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This content explains the structure and properties of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids, detailing their levels of structural organization and biological functions.
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anotherr are generally represented by a symbol
are asci
B depending upon the Rel number
molecule AMS are usually colorless cryst
solids these are water soluble high
melting solids and behave like salts
3.3 Ty
of different typ of Ty
inic form Amino show Behavior as they
acids and
bases so except gin all other naturally
occurring Alpha amino acids are
different they exist both in D and
uration are represented by writing the
next structure of prot
number you have already read that
proteins are the polymer of alamin
acids so they are connected to each
linkage is formed between Co group and
nh2 group the reaction between two
molecules of similar or different amino
acids process through the combination of
amino acid group amino group of one
molecule with the carox group of the
other the product the reaction is called
a polypeptide with more than 100 amino
acid residual having molecular mass
for example however the distinction
between polypeptide and a protein is not
with fewer amino acids are likely to be
called proteins if they ordinarily have
a well defined confirmation of proteins
if they ordar have a well defined
as so proteins can be classified into
two types on the Bas of their molecular
prot when the poly chains run paral and
are held together by hydrogen and dulf bonds
fiber like structure are formed such
water some common examples
in
glin glob prot this structure results
chap these are usually soluble in water
GL so insulin and alamin are the common
prot structure and shape of proteins can
be studied at four different levels struct
of prots may have one or more
polypeptide chains each polypeptide in a
protein has amino acids linked with each
other in a specified sequence and it is
the sequence of amino acid that is said
to be a primary structure of that
protein any change in this primary
structure that is the sequence ofat a
the second of protein refers to the
shape on in which a long poly can exist
they are found to exist in two different
types of structures alha hel then beta structure
this structure arise due to the regular
folding of backbone of the poly peptide
chain due to the hydrogen bonding
between Co and NH group in the peptide bond
is one of the most common ways in which
poly chain forms all possible hydrogen
bonds by twisting into a right-handed
screw right handed
screw hel with NH group and each am
resid hydrogen bonded to the co group of
turn of the Helix is shown figure
14.1 beta structureal pepti chains are
stretched out to nearly maximum
extension extension and then light side
by side which are held together by inter
bonds structure resembl the ple fls of
dra and therefore is known as betaed structure
the ter strcture of proteins represents
poly further folding of the secondary
structure it gives rise to the two major
molecular shape fibrous and glob the
main forces which stabilize the
secondary and structure of proteins are
hydrogen bonds d suide linkages vs and
electrostatic force of attraction in the
Force linkage hyrogen bonding elatic
force of attraction okay next structure of
protein of some of the protein are
composed two or more polypeptide chains
referred to as subunits the special
arrangement of these subunits with
respect to each other is known as quary structure
next biological system with
threedimensional structure and
biological activi is called native
Str when a protein in Native form is
subjected to physical change like change in
tempure distur due to this Globus unfold
natur so during secondary andure are
destroyed but it primary structure
theur another example is curling of milk
which is caused due to the formation of
lactic acid by the bacteria present in
next question melting points and
solubility in water of amino acids are
generally higher than that of
where does the water in theg go after
next en en
biolog for example the enzymes that
cataly hydrolysis of maltose into
glucose is named as
glucose
reaction for example the enzymes which
cataly the oxidation of one substrate
with the simultaneous reduction of
enes areed only in small quantities for
the progress of reaction similar to the
action of chemical Catalyst enzymes are
said to reduce the magnitude of
of while the activation energy is only
2.5 k per Mo when hydr by the
mechm of the enzy action has been discussed
but so organic compounds required in the
diet in small amount of perform to
perform specific biological functions
for normal maintenance of optimum growth
vitamin pills should not be taken
nuclic acids of the cell responsible for
the heridity are called chromosomes
which are made up of proteins and
another type of biomolecules called
nuclic acid okay so these are mainly two
types deoxy nucle acid and ribonucleic
acid since nucle acids are long chain
polymer of nucleotides
nucleotides
nuc poly long
ory comp DNA molecules the sugar is
beta2 deox where in RNA molecule it is
Nu so DNA contains four
bases Adine gine cytosin and thyine RNA
also contains four bases first three
bases are same as in DNA but the fourth
are joined together by phosph linkage
between five and three carbon atoms of
the Pento sugar the formation of typical
car and third carbon atoms of the Pento
sugar five and third carbon atom fifth
thir number Sulee phosphor
so information regarding the sequence of
nucleotides in the chain of the nucleic
structure nucle acids have a secondary
strcture also G and
and
standard standard structure for DNA two
nucle acid chains are wed about each
other and held together by hydrogen
bases the two stands are complimentary
to each other because the hydrogen bonds
second hel hel hel are present which are
only single
standard sometimes they fold back on
nuc
and what products would be formed when a
nucleo from DNA containing time in
hydrolyzed what product would be formed
when a nucleotide from DNA containing th
is hyd hyd
Beto th bet d thin
Deo
Deo then phosphoric acid phosphoric acid okay
next when RNA is hydrolyzed there is no
relationship among the quantities of
bases obtained what does this fact
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