aisle the AC duct carries the hot air from the hot aisle to the HVAC to cool

from the hot aisle to the HVAC to cool it again or exhaust it elsewhere now

it again or exhaust it elsewhere now let's look at the typical hot Isle cold

let's look at the typical hot Isle cold Isle

Isle temperatures the cold aisle temperature

temperatures the cold aisle temperature is between 55° and 78°

is between 55° and 78° F and the hot aisle temperature is

F and the hot aisle temperature is between 70 3° and 96°

between 70 3° and 96° F the amount of heat carried by the

F the amount of heat carried by the stream of air exiting the heat load

stream of air exiting the heat load should be 15° to 20°

should be 15° to 20° F now let's talk about rack mount

F now let's talk about rack mount servers racks and data centers contain

servers racks and data centers contain servers rack mount servers have a

servers rack mount servers have a different form factor than desktop

different form factor than desktop servers when it comes to Rack loading

servers when it comes to Rack loading large rack mount servers and Equipment

large rack mount servers and Equipment are installed at the bottom of a rack to

are installed at the bottom of a rack to ensure the rack doesn't

ensure the rack doesn't fall rack loading should not exceed the

fall rack loading should not exceed the weight rated capacity of the raised

weight rated capacity of the raised floor to ensure that the raised floor

floor to ensure that the raised floor doesn't collapse because of

doesn't collapse because of overweight now let's talk about power

overweight now let's talk about power distribution in data centers data

distribution in data centers data centers are usually connected to

centers are usually connected to multiple power grids for redundancy if

multiple power grids for redundancy if power on one grid is lost a data center

power on one grid is lost a data center will still continue to operate

will still continue to operate normally for devices we with redundant

normally for devices we with redundant power supplies power comes from separate

power supplies power comes from separate circuits providing

redundancy power requirements of a data center are determined by taking into

center are determined by taking into account the power requirements of all

account the power requirements of all the equipment and factoring in future

the equipment and factoring in future growth all data center equipment is

growth all data center equipment is grounded and independent of other

grounded and independent of other building

building grounds now let's talk about fire risk

grounds now let's talk about fire risk in data

in data centers the demand for power increased p

centers the demand for power increased p with an increase in the amount of

with an increase in the amount of equipment many types of equipment with

equipment many types of equipment with increased power consumption when

increased power consumption when confined in small spaces are susceptible

confined in small spaces are susceptible to fire

to fire accidents fire in a data center can have

accidents fire in a data center can have a catastrophic impact on business

a catastrophic impact on business operations Financial loss to the

operations Financial loss to the business due to fire can be staggering

business due to fire can be staggering the downtime of business operations due

the downtime of business operations due to fire can be days or

to fire can be days or weeks data centers have fire detection

weeks data centers have fire detection systems that detect fires

systems that detect fires portable fire extinguishers are placed

portable fire extinguishers are placed at critical locations in the data

at critical locations in the data center data centers have emergency power

center data centers have emergency power off switches which are big red buttons

off switches which are big red buttons on the wall that cut off all

on the wall that cut off all power emergency powerof switches should

power emergency powerof switches should be used in emergencies because servers

be used in emergencies because servers are not friendly to hard power

are not friendly to hard power shutdowns in the event of a fire fire

shutdowns in the event of a fire fire suppression agents put out the actual

suppression agents put out the actual fire selecting the right fire

fire selecting the right fire suppression agent is critical critical

suppression agent is critical critical because it can either allow quick

because it can either allow quick recovery or it can result in weeks of

recovery or it can result in weeks of recovery there are three types of fire

recovery there are three types of fire suppression agents wet pipe dry pipe and

suppression agents wet pipe dry pipe and gaseous agents a wet pipe sprinkles

gaseous agents a wet pipe sprinkles plain water in the presence of smoke or

plain water in the presence of smoke or heat the biggest disadvantage of a wet

heat the biggest disadvantage of a wet pipe is that it drenches servers storage

pipe is that it drenches servers storage devices and other equipment in water and

devices and other equipment in water and water can catastrophically damage the

water can catastrophically damage the equipment putting out a fire using water

equipment putting out a fire using water can cause the data center to be down for

can cause the data center to be down for weeks a dry pipe works just like a wet

weeks a dry pipe works just like a wet pipe but the water is not kept in the

pipe but the water is not kept in the pipes this is because a water pipe can

pipes this is because a water pipe can accumulate moisture due to condensation

accumulate moisture due to condensation and drip on the

and drip on the equipment since a dry pipe is a

equipment since a dry pipe is a water-based system the disadvantage is

water-based system the disadvantage is the same as wet

the same as wet pipe Gus agents provide immediate fire

pipe Gus agents provide immediate fire suppression by denying heat and oxygen

suppression by denying heat and oxygen to a data center fire

to a data center fire clean agents such as fm200 remove heat

clean agents such as fm200 remove heat from a fire and inert gases such as

from a fire and inert gases such as carbon dioxide deprive a fire of

carbon dioxide deprive a fire of oxygen gaseous agents provide immediate

oxygen gaseous agents provide immediate recovery of business

recovery of business operations however they are expensive

operations however they are expensive and may require training the staff to

and may require training the staff to handle a

handle a fire now let's talk about physical

fire now let's talk about physical safety techniques we'll first talk about

safety techniques we'll first talk about proper lifting techniques and weight

proper lifting techniques and weight considerations

considerations the easiest way to injure ourselves is

the easiest way to injure ourselves is through improper lifting of heavy

through improper lifting of heavy equipment it happens constantly and

equipment it happens constantly and almost everyone lifts

almost everyone lifts improperly the first thing is don't

improperly the first thing is don't attempt to lift anything that is more

attempt to lift anything that is more than a quarter of your

than a quarter of your weight for example if the equipment is

weight for example if the equipment is 50 lb and you weigh 175 lb then don't

50 lb and you weigh 175 lb then don't lift

lift it you need to be at least 200 lb to

it you need to be at least 200 lb to lift something that is 50 lb

lift something that is 50 lb if you're not then have someone help

if you're not then have someone help you you also want to lift from your legs

you you also want to lift from your legs with a straight back this is difficult

with a straight back this is difficult to describe but easy to do generally

to describe but easy to do generally speaking a lot of people will lift with

speaking a lot of people will lift with their back bent over not bending their

their back bent over not bending their legs just their torso putting so much

legs just their torso putting so much stress on their back your back is not

stress on their back your back is not meant to take that much stress so bend

meant to take that much stress so bend your legs and stand up from your legs

your legs and stand up from your legs bending your knees and straightening

bending your knees and straightening them that way the bulk of the weight is

them that way the bulk of the weight is going down into your quads into your

going down into your quads into your hamstrings and into your calf muscles

hamstrings and into your calf muscles rather than into your lower

rather than into your lower back we know that static electricity

back we know that static electricity damages Hardware components so we use

damages Hardware components so we use anti-static devices to help us

anti-static devices to help us neutralize static electricity preventing

neutralize static electricity preventing damage to devices such as hard disk

damage to devices such as hard disk drives examples of anti-static devices

drives examples of anti-static devices are anti-static bags anti-static mats

are anti-static bags anti-static mats and anti-static straps

last but not least we will talk about rack

rack stabilization rack stabilization is

stabilization rack stabilization is critical to the technician's physical

critical to the technician's physical safety as well as for the stability of

safety as well as for the stability of the equipment racks that are not stable

the equipment racks that are not stable are likely to collapse at any time for

are likely to collapse at any time for rack stability large servers and

rack stability large servers and equipment must be installed at the

equipment must be installed at the bottom of the rack and that brings us to

bottom of the rack and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize

the end of this lesson let's summarize what we've learned in this

what we've learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about the environmental concerns and physical

the environmental concerns and physical safety in data

safety in data centers we started by looking at what a

centers we started by looking at what a data center is and then we looked at why

data center is and then we looked at why there's a need for a data center we also

there's a need for a data center we also looked at the data center

looked at the data center environment next we looked at the

environment next we looked at the heating ventilation and cooling system

heating ventilation and cooling system or HVAC system of the data center and

or HVAC system of the data center and then we looked at how HVAC Works in a

then we looked at how HVAC Works in a data

data center while talking about HVAC we

center while talking about HVAC we looked at the typical hot aisle cold AIS

looked at the typical hot aisle cold AIS condition in a data

condition in a data center we also looked at rack mount

center we also looked at rack mount servers and then we talked about rack

servers and then we talked about rack loading we also looked at power

loading we also looked at power distribution in data

distribution in data centers next we looked at fire risk in

centers next we looked at fire risk in data centers while talking about fire

data centers while talking about fire risk we looked at the impact of fire and

risk we looked at the impact of fire and then we looked at the fire suppression

then we looked at the fire suppression agents we also looked at the types of

agents we also looked at the types of fire suppression agents these are wet

fire suppression agents these are wet pipe dry pipe and gaseous agents

pipe dry pipe and gaseous agents next we looked at lifting techniques and

next we looked at lifting techniques and then we looked at what an anti-static

then we looked at what an anti-static device is lastly we talked about rack

device is lastly we talked about rack stabilization in the next lesson you

stabilization in the next lesson you will learn about replication thank you

will learn about replication thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit one replication in this lesson you will

replication in this lesson you will learn about

learn about replication we're going to start by

replication we're going to start by looking at what replication

looking at what replication is since replication is one of the

is since replication is one of the methods employed to ensure business

methods employed to ensure business continuity we will touch upon business

continuity we will touch upon business continuity we will also discuss the

continuity we will also discuss the purpose of

purpose of replication next we will look at the

replication next we will look at the characteristics of a replica these are

characteristics of a replica these are recoverability and restartability

recoverability and restartability we will look at the two important

we will look at the two important aspects of replication planning these

aspects of replication planning these are recovery Point objective or RPO and

are recovery Point objective or RPO and recovery time objective or

recovery time objective or RTO we will then talk in detail about

RTO we will then talk in detail about the two categories of

the two categories of replication these are local replication

replication these are local replication and remote

and remote replication lastly we will look at site

redundancy now let's look at what replication

replication is replication is the process of making

is replication is the process of making an exact copy of data either locally or

an exact copy of data either locally or remotely it's one of the methods

remotely it's one of the methods employed to ensure business

employed to ensure business continuity business continuity is the

continuity business continuity is the process and procedures for ensuring that

process and procedures for ensuring that an organization critical business

an organization critical business functions will either continue to

functions will either continue to operate in the event of a disaster or

operate in the event of a disaster or recover in a short time after a disaster

recover in a short time after a disaster has

struck it is critical that data should be continuously available for the smooth

be continuously available for the smooth functioning of a

functioning of a business but its availability can be

business but its availability can be disrupted by threats such as natural

disrupted by threats such as natural disasters unplanned it outages cyber

disasters unplanned it outages cyber attacks adverse weather security

attacks adverse weather security breaches and so

on the main purpose of replication is to provide a replica or exact copy of data

provide a replica or exact copy of data that is suitable for recovering the data

that is suitable for recovering the data in the event of data

in the event of data loss now let's look at the important

loss now let's look at the important characteristics of a

characteristics of a replica a replica should offer both of

replica a replica should offer both of the following recoverability and

the following recoverability and restartability

restartability recoverability is the ability to restore

recoverability is the ability to restore the data from the replic replica to the

the data from the replic replica to the point of failure in the event of data

point of failure in the event of data loss or

loss or corruption restartability means that

corruption restartability means that data is in a consistent State and the

data is in a consistent State and the application that has had its data

application that has had its data replicated is completely aware of the

replicated is completely aware of the replicated

data there are two important things that need to be considered in replication

need to be considered in replication planning these are recovery Point

planning these are recovery Point objective

objective RPO and Recovery time objective or

RPO and Recovery time objective or RTO now let's talk about recovery Point

RTO now let's talk about recovery Point objective or

objective or RPO recovery Point objective is the

RPO recovery Point objective is the maximum tolerable time period before an

maximum tolerable time period before an outage during which loss of data is

outage during which loss of data is considered

acceptable it also specifies the time interval between two consecutive

interval between two consecutive backups we will explain this with the

backups we will explain this with the help of an

help of an example let's say our RPO is 10 minutes

example let's say our RPO is 10 minutes as per the service level agreement with

as per the service level agreement with the

the business this means that the acceptable

business this means that the acceptable data loss can be a maximum of 10 minutes

data loss can be a maximum of 10 minutes prior to an

prior to an outage for example if we had taken a

outage for example if we had taken a complete replication of our production

complete replication of our production data at 9:00 a.m. and the outage

data at 9:00 a.m. and the outage occurred at 909 a.m. as shown in the

occurred at 909 a.m. as shown in the diagram then the production data written

diagram then the production data written for 9 minutes between 9:00 a.m. and 9:09

for 9 minutes between 9:00 a.m. and 9:09 a.m. will be lost and cannot be

a.m. will be lost and cannot be recovered from the

recovered from the replica the data lost during this period

replica the data lost during this period is considered acceptable because of the

is considered acceptable because of the 10-minute RPO and it has to be recovered

10-minute RPO and it has to be recovered through other

through other means it is always better to have a

means it is always better to have a smaller RPO because the smaller the RPO

smaller RPO because the smaller the RPO the lesser the difference between the

the lesser the difference between the replica and the production

replica and the production data now let's talk about recovery time

data now let's talk about recovery time objective or

objective or RTO recovery time objective is the

RTO recovery time objective is the maximum tolerable time period within

maximum tolerable time period within which a business process must be

which a business process must be restored to an operational state after

restored to an operational state after an

an outage going back to our example let's

outage going back to our example let's say our RTO is 2 hours and if the outage

say our RTO is 2 hours and if the outage occurs at 9:09 a.m. then the business

occurs at 9:09 a.m. then the business will be expected to be up and running

will be expected to be up and running before 11:09 a.m. with the service as

before 11:09 a.m. with the service as good as it was at 9:00 a.m. before the

good as it was at 9:00 a.m. before the outage occurred

outage occurred there are two categories of replication

there are two categories of replication local replication and remote

local replication and remote replication local replication refers to

replication local replication refers to the replication that is done within a

the replication that is done within a storage array or a data

storage array or a data center remote replication refers to the

center remote replication refers to the replication that is done at a remote

replication that is done at a remote site now let's talk about local

site now let's talk about local replication the local replication

replication the local replication concerns snapshots and

concerns snapshots and clones the purpose of the snapshot Tech

clones the purpose of the snapshot Tech technology is to capture the data copy

technology is to capture the data copy of a dis volume at a specific moment of

of a dis volume at a specific moment of time without affecting the business

time without affecting the business operations the created data copy is

operations the created data copy is referred to as a

snapshot snapshots allow access to their contents regardless of the modifications

contents regardless of the modifications done to the original

done to the original data the primary purpose of a snapshot

data the primary purpose of a snapshot is to provide the ability to go back to

is to provide the ability to go back to a certain point in time to recover data

a certain point in time to recover data this feature helps to instantly restore

this feature helps to instantly restore business

business operations for example restore the

operations for example restore the business operation to a time just before

business operation to a time just before the data loss or data corruption has

the data loss or data corruption has occurred there are two ways in which a

occurred there are two ways in which a snapshot can be created full snapshot

snapshot can be created full snapshot and space efficient

and space efficient snapshot now let's talk about full

snapshot now let's talk about full snapshot a full snapshot creates a full

snapshot a full snapshot creates a full copy of the entire dis volume and and

copy of the entire dis volume and and for this reason it is also called a

for this reason it is also called a clone a full snapshot or clone requires

clone a full snapshot or clone requires as much space as the dis volume

as much space as the dis volume itself for example if we are going to

itself for example if we are going to take two full snapshots of a dis volume

take two full snapshots of a dis volume then we would need 200% capacity of the

then we would need 200% capacity of the dis

dis volume though it is not an efficient

volume though it is not an efficient replication model it is still valuable

replication model it is still valuable for Disaster

for Disaster Recovery now let's talk about space

Recovery now let's talk about space efficient snapshot

efficient snapshot shot a space efficient snapshot creates

shot a space efficient snapshot creates the snapshot based on the changes since

the snapshot based on the changes since the last

the last snapshot as the name suggests space

snapshot as the name suggests space efficient snapshots require less space

efficient snapshots require less space allowing administrators to take frequent

allowing administrators to take frequent snapshots of the disc

snapshots of the disc volume regardless of the type of

volume regardless of the type of snapshot taken it is important to note

snapshot taken it is important to note that a snapshot will be usable only if

that a snapshot will be usable only if it is in a consistent

it is in a consistent State a snapshot can be in a consist

State a snapshot can be in a consist state only when the application is aware

state only when the application is aware of

of it let's look at the key benefits of

it let's look at the key benefits of snapshot

snapshot technology snapshots allow creating

technology snapshots allow creating multiple recovery points that help in

multiple recovery points that help in reducing the amount of data loss after a

disaster and thus supplements daily backups without affecting the production

backups without affecting the production systems snapshots provide instantaneous

systems snapshots provide instantaneous access to

access to data and thus have an RPO of second

data and thus have an RPO of second which makes them suitable for

which makes them suitable for supplementing backup

supplementing backup Technologies snapshots allow creating

Technologies snapshots allow creating data copies that can be used for

data copies that can be used for business continuity rapid application

business continuity rapid application development and regulatory

requirements it should be noted that snapshots do not replace traditional

snapshots do not replace traditional backups but rather supplement them

backups but rather supplement them because snapshots can help in the quick

because snapshots can help in the quick recovery of data at a specific point in

recovery of data at a specific point in time

time now let's talk about remote

now let's talk about remote replication in remote replication data

replication in remote replication data is replicated from the production site

is replicated from the production site to the remote

to the remote site since data is replicated from the

site since data is replicated from the production site to the remote site the

production site to the remote site the production site is referred to as source

production site is referred to as source and the remote site is referred to as

and the remote site is referred to as Target remote replication Solutions are

Target remote replication Solutions are broadly categorized into the following

broadly categorized into the following synchronous replication and asynchronous

synchronous replication and asynchronous replication

in synchronous replication whenever the server writes data to the storage system

server writes data to the storage system in the production site it is

in the production site it is concurrently written to the storage

concurrently written to the storage system in the remote

system in the remote site as a result synchronous replication

site as a result synchronous replication guarantees zero data

loss let's demonstrate synchronous replication with the help of an

replication with the help of an oversimplified

oversimplified example in our example as shown in the

example in our example as shown in the diagram the production site has a server

diagram the production site has a server and a storage

and a storage system and our remote site has a storage

system and our remote site has a storage system when the server writes data to

system when the server writes data to the storage system at the production

the storage system at the production site this data is replicated from The

site this data is replicated from The Source storage system to the Target

Source storage system to the Target storage system at the remote

storage system at the remote site once the data is written to the

site once the data is written to the Target storage system an acknowledgement

Target storage system an acknowledgement is issued to the source storage system

is issued to the source storage system which in turn issues an acknowledgement

which in turn issues an acknowledgement to to the server indicating that the

to to the server indicating that the right operation is

complete since the server's right operation is committed to both the

operation is committed to both the source storage system and the target

source storage system and the target storage system synchronous replication

storage system synchronous replication provides zero RPO after a

disaster however the downside of this replication is that the server input

replication is that the server input output operations are affected because

output operations are affected because of the time taken to replicate the data

of the time taken to replicate the data on the remote remot storage

on the remote remot storage system the distance between the primary

system the distance between the primary site and the remote site is dependent on

site and the remote site is dependent on the application tolerance for latency

the application tolerance for latency and is typically less than 125

and is typically less than 125 miles in addition to that the link

miles in addition to that the link between the primary site and the remote

between the primary site and the remote site must be able to handle Peak

site must be able to handle Peak workload

workload bandwidth now let's talk about

bandwidth now let's talk about asynchronous

asynchronous replication in asynchronous replication

replication in asynchronous replication the the server's right operation is

the the server's right operation is committed to the storage system of the

committed to the storage system of the primary site and acknowledged

primary site and acknowledged immediately by the

immediately by the server unlike synchronous replication

server unlike synchronous replication the right operation to the remote

the right operation to the remote storage system in asynchronous

storage system in asynchronous replication is no longer tied to the

replication is no longer tied to the acknowledgement of the

server there is no impact on the application's response time since the

application's response time since the right operations are acknowledged

right operations are acknowledged immediately but on the downside side the

immediately but on the downside side the data on the remote site will lag behind

data on the remote site will lag behind that of the production

that of the production site the RPO of asynchronous replication

site the RPO of asynchronous replication is

is nonzero it depends on the available

nonzero it depends on the available Network bandwidth of the replication

Network bandwidth of the replication link between the primary site and the

link between the primary site and the target

target site RPO also depends on the workload

site RPO also depends on the workload transferred from the primary site to the

transferred from the primary site to the Target

Target site while the performance is increased

site while the performance is increased compared to synchronous replication

compared to synchronous replication there is no guarantee that the remote

there is no guarantee that the remote site will have the current copy of the

site will have the current copy of the data in the event of data loss at the

data in the event of data loss at the primary

primary site the main benefit of asynchronous

site the main benefit of asynchronous replication is that it allows

replication is that it allows replication over long distances because

replication over long distances because the application's response time is not

the application's response time is not dependent on the distance between the

dependent on the distance between the primary site and the remote

primary site and the remote site let's explain this with the help of

site let's explain this with the help of an example in our diagram the production

an example in our diagram the production site has a server and a storage system

site has a server and a storage system and our remote site has a storage system

and our remote site has a storage system they are all

they are all linked when the server writes data to

linked when the server writes data to the source storage system and

the source storage system and acknowledgement is sent immediately to

acknowledgement is sent immediately to the server from the storage

system The Source storage system replicates the data to the Target

replicates the data to the Target storage system by transmitting the right

storage system by transmitting the right data to the Target storage system as

data to the Target storage system as they are received from the

they are received from the server if the right data is more it is

server if the right data is more it is buffered and sent to the remote storage

buffered and sent to the remote storage system once the target storage system

system once the target storage system commits the data it sends an

commits the data it sends an acknowledgement to the source storage

acknowledgement to the source storage system in essence asynchronous

system in essence asynchronous replication decouples the remote

replication decouples the remote replication process from the

replication process from the acknowledgement sent to the server by

acknowledgement sent to the server by The Source storage

The Source storage system now let's discuss site

system now let's discuss site redundancy in earlier lessons we saw

redundancy in earlier lessons we saw redundancy is achieved through redundant

redundancy is achieved through redundant components now we will go one step

components now we will go one step further to look at how redundancy is

further to look at how redundancy is achieved at a higher level through

achieved at a higher level through redundant

redundant sites the Redundant site is a secondary

sites the Redundant site is a secondary site that is ready to resume the

site that is ready to resume the operations of the primary site in the

operations of the primary site in the event of a

event of a disaster the Redundant site ensures that

disaster the Redundant site ensures that business operations don't suffer when

business operations don't suffer when disaster devastates an entire primary

disaster devastates an entire primary site such as by an earthquake flood or

site such as by an earthquake flood or hurricane it should be noted that under

hurricane it should be noted that under normal circumstances the secondary site

normal circumstances the secondary site is not used for production

is not used for production workloads when configuring redundant

workloads when configuring redundant sites we can use either synchronous

sites we can use either synchronous replication or asynchronous replication

replication or asynchronous replication depending on the distances between the

depending on the distances between the primary site and the remote

primary site and the remote site we will explain this with the help

site we will explain this with the help of an example as shown in the

of an example as shown in the diagram let's say the distance between

diagram let's say the distance between between the primary site and the remote

between the primary site and the remote site S1 is less than 125

site S1 is less than 125 miles in this case we can configure

miles in this case we can configure synchronous replication between them the

synchronous replication between them the data replication between the primary

data replication between the primary site and the remote site provides a

site and the remote site provides a Disaster Recovery

Disaster Recovery Solution by this we mean if the primary

Solution by this we mean if the primary site goes down then the remote site can

site goes down then the remote site can be active and resume the operations of

be active and resume the operations of the primary site site redundancy ensures

the primary site site redundancy ensures smooth running of the business because

smooth running of the business because the remote site is now providing the

the remote site is now providing the services of the primary site even though

services of the primary site even though the primary site is

the primary site is down the downside of site redundancy in

down the downside of site redundancy in case of synchronous replication is that

case of synchronous replication is that a local disaster such as a hurricane

a local disaster such as a hurricane flood or earthquake will bring down both

flood or earthquake will bring down both sites at the same

sites at the same time so an alternative would be to have

time so an alternative would be to have one more secondary site that is

one more secondary site that is geographically distant from the primary

geographically distant from the primary site

site asynchronous replication is configured

asynchronous replication is configured between the primary site and the new

between the primary site and the new secondary site

secondary site S2 so we have data being replicated from

S2 so we have data being replicated from the primary site to two secondary sites

the primary site to two secondary sites the data is replicated from primary to

the data is replicated from primary to secondary site S1 using synchronous

secondary site S1 using synchronous replication and to secondary site S2

replication and to secondary site S2 using asynchronous

using asynchronous replication with this site redundancy

replication with this site redundancy disaster setup even if a local disaster

disaster setup even if a local disaster affects both the primary site and

affects both the primary site and secondary site S1 the secondary site S2

secondary site S1 the secondary site S2 can become active and resume the primary

can become active and resume the primary site's

site's operations since we are dealing with

operations since we are dealing with asynchronous replication for the

asynchronous replication for the secondary site S2 the data at S2 will

secondary site S2 the data at S2 will lag behind the primary site and the

lag behind the primary site and the users will see a hit in the application

users will see a hit in the application response time because of network

response time because of network latency however a drop in performance is

latency however a drop in performance is better than no service at

better than no service at all and that brings us to the end of

all and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you

this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this

have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about replication we

lesson you learned about replication we started by looking at what replication

started by looking at what replication is since replication is one of the

is since replication is one of the methods employed to ensure business

methods employed to ensure business continuity we touched upon business

continuity we touched upon business continuity we also discussed the purpose

continuity we also discussed the purpose of

of replication next we looked at the

replication next we looked at the characteristics of a replica these are

characteristics of a replica these are recoverability and restartability

recoverability and restartability we looked at the two important aspects

we looked at the two important aspects of replication planning these are

of replication planning these are recovery Point objective RPO and

recovery Point objective RPO and recovery time objective

recovery time objective RTO we then talked in detail about the

RTO we then talked in detail about the two categories of

two categories of replication these are local replication

replication these are local replication and remote

and remote replication lastly we looked at site

replication lastly we looked at site redundancy in the next lesson you will

redundancy in the next lesson you will learn the basics of backup and restore

learn the basics of backup and restore thank you for

watching hello and welcome to unit 1 introduction to backup and Recovery

introduction to backup and Recovery in this lesson you will learn the basics

in this lesson you will learn the basics of backup and

of backup and Recovery we're going to start by looking

Recovery we're going to start by looking at what a backup is and then we'll talk

at what a backup is and then we'll talk about the purposes of

about the purposes of backup these are Disaster Recovery

backup these are Disaster Recovery operational backup and

operational backup and archive while talking about Disaster

archive while talking about Disaster Recovery we will look at tape based

Recovery we will look at tape based backup and remote

backup and remote replication next we will look at

replication next we will look at considerations for a backup strategy

considerations for a backup strategy lastly we will talk about backup

lastly we will talk about backup performance now let's look at what a

performance now let's look at what a backup is a backup is a copy of data

backup is a backup is a copy of data that is meant for recovering the data

that is meant for recovering the data when it is lost or

when it is lost or corrupted backups are primarily done for

corrupted backups are primarily done for three reasons Disaster Recovery

three reasons Disaster Recovery operational backup and

operational backup and archive let's look at Disaster Recovery

archive let's look at Disaster Recovery we need backups to recover data in the

we need backups to recover data in the event of of a disaster when the primary

event of of a disaster when the primary site goes down due to a disaster the

site goes down due to a disaster the backups are used to restore services at

backups are used to restore services at the secondary

the secondary site different backup Solutions are

site different backup Solutions are implemented by organizations depending

implemented by organizations depending on their RPO and RTO

on their RPO and RTO requirements when a tape-based backup

requirements when a tape-based backup medium is used as a backup solution it

medium is used as a backup solution it is shipped and stored at an off-site

is shipped and stored at an off-site location when a disaster strikes the

location when a disaster strikes the primary site these tapes are brought to

primary site these tapes are brought to the secondary site s it to restore

the secondary site s it to restore Services when organizations have strict

Services when organizations have strict RPO and RTO requirements they use remote

RPO and RTO requirements they use remote replication technology to replicate data

replication technology to replicate data at the secondary

at the secondary site in the event of a disaster at the

site in the event of a disaster at the primary site the services are restored

primary site the services are restored at the secondary site in a relatively

at the secondary site in a relatively short

time now let's talk about operational backup backups are not only needed in

backup backups are not only needed in the event of a disaster but also when

the event of a disaster but also when the production data gets corrupted or

the production data gets corrupted or lost the backups used in such cases are

lost the backups used in such cases are the operational backups which are

the operational backups which are backups of data at certain points in

backups of data at certain points in time for example if a user deleted a

time for example if a user deleted a file unknowingly it can be restored

file unknowingly it can be restored using the operational

using the operational backup operational backups are created

backup operational backups are created using incremental or differential

using incremental or differential techniques we will discuss these

techniques we will discuss these techniques in an upcoming

techniques in an upcoming video now let's look at

video now let's look at archive backups are done for the purpose

archive backups are done for the purpose of archiving and for legal

of archiving and for legal compliance content addressable storage

compliance content addressable storage is used as a primary solution for

is used as a primary solution for archival however small and medium-sized

archival however small and medium-sized organizations are still using

organizations are still using traditional backups such as Optical

traditional backups such as Optical discs and

discs and tapes we will discuss more about content

tapes we will discuss more about content addressable storage in an upcoming

addressable storage in an upcoming video now we will look at the

video now we will look at the considerations for a backup strategy the

considerations for a backup strategy the primary factors that are taken into

primary factors that are taken into account when deciding on the backup

account when deciding on the backup strategy are the RPO and the RTO which

strategy are the RPO and the RTO which specify the acceptable data loss and the

specify the acceptable data loss and the time taken to recover the

time taken to recover the service another factor that is taken

service another factor that is taken into consideration is the retention

into consideration is the retention period for the backed up

period for the backed up data for example operational backups are

data for example operational backups are retained for a relatively shorter period

retained for a relatively shorter period of time than archives

of time than archives backup strategy should also take into

backup strategy should also take into account the time to perform the backup

account the time to perform the backup operations because it should not affect

operations because it should not affect the

production now we will talk about backup performance the performance of the

performance the performance of the backup is affected by the media used for

backup is affected by the media used for making the

making the backup for example if it takes 20 hours

backup for example if it takes 20 hours to back up with a physical tape

to back up with a physical tape Library the same data will take less

Library the same data will take less than one hour to back up using a virtual

than one hour to back up using a virtual tape Library

that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in

let's summarize what you have learned in this

this lesson in this lesson you learned the

lesson in this lesson you learned the basics of backup and Recovery we started

basics of backup and Recovery we started by looking at what a backup is and then

by looking at what a backup is and then we talked about the purposes of

we talked about the purposes of backup these are Disaster Recovery

backup these are Disaster Recovery operational backup and

operational backup and archive while talking about Disaster

archive while talking about Disaster Recovery we looked at tape-based backup

Recovery we looked at tape-based backup and remote replication

and remote replication next we looked at considerations for a

next we looked at considerations for a backup strategy lastly we talked about

backup strategy lastly we talked about backup

backup performance in the next lesson you will

performance in the next lesson you will learn the basics of backup and restore

learn the basics of backup and restore methods thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 2 backup and restore

restore methods in this lesson you will learn

methods in this lesson you will learn about backup and restore

about backup and restore methods we're going to start by looking

methods we're going to start by looking at the types of backup methods and in

at the types of backup methods and in specific we will look at full

specific we will look at full backup incremental

backup incremental backup differential backup and synthetic

backup differential backup and synthetic full backup

full backup next we will talk about verifying

next we will talk about verifying backups and then we will talk about

backups and then we will talk about check

check sums we will also look at what

sums we will also look at what application verification is and then we

application verification is and then we will talk about data retention

will talk about data retention schemes while talking about data

schemes while talking about data retention schemes we'll look at one such

retention schemes we'll look at one such scheme called grandfather father son or

scheme called grandfather father son or GFS now let's look at the types of

GFS now let's look at the types of backup

backup methods backups are primarily done to

methods backups are primarily done to secure

secure data there are different types of backup

data there are different types of backup methods based on the level of detail

methods based on the level of detail that a backup encompasses to suit a

that a backup encompasses to suit a particular business

particular business need the major types of backup methods

need the major types of backup methods are full backup incremental backup

are full backup incremental backup differential backup and synthetic full

backup a full backup is a backup of all the data on the production volume a full

the data on the production volume a full backup is created by copying all the

backup is created by copying all the data to a storage device such as a tape

data to a storage device such as a tape Library where it will be stored for

Library where it will be stored for future

future use for example if we are creating a

use for example if we are creating a full backup of a disk then it would be a

full backup of a disk then it would be a complete backup of all the files and

complete backup of all the files and folders on that

disk the advantage of a full backup is that it minimizes the downtime in the

that it minimizes the downtime in the event of an outage because the data can

event of an outage because the data can be restored quickly

the disadvantages of a full backup is that it consumes a lot of time because

that it consumes a lot of time because it has to back up all the

it has to back up all the data irrespective of the changes done to

data irrespective of the changes done to the production volume even if there is a

the production volume even if there is a minor change or no change at all a full

minor change or no change at all a full backup will do a complete backup of all

backup will do a complete backup of all the data consuming a significant storage

the data consuming a significant storage capacity on the storage

device as the production data grows the time to create a full backup of that

time to create a full backup of that data also

increases businesses have a backup window or a time slot dedicated for

window or a time slot dedicated for taking

taking backups if the full backup is done over

backups if the full backup is done over a network to a tape Library the backup

a network to a tape Library the backup window may not be sufficient to back up

window may not be sufficient to back up all the

all the data in addition to that a full backup

data in addition to that a full backup carried out over the network consumes

carried out over the network consumes the network bandwidth because it has to

the network bandwidth because it has to transport a lot of data from the

transport a lot of data from the production volume to the storage

device now let's look at incremental backup an incremental backup is a backup

backup an incremental backup is a backup of the data that has changed since the

of the data that has changed since the previous

previous backup the previous backup can either be

backup the previous backup can either be an incremental backup or a full

an incremental backup or a full backup we will explain this with the

backup we will explain this with the help of an

help of an example let's say on Sunday we performed

example let's say on Sunday we performed a full backup of our data that is on the

a full backup of our data that is on the production

production volume on Monday let's say a few changes

volume on Monday let's say a few changes were done to the data on the production

were done to the data on the production volume in the diagram we will highlight

volume in the diagram we will highlight these changes in blue an incremental

these changes in blue an incremental backup on Monday will copy only the

backup on Monday will copy only the changes that were done to the production

changes that were done to the production volume after Sunday's full

volume after Sunday's full backup on Tuesday let's say a few more

backup on Tuesday let's say a few more changes were done on the production

changes were done on the production volume in the diagram we'll highlight

volume in the diagram we'll highlight these in

these in pink an incremental backup on Tuesday

pink an incremental backup on Tuesday will copy only the changes that were

will copy only the changes that were done on the production volume after

done on the production volume after Monday's incremental

backup on Wednesday let's say a few more additional changes were done on the

additional changes were done on the production

production volume in the diagram we will highlight

volume in the diagram we will highlight these in

these in Orange an incremental backup on

Orange an incremental backup on Wednesday will copy only the changes

Wednesday will copy only the changes that were done on the production volume

that were done on the production volume after Tuesday's incremental backup

the advantage of incremental backup is that it takes less time to back up and

that it takes less time to back up and consumes Less storage capacity than a

consumes Less storage capacity than a full backup because it only copies the

full backup because it only copies the changes and not all the

changes and not all the data in addition to that an incremental

data in addition to that an incremental backup carried out over the network will

backup carried out over the network will not be Network intensive because it has

not be Network intensive because it has less data to transport from the

less data to transport from the production volume to the storage

device the disadvantages of incremental backup is that restoring data from the

backup is that restoring data from the backup can be a time-consuming

backup can be a time-consuming process if the data must be fully

process if the data must be fully restored the restoration process must

restored the restoration process must begin with the full backup and then

begin with the full backup and then involves all the intermediate

involves all the intermediate incremental backups that were taken

incremental backups that were taken since the full

backup we will explain this with the help of our previous example let's say

help of our previous example let's say on Wednesday we lost our production data

on Wednesday we lost our production data because of a disc failure

because of a disc failure now if we want to restore the complete

now if we want to restore the complete production data then the last available

production data then the last available backup that is Tuesday's backup alone

backup that is Tuesday's backup alone will not help it's because Tuesday's

will not help it's because Tuesday's backup contains only the copy of the

backup contains only the copy of the data that has been changed since

data that has been changed since Monday having Monday's backup alone will

Monday having Monday's backup alone will not help because it contains only the

not help because it contains only the copy of data that was changed since

copy of data that was changed since Sunday so if we have to restore the

Sunday so if we have to restore the complete production data as it was on

complete production data as it was on Tuesday we need Sunday's full backup and

Tuesday we need Sunday's full backup and all the incremental backups from Monday

all the incremental backups from Monday and Tuesday as shown in the

and Tuesday as shown in the diagram it should be noted that the

diagram it should be noted that the restore process of an incremental backup

restore process of an incremental backup is more complicated than that of a full

is more complicated than that of a full backup now let's take a look at the

backup now let's take a look at the differential

differential backup differential backup is the backup

backup differential backup is the backup that copies all the changes since the

that copies all the changes since the last full backup

last full backup up this type of backup is also known as

up this type of backup is also known as cumulative

cumulative backup we'll explain this with the help

backup we'll explain this with the help of an

of an example let's say on Sunday we performed

example let's say on Sunday we performed a full backup of our data that is on the

a full backup of our data that is on the production

production volume on Monday let's say a few changes

volume on Monday let's say a few changes were done to this

were done to this data in the diagram we will highlight

data in the diagram we will highlight these changes in

these changes in blue a differential backup on Monday

blue a differential backup on Monday will copy the changes done to the

will copy the changes done to the production volume after Sunday's full

production volume after Sunday's full backup till now it looks similar to an

backup till now it looks similar to an incremental backup but you will notice

incremental backup but you will notice the difference

the difference soon on Tuesday let's say a few more

soon on Tuesday let's say a few more changes were done on the production

changes were done on the production volume in the diagram we will highlight

volume in the diagram we will highlight these changes in pink a differential

these changes in pink a differential backup on Tuesday will copy all the

backup on Tuesday will copy all the changes that were made on the production

changes that were made on the production volume after Sunday's full

volume after Sunday's full backup on the contrary and incremental

backup on the contrary and incremental backup will copy only the changes that

backup will copy only the changes that were made on the production volume since

were made on the production volume since the previous incremental

backup this is the main difference between the differential backup and the

between the differential backup and the incremental

incremental backup on Wednesday let's say a few more

backup on Wednesday let's say a few more additional changes were done on the

additional changes were done on the production volume in the diagram we will

production volume in the diagram we will highlight these in

highlight these in Orange a differential backup on

Orange a differential backup on Wednesday will copy all the changes that

Wednesday will copy all the changes that were done on the the production volume

were done on the the production volume after Sunday's full

after Sunday's full backup the advantage of differential

backup the advantage of differential backup over full backup is that it takes

backup over full backup is that it takes less time to back up and takes less

less time to back up and takes less storage capacity than a full backup as

storage capacity than a full backup as it does not copy all the

it does not copy all the data it is easier and takes less time to

data it is easier and takes less time to restore than an incremental

restore than an incremental backup in the event of data loss the

backup in the event of data loss the full restoration requires the last full

full restoration requires the last full backup and the last differential backup

backup and the last differential backup to fully restore the production data to

to fully restore the production data to the state it was on the day of the last

the state it was on the day of the last differential

differential backup we will explain this with the

backup we will explain this with the help of our previous

help of our previous example let's say on Wednesday we lost

example let's say on Wednesday we lost our production data because of a dis

our production data because of a dis failure now if we want to restore the

failure now if we want to restore the complete production data we need only

complete production data we need only Sunday's full backup and the last

Sunday's full backup and the last available differential backup that is

available differential backup that is Tuesday's

Tuesday's backup this is because Tuesday's backup

backup this is because Tuesday's backup contains the copy of all the data that

contains the copy of all the data that changed since Sunday's full

changed since Sunday's full backup there is no need for intermediate

backup there is no need for intermediate differential backup of Monday because

differential backup of Monday because the change data of Monday is already

the change data of Monday is already available in Tuesday's differential

available in Tuesday's differential backup so if we have to restore the

backup so if we have to restore the complete production data as it was on

complete production data as it was on Tuesday we need Sunday's full backup and

Tuesday we need Sunday's full backup and Tuesday's differential

Tuesday's differential backup the restore process of a

backup the restore process of a differential backup is easy compared to

differential backup is easy compared to an incremental backups restore

an incremental backups restore process now we will look at synthetic

process now we will look at synthetic full

full backup synthetic full backup is a full

backup synthetic full backup is a full backup created using the last full

backup created using the last full backup and all the subsequent

backup and all the subsequent incremental

backups it's also called Progressive backup it is used in production

backup it is used in production environments that cannot extend their

environments that cannot extend their backup window to accommodate full

backup window to accommodate full backups the primary purpose of synthetic

backups the primary purpose of synthetic full backup is to create a full backup

full backup is to create a full backup offline without affecting the production

offline without affecting the production IO

IO workloads we will explain this with the

workloads we will explain this with the help of a previous example that involved

help of a previous example that involved incremental

incremental backup let's say that on last Sunday we

backup let's say that on last Sunday we performed a full backup of our data that

performed a full backup of our data that is on the production volume and from

is on the production volume and from Monday to Saturday we will be taking

Monday to Saturday we will be taking incremental

incremental backups let's say we want to take a full

backups let's say we want to take a full backup on the coming

backup on the coming Sunday now instead of taking a full

Sunday now instead of taking a full backup again what the synthetic backup

backup again what the synthetic backup does is it Aggregates the incremental

does is it Aggregates the incremental backups of all days from Monday to

backups of all days from Monday to Saturday and merges it with the existing

Saturday and merges it with the existing full backup as shown in the

full backup as shown in the diagram the resulting backup will be the

diagram the resulting backup will be the full backup that we want wanted on the

full backup that we want wanted on the coming

Sunday the reason why synthetic full backup is possible is because the

backup is possible is because the incremental backup so aggregated

incremental backup so aggregated reflects all the changes that were made

reflects all the changes that were made since the last full

since the last full backup the advantages of synthetic full

backup the advantages of synthetic full backup is that it frees the network

backup is that it frees the network bandwidth from the backup

bandwidth from the backup process the downside of synthetic full

process the downside of synthetic full backup is that it is complicated because

backup is that it is complicated because it involves merging ing the incremental

it involves merging ing the incremental backups with the last full

backups with the last full backup it should be noted that backups

backup it should be noted that backups are no good if data cannot be recovered

are no good if data cannot be recovered from

from them it is likely that the data stored

them it is likely that the data stored on the backup media can become corrupted

on the backup media can become corrupted because of demagnetization or

defects so whenever data is backed up we must verify the backup to ensure that

must verify the backup to ensure that data in the backup can be read and

data in the backup can be read and restored when needed

however verifying a backup doesn't ensure that the structure of the data in

ensure that the structure of the data in the backup is

the backup is correct and for this reason backups are

correct and for this reason backups are created with backup check

created with backup check sums check sums are used to verify the

sums check sums are used to verify the Integrity of the

Integrity of the data a successful verification of a

data a successful verification of a backup with check sums ensures that the

backup with check sums ensures that the data on the backup is

data on the backup is reliable some software applications or

reliable some software applications or or their agents perform a consistency

or their agents perform a consistency check on their

check on their data this type of verification is called

data this type of verification is called application

application verification now let's talk about data

verification now let's talk about data retention

retention schemes it is necessary to back up data

schemes it is necessary to back up data regularly so that it can be recovered in

regularly so that it can be recovered in the event of data

the event of data loss however if we want to retain this

loss however if we want to retain this backed up data forever it will take a

backed up data forever it will take a lot of physical space to store the

lot of physical space to store the backup media such as tapes or hard disk

backup media such as tapes or hard disk drives that were used to store the

drives that were used to store the backup

data so the solution is to use backup media in a rotation scheme to minimize

media in a rotation scheme to minimize the number of tapes or hard disk drives

the number of tapes or hard disk drives used but without compromising the data

used but without compromising the data recovery

capability now we will talk about one such backup media rotation scheme called

such backup media rotation scheme called grandfather father son or GFS

grandfather father son or GFS grandfather father son is a rotation

grandfather father son is a rotation scheme that provides a regular recurring

scheme that provides a regular recurring schedule for backing up

schedule for backing up data it minimizes the number of tapes or

data it minimizes the number of tapes or Diss used but with the ability to

Diss used but with the ability to recover

recover data in the grandfather fatherson

data in the grandfather fatherson rotation scheme backup media are

rotation scheme backup media are categorized into three types son father

categorized into three types son father and

and grandfather Sun backups refer to the

grandfather Sun backups refer to the backup media used for daily backups on a

backup media used for daily backups on a rotational

rotational basis father backups refer to the backup

basis father backups refer to the backup media used for weekly backups on a

media used for weekly backups on a rotational

rotational basis a full Daily backup in a week is

basis a full Daily backup in a week is promoted from son to

promoted from son to father grandfather backups refer to the

father grandfather backups refer to the backup media used for monthly backups on

backup media used for monthly backups on a rotational

a rotational basis the most recent full monthly

basis the most recent full monthly father backup in a month is promoted

father backup in a month is promoted from father to

from father to grandfather and that brings us to the

grandfather and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what

end of this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this

you have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about backup and

lesson you learned about backup and restore

restore methods we started by looking at the

methods we started by looking at the types of backup methods and in specific

types of backup methods and in specific we looked at full backup incremental

we looked at full backup incremental backup differential backup and synthetic

backup differential backup and synthetic full

full backup next we talked about verifying

backup next we talked about verifying backups and then we talked about check

backups and then we talked about check sums we also looked at what application

sums we also looked at what application verification is and then we talked about

verification is and then we talked about data retention

data retention schemes while talking about data

schemes while talking about data retention schemes we looked at one such

retention schemes we looked at one such scheme called grandfather father sun or

scheme called grandfather father sun or GFS in the next lesson you will learn

GFS in the next lesson you will learn the various methods of backup

the various methods of backup implementation thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 3 backup implementation

implementation methods in this lesson you will learn

methods in this lesson you will learn the various methods of backup

the various methods of backup implementation we're going to start by

implementation we're going to start by looking at the components of a backup

looking at the components of a backup environment

environment these are backup server backup client

these are backup server backup client media server and backup Target next we

media server and backup Target next we will look at how these backup components

will look at how these backup components work

work together lastly we will take a detailed

together lastly we will take a detailed look at the types of backup

look at the types of backup implementation methods these are direct

implementation methods these are direct attached Backup landbased backup sand

attached Backup landbased backup sand based backup and serverless

based backup and serverless backup now let's look at the components

backup now let's look at the components of a backup environment

of a backup environment a backup environment typically consists

a backup environment typically consists of the following a backup server backup

of the following a backup server backup clients media servers backup

clients media servers backup targets we will explain these terms with

targets we will explain these terms with the help of a

the help of a diagram a backup server is the central

diagram a backup server is the central control center for all backup

control center for all backup activities it is responsible for

activities it is responsible for coordinating the backup operations of

coordinating the backup operations of all the backup clients in the backup

all the backup clients in the backup environment it Main contains a backup

environment it Main contains a backup catalog which is a special purpose

catalog which is a special purpose database that contains all the

database that contains all the information about the backup

information about the backup environment it also manages the backup

environment it also manages the backup schedules of backup jobs such as when to

schedules of backup jobs such as when to backup a

backup a client a backup server can be associated

client a backup server can be associated with many backup clients and media

with many backup clients and media servers a backup client is any computer

servers a backup client is any computer that contains data to be backed

that contains data to be backed up it could be an application server

up it could be an application server database server file server and so

database server file server and so on a software agent is needed on the

on a software agent is needed on the backup client to assist with the backup

backup client to assist with the backup process it accesses the storage device

process it accesses the storage device through the media

through the media server a media server is any computer in

server a media server is any computer in the backup environment to which backup

the backup environment to which backup devices are connected it controls those

devices it processes all the backup jobs and writes data to the backup

and writes data to the backup devices a media server can be associated

devices a media server can be associated with only one backup

with only one backup server a backup Target is a device that

server a backup Target is a device that stores the backup data for example a

stores the backup data for example a tape library is a backup

tape library is a backup Target it's also known as a backup

device these components work together in a client server model now let's see how

a client server model now let's see how they work

they work together the backup server gets the

together the backup server gets the backup related information from its

backup related information from its backup

backup catalog it then initiates the backup

catalog it then initiates the backup process as per the schedule by sending a

process as per the schedule by sending a request to the backup client's software

request to the backup client's software agent asking it to start the backup

agent asking it to start the backup job in the meantime the backup server

job in the meantime the backup server instructs the media server to keep the

instructs the media server to keep the backup device ready for storing backup

backup device ready for storing backup data the backup client software agent

data the backup client software agent resp responds to the backup server's

resp responds to the backup server's request with its

request with its metadata the software agent then sends

metadata the software agent then sends the data to be backed up over the

the data to be backed up over the network to the media server the media

network to the media server the media server writes the data to the backup

server writes the data to the backup Target such as a tape

Target such as a tape Library the media server then sends the

Library the media server then sends the metadata information to the backup

metadata information to the backup server with the status of the backup

server with the status of the backup operation now we will look at the

operation now we will look at the different implementations of backups

different implementations of backups there are four types of backup

there are four types of backup implementation

implementation methods these are direct attached Backup

methods these are direct attached Backup landbased backup sand based backup and

landbased backup sand based backup and serverless

serverless backup in direct attached backup the

backup in direct attached backup the backup device is directly connected to

backup device is directly connected to the backup client which in turn is

the backup client which in turn is connected to the backup server through

connected to the backup server through Lan as shown in the

Lan as shown in the diagram there is no separate media

diagram there is no separate media server since the backup client acts as a

server since the backup client acts as a media server

media server in this Arrangement the landan is used

in this Arrangement the landan is used for sending only metadata from the

for sending only metadata from the backup client to the backup

backup client to the backup server this amount of metadata traffic

server this amount of metadata traffic transported over the landan is less than

transported over the landan is less than the application

the application traffic the advantages of direct

traffic the advantages of direct attached backup is the backup devices

attached backup is the backup devices can operate at high

can operate at high speed backup and restore operations are

speed backup and restore operations are optimized for performance because the

optimized for performance because the backup devices are both local and

backup devices are both local and dedicated to the backup

dedicated to the backup client it is suitable for small scale

client it is suitable for small scale environments the disadvantage of direct

environments the disadvantage of direct attached backup is that it impacts host

attached backup is that it impacts host performance because the backup workload

performance because the backup workload consumes host resources such as

consumes host resources such as processor memory and

iobs also it is not scalable and is not suitable for large

suitable for large environments now let's look at landbased

environments now let's look at landbased backup in landbased backup the backup

backup in landbased backup the backup server the backup client and the media

server the backup client and the media server are connected to the Lan the

server are connected to the Lan the backup device is directly connected to

backup device is directly connected to the media server that is part of the

the media server that is part of the Lan in this type of implementation the

Lan in this type of implementation the backup data is sent from the backup

backup data is sent from the backup client to the media server over the Lan

client to the media server over the Lan and the media server writes the data to

and the media server writes the data to the backup

the backup device the advantage of landbased backup

device the advantage of landbased backup is it reduces cost because it increases

is it reduces cost because it increases storage utilization of backup

storage utilization of backup devices it improves manageability

devices it improves manageability because it has a centralized

because it has a centralized backup the disadvantage of landbased

backup the disadvantage of landbased backup is it impacts host performance

backup is it impacts host performance because the backup workload consumes the

because the backup workload consumes the host resources such as processor memory

host resources such as processor memory and

and iobs it affects the network performance

iobs it affects the network performance and availability especially when the

and availability especially when the application traffic and the backup

application traffic and the backup traffic share the same network

traffic share the same network bandwidth the impact on the network

bandwidth the impact on the network performance can be reduced by isolating

performance can be reduced by isolating the application traffic from the backup

the application traffic from the backup traffic by having a separate Network

traffic by having a separate Network installed for

installed for backups now let's look at a sand based

backups now let's look at a sand based backup sand based backup is also known

backup sand based backup is also known as landree backup in a sand-based backup

as landree backup in a sand-based backup the backup client the media server and

the backup client the media server and the backup device are connected to the

the backup device are connected to the San in addition to that the backup

San in addition to that the backup client and the media server in turn are

client and the media server in turn are connected to the backup server through

connected to the backup server through Lan as shown in the

Lan as shown in the diagram in this Arrangement the backup

diagram in this Arrangement the backup client sends the data being backed up

client sends the data being backed up over the sand to the media server which

over the sand to the media server which in turn writes the data to the backup

in turn writes the data to the backup device as shown in the

device as shown in the diagram the advantage of sand based

diagram the advantage of sand based backup is that Network performance of

backup is that Network performance of Lan is not affected

Lan is not affected this is because San is used for sending

this is because San is used for sending backup

backup traffic and the Lan is used only for

traffic and the Lan is used only for sending metad dat from the backup client

sending metad dat from the backup client and the media server to the backup

and the media server to the backup server the disadvantage of sand-based

server the disadvantage of sand-based backup is that it impacts host

backup is that it impacts host performance because the backup workload

performance because the backup workload consumes the host resources such as

consumes the host resources such as processor memory and

iobs let's look at the serverless backup serverless backup is a sand based backup

serverless backup is a sand based backup that uses sand resources to copy data

that uses sand resources to copy data from The Source storage device to the

from The Source storage device to the backup storage

backup storage device it is called serverless backup

device it is called serverless backup because it doesn't use host resources to

because it doesn't use host resources to perform the

perform the Backup serverless backup uses the

Backup serverless backup uses the extended copy function of the fiber

extended copy function of the fiber channel sand to copy data from one

channel sand to copy data from one storage device to another storage device

storage device to another storage device in the

in the sand let's explain this with the help of

sand let's explain this with the help of a

a diagram the backup server initiates the

diagram the backup server initiates the backup process by sending a request to

backup process by sending a request to the backup client over the Lan to start

the backup client over the Lan to start the backup as you can see the backup

the backup as you can see the backup client storage array and tape Library

client storage array and tape Library are connected to the storage area

are connected to the storage area network the data of the backup client is

network the data of the backup client is stored in the storage

stored in the storage array using the extended copy function

array using the extended copy function the data is copied from the storage

the data is copied from the storage array to the T tape Library over the

sand the advantage of serverless backup is that it doesn't use host resources

is that it doesn't use host resources because the data is copied between the

because the data is copied between the storage

devices Lan is not used to transport backup traffic there is an increase in

backup traffic there is an increase in performance because the backup traffic

performance because the backup traffic is transported over fiber channel

is transported over fiber channel sand the disadvantage of using

sand the disadvantage of using serverless backup is that applications

serverless backup is that applications using sand may be affected indirectly if

using sand may be affected indirectly if the sand experiences High backup

the sand experiences High backup traffic and that brings us to the end of

traffic and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you

this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this

have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about the various

lesson you learned about the various methods of backup

methods of backup implementation we started by looking at

implementation we started by looking at the components of a backup

the components of a backup environment these are backup server

environment these are backup server backup client media server and backup

backup client media server and backup Target next we looked at how these

Target next we looked at how these backup components work together lastly

backup components work together lastly we took a detailed look at the types of

we took a detailed look at the types of backup implementation

backup implementation methods these are direct attached Backup

methods these are direct attached Backup landbased backup sand based backup and

landbased backup sand based backup and serverless

serverless backup in the next lesson you will learn

backup in the next lesson you will learn about backup targets thank you for

about backup targets thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 4 backup Targets in this lesson you will learn

Targets in this lesson you will learn about backup targets we're going to

about backup targets we're going to start by looking at what a backup Target

start by looking at what a backup Target is next we will look at the history of

is next we will look at the history of tape and then we will look at what a

tape and then we will look at what a tape is

tape is we will also look at what a tape drive

we will also look at what a tape drive is and then we will look at what a tape

is and then we will look at what a tape library

library is we will look at the disk to tape or

is we will look at the disk to tape or d2t backup

d2t backup solution next we will look at what shoe

solution next we will look at what shoe shining is and then we will look at

shining is and then we will look at multiplexing we will also look at

multiplexing we will also look at multistreaming and then we will talk

multistreaming and then we will talk about linear tape open or

about linear tape open or lto next we will talk about the

lto next we will talk about the performance of a media server in a

performance of a media server in a typical backup

typical backup environment and then we will look at the

environment and then we will look at the network data management protocol or

ndmp we will also look at what a virtual tape library or vtl

tape library or vtl is next we will compare the virtual tape

is next we will compare the virtual tape Library versus physical tape library and

Library versus physical tape library and then we will talk about the dis to disk

then we will talk about the dis to disk or D2D backup

or D2D backup solution lastly we will talk about about

solution lastly we will talk about about the dis to disk to tape or D2D tot

the dis to disk to tape or D2D tot backup

backup solution now let's look at what a backup

solution now let's look at what a backup Target is a backup Target is a device

Target is a backup Target is a device that stores the backup

that stores the backup data it is also known as a backup

data it is also known as a backup device an example of a backup Target is

device an example of a backup Target is a tape drive it uses tapes as the backup

a tape drive it uses tapes as the backup media during the latter part of the 20th

media during the latter part of the 20th century tape was used for backup and

century tape was used for backup and Disaster Recovery

Disaster Recovery purposes tape is still used today as a

purposes tape is still used today as a backup Medium as it has stability and

backup Medium as it has stability and low unit

low unit cost tape refers to the magnetic tape

cost tape refers to the magnetic tape that is kept inside a casing called a

that is kept inside a casing called a cartridge typically it is used for

cartridge typically it is used for offline data

offline data storage a tape drive is a data storage

storage a tape drive is a data storage device used to either write data to a

device used to either write data to a magnetic tape or to read data from

it a tape drive provides sequential access to data by moving the tape

access to data by moving the tape forward or

backward it's not suitable for Random Access because the tape drive has to

Access because the tape drive has to literally wind the tape around the reels

literally wind the tape around the reels to read any particular

to read any particular data now we will look at the tape

data now we will look at the tape Library a tape library is a storage

Library a tape library is a storage device that contains the following one

device that contains the following one or more tape drives a bunch of slots for

or more tape drives a bunch of slots for holding the tape cartridges a barcode

holding the tape cartridges a barcode reader for ident identifying the tape

reader for ident identifying the tape cartridges and an automated mechanism

cartridges and an automated mechanism called a robot for loading and unloading

called a robot for loading and unloading the tape cartridges to and from the tape

drives now let's talk about disk to tape disc to tape or d2t in short is a

tape disc to tape or d2t in short is a backup solution in which data is backed

backup solution in which data is backed up from a hard disk drive of a backup

up from a hard disk drive of a backup client such as an application server to

client such as an application server to a

a tape tape and tape drive are not going

tape tape and tape drive are not going to disappear in the near future because

to disappear in the near future because they offer the following

they offer the following advantages cost effective the cost of

advantages cost effective the cost of storing data in tapes is less expensive

storing data in tapes is less expensive than other storage

than other storage media for example tape is less expensive

media for example tape is less expensive than hard disk drives on a per bite

than hard disk drives on a per bite basis the cost of adding tapes to a tape

basis the cost of adding tapes to a tape library is less than adding diss to a

library is less than adding diss to a storage

storage array power consumed by a tape Library

array power consumed by a tape Library is significantly less than hard disk

is significantly less than hard disk drives since tapes are ideally used for

drives since tapes are ideally used for large archives the data stored in tapes

large archives the data stored in tapes is not often accessed which saves cost

is not often accessed which saves cost in power and cooling over hard disk

in power and cooling over hard disk drives scalability tape libraries are

drives scalability tape libraries are scalable because they allow tape drives

scalable because they allow tape drives to be added and in some cases even

to be added and in some cases even cartridge slots can be

cartridge slots can be added with the addition of tape drives

added with the addition of tape drives capacity and performance of the tape

capacity and performance of the tape library is also

library is also increased consolidation a tape Library

increased consolidation a tape Library allows consolidation of individual tape

allows consolidation of individual tape backup Solutions and with a centralized

backup Solutions and with a centralized Administration the entire backup process

Administration the entire backup process can be

can be managed compression tape drives

managed compression tape drives automatically compress the data in their

automatically compress the data in their Hardware whereas hard drives

don't encryption tape drives have inbuilt encryption processes and each

inbuilt encryption processes and each tape drive has a key management system

tape drive has a key management system attached to

attached to it worm support tapes have worm

it worm support tapes have worm capability this means that data can only

capability this means that data can only be written once and cannot be

be written once and cannot be modified worm functionality of tapes is

modified worm functionality of tapes is used for legal compliance when it comes

used for legal compliance when it comes to archiving

to archiving data reliability unlike the hard disk

data reliability unlike the hard disk drives the heads in tape drives are

drives the heads in tape drives are separated from the tape media

separated from the tape media even if the head fails the tape will

even if the head fails the tape will still be in working

still be in working condition the tapes are durable because

condition the tapes are durable because the hard casing covering the tape

the hard casing covering the tape protects it from physical

protects it from physical damage performance the readr performance

damage performance the readr performance of tape drives starts from 120 megabytes

of tape drives starts from 120 megabytes per second whereas Enterprise disc

per second whereas Enterprise disc drives offer an average read write

drives offer an average read write performance of 100 megabytes per

second multiple disc drives running in parallel are needed to match the

parallel are needed to match the performance of a single

performance of a single tape removability tapes are designed to

tape removability tapes are designed to be ejected from the tape Library they

be ejected from the tape Library they can be moved to other locations

can be moved to other locations effortlessly because they weigh less and

effortlessly because they weigh less and are

are durable a 3.5 in hard disk drive weighs

durable a 3.5 in hard disk drive weighs about 1.5 lb whereas a tape weighs

about 1.5 lb whereas a tape weighs around5

around5 lb since tapes have high density the

lb since tapes have high density the shipping cost per gigabyte of a tape is

shipping cost per gigabyte of a tape is less than Enterprise dis

less than Enterprise dis drives now let's look at what shoe

drives now let's look at what shoe shining is in a tape-based backup

shining is in a tape-based backup environment during the backup process if

environment during the backup process if the data transfer rate is not fast

the data transfer rate is not fast enough to cope with the transfer speed

enough to cope with the transfer speed of the tape drive then the tape drive's

of the tape drive then the tape drive's buffer is

buffer is emptied when this happens the tape drive

emptied when this happens the tape drive will stop and will rewind to the last

will stop and will rewind to the last right position to begin writing when the

right position to begin writing when the buffer fills

buffer fills this event is termed shoe

this event is termed shoe shining shoe shining impacts performance

shining shoe shining impacts performance as it slows down the backup

as it slows down the backup process in addition it also causes wear

process in addition it also causes wear and tear to the

and tear to the tape most backup applications often use

tape most backup applications often use multiplexing to avoid shoe

multiplexing to avoid shoe shining in multiplexing data is sent

shining in multiplexing data is sent from multiple backup clients to a single

from multiple backup clients to a single tape drive since these clients cannot

tape drive since these clients cannot send data fast enough to keep the tape

send data fast enough to keep the tape Drive busy multiplexing allows them to

Drive busy multiplexing allows them to send their backup data

send their backup data simultaneously while multiplexing allows

simultaneously while multiplexing allows the tape drive to operate at full speed

the tape drive to operate at full speed it requires backups to be coordinated

it requires backups to be coordinated across several backup clients to stream

across several backup clients to stream this data the disadvantage of this

this data the disadvantage of this approach is that it increases the time

approach is that it increases the time taken to restore the data because the

taken to restore the data because the backup application now has to get the

backup application now has to get the data through several backup sessions to

data through several backup sessions to restore data to the particular

restore data to the particular application server

application server now let's talk about

now let's talk about multi-streaming in multistreaming data

multi-streaming in multistreaming data from a single backup client is

from a single backup client is simultaneously sent in multiple streams

simultaneously sent in multiple streams to multiple tape

to multiple tape drives multistreaming is required when

drives multistreaming is required when the client's data transfer rate is

the client's data transfer rate is faster than the transfer speed of a

faster than the transfer speed of a single tape

single tape drive it is critical that not more than

drive it is critical that not more than a single stream of data should be

a single stream of data should be allowed to access a single tape drive at

allowed to access a single tape drive at the same time because it would cause

the same time because it would cause Drive

failure while there are many tape Technologies the most popular tape

Technologies the most popular tape technology is linear tape open or

technology is linear tape open or lto it is a magnetic tape-based data

lto it is a magnetic tape-based data storage technology that was developed as

storage technology that was developed as an open standard alternative to

an open standard alternative to proprietary tape

proprietary tape Technologies the open nature of lto

Technologies the open nature of lto provides compatibility among the

provides compatibility among the products offered by different

products offered by different vendors there are different generations

vendors there are different generations of lto tape drives starting from lto1 to

of lto tape drives starting from lto1 to the latest generation

the latest generation lto6 lto drives feature high capacity

lto6 lto drives feature high capacity and fast data transfer

rates the maximum data capacity and data transfer speed of each generation of lto

transfer speed of each generation of lto Drive is tabulated on the

Drive is tabulated on the slide one of the highlights of lto

slide one of the highlights of lto drives is that they provide backward

drives is that they provide backward compatibility to help companies protect

compatibility to help companies protect their investments in technology

their investments in technology each generation of lto Drive is backward

each generation of lto Drive is backward read write compatible with the previous

read write compatible with the previous generation of the lto media and also

generation of the lto media and also read compatible with lto media two

read compatible with lto media two generations

old let's explain this with the help of an example lto6 drives are readr

an example lto6 drives are readr compatible with lto5 media and also read

compatible with lto5 media and also read compatible with lto4

compatible with lto4 media now let's look at network drive

media now let's look at network drive management protocol or

management protocol or ndmp in a typical backup environment

ndmp in a typical backup environment backup data is sent from an application

backup data is sent from an application server to the media server over the

server to the media server over the Lan the media server buffers the data in

Lan the media server buffers the data in its disc cache until it can stream

its disc cache until it can stream sufficient data to the tape Library

sufficient data to the tape Library without slowing down the data transfer

without slowing down the data transfer rate while the data is buffered the

rate while the data is buffered the media center loads the tape for

media center loads the tape for transferring the data to

transferring the data to it the downside of this approach is that

it the downside of this approach is that the media server becomes a bottleneck

the media server becomes a bottleneck where data has to be cached before it

where data has to be cached before it can be transferred to the tape

can be transferred to the tape library in order to overcome this

library in order to overcome this bottleneck imposed by the media server

bottleneck imposed by the media server the network data management protocol or

the network data management protocol or ndmp was developed to allow application

ndmp was developed to allow application servers to directly back up data to the

servers to directly back up data to the tape

tape library ndmp is a protocol to manage

library ndmp is a protocol to manage Network

Network backups in ndmp parlaments the backup

backups in ndmp parlaments the backup and restore operations are referred to

and restore operations are referred to as data management

as data management operations and the backup server that

operations and the backup server that coordinates these operations is called a

coordinates these operations is called a data management application server or

data management application server or dma

server in the ndmp configuration the dma server manages the tape library and

server manages the tape library and maintains the backup catalog and the

maintains the backup catalog and the data gets backed up directly from the

data gets backed up directly from the application server to the tape

application server to the tape Library now let's talk about virtual

Library now let's talk about virtual tape library or

tape library or vtl a virtual tape library is a

vtl a virtual tape library is a disk-based backup system that emulates a

disk-based backup system that emulates a physical tape

physical tape Library a vtl is made up of the

Library a vtl is made up of the following computer hardware run by a

following computer hardware run by a linux-based operating system a software

linux-based operating system a software program that emulates the components of

program that emulates the components of a physical tape

a physical tape library and a raid based dis array to

library and a raid based dis array to prevent loss of backup data in the event

prevent loss of backup data in the event of a dry fail

of a dry fail failure in a backup environment a VT

failure in a backup environment a VT presents itself as a physical tape

presents itself as a physical tape library and hence it can be easily

library and hence it can be easily integrated with the existing backup

integrated with the existing backup software backup processes and

software backup processes and policies now let's compare a virtual

policies now let's compare a virtual tape library with a physical tape

tape library with a physical tape library in vtl a new virtual tape drive

library in vtl a new virtual tape drive can be added on demand through software

can be added on demand through software configuration at no additional

configuration at no additional cost however in a physical tape library

cost however in a physical tape library to add a new tape drive it must be

to add a new tape drive it must be purchased and manually

purchased and manually installed vtls are increasingly scalable

installed vtls are increasingly scalable over physical tape libraries this is

over physical tape libraries this is because more hard disk drives can be

because more hard disk drives can be added to the dis array enclosure to

added to the dis array enclosure to increase the storage

increase the storage capacity in a physical tape Library

capacity in a physical tape Library backup failures occur when there is a

backup failures occur when there is a problem with the tape drives and

problem with the tape drives and media whereas in a vtl backup failures

media whereas in a vtl backup failures are very rare because it uses raid based

are very rare because it uses raid based storage most vtls are capable of

storage most vtls are capable of delivering a throughput of 150 megabytes

delivering a throughput of 150 megabytes per second which improves performance

per second which improves performance and allows backups to be completed

and allows backups to be completed within the backup

window however modern physical tape drives that have the ability to back up

drives that have the ability to back up data along with data compression at a

data along with data compression at a throughput rate greater than 50

throughput rate greater than 50 megabytes per second are faster than VTO

megabytes per second are faster than VTO a especially when backing up large

a especially when backing up large amounts of multistream

data restoring backups in vtl takes less time than a physical tape Library

time than a physical tape Library especially when recovering particular

especially when recovering particular files this is because the VTO is a dis

files this is because the VTO is a dis based system and diss are good at random

based system and diss are good at random access while tape drives are good at

access while tape drives are good at sequential

sequential access however for restoring large

access however for restoring large amounts of data the physical tape

amounts of data the physical tape Library can be faster when it involves

Library can be faster when it involves parallel read access by multiple

parallel read access by multiple drives we saw earlier that multiplexing

drives we saw earlier that multiplexing data streams to a single tape drive was

data streams to a single tape drive was done to avoid shoe

done to avoid shoe shining however restoring data from a

shining however restoring data from a multiplexed backup takes a long time

multiplexed backup takes a long time because data from several backup clients

because data from several backup clients are mixed up and are spread over the

are mixed up and are spread over the tape so instead of multiplexing data a

tape so instead of multiplexing data a vtl assigns a separate Virtual Drive to

vtl assigns a separate Virtual Drive to each backup client the data backed up

each backup client the data backed up can be copied from the dis to a physical

can be copied from the dis to a physical tape without

tape without multiplexing and as a result recovering

multiplexing and as a result recovering data from such physical tape can be

data from such physical tape can be faster than restoring it from a

faster than restoring it from a multiplex

multiplex backup hence vtls are usually deployed

backup hence vtls are usually deployed as a front end to a traditional physical

as a front end to a traditional physical tape

tape Library backup to disk is also called

Library backup to disk is also called dis to disk backup or D Tod backup

dis to disk backup or D Tod backup because data is copied from one hard

because data is copied from one hard disk drive to another hard disk

disk drive to another hard disk drive backup to disk has become more

drive backup to disk has become more reliable and less expensive than in the

reliable and less expensive than in the past making it a compelling alternative

past making it a compelling alternative to tape

to tape technology this is evident from the fact

technology this is evident from the fact that virtual tape Library itself is a

that virtual tape Library itself is a disk-based

disk-based system let's discuss the advantages of

system let's discuss the advantages of D2D speed of recovery D2D offers quick

D2D speed of recovery D2D offers quick recovery of L data since hard disk

recovery of L data since hard disk drives are good at random

drives are good at random access cost effective hard disk drives

access cost effective hard disk drives are less expensive than they were in the

are less expensive than they were in the past userfriendly

past userfriendly disk-based backup doesn't require

disk-based backup doesn't require loading and unloading like tape

loading and unloading like tape drives reliability disk-based backup has

drives reliability disk-based backup has become more reliable over time

become more reliable over time especially when it is implemented in a

especially when it is implemented in a raid

raid configuration flexibility backup discs

configuration flexibility backup discs can be implemented in storage devices

can be implemented in storage devices that can be directly attached as follows

that can be directly attached as follows to an individual server as a network

to an individual server as a network attached storage on a lan or as storage

attached storage on a lan or as storage connected to a

connected to a sand now let's look at disk to disk to

sand now let's look at disk to disk to tape or D2D tot backup

tape or D2D tot backup Solutions in a D2D tot backup solution

Solutions in a D2D tot backup solution data is first backed up on a dis where

data is first backed up on a dis where it is retained for a certain period of

it is retained for a certain period of time for quick restores of lost data and

time for quick restores of lost data and then it is moved to a

then it is moved to a tape that brings us to the end of this

tape that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this lesson

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about backup targets we

you learned about backup targets we started by looking at what a backup

started by looking at what a backup Target is next we looked at the history

Target is next we looked at the history of tape and then we looked at what a

of tape and then we looked at what a tape is we also looked at what a tape

tape is we also looked at what a tape drive is and then we looked at what a

drive is and then we looked at what a tape library is

tape library is we looked at the dis to tape or d2t

we looked at the dis to tape or d2t backup

backup solution next we looked at what shoe

solution next we looked at what shoe shining is and then we looked at

shining is and then we looked at multiplexing we also looked at multi

multiplexing we also looked at multi streaming and then we talked about

streaming and then we talked about linear tape open or

linear tape open or lto next we talked about the performance

lto next we talked about the performance of a media server in a typical backup

of a media server in a typical backup environment and then we looked at

environment and then we looked at network data management protocol or ndmp

network data management protocol or ndmp we also looked at what a virtual tape

we also looked at what a virtual tape library or vtl

library or vtl is next we compared the virtual tape

is next we compared the virtual tape library to a physical tape library and

library to a physical tape library and then we talked about the dis to disk or

then we talked about the dis to disk or D2D backup

D2D backup solution lastly we talked about disc to

solution lastly we talked about disc to disk to tape or the D2D tot backup

disk to tape or the D2D tot backup solution in the next lesson you will

solution in the next lesson you will learn about content addressable storage

learn about content addressable storage and archive thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 5 content addressable storage and

addressable storage and archive in this lesson you will learn

archive in this lesson you will learn about content addressable storage and

about content addressable storage and archive we're going to start by looking

archive we're going to start by looking at information life cycle and then we

at information life cycle and then we will look at what fixed data is next

will look at what fixed data is next we'll look at content addressable

we'll look at content addressable storage or Cass while talking about Cass

storage or Cass while talking about Cass we will Define content address and fixed

we will Define content address and fixed content asset we'll also look at what an

content asset we'll also look at what an archive is and then we will look at the

archive is and then we will look at the types of archives the types of archives

types of archives the types of archives we will cover are online archive

we will cover are online archive nearline archive and offline archive

nearline archive and offline archive next we will look at the legal

next we will look at the legal compliance associated with the

compliance associated with the maintenance of archives and then we will

maintenance of archives and then we will talk about the traditional

talk about the traditional archives while talking about traditional

archives while talking about traditional archives we'll also look at the

archives we'll also look at the disadvantages of traditional archives

disadvantages of traditional archives next we will look at Cass as archives as

next we will look at Cass as archives as an archive solution and then we will

an archive solution and then we will talk about the benefits of content

talk about the benefits of content addressable storage we'll also look at

addressable storage we'll also look at what vaulting is and lastly we will look

what vaulting is and lastly we will look at what EV vating is now let's look at

at what EV vating is now let's look at information life cycle in the

information life cycle in the information life cycle once data is

information life cycle once data is created it is accessed and edited

created it is accessed and edited multiple

multiple times but as the data becomes old it is

times but as the data becomes old it is no longer edited and so it becomes a

no longer edited and so it becomes a fixed

fixed entity such types of data that do not

entity such types of data that do not Chang are called fixed

Chang are called fixed data examples of fixed content are

data examples of fixed content are static web pages emails electronic

static web pages emails electronic documents M ments videos and so

documents M ments videos and so on when fixed data becomes voluminous

on when fixed data becomes voluminous it's difficult to store and

it's difficult to store and access thus content addressable storage

access thus content addressable storage was developed to store fixed

was developed to store fixed data content addressable storage or Cass

data content addressable storage or Cass is an object-based data storage

is an object-based data storage technology developed for storing and

technology developed for storing and retrieving fixed

retrieving fixed data it stores user data and its

data it stores user data and its metadata as separate objects

metadata as separate objects the stored object is assigned a unique

the stored object is assigned a unique Global identifier called a Content

Global identifier called a Content address or

address or CA the ca uniquely identifies the

CA the ca uniquely identifies the content but not its

content but not its location the content address is

location the content address is generated from the binary representation

generated from the binary representation of the

of the object fixed data stored for future

object fixed data stored for future business purposes is called a fixed

business purposes is called a fixed content

content asset fixed content assets are used by

asset fixed content assets are used by businesses for various purposes

businesses for various purposes such as generating Revenue improving

such as generating Revenue improving business operations and taking advantage

business operations and taking advantage of its historic

value since fixed content assets will be accessed frequently they should be

accessed frequently they should be readily available on

readily available on demand now let's talk about archive an

demand now let's talk about archive an archive is a storage area where fixed

archive is a storage area where fixed content is

content is stored there are three types of

stored there are three types of archives online archive nearline archive

archives online archive nearline archive and offline

and offline archive an online archive is for

archive an online archive is for businesses that need frequent and

businesses that need frequent and immediate access to the fixed data in

immediate access to the fixed data in the

the archive in this type of archive the

archive in this type of archive the storage device is directly connected to

storage device is directly connected to the host allowing for immediate access

the host allowing for immediate access of

of data a nearline archive is for

data a nearline archive is for businesses that need regular access to

businesses that need regular access to the fixed data in the

the fixed data in the archive in this type of archive the

archive in this type of archive the storage device is connected to the host

storage device is connected to the host but has to be mounted for accessing the

but has to be mounted for accessing the data as the name near line suggests the

data as the name near line suggests the archive is near to becoming online when

archive is near to becoming online when the storage device is

the storage device is mounted an offline archive is for

mounted an offline archive is for businesses that don't need regular

businesses that don't need regular access to the fixed data in the

access to the fixed data in the archive in this type of archive the

archive in this type of archive the storage device is neither directly

storage device is neither directly connected nor can it be loaded for

connected nor can it be loaded for real-time

real-time access manual intervention is needed

access manual intervention is needed before data can be

before data can be accessed businesses as part of their

accessed businesses as part of their legal compliance are required to ensure

legal compliance are required to ensure that data in the archive cannot be

that data in the archive cannot be modified or

modified or deleted this is the reason why archives

deleted this is the reason why archives are usually stored on a right once read

are usually stored on a right once read many device or worm

many device or worm device an example of a worm device is a

device an example of a worm device is a CD

CD ROM worm devices ensure that the data is

ROM worm devices ensure that the data is not modified

not modified archives are traditionally stored on

archives are traditionally stored on optical discs and

optical discs and tapes the downside of archiving on

tapes the downside of archiving on optical discs and tape drives is that

optical discs and tape drives is that Optical discs and tape drives are not

Optical discs and tape drives are not capable of recognizing the data being

capable of recognizing the data being stored in order to avoid the same data

stored in order to avoid the same data being stored many

being stored many times in addition to that Optical discs

times in addition to that Optical discs and tape devices can succumb to wear and

and tape devices can succumb to wear and tear so there is a risk of data being

tear so there is a risk of data being lost and there will also be overhead

lost and there will also be overhead involved if the data has to be converted

involved if the data has to be converted into new formats to allow access to the

into new formats to allow access to the content content addressable storage

content content addressable storage emerged as an alternative to overcome

emerged as an alternative to overcome the shortcomings of optical discs and

the shortcomings of optical discs and tape

drives Cass improves data accessibility and also provides protection to the

and also provides protection to the archive

archive data now let's look at the benefits of

data now let's look at the benefits of content addressable

content addressable storage authenticity

storage authenticity Cass provides content

Cass provides content authenticity all the data stored using

authenticity all the data stored using Cass has a unique content

Cass has a unique content address the unique content address is

address the unique content address is generated using the binary

generated using the binary representation of the

representation of the object whenever an object is accessed

object whenever an object is accessed its content address is generated using a

its content address is generated using a hashing algorithm and compared with the

hashing algorithm and compared with the object's original content

address if the validation fails the object is restored from the mirrored

copy Integrity Cass ensures that content is not

is not modified the hashing algorithm used to

modified the hashing algorithm used to check the content authenticity also

check the content authenticity also ensures the Integrity of the

content single instance storage Cass ensures that only a single instance of

ensures that only a single instance of data is

data is stored this is done using a unique

stored this is done using a unique signature that's generated from the

signature that's generated from the binary representation of the

binary representation of the data retention enforcement cast protects

data retention enforcement cast protects and keeps the data based on the

and keeps the data based on the retention

retention policy now let's talk about vaulting and

policy now let's talk about vaulting and EV vating vating is the process of

EV vating vating is the process of securing the data by copying it to a

securing the data by copying it to a tape and placing it in a secure off-site

tape and placing it in a secure off-site location called a

location called a vault EV vating is the process of

vault EV vating is the process of transferring the data to a secure

transferring the data to a secure off-site location called called an EV

off-site location called called an EV Vault through a computer

network and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you

this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about content addressable storage and

content addressable storage and archive we started by looking at

archive we started by looking at information life cycle and then we

information life cycle and then we looked at what fixed data

looked at what fixed data is next we looked at what content

is next we looked at what content addressable storage or Cass

addressable storage or Cass is while talking about Cass we defined

is while talking about Cass we defined content address and fixed content

content address and fixed content asset we also looked at what an archive

asset we also looked at what an archive is and then we looked at the types of

is and then we looked at the types of archives the types of archives we

archives the types of archives we covered are online archive nearline

covered are online archive nearline archive and offline

archive and offline archive next we looked at the legal

archive next we looked at the legal compliance associated with the

compliance associated with the maintenance of

maintenance of archives and then we talked about the

archives and then we talked about the traditional

traditional archives while talking about traditional

archives while talking about traditional archives we also looked at the

archives we also looked at the disadvantages of traditional

disadvantages of traditional archives next we looked at Cass as

archives next we looked at Cass as archives and then we talked about the

archives and then we talked about the benefits of content addressable

benefits of content addressable storage we also looked at what vating is

storage we also looked at what vating is and lastly we looked at EV

and lastly we looked at EV vating in the next lesson you will learn

vating in the next lesson you will learn about capacity optimization methods

about capacity optimization methods thank you

hello and welcome to unit 1 capacity optimization methods part

optimization methods part one in this lesson you will learn about

one in this lesson you will learn about a popular capacity optimization method

a popular capacity optimization method called Data D duplication

we're going to start by looking at the need for capacity

need for capacity optimization and then we will look at

optimization and then we will look at the popular capacity optimization method

the popular capacity optimization method called Data D

called Data D duplication when we cover data D

duplication when we cover data D duplication we will look at what data D

duplication we will look at what data D duplication is and then we will look at

duplication is and then we will look at the methods of data

the methods of data duplication these are file Level D

duplication these are file Level D duplication and Block Level D

duplication and Block Level D duplication we will also look at D

duplication we will also look at D duplication ratio and then we will look

duplication ratio and then we will look at the characteristics of data which

at the characteristics of data which have an impact on data

have an impact on data duplication after that we will talk

duplication after that we will talk about the effectiveness of data D

about the effectiveness of data D duplication and then we will look at the

duplication and then we will look at the types of data D

types of data D duplication under the types of data D

duplication under the types of data D duplication we will look at postprocess

duplication we will look at postprocess D duplication and inline

D duplication and inline duplication next we will cover

duplication next we will cover appliance-based

appliance-based duplication and lastly we will look at

duplication and lastly we will look at software based D duplication

software based D duplication now let's look at the need for capacity

now let's look at the need for capacity optimization

optimization methods storage has become a major cost

methods storage has become a major cost component in data

component in data centers though the cost of storage

centers though the cost of storage devices is decreasing the tremendous

devices is decreasing the tremendous growth of data has increase the cost of

growth of data has increase the cost of managing the storage

managing the storage systems as a result organizations want

systems as a result organizations want to utilize storage more efficiently

to utilize storage more efficiently without increasing the

without increasing the cost capacity optimization methods are

cost capacity optimization methods are the methods that reduce the consumption

the methods that reduce the consumption of space required to store

of space required to store data the popular capacity optimization

data the popular capacity optimization methods are data duplication compression

methods are data duplication compression and thin

and thin provisioning data duplication refers to

provisioning data duplication refers to the elimination of duplicate

the elimination of duplicate data in data duplication duplicate data

data in data duplication duplicate data is identified and deleted as a result of

is identified and deleted as a result of D duplication only a single instance of

D duplication only a single instance of data that is only one copy of the data

data that is only one copy of the data is retained in the

storage there are two major ways in which data D duplication is

which data D duplication is accomplished file Level D duplication

accomplished file Level D duplication and Block Level D

and Block Level D duplication file Level D duplication is

duplication file Level D duplication is also called single instancing D

also called single instancing D duplication in file Level D duplication

duplication in file Level D duplication duplicate files are identified and

duplicate files are identified and deleted since an entire file is compared

deleted since an entire file is compared with other files for eliminating

with other files for eliminating duplicates the files should be exactly

duplicates the files should be exactly the same to be considered as

the same to be considered as duplicates file Level D duplication is

duplicates file Level D duplication is simple and fast but it doesn't look into

simple and fast but it doesn't look into duplicate content that exists in

duplicate content that exists in different files for example let's say

different files for example let's say there are two exact copies of a word

there are two exact copies of a word file if we make even a negligible change

file if we make even a negligible change to one of the word files such as adding

to one of the word files such as adding a

a space then it will make that file a

space then it will make that file a different one as a result D duplication

different one as a result D duplication will not delete that duplicate file and

will not delete that duplicate file and it will still be occupying storage

it will still be occupying storage space Block Level D duplication is also

space Block Level D duplication is also called subfile Level D

called subfile Level D duplication in Block Level D duplication

duplication in Block Level D duplication a file is broken into smaller fixed or

a file is broken into smaller fixed or variable size blocks and duplicate

variable size blocks and duplicate blocks are found for

blocks are found for deletion it is more efficient than file

deletion it is more efficient than file Level D duplication because it works at

Level D duplication because it works at a Block

a Block Level Block Level duplication makes it

Level Block Level duplication makes it possible to duplicate files that are

possible to duplicate files that are similar but a little

similar but a little different unlike file Level D

different unlike file Level D duplication Block Level D duplication

duplication Block Level D duplication does not require absolutely identical

does not require absolutely identical copies of the same file for D

copies of the same file for D duplication there are two types of Block

duplication there are two types of Block Level D duplication fixed length D

Level D duplication fixed length D duplication and variable length D

duplication and variable length D duplication in fixed length D

duplication in fixed length D duplication a file is broken into fixed

duplication a file is broken into fixed sized blocks and duplicate blocks are

sized blocks and duplicate blocks are found for

found for deletion fixed length D duplication

deletion fixed length D duplication consumes less processing power but is

consumes less processing power but is less effective than variable length

less effective than variable length duplication this is because any change

duplication this is because any change to an identical file will result in the

to an identical file will result in the creation of blocks that have

creation of blocks that have changed therefore two files with a small

changed therefore two files with a small amount of difference will only have a

amount of difference will only have a few identical

few identical blocks let's EXP explain this with the

blocks let's EXP explain this with the help of an

help of an example in our diagram the Top Line

example in our diagram the Top Line shows the original fixed size blocks of

shows the original fixed size blocks of a file before any change is done to the

a file before any change is done to the file the bottom line shows the fixed

file the bottom line shows the fixed size blocks after a single slight change

size blocks after a single slight change was done to the

was done to the file though the data is almost identical

file though the data is almost identical in both of these lines the blocks have

in both of these lines the blocks have changed and hence only a few duplicate

changed and hence only a few duplicate blocks are

blocks are identified even after d duplication we

identified even after d duplication we will be storing nine blocks of the same

will be storing nine blocks of the same file in variable length duplication a

file in variable length duplication a file is broken into variable sized

file is broken into variable sized blocks and duplicate blocks are found

blocks and duplicate blocks are found for

for deletion variable length D duplication

deletion variable length D duplication is considered very effective because any

is considered very effective because any change in an identical file will be

change in an identical file will be restricted to its block alone and it

restricted to its block alone and it will not affect other blocks of the

will not affect other blocks of the file therefore two files with a small

file therefore two files with a small amount of difference are going to have

amount of difference are going to have many identical block blocks let's

many identical block blocks let's explain this with the help of an

explain this with the help of an example in our diagram the Top Line

example in our diagram the Top Line shows the original blocks of a file

shows the original blocks of a file before any change is done to the file

before any change is done to the file when we added the changes to the Block C

when we added the changes to the Block C of the file it alone changes and other

of the file it alone changes and other blocks are not affected the bottom line

blocks are not affected the bottom line shows the variable sized blocks after a

shows the variable sized blocks after a single slight change that was done to

single slight change that was done to the file only the Block C has now

the file only the Block C has now changed to block F the rest of the

changed to block F the rest of the blocks and a b d and e are identical to

blocks and a b d and e are identical to the same blocks in the top

the same blocks in the top line after d duplication we are only

line after d duplication we are only storing six blocks of the

storing six blocks of the file the storage space savings by D

file the storage space savings by D duplication are depicted by a ratio

duplication are depicted by a ratio called the D duplication

called the D duplication ratio the D duplication ratio refers to

ratio the D duplication ratio refers to the number of bytes input into the data

the number of bytes input into the data D duplication process divided by the

D duplication process divided by the number of bytes output from the

number of bytes output from the process for example if 100 bytes are

process for example if 100 bytes are input into the data D duplication

input into the data D duplication process and the output from the process

process and the output from the process is 10 bytes then our data D duplication

is 10 bytes then our data D duplication ratio is

ratio is 10:1 it means that we have saved the

10:1 it means that we have saved the storage space by 90 bytes that is by

90% the quantity of storage space saved in a data duplication process depends on

in a data duplication process depends on the characteristics of the data for

the characteristics of the data for example full backups D duplicate well

example full backups D duplicate well because it contains most of the data

because it contains most of the data from the previous backups and only a

from the previous backups and only a small amount of data would have actually

small amount of data would have actually changed in order to increase the

changed in order to increase the effectiveness of data D duplication it's

effectiveness of data D duplication it's better to avoid compression during data

better to avoid compression during data backups this is because compressing data

backups this is because compressing data not only reduces the number of bytes in

not only reduces the number of bytes in a file but it also randomizes the

a file but it also randomizes the leftover bytes with randomization a file

leftover bytes with randomization a file cannot be effectively

cannot be effectively duplicated data duplication is

duplicated data duplication is categorized into two types based on the

categorized into two types based on the place where it

place where it occurs these are postprocess

occurs these are postprocess duplication and inline D

duplication and inline D duplication in postprocess D duplication

duplication in postprocess D duplication data is first written to a storage

data is first written to a storage device and it is duplicated at a later

device and it is duplicated at a later time let's explain this with the help of

time let's explain this with the help of an

an example in our diagram we have the

example in our diagram we have the existing data on our storage

existing data on our storage device let's say the new data g h and I

device let's say the new data g h and I arrive then it is immediately written to

arrive then it is immediately written to the storage

the storage device at a later time the data D

device at a later time the data D duplication process is carried out on

duplication process is carried out on all the stored

all the stored data it looks for duplicate data that

data it looks for duplicate data that can be D duplicated and in this case it

can be D duplicated and in this case it has found two copies of G and and it is

duplicated next it has found two copies of H and it is

of H and it is duplicated this process continues until

duplicated this process continues until there is no more duplicate

there is no more duplicate data the advantage of postprocess

data the advantage of postprocess duplication is that it allows for faster

duplication is that it allows for faster rights since there is no duplication

rights since there is no duplication done while storing the

done while storing the data the disadvantage of post-process

data the disadvantage of post-process duplication is that storing duplicate

duplication is that storing duplicate data may become an issue if the storage

data may become an issue if the storage device is near full

device is near full capacity in inline duplication data is

capacity in inline duplication data is duplicated in real time as it enters the

duplicated in real time as it enters the storage

storage device if the D duplication process

device if the D duplication process finds a block that already exists on the

finds a block that already exists on the storage device it doesn't store that

storage device it doesn't store that block but rather references it to the

block but rather references it to the existing block let's explain this with

existing block let's explain this with the help of an

the help of an example in our diagram we have the

example in our diagram we have the existing data on our storage device

existing data on our storage device let's say the new data g h and I arrive

let's say the new data g h and I arrive in this case the D duplication process

in this case the D duplication process is performed as the data arrives before

is performed as the data arrives before it is written to the

it is written to the storage so when data G arrives the D

storage so when data G arrives the D duplication process checks it with the

duplication process checks it with the existing

existing data and since it already exists the

data and since it already exists the data G is not stored but it is

data G is not stored but it is referenced to the existing data

referenced to the existing data G when H arrives the D duplication

G when H arrives the D duplication process is performed and since it

process is performed and since it already exists the data H is not stored

already exists the data H is not stored but it is referenced to the existing

but it is referenced to the existing data

data H when data I arrives the D duplication

H when data I arrives the D duplication process finds that data I doesn't exist

process finds that data I doesn't exist so it stores I to the storage

device the advantage of inline D duplication is that it consumes Less

duplication is that it consumes Less storage because data is not duplicated

storage because data is not duplicated the disadvantage of this approach is

the disadvantage of this approach is that data intake can be

that data intake can be slower and as a result it can affect

slower and as a result it can affect throughput of the storage

throughput of the storage device now let's look at appliance-based

device now let's look at appliance-based D

D duplication a duplication Appliance is a

duplication a duplication Appliance is a computer system with a specific purpose

computer system with a specific purpose to carry out the duplication process

to carry out the duplication process using its hardware and

using its hardware and firmware it is also referred to as

firmware it is also referred to as Hardware D

Hardware D duplication D duplication appliances can

duplication D duplication appliances can perform either postprocess or inline D

perform either postprocess or inline D duplication

duplication processes it also offloads the D

processes it also offloads the D duplication load from the existing

duplication load from the existing systems the D duplication Appliance

systems the D duplication Appliance accepts data streams from multiple

accepts data streams from multiple sources to perform the D duplication

sources to perform the D duplication process and the resulting D duplicated

process and the resulting D duplicated data can coexist on its disk storage it

data can coexist on its disk storage it is a high performance and high cost

is a high performance and high cost solution now let's look at

solution now let's look at software-based DD

software-based DD duplication software-based D duplication

duplication software-based D duplication doesn't have dedicated Hardware to carry

doesn't have dedicated Hardware to carry out the D

out the D duplication since the software does the

duplication since the software does the duplication process it needs to be

duplication process it needs to be installed on a host the installed

installed on a host the installed software uses the processing power of

software uses the processing power of the host to carry out the D duplication

the host to carry out the D duplication process it is a low performance and

process it is a low performance and lowcost solution and that brings us to

lowcost solution and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize

the end of this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in

what you have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about a popular

this lesson you learned about a popular capacity optimization method called Data

capacity optimization method called Data D

D duplication we started by looking at the

duplication we started by looking at the need for capacity optimization and then

need for capacity optimization and then we looked at the popular capacity

we looked at the popular capacity optimization method called Data

optimization method called Data duplication when we covered data D

duplication when we covered data D duplication we looked at what D

duplication we looked at what D duplication is and then we looked at the

duplication is and then we looked at the methods of data D duplication these are

methods of data D duplication these are file level and block level

we also looked at D duplication ratio and then we looked at the

and then we looked at the characteristics of data which have an

characteristics of data which have an impact on data D

impact on data D duplication after that we talked about

duplication after that we talked about the effectiveness of data

the effectiveness of data duplication and then we looked at the

duplication and then we looked at the types of data

types of data duplication under types we looked at

duplication under types we looked at post-process D duplication and inline D

duplication the last thing we covered was appliance-based duplication

was appliance-based duplication and software-based D

and software-based D duplication in the next lesson you will

duplication in the next lesson you will learn about compression and thin

learn about compression and thin provisioning thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 2 capacity optimization methods part

optimization methods part two in this lesson you will learn about

two in this lesson you will learn about the two popular capacity optimization

the two popular capacity optimization methods these are compression and thin

methods these are compression and thin provisioning when we cover compression

provisioning when we cover compression we will look at What compression is and

we will look at What compression is and then we will look at the advantages of

then we will look at the advantages of compression we will also look at the

compression we will also look at the types of compression in detail and these

types of compression in detail and these are postprocess compression and realtime

are postprocess compression and realtime compression the last thing we will talk

compression the last thing we will talk about regarding compression is about

about regarding compression is about applying D duplication before

applying D duplication before compression next we will cover thin

compression next we will cover thin provisioning under this topic we will

provisioning under this topic we will look at what thick provisioning is and

look at what thick provisioning is and then we will look at what thin

then we will look at what thin provisioning

provisioning is we will also look at what over

is we will also look at what over provisioning is and lastly we will talk

provisioning is and lastly we will talk about zero page

about zero page reclaim now let's look at at What

reclaim now let's look at at What compression is compression is the

compression is compression is the ability to convert data into a smaller

ability to convert data into a smaller size by eliminating similar blocks in

size by eliminating similar blocks in the original

the original data compression encodes the data using

data compression encodes the data using fewer bits than the original

fewer bits than the original data let's explain this with the help of

data let's explain this with the help of an

an example in our example let's say the

example in our example let's say the original data is in binary format as

original data is in binary format as shown in the slide then if we encode our

shown in the slide then if we encode our original data with fewer bits than our

original data with fewer bits than our compress data may look as 1 1

compress data may look as 1 1 0 5 * 1

0 5 * 1 01 4 * 0 and 1 as shown in the

01 4 * 0 and 1 as shown in the slide what we have done is eliminated

slide what we have done is eliminated similar bits of ones and encoded it as 5

similar bits of ones and encoded it as 5 *

* 1 likewise we have also eliminated

1 likewise we have also eliminated similar bits of zeros and encoded it as

similar bits of zeros and encoded it as 4 *

4 * 0 this is the underlying concept of

0 this is the underlying concept of compression the advantage of compression

compression the advantage of compression is that it allows data to consume less

is that it allows data to consume less storage

storage space compression is categorized into

space compression is categorized into two types based on the place where it

two types based on the place where it occurs these are postprocess compression

occurs these are postprocess compression and realtime

and realtime compression in post-process compression

compression in post-process compression data is first written to a storage

data is first written to a storage device such as a storage array in an

device such as a storage array in an uncompressed Manner and later the data

uncompressed Manner and later the data is compressed

this approach is considered inefficient as it consumes significant processing

as it consumes significant processing power because of the Intensive dis

power because of the Intensive dis operations in realtime compression data

operations in realtime compression data is compressed in real time as it is

is compressed in real time as it is stored in the storage

stored in the storage device this approach is considered

device this approach is considered efficient since it consumes less

efficient since it consumes less processing power because of reduced disc

processing power because of reduced disc operations now let's talk about applying

operations now let's talk about applying d duplication before

d duplication before compression a compressed file is not

compression a compressed file is not suitable for D duplication because

suitable for D duplication because compression will remove identical blocks

compression will remove identical blocks of

of data so for this reason compression

data so for this reason compression should be applied after d duplication

should be applied after d duplication and not the other way

and not the other way around before we talk about thin

around before we talk about thin provisioning let's talk about

provisioning let's talk about traditional storage allocation

traditional storage allocation methods in the traditional storage

methods in the traditional storage allocation method storage capacity is

allocation method storage capacity is allocated upfront to individual servers

allocated upfront to individual servers this traditional model is often referred

this traditional model is often referred to as thick or fat

to as thick or fat provisioning now let's talk about thin

provisioning now let's talk about thin provisioning thin provisioning is a

provisioning thin provisioning is a capacity optimization method that

capacity optimization method that optimizes the consumption of existing

optimizes the consumption of existing storage thin provisioning is the

storage thin provisioning is the OnDemand allocation of the storage space

OnDemand allocation of the storage space based on the actual need it does not

based on the actual need it does not allocate the storage space up front as

allocate the storage space up front as in traditional storage deployment

in traditional storage deployment we will explain thick and thin

we will explain thick and thin provisioning with the help of an

provisioning with the help of an example using the traditional thick

example using the traditional thick provisioning model let's say we create a

provisioning model let's say we create a volume of capacity 1,000 GB and at the

volume of capacity 1,000 GB and at the creation time 1,000 GB of physical

creation time 1,000 GB of physical storage space on the storage is

storage space on the storage is immediately reserved for the exclusive

immediately reserved for the exclusive use of that entire volume irrespective

use of that entire volume irrespective of how much space will really be used if

of how much space will really be used if only 250 GB of the 1,000 GB is actually

only 250 GB of the 1,000 GB is actually used for writing data then the unused

used for writing data then the unused allocated capacity is 750

allocated capacity is 750 GB unfortunately we have only 25% of

GB unfortunately we have only 25% of storage capacity utilization and the

storage capacity utilization and the remaining unused capacity cannot be used

remaining unused capacity cannot be used for creating new volumes since it is

for creating new volumes since it is tied to the thick

tied to the thick volume as a result storage capacity gets

volume as a result storage capacity gets wasted Now using the thin provisioning

wasted Now using the thin provisioning model let's say we create a volume of

model let's say we create a volume of capacity 1,000 GB at the creation time

capacity 1,000 GB at the creation time there's no reservation of 1,000 GB of

there's no reservation of 1,000 GB of physical storage space on the storage

physical storage space on the storage but the application sees it as physical

but the application sees it as physical storage capacity of 1,000 GB the

storage capacity of 1,000 GB the physical storage space is allocated On

physical storage space is allocated On Demand only when an application writes

Demand only when an application writes data to the

data to the volume if 250 GB of the 1,000 GB is

volume if 250 GB of the 1,000 GB is actually used for writing data then only

actually used for writing data then only 250 GB of physical storage space is

250 GB of physical storage space is allocated as a result storage capacity

allocated as a result storage capacity doesn't get wasted the unallocated

doesn't get wasted the unallocated physical storage capacity on a storage

physical storage capacity on a storage array can be used for creating new

array can be used for creating new volumes as a result thin provisioning

volumes as a result thin provisioning uses all of the physical storage

uses all of the physical storage capacity to create logical

capacity to create logical volumes with thin provisioning storage

volumes with thin provisioning storage capacity utilization can be geared

capacity utilization can be geared towards achieving 100% with a very

towards achieving 100% with a very little administrative

little administrative cost now let's talk about

cost now let's talk about over-provisioning

over-provisioning thin provisioning provides a mechanism

thin provisioning provides a mechanism that allows applications to see more

that allows applications to see more storage capacity than what is physically

storage capacity than what is physically available on the storage array this is

available on the storage array this is called over

called over provisioning we will explain this with

provisioning we will explain this with the help of an

the help of an example in our example let's say the

example in our example let's say the array has a usable physical storage

array has a usable physical storage capacity of 50

capacity of 50 terabytes and that we had provisioned

terabytes and that we had provisioned all of the 50 terabytes for creating

all of the 50 terabytes for creating thin

thin volumes over a period of time let's say

volumes over a period of time let's say only 20 terabytes has been

only 20 terabytes has been used even though we provisioned 100% of

used even though we provisioned 100% of physical storage capacity we still have

physical storage capacity we still have 30 terabyt of unallocated physical

30 terabyt of unallocated physical capacity on the

capacity on the array so if the business needs more

array so if the business needs more storage capacity then instead of

storage capacity then instead of purchasing and adding new physical

purchasing and adding new physical storage capacity we can over-provision

storage capacity we can over-provision the existing physical storage capacity

the existing physical storage capacity by creating new thin volumes and having

by creating new thin volumes and having them use 30 terab of unallocated

them use 30 terab of unallocated physical capacity that was is already

provisioned over-provisioning is done based on the past average storage

based on the past average storage utilization so we can safely allocate 30

utilization so we can safely allocate 30 terabyt of thin volumes making the

terabyt of thin volumes making the storage array over

storage array over provisioned however it is important to

provisioned however it is important to closely monitor the physical storage

closely monitor the physical storage capacity when it is over-provisioned

capacity when it is over-provisioned because when the physical storage

because when the physical storage capacity is exhausted the servers will

capacity is exhausted the servers will receive right

receive right errors over a period of time when files

errors over a period of time when files are deleted in thin volumes storage

are deleted in thin volumes storage arrays will identify those blocks and

arrays will identify those blocks and release them back into the free pool of

release them back into the free pool of physical storage

physical storage capacity this technology is called zero

capacity this technology is called zero page

page reclaim and that brings us to the end of

reclaim and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what we have

this lesson let's summarize what we have learned in this lesson in this lesson

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about the two popular

you learned about the two popular capacity optimization methods these are

capacity optimization methods these are compression and thin

compression and thin provisioning when we covered compression

provisioning when we covered compression we looked at What compression was and

we looked at What compression was and then we looked at the advantages of

then we looked at the advantages of compression we also looked at the types

compression we also looked at the types of compression in detail these are

of compression in detail these are post-process compression and real time

post-process compression and real time compression the last thing about

compression the last thing about compression we talked about was applying

compression we talked about was applying duplication before

duplication before compression next we covered thin

compression next we covered thin provisioning under this topic we looked

provisioning under this topic we looked at what thick provisioning was and then

at what thick provisioning was and then we looked at what thin provisioning was

we looked at what thin provisioning was we also looked at what over provisioning

we also looked at what over provisioning was and and lastly we talked about zero

was and and lastly we talked about zero page

page reclaim in the next lesson you will

reclaim in the next lesson you will learn about Lun provisioning techniques

learn about Lun provisioning techniques thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 3 Lun provisioning

provisioning techniques in this lesson you will learn

techniques in this lesson you will learn about the Lun provisioning

about the Lun provisioning techniques we're going to start by

techniques we're going to start by looking at what Lun provisioning is and

looking at what Lun provisioning is and then we will look at a logical unit we

then we will look at a logical unit we will also compare Lun with

will also compare Lun with volume next we will look at Lun masking

volume next we will look at Lun masking and in specific we will look at Lun

and in specific we will look at Lun masking in servers and storage

masking in servers and storage arrays now let's look at what Lun

arrays now let's look at what Lun provisioning is lond provisioning is the

provisioning is lond provisioning is the process of allocating the physical

process of allocating the physical storage capacity of a storage array to

storage capacity of a storage array to the server

the server computers when we spoke about sand

computers when we spoke about sand storage array we mentioned how the

storage array we mentioned how the storage is presented to the server

storage is presented to the server computers the physical storage capacity

computers the physical storage capacity of a storage array has to be shared

of a storage array has to be shared among the host servers so it is

among the host servers so it is partitioned into one or more logical

partitioned into one or more logical discs assigned to the

discs assigned to the servers these logical discs appear to

servers these logical discs appear to the servers as local

the servers as local discs The Logical disc or The Logical

discs The Logical disc or The Logical unit as it is usually called is

unit as it is usually called is identified by a unique number called The

identified by a unique number called The Logical unit number or

Lun it should be noted that The Logical unit itself is commonly referred to as a

unit itself is commonly referred to as a Lun and The Logical unit number as a Lun

Lun and The Logical unit number as a Lun ID so when you hear someone say lun they

ID so when you hear someone say lun they may actually be referring to a logical

may actually be referring to a logical unit instead of The Logical unit number

unit instead of The Logical unit number and when they mentioned Lun ID they are

and when they mentioned Lun ID they are referring to the logical unit

referring to the logical unit number a logical unit can constitute a

number a logical unit can constitute a complete physical disc or a portion of

complete physical disc or a portion of the physical disc or a portion of the

the physical disc or a portion of the entire physical storage capacity of a

entire physical storage capacity of a storage array or even an entire physical

storage array or even an entire physical storage capacity

itself so a logical unit can potentially span across a number of physical discs

span across a number of physical discs on a storage array and yet it will

on a storage array and yet it will appear as just one disc to the server

appear as just one disc to the server it should be noted that the storage

it should be noted that the storage capacity as seen by the server will be

capacity as seen by the server will be the same amount of physical storage

the same amount of physical storage capacity assigned to the

Lun the terms Lun and volume should not be confused with each other while Lun is

be confused with each other while Lun is a unique number assigned to a logical

a unique number assigned to a logical unit volume on the other hand is a broad

unit volume on the other hand is a broad term that denotes a contiguous area on a

term that denotes a contiguous area on a storage device and includes lungs and

storage device and includes lungs and partitions logical units play a vital

partitions logical units play a vital role in the management of storage in the

role in the management of storage in the sand storage

sand storage array they not only provide a logical

array they not only provide a logical abstraction between the host computers

abstraction between the host computers and the hard disk drives of the storage

and the hard disk drives of the storage array but logical units improve storage

array but logical units improve storage utilization for example if a server

utilization for example if a server needs only 500 GB of storage space and

needs only 500 GB of storage space and if the available physical disc is 2

if the available physical disc is 2 terabytes then without the logical units

terabytes then without the logical units we would have to allocate the entire 2

we would have to allocate the entire 2 terabytes to that

server on the other hand we can create a logical unit with 500 GB of storage

logical unit with 500 GB of storage capacity and allocate it to the

capacity and allocate it to the server the remaining 1.5 terabytes of 2

server the remaining 1.5 terabytes of 2 terabytes can be allocated to different

terabytes can be allocated to different servers in addition to that logical unit

servers in addition to that logical unit numbers function as logical identifiers

numbers function as logical identifiers that differentiate different logical

that differentiate different logical Diss and are used to assign access and

Diss and are used to assign access and control print

control print VES now let's talk about Lun

VES now let's talk about Lun masking Lun masking provides the servers

masking Lun masking provides the servers with restricted access to the logical

with restricted access to the logical units of the storage

units of the storage array it determines which logical units

array it determines which logical units can be accessed by which

can be accessed by which servers now let's talk about how Lun

servers now let's talk about how Lun masking is implemented in servers the

masking is implemented in servers the implementation of Lun masking in a

implementation of Lun masking in a server requires that the storage array

server requires that the storage array controller supports multi-one capability

software is installed in the server that provides the Lun masking

provides the Lun masking capability this software allows the

capability this software allows the server to be configured so that it can

server to be configured so that it can access all the logical units that are

access all the logical units that are assigned to it and ignore the rest of

assigned to it and ignore the rest of the logical

the logical units the Lun masking function is

units the Lun masking function is carried out by one of the following the

carried out by one of the following the driver and the HBA of the server or the

driver and the HBA of the server or the operating system of the server

operating system of the server itself this kind of Lun masking is

itself this kind of Lun masking is ideally suited for environments that

ideally suited for environments that have a few servers connected to many

have a few servers connected to many heterogeneous storage

heterogeneous storage devices the drawback of implementing Lun

devices the drawback of implementing Lun masking in a server is that the server

masking in a server is that the server can actually see all the logical units

can actually see all the logical units but it will ignore the ones that are not

assigned however Lun masking at the server level is reliable but it requires

server level is reliable but it requires that all the servers have a common

Administration now let's talk about how Lun mask is implemented in the storage

Lun mask is implemented in the storage array Lun masking is implemented at the

array Lun masking is implemented at the frontend controller of the storage

frontend controller of the storage array using Lun masking we can bind a

array using Lun masking we can bind a server to a specific Lun so that no

server to a specific Lun so that no other servers can access

other servers can access it by implementing Lun masking the

it by implementing Lun masking the servers can access only the Lun they

servers can access only the Lun they have been specifically assigned it is

have been specifically assigned it is important to note that servers are not

important to note that servers are not aware of Lunds that were not assigned to

aware of Lunds that were not assigned to them and even if they are aware of such

them and even if they are aware of such luns they still cannot access

luns they still cannot access them we will explain Lun masking with

them we will explain Lun masking with the help of an example in our example we

the help of an example in our example we have logical units of a storage array

have logical units of a storage array that store data of the production

that store data of the production department and the accounts

department and the accounts Department in this case Lun masking is

Department in this case Lun masking is not implemented so both the Departments

not implemented so both the Departments can access each other's

can access each other's data however this should not be the case

data however this should not be the case if it violates the company's policy on

if it violates the company's policy on data integrity and security

data integrity and security so by implementing Lun masking we can

so by implementing Lun masking we can ensure that the Departments can access

ensure that the Departments can access only their respective

only their respective luns that brings us to the end of this

luns that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about Lun provisioning techniques we started

Lun provisioning techniques we started by looking at what Lun provisioning is

by looking at what Lun provisioning is and then we looked at logical unit we

and then we looked at logical unit we also compared Lun with volume next we

also compared Lun with volume next we looked at Lun masking and in specific we

looked at Lun masking and in specific we looked at Lun masking in servers and

looked at Lun masking in servers and storage arrays in the next lesson you

storage arrays in the next lesson you will learn about storage virtualization

will learn about storage virtualization thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 4 storage virtualization in this lesson you will

virtualization in this lesson you will learn about storage

learn about storage virtualization we're going to start by

virtualization we're going to start by looking at what storage virtualization

looking at what storage virtualization is and then we will look at the benefits

is and then we will look at the benefits of storage

of storage virtualization next we will look at a

virtualization next we will look at a form of storage virtualization called

form of storage virtualization called host-based

host-based virtualization host-based virtualization

virtualization host-based virtualization requires software called a logical

requires software called a logical volume manager or or

volume manager or or lvm so we will see how lvm works and

lvm so we will see how lvm works and then we will look at the features of the

then we will look at the features of the logical volume

logical volume manager after that we will look at the

manager after that we will look at the storage controller based virtualization

storage controller based virtualization and its

and its benefits next we will look at virtual

benefits next we will look at virtual provisioning and then we will compare

provisioning and then we will compare virtual provisioning with thin

virtual provisioning with thin provisioning lastly we will look at the

provisioning lastly we will look at the benefits of virtual

benefits of virtual provisioning now let's look at what

provisioning now let's look at what storage virtualization is

storage virtualization is storage virtualization is the

storage virtualization is the abstraction of physical storage from the

abstraction of physical storage from the servers connected to

servers connected to it it Aggregates multiple physical

it it Aggregates multiple physical storage devices such as raid arrays Diss

storage devices such as raid arrays Diss and tape drives into logical storage

and tape drives into logical storage pools that can be shared among

pools that can be shared among applications more

efficiently The Logical storage so shared functions like physical storage

shared functions like physical storage examples of storage virtualization are

examples of storage virtualization are host-based logical volume management dis

host-based logical volume management dis virtualization and tape Library

virtualization storage virtualization also enables application and network

also enables application and network independent management of storage by

independent management of storage by hiding the underlying complexities of

hiding the underlying complexities of configuration and management of

configuration and management of individual physical storage

devices now let's look at the benefits of storage virtualization

of storage virtualization storage virtualization increases the

storage virtualization increases the utilization of storage

utilization of storage resources this is done by aggregating

resources this is done by aggregating the storage capacity of multiple

the storage capacity of multiple physical storage devices into a pool of

physical storage devices into a pool of logical

logical Storage storage virtualization improves

Storage storage virtualization improves the performance of storage

the performance of storage resources the aggregation of multiple

resources the aggregation of multiple physical diss also results in the

physical diss also results in the aggregation of iops which improves the

aggregation of iops which improves the performance store storage virtualization

performance store storage virtualization allows us to provision the storage needs

allows us to provision the storage needs of an application without having to

of an application without having to manually configure the specific storage

manually configure the specific storage Hardware an application storage capacity

Hardware an application storage capacity can be managed without bringing the

can be managed without bringing the application

application down host-based virtualization is a form

down host-based virtualization is a form of storage virtualization that requires

of storage virtualization that requires software called a logical volume manager

software called a logical volume manager to be running in the host the logical

to be running in the host the logical volume manager is also referred to as

volume manager is also referred to as volume manager

volume manager and it is either available as part of

and it is either available as part of the operating system or as a separate

the operating system or as a separate product in the context of a logical

product in the context of a logical volume manager the physical storage is

volume manager the physical storage is referred to as physical

referred to as physical volumes the logical volume manager

volumes the logical volume manager Aggregates the physical storage into a

Aggregates the physical storage into a logical storage pool called a volume

logical storage pool called a volume group The Host sees a volume group as if

group The Host sees a volume group as if it were a physical hard

it were a physical hard disk the logical volume manager then

disk the logical volume manager then divides the volume group into one or

divides the volume group into one or more logical

more logical volumes the host sees a logical volume

volumes the host sees a logical volume as if it is a partition on the physical

as if it is a partition on the physical hard

hard disk the created logical volumes are

disk the created logical volumes are assigned to the host

assigned to the host applications the logical volume manager

applications the logical volume manager provides a virtualization layer that

provides a virtualization layer that Maps the physical drives to the pool of

Maps the physical drives to the pool of logical

logical storage we will explain this with the

storage we will explain this with the help of an

help of an example in our diagram we have four 500

example in our diagram we have four 500 GB physical disc drives or physical

GB physical disc drives or physical volumes that can either be directly

volumes that can either be directly attached to the host or these could be

attached to the host or these could be from a sand attached storage

from a sand attached storage array the logical volume manager or lvm

array the logical volume manager or lvm virtualizes the four 500 GB physical

virtualizes the four 500 GB physical disc drives into a single aggregated

disc drives into a single aggregated volume group of 2

volume group of 2 terabytes the volume group is then

terabytes the volume group is then divided into two one terabyte logical

divided into two one terabyte logical volumes these logical volumes with a

volumes these logical volumes with a file system on it will be presented to

file system on it will be presented to the

application so the logical volume manager creates one or more logical

manager creates one or more logical volumes by virtualizing the physical

volumes by virtualizing the physical storage available to the host either

storage available to the host either locally or from a San attached storage

locally or from a San attached storage array let's look at the features of the

array let's look at the features of the logical volume

logical volume manager the volume groups and the

manager the volume groups and the logical volume can be managed even when

logical volume can be managed even when the logical volume manager is used by

the logical volume manager is used by the

the host it is possible to move a logical

host it is possible to move a logical volume during runtime to a different

volume during runtime to a different physical

physical location it's possible to increase the

location it's possible to increase the storage of an existing logical volume

storage of an existing logical volume during

during runtime it's also possible to group

runtime it's also possible to group physical discs belonging to different

physical discs belonging to different storage subsystems into one volume

storage subsystems into one volume group logical volume manager is not

group logical volume manager is not dependent on any any particular storage

dependent on any any particular storage system and treats everything as

system and treats everything as storage now let's talk about storage

storage now let's talk about storage controller based

controller based virtualization in this type of storage

virtualization in this type of storage virtualization the storage array that

virtualization the storage array that provides controller-based storage

provides controller-based storage virtualization has several heterogeneous

virtualization has several heterogeneous storage arrays connected to its

storage arrays connected to its controllers as a result the storage

controllers as a result the storage array receives external storage which it

array receives external storage which it manages just like its own storage drives

the storage controller presents the external storage to the host as if it

external storage to the host as if it belonged to this storage

array this type of virtualization is block-based hence it works with

block-based hence it works with block-based logical

block-based logical units we will explain the storage

units we will explain the storage controller based virtualization with the

controller based virtualization with the help of an

help of an example in the diagram we have two

example in the diagram we have two storage arrays whose storage needs to be

storage arrays whose storage needs to be virtualized

virtualized we have a few logical units configured

we have a few logical units configured on each of these storage

on each of these storage arrays in the center of our diagram we

arrays in the center of our diagram we have the storage array with controllers

have the storage array with controllers that are capable of virtualizing the

that are capable of virtualizing the other storage

other storage arrays the storage arrays from vendor a

arrays the storage arrays from vendor a and vendor B are connected to the

and vendor B are connected to the virtualization controllers of the

virtualization controllers of the storage array that is at the

storage array that is at the center this results in the storage of

center this results in the storage of storage arrays being presented to the

storage arrays being presented to the virtualization controllers which turn

virtualization controllers which turn virtualizes them into a pool of logical

virtualizes them into a pool of logical storage the virtualization controller

storage the virtualization controller then creates The Logical units from the

then creates The Logical units from the pool of logical storage and presents it

pool of logical storage and presents it to the host as if it belonged to this

to the host as if it belonged to this storage

storage array so that's controller-based storage

array so that's controller-based storage virtualization now let's look at the

virtualization now let's look at the benefits of controller-based storage

benefits of controller-based storage virtualization it simplifies the

virtualization it simplifies the management of heterogeneous storage

management of heterogeneous storage arrays by consolidating management

arrays by consolidating management replication and availability

replication and availability tools the Enterprise storage array that

tools the Enterprise storage array that provides controller-based storage

provides controller-based storage virtualization can offer its features

virtualization can offer its features such as replication partition migration

such as replication partition migration and thin provisioning to the virtualized

and thin provisioning to the virtualized storage

arrays the Enterprise storage array with virtualization embedded in its

virtualization embedded in its controller has a large cache that can

controller has a large cache that can increase the performance of the external

increase the performance of the external storage attached to

storage attached to it controller-based storage

it controller-based storage virtualization helps in non-disruptive

virtualization helps in non-disruptive migration of data without any

migration of data without any application

application downtime now let's talk about virtual

downtime now let's talk about virtual provisioning virtual provisioning allows

provisioning virtual provisioning allows a logical unit to exhibit more capacity

a logical unit to exhibit more capacity to the host as opposed to its actual

to the host as opposed to its actual allocated physical storage capacity on

allocated physical storage capacity on the storage array

the storage array the physical storage capacity is

the physical storage capacity is allocated on demand based on the actual

allocated on demand based on the actual need of the

need of the application virtual provisioning allows

application virtual provisioning allows for over subscription on the storage

for over subscription on the storage array by presenting applications with

array by presenting applications with more storage capacity than is physically

more storage capacity than is physically available on the storage

array virtual provisioning is much more than thin provisioning because it

than thin provisioning because it includes tools for management and

includes tools for management and monitoring of logical units

monitoring of logical units the benefits of virtual provisioning are

the benefits of virtual provisioning are that it increases storage

that it increases storage utilization improves performance and

utilization improves performance and simplifies storage management when

simplifies storage management when increasing

increasing capacity and that brings us to the end

capacity and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you

of this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about storage

storage virtualization we started by looking at

virtualization we started by looking at what storage virtualization is and then

what storage virtualization is and then we looked at the benefits of storage

we looked at the benefits of storage virtualization

virtualization next we looked at a form of storage

next we looked at a form of storage virtualization called host-based

virtualization called host-based virtualization host-based virtualization

virtualization host-based virtualization requires software called a logical

requires software called a logical volume manager or

volume manager or lvm and we saw how lvm works and then we

lvm and we saw how lvm works and then we looked at the features of the logical

looked at the features of the logical volume manager after that we looked at

volume manager after that we looked at storage controller based virtualization

storage controller based virtualization and the benefits of it next we looked at

and the benefits of it next we looked at virtual provisioning and then we

virtual provisioning and then we compared virtu ual provisioning with

compared virtu ual provisioning with thin

thin provisioning lastly we looked at the

provisioning lastly we looked at the benefits of virtual

benefits of virtual provisioning in the next lesson you will

provisioning in the next lesson you will learn about the monitoring and alerting

learn about the monitoring and alerting capabilities needed to manage the

capabilities needed to manage the storage

storage infrastructure thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit 5 monitoring and

and alerting in this lesson you will learn

alerting in this lesson you will learn about the monitoring and alerting

about the monitoring and alerting capabilities needed to manage the

capabilities needed to manage the storage

infrastructure we're going to start by looking at the need for monitoring and

looking at the need for monitoring and alerting

alerting capabilities and then we will talk about

capabilities and then we will talk about monitoring ing after that we will look

monitoring ing after that we will look at trending and

at trending and forecasting and then we will look at

forecasting and then we will look at capacity

capacity planning next we will look at what

planning next we will look at what alerting is and then we will look at the

alerting is and then we will look at the types of

types of alerting these are critical Alert

alerting these are critical Alert warning alert and information

warning alert and information alert we will also talk about the

alert we will also talk about the alerting methods and these are SNMP

alerting methods and these are SNMP traps email SMS and call home

traps email SMS and call home option after that we will talk about the

option after that we will talk about the audit log and then we will talk about

audit log and then we will talk about the role of network time protocol in

the role of network time protocol in audit

audit logging we will also talk about the

logging we will also talk about the advantages and importance of audit

advantages and importance of audit logs next we will talk about CIS log and

logs next we will talk about CIS log and lastly we will talk about the benefits

lastly we will talk about the benefits of CIS

of CIS log now let's look at the need for

log now let's look at the need for monitoring and alerting capabilities

monitoring and alerting capabilities we need monitoring and alerting

we need monitoring and alerting capabilities to address common concerns

capabilities to address common concerns such as the following how can we

such as the following how can we identify if the performance issue is

identify if the performance issue is because of

because of storage or how can we identify the

storage or how can we identify the storage bottlenecks before they slow

storage bottlenecks before they slow down the

down the applications or how can we better

applications or how can we better understand the storage need of the

organization monitoring data growth is essential for ensuring that applications

essential for ensuring that applications don't run out of disc capacity

without the ability to monitor the storage capacity the storage

storage capacity the storage administrators would not know when to

administrators would not know when to provision the new

diss this problem is addressed by the use of trend reports provided by the

use of trend reports provided by the storage management tools that forecast

storage management tools that forecast disk

utilization trending is the analysis of data to discover recognizable patterns

data to discover recognizable patterns that indicate a particular type of

that indicate a particular type of behavior

behavior forecasting is the prediction based on

forecasting is the prediction based on those patterns on how a particular

those patterns on how a particular Behavior will impact the

business depending on the historic and current storage usage Trends storage

current storage usage Trends storage administrators can forecast the future

administrators can forecast the future storage needs of a

storage needs of a business let's explain this with the

business let's explain this with the help of an

help of an example on the slide you can see a

example on the slide you can see a monthly Trend report which depicts the

monthly Trend report which depicts the monthly storage use and the total

monthly storage use and the total availab capacity in

gigabytes the Blue Line shows the monthly storage consumption and the

monthly storage consumption and the purple line shows the total available

capacity the Blue Line shows a trend and to be specific it is trending

to be specific it is trending upwards this means that the storage

upwards this means that the storage consumption is increasing on a

consumption is increasing on a month-to-month

month-to-month basis now if we want to know how much

basis now if we want to know how much storage space should be allocated in the

storage space should be allocated in the month of

month of December then we can add a trending line

December then we can add a trending line based on the previous month's

based on the previous month's data as you can see in the graph the

data as you can see in the graph the trending line allows us to forecast that

trending line allows us to forecast that a storage capacity of 80 GB is likely to

a storage capacity of 80 GB is likely to be used in the month of

be used in the month of December this report allows the storage

December this report allows the storage administrator to track the storage usage

administrator to track the storage usage against the total storage

against the total storage capacity the next step after trending

capacity the next step after trending and forecasting is capacity planning

and forecasting is capacity planning in capacity planning we allocate storage

in capacity planning we allocate storage capacity to satisfy the current and

capacity to satisfy the current and future needs of the

future needs of the business now we will talk about

business now we will talk about alerting while monitoring the storage

alerting while monitoring the storage infrastructure we want certain

infrastructure we want certain conditions to be brought to our

conditions to be brought to our notice alerting is a mechanism that

notice alerting is a mechanism that notifies the designated users upon the

notifies the designated users upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of an

occurrence or non-occurrence of an event the notification so triggered is

event the notification so triggered is called an alert for example when storage

called an alert for example when storage allocation or utilization reaches a

allocation or utilization reaches a predefined threshold the designated

predefined threshold the designated users are notified about

users are notified about it based on the severity of the

it based on the severity of the situation alerts can be categorized into

situation alerts can be categorized into three types critical Alert warning alert

three types critical Alert warning alert and information

and information alert a critical alert is one that needs

alert a critical alert is one that needs to be addressed immediately because it

to be addressed immediately because it may negatively affect the business for

may negatively affect the business for example

example a storage array that is running out of

a storage array that is running out of capacity requires immediate

capacity requires immediate action a warning alert is one that needs

action a warning alert is one that needs to be addressed but not

to be addressed but not immediately for example when a disk

immediately for example when a disk drive is running low on dis space it can

drive is running low on dis space it can be addressed at a later time but should

be addressed at a later time but should be addressed before it becomes

be addressed before it becomes critical an information alert is one

critical an information alert is one that doesn't require any action for

that doesn't require any action for example if a backup is successful it

example if a backup is successful it triggers an information alert

triggers an information alert now let's talk about the alerting

now let's talk about the alerting methods alerting is commonly done

methods alerting is commonly done through the following SNMP traps email

through the following SNMP traps email SMS and using the call home

SMS and using the call home option SNMP stands for simple Network

option SNMP stands for simple Network management protocol it is an application

management protocol it is an application layer protocol meant for exchanging

layer protocol meant for exchanging management data between the devices on a

management data between the devices on a network it is specifically used to

network it is specifically used to Monitor and manage devices on the networ

Monitor and manage devices on the networ Network such as routers switches servers

Network such as routers switches servers storage arrays and so

storage arrays and so on and SNMP implementation consists of

on and SNMP implementation consists of the following a managed device SNMP

the following a managed device SNMP agent and SNMP manager a manage device

agent and SNMP manager a manage device is the device on the network that

is the device on the network that requires some kind of monitoring and

requires some kind of monitoring and management for example a managed device

management for example a managed device could be a storage

could be a storage array an SNMP agent is a program that

array an SNMP agent is a program that runs on the managed device SNMP collects

runs on the managed device SNMP collects information from the device and sends it

information from the device and sends it to the SNMP manager an SNMP manager is

to the SNMP manager an SNMP manager is typically a computer that runs a network

typically a computer that runs a network management system it communicates with

management system it communicates with the SNMP

the SNMP agent management information base or Mi

agent management information base or Mi is a database maintained by an SNMP

is a database maintained by an SNMP agent it contains the information about

agent it contains the information about the managed device which is shared by

the managed device which is shared by both the SNMP agent and the SNMP

both the SNMP agent and the SNMP manager SNMP is typically enabled in a

manager SNMP is typically enabled in a storage

storage system whenever a specific event occurs

system whenever a specific event occurs in the storage system the SNMP agent

in the storage system the SNMP agent running on it will notify the SNMP

running on it will notify the SNMP manager by sending a

manager by sending a message since this message is said to

message since this message is said to trap an event it is called an SNMP

trap an event it is called an SNMP trap when the SNMP manager receives the

trap when the SNMP manager receives the event it takes action depending on the

event it takes action depending on the event in email and SMS alerting methods

event in email and SMS alerting methods when an event for which we had

when an event for which we had configured the alert occurs the device

configured the alert occurs the device will send out an email or SMS to the

will send out an email or SMS to the designated

designated users the call home alerting method

users the call home alerting method refers to the ability of some high-end

refers to the ability of some high-end storage arrays to send encrypted email

storage arrays to send encrypted email alerts to the vendor support center

alerts to the vendor support center using SSL to notify of the Fall

using SSL to notify of the Fall now we will talk about the audit log

now we will talk about the audit log audit logs provide a comprehensive

audit logs provide a comprehensive history on a user's activity such as the

history on a user's activity such as the time of access and the changes made by

time of access and the changes made by the user on the applications and

devices since the activities are tracked against date and time it is necessary to

against date and time it is necessary to use a reliable and trusted time Source

use a reliable and trusted time Source such as the network time protocol or ntp

such as the network time protocol or ntp service

service the ntp service can be configured on

the ntp service can be configured on each system to regularly synchronize

each system to regularly synchronize with the date and time of a common ntp

with the date and time of a common ntp server so that all the systems run with

server so that all the systems run with the same date and time let's look at the

the same date and time let's look at the advantages of using audit

advantages of using audit logs audit logs help administrators to

logs audit logs help administrators to find out about any suspicious activity

find out about any suspicious activity on the network or on the

system audit logs provide the information necessary to validate the

information necessary to validate the enforcement of security

enforcement of security policies audit logs provide the

policies audit logs provide the information necessary for root cause

information necessary for root cause analysis after a security

analysis after a security incident some audit logs such as those

incident some audit logs such as those related to security events must be

related to security events must be protected from unauthorized access since

protected from unauthorized access since they can be tampered with or

they can be tampered with or deleted in addition to that audit logs

deleted in addition to that audit logs can also be protected from incidents

can also be protected from incidents such as device failures by implementing

such as device failures by implementing cross-platform logging Solutions solons

cross-platform logging Solutions solons such as CIS

such as CIS log CIS log is a protocol for exchanging

log CIS log is a protocol for exchanging log

log messages it can be used by the devices

messages it can be used by the devices on the network to move audit logs to a

on the network to move audit logs to a central logging server called a Cy log

central logging server called a Cy log server Cy log allows the consolidation

server Cy log allows the consolidation of audit logs from multiple devices into

of audit logs from multiple devices into a single

a single place and that brings us to the end of

place and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you

this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this lesson in this

have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learn learned about the

lesson you learn learned about the monitoring and alerting capabilities

monitoring and alerting capabilities needed to manage the storage

needed to manage the storage infrastructure we started by looking at

infrastructure we started by looking at the need for monitoring and alerting

the need for monitoring and alerting capabilities and then we talked about

capabilities and then we talked about monitoring after that we looked at

monitoring after that we looked at trending and forcasting and then we

trending and forcasting and then we looked at capacity

looked at capacity planning next we looked at what alerting

planning next we looked at what alerting is and then we looked at the types of

is and then we looked at the types of alerting these are critical Alert

alerting these are critical Alert warning alert and information alert

warning alert and information alert we also talked about the alerting

we also talked about the alerting methods these are SNMP traps email SMS

methods these are SNMP traps email SMS and call home

and call home option after that we talked about the

option after that we talked about the audit log and then we talked about the

audit log and then we talked about the role of network time protocol in audit

logging we also talked about the advantages and importance of audit

advantages and importance of audit logs next we talked about CIS log and

logs next we talked about CIS log and lastly we talked about the benefits of

lastly we talked about the benefits of CIS

CIS log in the next lesson you will learn

about storage performance thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit one storage performance in this lesson you will

performance in this lesson you will learn about storage

learn about storage performance we're going to start by

performance we're going to start by looking at what storage performance is

looking at what storage performance is and then we will look at basic terms

and then we will look at basic terms used in storage

used in storage performance these are Io Io request

performance these are Io Io request sequential

sequential IO random IO throughput and latency

IO random IO throughput and latency next we will look at what a cach is and

next we will look at what a cach is and then we will look at the types of cach

then we will look at the types of cach these are volatile cache and

these are volatile cache and non-volatile

non-volatile cach after that we will talk about the

cach after that we will talk about the right operations to cach the right

right operations to cach the right operation to Cache is done in two ways

operation to Cache is done in two ways these are right back and right

these are right back and right through we will also look at read

through we will also look at read operation using cache and specifically

operation using cache and specifically we will look at Cash hit and cash Miss

we will look at Cash hit and cash Miss situations next we will look at storage

situations next we will look at storage tiering and the purpose of storage

tiering and the purpose of storage tiering after that we will look at the

tiering after that we will look at the types of storage taring and these are

types of storage taring and these are manual storage tiering and automatic

manual storage tiering and automatic storage

storage tearing we will also talk about an

tearing we will also talk about an automatic storage teering solution

automatic storage teering solution called hierarchical storage management

called hierarchical storage management or

or HSM next we will look at what a storage

HSM next we will look at what a storage profile is and then we will look at what

profile is and then we will look at what a partition is after that we will talk

a partition is after that we will talk about clusters and then we will talk

about clusters and then we will talk about partition alignment we'll also

about partition alignment we'll also talk about file fragmentation and

talk about file fragmentation and defragmentation next we will look at

defragmentation next we will look at what baselining is and lastly we will

what baselining is and lastly we will look at the advantages of

look at the advantages of baselining now we will look at what

baselining now we will look at what storage performance

storage performance is storage performance is a measure of

is storage performance is a measure of how effectively a storage device

how effectively a storage device operates

operates it deals with the I/O performance of a

it deals with the I/O performance of a storage

storage device let's look at a few basic terms

device let's look at a few basic terms that are used when talking about storage

that are used when talking about storage performance IO stands for input output

performance IO stands for input output which could be a write or read

which could be a write or read operation IO request an IO request is

operation IO request an IO request is the request by an application to read or

the request by an application to read or write a certain quantity of

write a certain quantity of data sequential IO blocks of IO requests

data sequential IO blocks of IO requests that are consecutively read or

that are consecutively read or written random IO blocks of IO requests

written random IO blocks of IO requests that are randomly read or

that are randomly read or written we will see how latency and

written we will see how latency and throughput impact storage

throughput impact storage performance throughput is the rate at

performance throughput is the rate at which the data is delivered by a storage

which the data is delivered by a storage device there are two ways in which

device there are two ways in which throughput is measured IO rate and data

throughput is measured IO rate and data rate IO rate is normally used for

rate IO rate is normally used for applications such as trans transaction

applications such as trans transaction processing in which IO requests are

processing in which IO requests are small it is measured in IO operations

small it is measured in IO operations per

per second data rate is normally used for

second data rate is normally used for applications such as scientific

applications such as scientific applications in which IO requests are

applications in which IO requests are large it's measured in megabytes per

large it's measured in megabytes per second latency is the time taken to

second latency is the time taken to complete an IO request it's also called

complete an IO request it's also called response time it's measured in

response time it's measured in milliseconds

milliseconds now let's talk about storage

now let's talk about storage cache cache is a semiconductor-based

cache cache is a semiconductor-based memory it temporarily stores data to

memory it temporarily stores data to reduce the time taken to service the

reduce the time taken to service the application's io

application's io requests we know that a disk drive is

requests we know that a disk drive is the slowest component of a

the slowest component of a computer being mechanical in nature the

computer being mechanical in nature the read write operations on a dis will

read write operations on a dis will normally take a few milliseconds so

normally take a few milliseconds so there will be a delay in servicing an IO

there will be a delay in servicing an IO in other words the response time or

in other words the response time or latency will be

latency will be high on the contrary accessing data from

high on the contrary accessing data from a cache for read write operations is

a cache for read write operations is faster than accessing it from

faster than accessing it from diss this is because a cache is

diss this is because a cache is semiconductor-based memory and accessing

semiconductor-based memory and accessing data doesn't involve seek time and

data doesn't involve seek time and rotational latency as in

rotational latency as in diss when an application has a right

diss when an application has a right request the right data is placed in the

request the right data is placed in the cache and then written to the disk

cache and then written to the disk the application receives an

the application receives an acknowledgement as soon as the right

acknowledgement as soon as the right data is placed in the

data is placed in the cache from the application perspective

cache from the application perspective the right operation is

the right operation is complete the advantage of buffering the

complete the advantage of buffering the right data to the cache is that the host

right data to the cache is that the host computer doesn't have to wait until the

computer doesn't have to wait until the data is actually written to the disk

data is actually written to the disk similarly to serve the read request of

similarly to serve the read request of an application the data that will be

an application the data that will be read again is placed in

read again is placed in Cache the advantage of buffering the

Cache the advantage of buffering the read data is that the host computer

read data is that the host computer doesn't have to repeatedly access the

doesn't have to repeatedly access the data from the disk hence cach increases

data from the disk hence cach increases the io performances of storage devices

the io performances of storage devices by reducing the response time to access

by reducing the response time to access the

data cash can be divided into two types volatile cach and nonvolatile

volatile cach and nonvolatile cach in volatile cache data is retained

cach in volatile cache data is retained as long as there is

as long as there is power in the event of a power outage

power in the event of a power outage data in the volatile cach will be

data in the volatile cach will be lost this type of cach is only good for

lost this type of cach is only good for reads and non-critical

reads and non-critical rights in non-volatile cach data is

rights in non-volatile cach data is retained even when there is no power in

retained even when there is no power in the event of a power outage data in the

the event of a power outage data in the nonvolatile cache will not be lost it is

nonvolatile cache will not be lost it is referred to as battery-backed right

referred to as battery-backed right cache this type of cache is good for

cache this type of cache is good for reads and

reads and writes now let's talk about the right

writes now let's talk about the right operation to cache in

operation to cache in detail the right operation to a cache is

detail the right operation to a cache is done in two ways right back and right

done in two ways right back and right through in the right back approach

through in the right back approach whenever an incoming right from the host

whenever an incoming right from the host computer is placed in the cache an

computer is placed in the cache an acknowledgement is sent to the host

acknowledgement is sent to the host computer without waiting for the data to

computer without waiting for the data to be written to the hard disk at a later

be written to the hard disk at a later time after several wrs the data of the

time after several wrs the data of the cache is deaged to the disk

cache is deaged to the disk in this approach the response time is

in this approach the response time is faster because the right operation is

faster because the right operation is not affected by the mechanical delays of

not affected by the mechanical delays of a

a disc the risk of losing data is high

disc the risk of losing data is high when there is a cash

when there is a cash failure in the right through approach

failure in the right through approach whenever an incoming right from the host

whenever an incoming right from the host computer is placed in the cache it is

computer is placed in the cache it is immediately written to the hard disk and

immediately written to the hard disk and then an acknowledgement is sent to the

then an acknowledgement is sent to the host in this approach the response time

host in this approach the response time is longer because because the right

is longer because because the right operation is affected by the mechanical

operation is affected by the mechanical delays of the

delays of the disc there is a low risk of losing data

disc there is a low risk of losing data when there is a cache failure because

when there is a cache failure because data is written to the disk as soon as

data is written to the disk as soon as it

it arrives now let's talk about the read

arrives now let's talk about the read operation to cache in

operation to cache in detail whenever a host computer requests

detail whenever a host computer requests access to data the cache is first

access to data the cache is first checked to see if the data is

checked to see if the data is available if the data is available in

available if the data is available in cach then it is retrieved and sent to

cach then it is retrieved and sent to the host this situation is called cach

the host this situation is called cach hit on the other hand if the data is not

hit on the other hand if the data is not available in Cache then it must be

available in Cache then it must be accessed from the disk the retriev data

accessed from the disk the retriev data is placed in the cache and then sent to

is placed in the cache and then sent to the host this situation is called Cash

the host this situation is called Cash Miss now let's talk about Storage

Miss now let's talk about Storage tiering storage taring is the method of

tiering storage taring is the method of storing data on different types of

storing data on different types of storage media based on the criticality

storage media based on the criticality and usage frequency of the data

in tiered storage the tiers represent the allocation of different types of

the allocation of different types of storage media based on how fast the data

storage media based on how fast the data needs to be accessed by the system for

needs to be accessed by the system for example in a three- tiered storage

example in a three- tiered storage system the top tier can represent the

system the top tier can represent the allocation of SSD drives to highly

allocation of SSD drives to highly accessed data the middle tier can

accessed data the middle tier can represent the allocation of dis drives

represent the allocation of dis drives to the less access

to the less access data and the bottom tier can represent

data and the bottom tier can represent the allocation of tape drives to the

the allocation of tape drives to the rarely accessed

rarely accessed data normally the high performing

data normally the high performing storage media will be on the tier that

storage media will be on the tier that provides a quick access to the highly

provides a quick access to the highly accessed

accessed data the remaining tiers will be

data the remaining tiers will be categorized based on the performance

categorized based on the performance requirement of the

requirement of the data and the rarely accessed data will

data and the rarely accessed data will be stored on a tier with the slowed

be stored on a tier with the slowed storage

storage media storage tiering is primarily done

media storage tiering is primarily done to reduce the cost associated with

to reduce the cost associated with storing the data because the high

storing the data because the high performance storage media is very

performance storage media is very expensive compared to the slower storage

expensive compared to the slower storage media there are two types of storage

media there are two types of storage tiering manual storage tiering and

tiering manual storage tiering and automatic storage

automatic storage tiering in manual storage tiering data

tiering in manual storage tiering data is manually moved to different types of

is manually moved to different types of storage media based on its criticality

storage media based on its criticality and usage

and usage frequency this process is labor

frequency this process is labor intensive and the the administrator has

intensive and the the administrator has to keep track of where the data was

to keep track of where the data was moved so that it can be made available

moved so that it can be made available when

when needed in automatic storage tiering the

needed in automatic storage tiering the administrator defines the policies and

administrator defines the policies and priorities that govern what data resides

priorities that govern what data resides in which tier and the system

in which tier and the system automatically moves the data to the

automatically moves the data to the relevant tiers without any human

relevant tiers without any human intervention hierarchical storage

intervention hierarchical storage management or HSM is an automatic

management or HSM is an automatic storage tiering solution that was

storage tiering solution that was developed veled by IBM in the early

developed veled by IBM in the early 1980s the HSM system will scan the data

1980s the HSM system will scan the data and find files that have not been

and find files that have not been accessed for some time then it will

accessed for some time then it will automatically move them to a lower tier

automatically move them to a lower tier of storage media such as tape this

of storage media such as tape this migration of data is not visible to the

migration of data is not visible to the user in place of the moved files small

user in place of the moved files small stubs which have internal pointers to

stubs which have internal pointers to the actual files on the tape are

the actual files on the tape are created these stubs look like the actual

created these stubs look like the actual file and if a user tries to access them

file and if a user tries to access them then the actual files will be

then the actual files will be automatically retrieved from the

automatically retrieved from the tape this recall of files may take

tape this recall of files may take several minutes as it involves mounting

several minutes as it involves mounting the tape positioning it and copying the

the tape positioning it and copying the files back to the

files back to the dis when we talk about storage

dis when we talk about storage performance it's necessary to mention

performance it's necessary to mention storage

storage profile a storage profile is what

profile a storage profile is what defines the storage performance

defines the storage performance characteristics such such as raid level

characteristics such such as raid level stripe size segment size and dedicated

stripe size segment size and dedicated hot

hot spare the default configuration of a

spare the default configuration of a storage system typically uses the

storage system typically uses the default storage profile that provides

default storage profile that provides balanced access to storage however

balanced access to storage however depending on the io requirements of the

depending on the io requirements of the applications using the storage a storage

applications using the storage a storage profile with different performance

profile with different performance characteristics can be selected or

characteristics can be selected or created by a custom storage

created by a custom storage profile now let's talk about partitions

profile now let's talk about partitions and its impact on storage

and its impact on storage performance a partition is an operating

performance a partition is an operating system concept of making a single

system concept of making a single physical hard dis Drive function as

physical hard dis Drive function as multiple logical dis drives for example

multiple logical dis drives for example on a computer with the Windows operating

on a computer with the Windows operating system a single physical hard dis Drive

system a single physical hard dis Drive can be partitioned into multiple logical

can be partitioned into multiple logical dis drives such as c d e and so

dis drives such as c d e and so on the point is that a single phys iCal

on the point is that a single phys iCal hard dis Drive can have multiple

hard dis Drive can have multiple partitions each such partition is a

partitions each such partition is a logical dis drive that can have its own

logical dis drive that can have its own file

file system for example we can have the C

system for example we can have the C drive with a Windows File system that

drive with a Windows File system that can boot into a Windows operating

can boot into a Windows operating system on the same physical hard disk

system on the same physical hard disk drive we can also have the E drive with

drive we can also have the E drive with the ex2 file system that has the ability

the ex2 file system that has the ability to boot into a Linux operating

to boot into a Linux operating system a cluster size is deced decided

system a cluster size is deced decided when a partition is formatted by the

when a partition is formatted by the operating system it can be expressed in

operating system it can be expressed in sectors for example if the sector size

sectors for example if the sector size of a physical hard dis Drive is 512

of a physical hard dis Drive is 512 bytes then a 4 kilobyte cluster will

bytes then a 4 kilobyte cluster will have eight

have eight sectors one of the factors that affect

sectors one of the factors that affect the storage performance is the Omission

the storage performance is the Omission to do a partition alignment on the

to do a partition alignment on the discs a partition is said to be

discs a partition is said to be misaligned when its clusters are not

misaligned when its clusters are not aligned with the sectors of the physical

aligned with the sectors of the physical hard disk

hard disk drive so when an application tries to

drive so when an application tries to access the data it may not be in the

access the data it may not be in the location where it is supposed to be

location where it is supposed to be because of a

because of a misalignment as a result additional read

misalignment as a result additional read write operations are involved to access

write operations are involved to access the data which degrades the storage

performance now let's talk about how file fragmentation affects the storage

file fragmentation affects the storage performance by causing additional IO

performance by causing additional IO operations

operations file fragmentation refers to a

file fragmentation refers to a phenomenon in which the data of a file

phenomenon in which the data of a file is stored in non-contiguous clusters in

is stored in non-contiguous clusters in the file

the file system this happens when the system

system this happens when the system cannot allocate contigous disk space to

cannot allocate contigous disk space to store an entire

store an entire file when a file is not contiguously

file when a file is not contiguously stored on a disk the data in the file

stored on a disk the data in the file cannot be easily located in consecutive

cannot be easily located in consecutive clusters this affects I/O performance

clusters this affects I/O performance because to access data from different

because to access data from different locations on the dis additional seek

locations on the dis additional seek time and rotational latency is

time and rotational latency is involved defragmentation is done to

involved defragmentation is done to reduce the fragmentation by reorganizing

reduce the fragmentation by reorganizing the data that makes up the

the data that makes up the file next we will talk about

file next we will talk about baselining a baseline is the initial

baselining a baseline is the initial measurement of a metric such as iops

measurement of a metric such as iops that can be continuously monitored to

that can be continuously monitored to check if anything has

check if anything has changed baselining is the method of

changed baselining is the method of analyzing current storage per

analyzing current storage per performance against a

performance against a baseline baselining can be of great

baseline baselining can be of great value when it comes to identifying the

value when it comes to identifying the cause of

cause of problems the only way to know if storage

problems the only way to know if storage is performing as expected is to capture

is performing as expected is to capture the performance metrics when the storage

the performance metrics when the storage is functioning properly at a later time

is functioning properly at a later time during troubleshooting storage

during troubleshooting storage administrators can compare this data

administrators can compare this data with the data gathered when the storage

with the data gathered when the storage performance started

deteriorating baselines are also used to identify Trends such as storage usage

identify Trends such as storage usage over a period of

over a period of time and that brings us to the end of

time and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you

this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about storage

storage performance we started by looking at

performance we started by looking at what storage performance was and then we

what storage performance was and then we looked at the basic terms used in

looked at the basic terms used in storage performance these are Io Io

storage performance these are Io Io request sequential IO random IO

request sequential IO random IO throughput and

throughput and latency next we looked at what a cach is

latency next we looked at what a cach is and then we looked at the types of cach

and then we looked at the types of cach these are volatile cach and non-volatile

these are volatile cach and non-volatile cach after that we talked about the

cach after that we talked about the right operations to

right operations to Cache the right operations to Cache are

Cache the right operations to Cache are done in two ways these are right back

done in two ways these are right back and right through

and right through operation we also looked at read

operation we also looked at read operation using cache and in specific

operation using cache and in specific we looked at Cash hit and cash Miss

we looked at Cash hit and cash Miss situations next we looked at storage

situations next we looked at storage taring and then we looked at the purpose

taring and then we looked at the purpose of storage

of storage tearing after that we looked at the

tearing after that we looked at the types of storage tearing these are

types of storage tearing these are manual storage teering and automatic

manual storage teering and automatic storage

storage taring we also talked about an automatic

taring we also talked about an automatic storage taring solution called

storage taring solution called hierarchical storage management or

hierarchical storage management or HSM next we looked at what a storage

HSM next we looked at what a storage profile is and then we looked at what a

profile is and then we looked at what a partition

partition is after that we talked about clusters

is after that we talked about clusters and then we talked about partition

and then we talked about partition alignment we also talked about file

alignment we also talked about file fragmentation and

fragmentation and defragmentation next we looked at what

defragmentation next we looked at what baselining is and lastly we looked at

baselining is and lastly we looked at the advantages of

the advantages of baselining in the next lesson you will

baselining in the next lesson you will learn how to identify and resolve common

learn how to identify and resolve common problems in FC San thank you for

problems in FC San thank you for watching

hello and welcome to unit one FC sand troubleshooting in this lesson you will

troubleshooting in this lesson you will learn how to identify and resolve common

learn how to identify and resolve common problems in FC

problems in FC San we're going to start by looking at

San we're going to start by looking at what troubleshooting is and then we'll

what troubleshooting is and then we'll see how to troubleshoot problems next we

see how to troubleshoot problems next we will talk about troubleshooting in the

will talk about troubleshooting in the FC San

FC San environment when we cover

environment when we cover troubleshooting in FC San we will look

troubleshooting in FC San we will look at troubleshooting associated with the

at troubleshooting associated with the Fiber Optic Cables we will also look at

Fiber Optic Cables we will also look at the distances supported by fiber optic

the distances supported by fiber optic cables and in specific we will look at

cables and in specific we will look at the categories of multimode fibers that

the categories of multimode fibers that support different speeds and

support different speeds and distances after that we will talk about

distances after that we will talk about troubleshooting fiber channel switches

troubleshooting fiber channel switches and then we will look at troubleshooting

and then we will look at troubleshooting the host bus adapters while talking

the host bus adapters while talking about troubleshooting host bus adapters

about troubleshooting host bus adapters we will look at troubleshooting the

we will look at troubleshooting the problems associated with a failed HBA

problems associated with a failed HBA HBA dropping links between a server and

HBA dropping links between a server and an FC switch and a corrupted HBA

an FC switch and a corrupted HBA driver next we will talk about

driver next we will talk about troubleshooting the storage arrays and

troubleshooting the storage arrays and then we will talk about troubleshooting

then we will talk about troubleshooting the servers we'll also look at

the servers we'll also look at troubleshooting the problems associated

troubleshooting the problems associated with zoning and then we'll look at what

with zoning and then we'll look at what FCP is lastly we will look at a few

FCP is lastly we will look at a few troubleshooting

troubleshooting scenarios now let's look at what

scenarios now let's look at what troubleshooting is troubleshooting is

troubleshooting is troubleshooting is all about analyzing and solving

all about analyzing and solving problems the best thing to do is not to

problems the best thing to do is not to let the problem happen in the first

let the problem happen in the first place as the old saying goes prevention

place as the old saying goes prevention is better than the Cure so it's

is better than the Cure so it's recommended to do things right the first

recommended to do things right the first time we do them for example a new server

time we do them for example a new server may not connect to the storage because

may not connect to the storage because of an incorrect Zone

of an incorrect Zone configuration getting the Zone

configuration getting the Zone configuration right the first time saves

configuration right the first time saves the time and frustration involved in

the time and frustration involved in troubleshooting the issue an important

troubleshooting the issue an important thing about troubleshooting is that we

thing about troubleshooting is that we should know how things work correctly in

should know how things work correctly in an environment before we try to figure

an environment before we try to figure out what went wrong a logical

out what went wrong a logical step-by-step approach in troubleshooting

step-by-step approach in troubleshooting helps eliminate the possible causes in

helps eliminate the possible causes in order to identify the exact cause of the

order to identify the exact cause of the issue when the exact cause of the

issue when the exact cause of the problem is known the problem becomes

problem is known the problem becomes easy to fix in a fiber channel sand all

easy to fix in a fiber channel sand all the components involved should work

the components involved should work together properly if a server has to

together properly if a server has to access the storage in the storage

access the storage in the storage array so if a server is not able to

array so if a server is not able to access the storage then there is a

access the storage then there is a chance the problem could lie with one or

chance the problem could lie with one or more components of the FC San let's look

more components of the FC San let's look at troubleshooting of FC San components

at troubleshooting of FC San components we will start with fiber optic cable a

we will start with fiber optic cable a faulty fiber optic cable cannot

faulty fiber optic cable cannot transport data if the LEDs next to the

transport data if the LEDs next to the port where the fiber optic cable is

port where the fiber optic cable is plugged in don't light up then the

plugged in don't light up then the following options could be the problem

following options could be the problem the cable is not plugged in properly at

the cable is not plugged in properly at both ends or the cable is

both ends or the cable is broken so if the led doesn't light up

broken so if the led doesn't light up even after the fiber optic cable is

even after the fiber optic cable is plugged into the port then the problem

plugged into the port then the problem could be with the cable but what if the

could be with the cable but what if the port itself is not

port itself is not working so it is recommended to check

working so it is recommended to check the cable by plugging the cable into the

the cable by plugging the cable into the port that is working if the LED next to

port that is working if the LED next to the port still doesn't glow then the

the port still doesn't glow then the problem is with the fiber optic

problem is with the fiber optic cable when troubleshooting never look

cable when troubleshooting never look into the ends of a fiber optic cable as

into the ends of a fiber optic cable as the light coming out of it could damage

the light coming out of it could damage your

your eyes when connecting two devices such as

eyes when connecting two devices such as a server's HBA and a switch using a

a server's HBA and a switch using a fiber optic cable the transmit or TX

fiber optic cable the transmit or TX port at one end should always be

port at one end should always be connected to the the receive or RX port

connected to the the receive or RX port at the opposite end for example the

at the opposite end for example the connection from the server's HBA to a

connection from the server's HBA to a switch Port should be from the transmit

switch Port should be from the transmit port to the receive port and the receive

port to the receive port and the receive port to the transmit Port as shown in

port to the transmit Port as shown in the

the diagram if the cable is connected the

diagram if the cable is connected the other way around such as transmit port

other way around such as transmit port to transmit Port then there will be no

to transmit Port then there will be no connectivity and the switch Port will

connectivity and the switch Port will show no

show no connection we know that multimode fibers

connection we know that multimode fibers with 50 microns and 62.5 microns can

with 50 microns and 62.5 microns can support data transmission up to a

support data transmission up to a distance of 500 M and 175 M respectively

distance of 500 M and 175 M respectively in addition to that multimode fibers are

in addition to that multimode fibers are further categorized by an optical

further categorized by an optical multimode or om designator these are

multimode or om designator these are labeled from om1 to

labeled from om1 to om4 the maximum distances supported by

om4 the maximum distances supported by each of these om designators at

each of these om designators at different common fiber channel speeds

different common fiber channel speeds are tabulated as shown in the

are tabulated as shown in the slide when troubleshooting a

slide when troubleshooting a connectivity issue between fiber channel

connectivity issue between fiber channel devices it is necessary to check if the

devices it is necessary to check if the fiber optic cable supports the speed and

fiber optic cable supports the speed and distance of the link between the

distance of the link between the devices now let's look at

devices now let's look at troubleshooting fiber channel

troubleshooting fiber channel switches a fiber channel switch can be

switches a fiber channel switch can be configured to send SNMP alerts for

configured to send SNMP alerts for failures such as Port failures power

failures such as Port failures power supply failures and switch failure

supply failures and switch failure itself since it is not possible to

itself since it is not possible to remember all the port and Zone

remember all the port and Zone configurations of a switch it is

configurations of a switch it is important to back up the correct

important to back up the correct configuration of the f C switch this

configuration of the f C switch this will come in handy when we are replacing

will come in handy when we are replacing a failed switch with a new

a failed switch with a new one now let's look at troubleshooting

one now let's look at troubleshooting host bus

host bus adapters an hba's LED lights do not

adapters an hba's LED lights do not light up either when it has failed or if

light up either when it has failed or if it is not seated properly in the

it is not seated properly in the motherboard in such a situation the

motherboard in such a situation the applications on the server will display

applications on the server will display error messages because it will not be

error messages because it will not be able to connect to the storage using the

able to connect to the storage using the hba's device

hba's device driver if the HBA failed replace it with

driver if the HBA failed replace it with a new or working

a new or working HBA after replacing the failed HBA if

HBA after replacing the failed HBA if the server is not able to communicate

the server is not able to communicate with the storage then it could be that

with the storage then it could be that the Zone configuration is still using

the Zone configuration is still using the failed hba's

the failed hba's wwnn in such a situation the wwnn of the

wwnn in such a situation the wwnn of the new HBA should be replaced in the zone

new HBA should be replaced in the zone configuration in order for the server to

configuration in order for the server to see the

see the storage instead of an outright failure

storage instead of an outright failure the HBA could be dro droing the link

the HBA could be dro droing the link between the server and the FC

between the server and the FC switch before we conclude that the HBA

switch before we conclude that the HBA is defective we can test it by plugging

is defective we can test it by plugging it into a test

it into a test server if the HBA Works without any

server if the HBA Works without any issues on the test server then the

issues on the test server then the problem could be related to the

problem could be related to the following a corrupted HBA driver or the

following a corrupted HBA driver or the HBA configuration file on the server

HBA configuration file on the server changed the issue of a corrupted driver

changed the issue of a corrupted driver can be fixed by uninstalling the

can be fixed by uninstalling the existing driver and reinstalling the

existing driver and reinstalling the recommended driver driver from the HBA

recommended driver driver from the HBA vendor if the driver you are installing

vendor if the driver you are installing is a new version then it is highly

is a new version then it is highly recommended to test it on a test server

recommended to test it on a test server before installing it on a production

before installing it on a production server to avoid any

server to avoid any issues now let's look at troubleshooting

issues now let's look at troubleshooting storage arrays storage arrays have

storage arrays storage arrays have redundant components so even if a

redundant components so even if a component fails its redundant component

component fails its redundant component will resume operation and the diagnostic

will resume operation and the diagnostic software of the San array will send

software of the San array will send alerts to the designated user about the

alerts to the designated user about the failure

failure or use the call home option to get

or use the call home option to get support from the storage array vendor

support from the storage array vendor now let's look at troubleshooting the

now let's look at troubleshooting the server occasionally a server may not

server occasionally a server may not show the storage from the storage array

show the storage from the storage array in such cases rebooting the server

in such cases rebooting the server without affecting the production may

without affecting the production may help resolve the issue it's a good

help resolve the issue it's a good practice to run the patches or updates

practice to run the patches or updates recommended by the storage vendors the

recommended by the storage vendors the patches or updates usually contain fixes

patches or updates usually contain fixes for known issues or bugs now let's look

for known issues or bugs now let's look at troubleshooting zoning zoning

at troubleshooting zoning zoning establishes a connection between the

establishes a connection between the server and the storage the zoning

server and the storage the zoning configuration contains the wwnn of the

configuration contains the wwnn of the hbas port and the wnn of the storage

hbas port and the wnn of the storage arrays Port if the zoning configuration

arrays Port if the zoning configuration is altered or if a different zoning

is altered or if a different zoning configuration is implemented then it

configuration is implemented then it will affect the connection between the

will affect the connection between the server and the

server and the storage if a server is not able to see

storage if a server is not able to see the storage when there is no problem

the storage when there is no problem with any of the sand components then

with any of the sand components then it's likely to be a problem with the

it's likely to be a problem with the zoning config

zoning config configuration now let's look at what FCP

configuration now let's look at what FCP is FCP is a command line utility that is

is FCP is a command line utility that is used to check the connectivity to a

used to check the connectivity to a Remote device on a fiber channel sand in

Remote device on a fiber channel sand in order to check if the Remote device is

order to check if the Remote device is accessible we give the FCP and command

accessible we give the FCP and command the worldwide Port name or the worldwide

the worldwide Port name or the worldwide node name of the Remote device this is

node name of the Remote device this is done on the command line of the host or

done on the command line of the host or switch by typing the FCP and command

switch by typing the FCP and command followed by the worldwide name of the

followed by the worldwide name of the Remote device as shown in the

Remote device as shown in the slide when we use FCP the command

slide when we use FCP the command performs a zoning check between the

performs a zoning check between the source and the

source and the destination irrespective of the remote

destination irrespective of the remote devices zoning configuration the FCP and

devices zoning configuration the FCP and command sends the Els frame to the

command sends the Els frame to the destination Port if FCP is successful

destination Port if FCP is successful then the device is accessible from The

then the device is accessible from The Source but if the Remote device doesn't

Source but if the Remote device doesn't respond or rejects the Els request then

respond or rejects the Els request then it is possible that the Remote device is

it is possible that the Remote device is not supporting the El Echo

not supporting the El Echo request in such a situation it's not

request in such a situation it's not safe to assume that the Remote device is

safe to assume that the Remote device is not connected and you should continue

not connected and you should continue with further

with further troubleshooting now let's discuss a few

troubleshooting now let's discuss a few troubleshooting

troubleshooting scenarios scenario one in this scenario

scenarios scenario one in this scenario we have a server with two hbas going to

we have a server with two hbas going to one switch which in turn is connected to

one switch which in turn is connected to a storage

a storage array The Zone configuration is based on

array The Zone configuration is based on the WW ends of the

the WW ends of the hbas you notice that after a cleaning

hbas you notice that after a cleaning person left the server room a server

person left the server room a server lost its connectivity on one of its dual

lost its connectivity on one of its dual redundant paths to the

redundant paths to the sand though the cables are secured

sand though the cables are secured tightly from the two hbas on the server

tightly from the two hbas on the server to the switch you notice that the fault

to the switch you notice that the fault light next to the port of one of the

light next to the port of one of the hbas is on and the corresponding port on

hbas is on and the corresponding port on the switch is also not lit what could be

the switch is also not lit what could be the

problem resolution of scenario 1 the HBA is definitely not unseated if it were

is definitely not unseated if it were unseated then we would not see the fault

unseated then we would not see the fault light next to the HBA

port in spite of the cable being properly plugged in to both the HBA port

properly plugged in to both the HBA port and the switch Port if the LED lights

and the switch Port if the LED lights are not green on these ports then the

are not green on these ports then the problem could be with the

problem could be with the cable in order to confirm this we can

cable in order to confirm this we can plug both the ends of the cable into

plug both the ends of the cable into ports that we know

ports that we know work if the LEDs next to the ports don't

work if the LEDs next to the ports don't light up up then the problem is with the

light up up then the problem is with the cable it must be

damaged scenario 2 in this scenario a server has been in use on a storage area

server has been in use on a storage area network for a year all of a sudden it

network for a year all of a sudden it cannot see the remote

cannot see the remote storage the server HBA doesn't have its

storage the server HBA doesn't have its LED lit up the switch Port where the

LED lit up the switch Port where the server connects also doesn't show any

server connects also doesn't show any connectivity moving the cable from the

connectivity moving the cable from the server to a different working port on

server to a different working port on the same switch didn't help help because

the same switch didn't help help because there was also no sign of

there was also no sign of connectivity assuming the cable is

connectivity assuming the cable is working fine what could be the

working fine what could be the problem resolution of scenario 2 the

problem resolution of scenario 2 the problem is with the server HBA it may be

problem is with the server HBA it may be unseeded from the PCI expansion slot of

unseeded from the PCI expansion slot of the

the server or it could have

server or it could have failed a failed HBA doesn't have its LED

failed a failed HBA doesn't have its LED lit and the application on the server

lit and the application on the server would throw error messages because it

would throw error messages because it wouldn't be able to connect to the

wouldn't be able to connect to the storage using the failed hba's device

driver scenario 3 in this scenario we have a new server with a single HBA

have a new server with a single HBA connected to an FC switch which in turn

connected to an FC switch which in turn is connected to a storage

is connected to a storage array the user is experiencing

array the user is experiencing connectivity issues between the server

connectivity issues between the server and the FC

and the FC switch the link between the server and

switch the link between the server and the FC switch is running at 4 GBS per

the FC switch is running at 4 GBS per second on a 100 m cable that has Optical

second on a 100 m cable that has Optical multimode designator om1

multimode designator om1 one assuming that all the other sand

one assuming that all the other sand components are working fine what could

components are working fine what could be the

be the problem resolution of scenario 3 when we

problem resolution of scenario 3 when we troubleshoot the connectivity issue

troubleshoot the connectivity issue between a new server and an FC switch if

between a new server and an FC switch if the cable is a multimode fiber optic

the cable is a multimode fiber optic cable then the first thing we need to

cable then the first thing we need to check is the optical multimode

check is the optical multimode designator in our case the cable has an

designator in our case the cable has an optical multimode designator om1 that

optical multimode designator om1 that only supports a distance of 70 M at 4

only supports a distance of 70 M at 4 gbits per second

gbits per second speed hence the cable used should be om2

speed hence the cable used should be om2 not

om1 scenario 4 in this scenario all the servers in the storage area network lost

servers in the storage area network lost their connection with the remote storage

their connection with the remote storage when a firewall was installed in the

when a firewall was installed in the data center what could be the

data center what could be the problem resolution the firewall has

problem resolution the firewall has blocked the communication between the

blocked the communication between the servers and the remote storage stage in

servers and the remote storage stage in order to resolve this issue TCP Port

order to resolve this issue TCP Port 3260 must be permitted on the

3260 must be permitted on the firewall scenario 5 in this scenario a

firewall scenario 5 in this scenario a user is not able to see the newly added

user is not able to see the newly added Lun on the

Lun on the server as a storage administrator what

server as a storage administrator what should you do to help the user see the

should you do to help the user see the newly created storage on the

newly created storage on the server resolution when we run a dis

server resolution when we run a dis rescan on the server the user should be

rescan on the server the user should be able to see the newly added LUN on it

able to see the newly added LUN on it and that brings us to the end of this

and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what you have

lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned how to

lesson in this lesson you learned how to identify and resolve common problems in

identify and resolve common problems in FC

FC San we started by looking at what

San we started by looking at what troubleshooting is and then we saw how

troubleshooting is and then we saw how to troubleshoot problems next we talked

to troubleshoot problems next we talked about troubleshooting in an FC San

about troubleshooting in an FC San environment when we covered

environment when we covered troubleshooting in FC sand we looked at

troubleshooting in FC sand we looked at troubleshooting associated with the

troubleshooting associated with the fiber optic

fiber optic cables we also looked at the distances

cables we also looked at the distances supported by fiber optic cables and

supported by fiber optic cables and specifically we looked at the categories

specifically we looked at the categories of multimode fibers that support

of multimode fibers that support different speeds and

distances after that we talked about troubleshooting fiber channel switches

troubleshooting fiber channel switches and then we looked at troubleshooting

and then we looked at troubleshooting the host bus

the host bus adapters while talking about

adapters while talking about troubleshooting host bus adapters we

troubleshooting host bus adapters we looked at troubleshooting the problems

looked at troubleshooting the problems associated with a failed HBA HBA

associated with a failed HBA HBA dropping links between between a server

dropping links between between a server and an FC switch and a corrupted HBA

and an FC switch and a corrupted HBA driver next we talked about

driver next we talked about troubleshooting the storage arrays and

troubleshooting the storage arrays and then we talked about troubleshooting the

then we talked about troubleshooting the servers we also looked at

servers we also looked at troubleshooting the problems associated

troubleshooting the problems associated with zoning and then we looked at what

with zoning and then we looked at what FCP

FCP is lastly we looked at a few

is lastly we looked at a few troubleshooting

troubleshooting scenarios in the next lesson you will

scenarios in the next lesson you will learn about the command line tools that

learn about the command line tools that are used to troubleshoot TCP IP networks

are used to troubleshoot TCP IP networks thank you thank you for

watching hello and welcome to unit two land

land troubleshooting in this lesson you will

troubleshooting in this lesson you will learn about land troubleshooting we're

learn about land troubleshooting we're going to start by by looking at the

going to start by by looking at the command line tools that are used to

command line tools that are used to troubleshoot TCP IP

troubleshoot TCP IP networks we will look at the Ping

networks we will look at the Ping command which tests for connectivity and

command which tests for connectivity and then we will look at the trace route

then we will look at the trace route command which traces a ping route you

command which traces a ping route you should know about the icmp protocol the

should know about the icmp protocol the control messaging

control messaging protocol it is used by both the Ping and

protocol it is used by both the Ping and trace route

trace route command after that we will talk about

command after that we will talk about the NS lookup which stands for name

the NS lookup which stands for name server lookup

server lookup it converts between an IP address to a

it converts between an IP address to a fully qualified domain name such as

fully qualified domain name such as yahoo.com we will also talk about ip

yahoo.com we will also talk about ip config or IP

config or IP configuration next we will look at

configuration next we will look at troubleshooting common networking

troubleshooting common networking problems including no

problems including no connectivity intermittent connectivity

connectivity intermittent connectivity and slow

and slow connectivity first we will talk about

connectivity first we will talk about the ping command the Ping command is

the ping command the Ping command is used to test endtoend

used to test endtoend connectivity it sends the packet of

connectivity it sends the packet of information which is icmp through a

information which is icmp through a connection and waits to receive some

connection and waits to receive some packets

packets back it can also be used to test the

back it can also be used to test the maximum transmission units or

maximum transmission units or mtus MTU is the maximum size of a data

mtus MTU is the maximum size of a data packet that can be sent over a

packet that can be sent over a network using ping we can test the time

network using ping we can test the time it takes for data to travel from source

it takes for data to travel from source to

to destination ping can also be used on the

destination ping can also be used on the Local Host

Local Host the IP address of the Local Host is

the IP address of the Local Host is 127.0.0.1

we can test this by opening the command prompt in the Windows operating

prompt in the Windows operating system and typing in ping and then the

system and typing in ping and then the IP

IP address we are at the command prompt and

address we are at the command prompt and we will type for example ping

we will type for example ping 127.0.0.1

127.0.0.1 which is the IP address of the Local

which is the IP address of the Local Host

Host we will press enter and the trip time as

we will press enter and the trip time as you can see is less than 1 millisecond

you can see is less than 1 millisecond and there is no loss of

and there is no loss of data if we ping

google.com you will notice that it will first figure out the IP

address you will also notice that it also presents the time it takes to get

also presents the time it takes to get to google.com and come back we also see

to google.com and come back we also see the Ping statistics for example four

the Ping statistics for example four packets were sent and four of them

packets were sent and four of them received with zero loss on an average it

received with zero loss on an average it takes 27 milliseconds from here to

Google we will talk about some of the switches that are used with the Ping

switches that are used with the Ping command p-t pings the host until the

command p-t pings the host until the command is stopped

command is stopped manually so let's say we want to know if

manually so let's say we want to know if a server on our local area network is up

a server on our local area network is up and running after we rebooted

and running after we rebooted it the ping command with a dash T switch

it the ping command with a dash T switch can be used to find out if the server is

can be used to find out if the server is up and

up and running ping dasn pings a host a

running ping dasn pings a host a specific number of

specific number of times we can specify the number for

times we can specify the number for example when we want to Ping a host 10

example when we want to Ping a host 10 times or 20

times or 20 times there is also ping DL which pings

times there is also ping DL which pings a host by specifying the number of bytes

a host by specifying the number of bytes we want to send as opposed to

we want to send as opposed to 32 for example we might want to send 64

32 for example we might want to send 64 byes or something for a bigger

byes or something for a bigger test we will demonstrate the Ping

test we will demonstrate the Ping feature with the Local Host so we will

feature with the Local Host so we will type ping1

type ping1 127.0.0.1

127.0.0.1 followed by

followed by DT and then we will press

enter what it does is it continuously pings the same IP address again and

pings the same IP address again and again so if we are waiting for our

again so if we are waiting for our server to come back online

server to come back online this will tell us whether it is online

this will tell us whether it is online or

or not we can exit the running pin command

not we can exit the running pin command by pressing contrl

by pressing contrl C the next one we will talk about is

C the next one we will talk about is trace route trace route tests where

trace route trace route tests where connectivity may have been lost trace

connectivity may have been lost trace route like Ping also uses the icmp

route like Ping also uses the icmp protocol it shows the time taken for a

protocol it shows the time taken for a packet to travel between different

packet to travel between different devices from the source to

devices from the source to destination a portion of path traversed

destination a portion of path traversed by a packet between the source and the

by a packet between the source and the destination is called a

destination is called a hop for example let's say a packet has

hop for example let's say a packet has to travel across four computers to reach

to travel across four computers to reach the destination

the destination computer each one of these portions

computer each one of these portions represents a

represents a hop trace route is also used to find the

hop trace route is also used to find the location of a router that is

location of a router that is down and now we will go to the command

down and now we will go to the command prompt

and let's say we want to do a trace route to

google.com now it's going to show all the different Hops and it's going to

the different Hops and it's going to tell us how long it takes to get from

tell us how long it takes to get from one location to

California and now it has started to go out

it traversed different locations and it took 14 hops before it finally reached

took 14 hops before it finally reached Google at this

location the next thing we will talk about is the name server lookup or NS

about is the name server lookup or NS lookup it is a networking tool that is

lookup it is a networking tool that is used to query the domain name system to

used to query the domain name system to get information on a domain name or IP

get information on a domain name or IP address for example we can do an NS

address for example we can do an NS lookup to find out the IP address of

lookup to find out the IP address of google.com let's go to the command

google.com let's go to the command prompt and let's type

prompt and let's type nslookup

yahoo.com as you can see it will give us all the IP addresses of

all the IP addresses of yahoo.com it also tells us whether it is

yahoo.com it also tells us whether it is authoritative or non-authoritative

authoritative would be the information from a DNS server on the

from a DNS server on the internet non-authoritative means it

internet non-authoritative means it might be a local DNS

server now we will talk about ip config ip config stands for the Internet

ip config stands for the Internet Protocol configuration or IP

Protocol configuration or IP configuration it shows current TCP IP

configuration it shows current TCP IP network configuration

network configuration values for example we can get

values for example we can get information such as our IPv6 address

information such as our IPv6 address ipv4 address subnet mask default gateway

ipv4 address subnet mask default gateway and so

and so on we use this as the first tool for

on we use this as the first tool for troubleshooting network connectivity

troubleshooting network connectivity because it will tell us if the computer

because it will tell us if the computer is receiving an IP

address let's go to the Windows command prompt and type ip

config and we get all this information we now see the I

information we now see the I configuration for every adapter that is

configuration for every adapter that is on the computer for example we have a

on the computer for example we have a local area connection and wireless

local area connection and wireless connection you'll notice that we are

connection you'll notice that we are only getting the IP address the subnet

only getting the IP address the subnet mask and the default gateway and we are

mask and the default gateway and we are not getting any other

not getting any other information there are several options

information there are several options that can be used with ip

that can be used with ip config let's use ip config SL all

bigger now we can see a lot more information including the DNS server

information including the DNS server address which was not included

address which was not included originally and the MAC address which we

originally and the MAC address which we call the physical address of the adapter

call the physical address of the adapter we also have the gateway address which

we also have the gateway address which is provided it also shows you whether

is provided it also shows you whether DHCP is

DHCP is enabled now we will look at a few of the

enabled now we will look at a few of the other options that can be used with ip

other options that can be used with ip config

config the first is IP config

the first is IP config /ras which will release the current IP

address let's say we have a bad IP address somehow we got an IP address

address somehow we got an IP address that another device already

that another device already had we could use IP release to release

had we could use IP release to release that IP address to another

that IP address to another device we can also use renew which will

device we can also use renew which will renew the current IP

renew the current IP address while release let's go of an IP

address while release let's go of an IP address renew actually lets it go and

address renew actually lets it go and then gets another IP

then gets another IP address in that sense renew is a little

address in that sense renew is a little more

more helpful finally let's see ip config slf

helpful finally let's see ip config slf flushdns which erases and ropagnol

DNS it tells us that we have successfully flushed the DNS resolver

successfully flushed the DNS resolver cache and the cache being the

cache and the cache being the information it stores on the

information it stores on the computer so now every time if we go out

computer so now every time if we go out to a website it's going to begin to

to a website it's going to begin to reprop the data from the

reprop the data from the internet ip config can be used for

internet ip config can be used for troubleshooting because it can tell us

troubleshooting because it can tell us if a computer is receiving an actual IP

if a computer is receiving an actual IP address from a DHCP server or if it is

address from a DHCP server or if it is receiving an apipa or a self- assigned

address we can also find out whether the IP address is private or public by

IP address is private or public by looking at the IP

looking at the IP address you'll notice that 1

192.168.1.2 is a private IP address this means that we are behind a

means that we are behind a router If you're receiving a public IP

router If you're receiving a public IP address then we know that we are

address then we know that we are directly connected to the

directly connected to the ISP it can also tell if something might

ISP it can also tell if something might be wrong with our

be wrong with our setup if the users are not able to

setup if the users are not able to connect to the internet then the DNS

connect to the internet then the DNS server address is probably not

server address is probably not configured

configured correctly and by releasing and renewing

correctly and by releasing and renewing the IP address and flushing the DNS it

the IP address and flushing the DNS it will help to resolve that

will help to resolve that problem now let's talk about common

problem now let's talk about common networking

networking problems we will first talk about no

problems we will first talk about no connectivity

connectivity the first thing we need to do is to

the first thing we need to do is to verify the physical cables are present

verify the physical cables are present and properly plugged in we should also

and properly plugged in we should also make sure that the network adapter is

make sure that the network adapter is enabled and has valid addressing for the

subnet for example in the Windows operating system we can go to device

manager and we can make sure the network adapter is running properly as you can

adapter is running properly as you can see here here there's no problem with

see here here there's no problem with any of

any of them the next thing we can do is Ping

them the next thing we can do is Ping the server to make sure tcpip is

the server to make sure tcpip is installed

installed properly it could be that the hardware

properly it could be that the hardware is working properly but the protocols

is working properly but the protocols are not installed properly which is not

are not installed properly which is not allowing us to

allowing us to connect it's necessary to verify if

connect it's necessary to verify if anything has been changed recently as it

anything has been changed recently as it could have caused the

could have caused the problems for example sometimes firewall

problems for example sometimes firewall software up updates can cause

software up updates can cause connectivity

connectivity issues and rebooting the computer can

issues and rebooting the computer can sometimes fix the

sometimes fix the issue sometimes we might have disabled a

issue sometimes we might have disabled a port from a switch so it is necessary to

port from a switch so it is necessary to make sure that the disabled ports are

make sure that the disabled ports are enabled for

enabled for connectivity basically it's important to

connectivity basically it's important to check all the physical connections and

check all the physical connections and then The Logical

then The Logical connections so to summarize no

connections so to summarize no connectivity problems can result from

connectivity problems can result from Bad cables and

Bad cables and connectors bad Port disabled port or

connectors bad Port disabled port or misconfigured switch

misconfigured switch Port bad Nick or misconfigured

Port bad Nick or misconfigured Nick or corrupted or misconfigured

Nick or corrupted or misconfigured software

software drivers next we will talk about

drivers next we will talk about intermittent connections or connection

intermittent connections or connection drops intermittent connections can be a

drops intermittent connections can be a result of situations that prevent

result of situations that prevent setting up a connection in the first

setting up a connection in the first place so it's it's good to consider the

place so it's it's good to consider the situations that were discussed under the

situations that were discussed under the no connection

no connection heading the intermittent connections or

heading the intermittent connections or dropped connections can happen because

dropped connections can happen because of a loss of physical or logical

connectivity ping and trace route can be used to find the location of

used to find the location of intermittent

intermittent problems intermittent connections or

problems intermittent connections or dropped connections typically result

dropped connections typically result from Bad cables and

from Bad cables and connections bad Nick bad port and

connections bad Nick bad port and electrical

electrical noise now let's talk about networks

noise now let's talk about networks being slow a poor Network performance

being slow a poor Network performance can be the result of situations that

can be the result of situations that prevent setting up a connection in the

prevent setting up a connection in the first

first place so it's good to consider the

place so it's good to consider the situations discussed under the no

situations discussed under the no connection

connection heading the common causes for slow

heading the common causes for slow performance include the following

performance include the following overloaded servers traffic congestions

overloaded servers traffic congestions on a network

on a network link severe frame loss and inappropriate

link severe frame loss and inappropriate switch or router

switch or router configurations and that brings us to the

configurations and that brings us to the end of this lesson let's summarize what

end of this lesson let's summarize what you have learned in this

you have learned in this lesson in this lesson you learned about

lesson in this lesson you learned about land

land troubleshooting we started by looking at

troubleshooting we started by looking at the command line tools that are used to

the command line tools that are used to troubleshoot tcpip

troubleshoot tcpip networks we looked at the Ping command

networks we looked at the Ping command which tests for connectivity and then we

which tests for connectivity and then we looked at the trace route command which

looked at the trace route command which traces a ping route

traces a ping route after that we talked about NS lookup

after that we talked about NS lookup which stands for name server

which stands for name server lookup it converts an IP address to a

lookup it converts an IP address to a fully qualified domain name such as

fully qualified domain name such as yahoo.com we also talked about ip config

yahoo.com we also talked about ip config or IP

or IP configuration next we looked at

configuration next we looked at troubleshooting common networking

troubleshooting common networking problems including no connectivity

problems including no connectivity intermittent connectivity and slow

intermittent connectivity and slow connectivity thank you for watching

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YouTube Transcript:Storage Networking - Complete 8-Hour Course [CompTIA Storage+]

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Storage Networking - Complete 8-Hour Course [CompTIA Storage+]