0:00 our universe is full of both amazing and
0:03 terrifying things you already know about
0:05 quazars black holes dark matter and so
0:08 on but how about the horrors of space
0:11 that you haven't even heard of would you
0:13 like to visit the most bizarre worlds in
0:15 the universe and it's not me who made
0:18 this list but NASA themselves welcome to
0:21 the Galaxy of Horrors NASA's awesome
0:25 Halloween collection please join me on a
0:27 journey to some planets and tell me
0:29 which ones you would consider the most
0:31 horrible buckle
0:34 up our first destination is a gas giant
0:37 called TR 2B it's located 750 Lighty
0:41 years away from us if we used a regular
0:43 spaceship it would take us about 10
0:46 million years to get there trass 2B
0:48 orbits a yellow dwarf a star similar to
0:51 our sun it also weighs about 1.5 times
0:54 more than Jupiter so what's so special
0:57 about it well if you're Afraid of the
1:00 Dark you definitely don't want to visit
1:02 this place it's the planet of Eternal
1:05 Night the darkest one of all the planets
1:07 known to us but it's not that far from
1:10 its star so why is that the thing is the
1:14 surface of trest 2B reflects light even
1:17 worse than coal does because of this it
1:20 seems that there's no light at all if
1:22 you were flying across the surface of
1:24 this planet it would be like walking
1:25 with a blindfold on your eyes oh wait
1:29 actually there there is some light an
1:31 eerie deep red glow surrounds the
1:33 surface of the planet this glow is
1:36 created by the burning atmosphere which
1:38 makes Tres 2B a scorching Planet the air
1:42 there is even hotter than lava oh but if
1:45 you think that was bad let me show you
1:47 the next place of our horror Journey
1:49 NASA wasn't beating about the bush while
1:51 nicknaming this
1:53 one now we're not just talking about one
1:56 planet but three at once they're also
1:59 located quite far away 2,300 light years
2:02 from the sun we would have reached them
2:04 by ship in about 35 million years all
2:08 the planets are in the constellation
2:09 Virgo and each is extremely light much
2:12 lighter than the earth these three
2:14 exoplanets are called Poltergeist
2:17 dragger and phobetor huh cool names huh
2:21 it's because each of these planets is
2:22 about to become a ghost soon the thing
2:25 is they don't revolve around a star but
2:28 around a pulsar pulsars are rotating
2:31 neutron stars with an extremely powerful
2:33 magnetic field in simple words these are
2:36 the stars that exploded one day after
2:39 the explosion they usually emit such a
2:41 powerful pulse that it causes the star
2:43 to rotate at an unimaginable speed
2:46 several thousand rotations per second at
2:49 the same time they constantly emit
2:52 electromagnetic pulses that affect
2:54 everything around them so you've
2:56 probably already guessed what's
2:58 happening with our zombie planets
3:00 they're slowly gradually being destroyed
3:04 under the gigantic influence of
3:06 radiation one day they'll disappear
3:08 Without a Trace ghostlike planets
3:10 orbiting an undead star yeah Zombie
3:13 World Is A fitting name it's also not
3:16 surprising that scientists nicknamed
3:17 this Pulsar Lich despite the Long
3:20 official name well at least these guys
3:22 stick together on their final
3:25 dance this planet has a long name so
3:28 bear with me HD
3:32 189733b this gas giant is 65 light years
3:35 away from us it would have taken around
3:38 1 million years to get there on a
3:40 spaceship HD um well this planet is
3:44 slightly more massive than Jupiter and
3:46 orbits its star an orange dwarf all
3:49 alone at first glance it may seem
3:51 friendly a pleasant blue color and curls
3:54 on the surface kind of resembles a
3:56 summer sky or foam on sea waves right oh
4:00 looks are very deceptive my friend this
4:03 planet has a pleasant cobalt blue color
4:05 due to the hazy blow torched atmosphere
4:09 this atmosphere contains silicates that
4:11 condense when heated in other words the
4:13 clouds on this planet have rain made of
4:16 glass yes it rains hot glass shards here
4:20 oh and if that's not enough there's a
4:22 raging wind on the surface which is
4:24 moving at a speed of 5400 mph just to
4:27 compare the fastest wind on Earth had a
4:30 speed of 254 mph about 20 times weaker
4:35 and because of this hundreds of
4:37 thousands of glass shards Rush
4:39 horizontally across the planet's surface
4:41 at Breakneck speed I really don't envy
4:43 anyone who would want to try to land
4:45 there by the way this isn't the only
4:48 example of strange rains in our universe
4:50 for example it rains molten iron on the
4:53 planet dimidium or let's take so-called
4:57 carbon planets their existence hasn't
4:59 yet had been proven but if they do exist
5:02 there would be tons of black poisonous
5:04 clouds and it would rain pure gasoline
5:06 and hot liquid asphalt oh and also
5:09 raindrops would explode upon touching
5:12 the surface eh nothing special the next
5:15 planet though is actually really strange
5:17 it didn't just revolve around its star
5:20 it lived inside the
5:23 star this Cosmic Miracle is called koi
5:27 55b or Kepler 70b
5:30 this planet is very far away from us
5:32 4,000 light years it would take about 70
5:35 million years on a spaceship it's twice
5:38 as light as Earth and fully rotates
5:40 around its star in just a couple of
5:42 hours a long time ago it was an ordinary
5:45 earthlike Planet about the size of
5:47 Jupiter it was peacefully and calmly
5:49 orbiting its red dwarf star koi 55 but
5:53 everything changed about 700 million
5:55 years ago perhaps you've heard that in a
5:57 couple billion years our son sun will
5:59 begin to expand into a huge star
6:02 absorbing everything in its path well
6:04 this is the fate of red dwarfs sooner or
6:07 later they increase turning into
6:09 incredibly hot blue giants the same
6:12 thing happened with koi 55 this star
6:15 began to increase in size and heat up in
6:17 temperature gradually turning into a
6:19 blue white giant it was ready to devour
6:22 its nearest planets but koi 55b didn't
6:25 care about it when the star reached it
6:28 this planet just settled inside and
6:31 moreover after some time it left its
6:33 star simply returning to the new orbit
6:36 how was that even possible life inside
6:39 its star turned koi 55b into a redh hot
6:42 round Stone it's one of the hottest
6:45 planets we've discovered so far the
6:47 temperature on it reaches 12,000 de F
6:50 it's hotter than the sun which is let me
6:53 remind you an actual star and for some
6:56 reason it's still alive and lives as if
6:59 nothing happen happened unfortunately
7:01 sooner or later the planet will
7:03 disappear anyway it's slowly evaporating
7:05 itself due to the incandescent
7:07 atmosphere but still it somehow managed
7:10 to survive the journey through the star
7:13 which isn't typical for regular planets
7:15 to put it mildly I envy this
7:18 willpower however not all planets are so
7:21 lucky some are gradually being destroyed
7:23 by their stars and there is even an
7:26 entire system among
7:28 them this last planet is a sad loner
7:31 it's located 870 Lighty years away from
7:34 us the journey by ship to it would take
7:36 about 25 million years this planet is
7:39 about 1.5 times more massive than
7:42 Jupiter this is a very sad dark planet a
7:45 doomed gas giant which is very similar
7:48 to hot Jupiter orbits its star all alone
7:51 at the same time it's located so close
7:54 to its star that its orbital period
7:56 takes just one day of course because of
7:58 this proximity
8:00 the star gradually absorbs wasp 12b the
8:03 scorching heat of the star is slowly
8:05 destroying and devouring the planet's
8:07 atmosphere the planet has only around 10
8:10 million years left but what's more
8:12 interesting because of this stretching
8:15 wasp 12b acquired the shape of an egg it
8:19 doesn't even resemble an actual planet
8:21 anymore it's also very hot the surface
8:24 temperature of the gas giant reaches
8:25 4,000 de F also a spectrog of cosmic
8:30 origin or cosos for short found that the
8:33 planet exchanges matter with its star
8:35 they're located so close that they give
8:37 each other part of their chemical
8:39 elements this is a common phenomenon in
8:41 closely spaced binary star systems but
8:44 this is the first time scientists have
8:45 seen this in a star planet relationship
8:48 what a unique
8:50 system to be honest if I was guaranteed
8:53 complete Security I'd be excited to
8:55 visit at least some of them what about
8:57 you please let me know in the the
9:00 comments
9:02 t2b or not to be is a planet where night
9:06 never ends and it's not your regular
9:08 night with stars shining in the
9:10 beautiful Skies here it's pitch dark and
9:13 scorching hot Tes 2B is a gas giant
9:17 roughly 1 and 1/2 times more massive
9:19 than Jupiter and its surface absorbs
9:22 light better than charcoal it might also
9:24 have a faint dark red glow because of
9:26 its burning air which is as hot as fresh
9:29 lava lovely in the star system of 55
9:33 canre there are five planets four of
9:36 which are gas giants similar to Jupiter
9:38 and Saturn but the fifth one or rather
9:41 the first because it's closest to the
9:43 star is different in a most horrible way
9:46 55 canre e is so close to its Sun that
9:50 half the planet surface is a literal
9:52 ocean of molten lava the other half is
9:55 in Eternal Darkness because it never
9:57 sees the sun the planet is always always
9:59 turn to its star on one side and between
10:02 the scorching and the dark there's the
10:04 Twilight Zone a thin strip of gloomy
10:07 nothingness that's a getaway spot
10:11 hd89
10:13 377b oh I'm not going to say that again
10:16 is the only exoplanet in the orbit of
10:18 its star and at first glance it looks
10:21 quite pretty blue and white swirls
10:23 making up wondrous patterns on the
10:25 surface but these Pleasant colors
10:28 actually come from hard silicate
10:30 particles in the planet's atmosphere
10:32 which means it rains glass here but the
10:35 worst is that winds reach the speed of
10:38 5,400 mph or almost Max 7 well for
10:43 comparison the fastest wind speed on
10:46 Earth was 254 mph over 20 times less
10:51 thus the glass falling from the sky
10:53 travels horizontally at Hypersonic
10:55 speeds shredding everything in its bath
10:58 better duck
11:00 the next system whose name I won't even
11:02 try to pronounce um this one has three
11:05 exoplanets which are all being slowly
11:07 destroyed by their own star it happens
11:10 because that star is not irregular it's
11:13 a pulsar a rapidly spinning core of an
11:15 exploded star it creates powerful
11:18 electromagnetic pulses in several
11:20 directions while rotating at several
11:22 thousand times per second as a result
11:25 the planets orbiting this deceased star
11:27 are slowly being eaten away way and will
11:30 eventually disappear entirely Kepler 70
11:34 hey I can say that one is a hot blue
11:36 dwarf star that exploded into a red
11:38 giant some 18 million years ago at the
11:41 time it was orbited by at least two
11:43 planets the closer of which was a
11:45 jupiter-like gas giant its name was
11:48 Kepler 70b and it still exists but the
11:52 overgrown star consumed it and
11:54 transformed it into a blazing hot Rocky
11:56 world right now it's one of the hottest
11:58 planets ever ever discovered its
12:00 temperature is higher than the surface
12:02 of our sun it was lucky to survive
12:04 spending time inside the star but it's
12:07 evaporating now and will probably be no
12:10 more in the near future wasp 12b is one
12:14 of the weirdest and saddest planets out
12:16 there the enormous gravity of its star
12:19 combined with the planets consisting
12:21 mostly of gas result in the star slowly
12:24 devouring its Protegé uh so pal like uh
12:28 what's eating you my mother wasp 12b has
12:32 already taken the form of an egg
12:34 stretched toward its merciless sun and
12:36 it's unable to do anything with its
12:38 condition in another 10 million years
12:41 the planet will inevitably succumb to
12:43 the voracious Stars appetite hey you
12:47 asked if you ever wondered what it's
12:49 like to walk on ice and hot coals at the
12:51 same time gley
12:53 436b is a planet that would give you a
12:56 vivid example being extremely close
12:59 close to its Sun the neptun siiz
13:01 exoplanet boasts temperatures hotter
13:03 than a blazing oven and yet it's covered
13:06 in ice which burns incessant this ice is
13:10 much denser due to the enormous gravity
13:12 of the planet staying solid even under
13:14 extreme conditions and not melting away
13:18 no list of frightening worlds could do
13:20 without mentioning Venus the Earth's
13:22 evil
13:24 twin the second planet from the sun has
13:27 an atmosphere so thick and full of
13:29 clouds that its surface is much hotter
13:31 than that of mercury volcanic eruptions
13:34 constantly thrash Venus its gravity is
13:37 almost 100 times stronger than ours and
13:40 those clouds I mentioned are not made of
13:42 water but of sulfuric acid which
13:44 condenses and rains down on the ground
13:47 adding to The Inferno but even if you
13:49 were Brave or crazy enough to try to
13:52 pass through these clouds you probably
13:54 couldn't the winds up there are as
13:56 strong as some of the most powerful
13:58 hurricanes back back on
14:00 Earth here we have a very long name for
14:02 a very very cold Planet although the
14:05 hostar is not too far away it's a small
14:08 and rather cool Red Dwarf whose light
14:10 and heat barely even reach the planet
14:13 the temperatures out there fall as low
14:15 as-
14:16 370° which is only marginally warmer
14:19 than absolute zero the exoplanet is thus
14:23 dark gloomy and covered in Eternal ice
14:25 that never thaws I thought I thaw that
14:28 thumb worth still if it has a rocky core
14:32 it might generate some heat so there's a
14:34 chance that deep below the Frozen
14:36 surface some unknown alien things might
14:40 lurk dimidium located roughly 50 light
14:44 years away from our solar system is a
14:46 planet hostile to any living thing on
14:49 many accounts it's tidy locked to its
14:51 sun which means one of its sides is
14:54 always facing the star while the other
14:56 is always turned away the hot side is
14:59 heated to over,
15:00 1800° perpetually blown over with winds
15:03 reaching 600 mph and that's winter well
15:07 actually I don't know that despite
15:09 dimidium being a gas giant it has a
15:12 large amount of iron in it which melts
15:14 and evaporates in the atmosphere
15:16 creating clouds and when those cool down
15:19 they fall on the surface in the infernal
15:21 rain of molten iron that'll test your
15:25 metal oxygen is usually viewed as an
15:28 element that might bring life to a
15:29 planet but this is definitely not the
15:32 case for oseris scientists were shocked
15:34 to find oxygen on this planet or rather
15:37 around it because it's eight times
15:39 closer to its star than Mercury is to
15:41 the sun this extreme distance makes
15:44 oseris a living Melting Pot where
15:46 anything that could burn will it's also
15:49 responsible for a very short orbit of
15:51 the planet around the star a year on
15:54 oseris is just 3 and 1/2 days on Earth
15:57 to boot the atmosphere of the planet is
15:59 constantly blown and melted away by the
16:02 heat from its Sun vacation nah let's
16:05 keep looking karat EXO 3B is neither as
16:09 hot nor as cold as some of the others on
16:12 this list but it's terrifying in its own
16:14 more Insidious way it's a gas giant
16:17 similar in size to Jupiter yet 20 times
16:20 denser this makes this exoplanet's
16:23 gravity weigh down on everything on its
16:25 surface 50 times more than it would on
16:27 Earth stepping on it would be your
16:29 ultimate Doom because you'd be
16:31 immediately crushed by the density of
16:33 its
16:34 atmosphere karat 7B is another oven-like
16:37 world its day-to-day temperature is over
16:40 4,000 de combined with the rocky surface
16:43 it presents an infernal landscape the
16:46 rocks on the ground bubble and boil
16:48 evaporating in the atmosphere where they
16:50 cool down and eventually fall back on
16:52 the surface in a brimstone rain the
16:55 saddest thing about karat 7B is that it
16:58 might have w once been a gas giant whose
17:00 atmosphere melted away from the heat
17:02 leaving only the scorched core this
17:05 planet yeah the one right here shouldn't
17:07 exist but it does a newly discovered
17:11 planet rotates around a star that's much
17:13 smaller and dimmer than our sun the
17:15 planet however is enormous such a tiny
17:19 star couldn't create it so it's like
17:21 finding an ostrich egg in a chicken
17:23 [Music]
17:24 Coupe a team at Penn State built a
17:27 special tool called the habitable Zone
17:29 Planet finder it's an instrument that's
17:31 supposed to find planets around dim cool
17:34 Stars it's connected to a big telescope
17:36 in Texas the tool looks at the light
17:38 from these Stars which is mostly in the
17:40 near infrared beyond what our eyes can
17:43 see this gadget can spot changes in a
17:45 star speed caused by a planet if a star
17:48 movement slightly changes that means
17:50 there must be a gravitational pole
17:52 nearby years ago this technique helped
17:55 find the first known exoplanet around a
17:57 star like our sun today we've improved
18:00 this method to make more precise
18:01 measurements our main goal is to find
18:04 earthlike planets they should be Rocky
18:06 and located in habitable zones areas
18:09 around Stars where liquid water could
18:11 exist the Doppler technique isn't that
18:13 great at finding earthlike worlds yet
18:16 but works well for cool dim stars and
18:18 that's how we discovered the impossible
18:20 LHS 3154
18:25 B planets usually form in discs made of
18:28 gas and dust in space picture a flat
18:31 spinning cloud of tiny particles these
18:34 particles come together and stick to
18:35 each other creating a flat rotating disc
18:39 over time these tiny bits combine to
18:41 form a solid core this is the starting
18:44 point for a planet once the core is
18:46 there it attracts more dust and even gas
18:49 like hydrogen and helium but making a
18:51 planet this way isn't easy they need a
18:54 lot of stuff mass and materials this
18:57 process is called core
18:59 accretion stars are a huge help in that
19:01 process usually big stars have more
19:04 gravity so they can gather more stuff to
19:06 form planets but the star we discovered
19:09 recently isn't very big it's nine times
19:12 smaller than our sun a star that small
19:15 shouldn't have a big enough disc to make
19:17 a heavy planet to do that its disc
19:20 should have been at least 10 times
19:21 bigger but this heavy Planet LHS 3154 B
19:26 exists
19:29 now this mysterious planet is 13 times
19:31 heavier than our Earth it's similar in
19:33 size to Neptune it's about 50 light
19:36 years away from us in the Hercules
19:37 constellation which in space terms is
19:40 very close the planet is also super
19:43 close to its star completing one year in
19:45 almost 4 days this discovery is making
19:49 scientists rethink their ideas about how
19:51 planets and stars come into existence
19:54 there are new theories coming around for
19:56 example a theory called gravitation
19:59 instability it says that instead of the
20:01 pieces coming together bit by bit the
20:04 material in the disc collapses all at
20:06 once directly creating a planet but even
20:10 with this Theory it's hard to explain
20:12 how such a heavy Planet could form
20:14 without a really massive disc it'll take
20:16 us some time to figure out the
20:20 truth this isn't the first planet that
20:22 makes us doubt our theories recently
20:24 scientists found another planet called
20:26 Hala this planet is orbiting a star
20:29 called baked do and just like the
20:30 previous one it shouldn't really exist
20:33 it's way too close to its star Stars
20:36 change a lot during their lives normally
20:38 when a star becomes big and prepares to
20:40 leave this world it's called the red
20:42 giant stage a star like that tends to
20:45 destroy or push away any nearby planets
20:48 creating a huge mess Hala rotates around
20:51 a red giant and it should have been
20:53 swallowed or destroyed by the expanding
20:55 star a long time ago but it's still
20:58 still hanging there even though Baku has
21:01 already started burning helium and
21:03 shrunk to a smaller size than expected
21:05 Hala isn't bothered in the slightest
21:07 scientists called Hala The Forbidden
21:09 Planet ooh this discovery challenges
21:12 what we thought about how planets
21:14 survive near aging Stars it raises two
21:17 theories one suggests that bakd was once
21:20 two stars a white door and a red giant
21:23 Hala orbited them both and they merged
21:26 before the red giant fully expanded
21:29 this allowed holla to survive because
21:31 the extra helium from the white dwarf
21:33 prevented the red giant from growing too
21:35 much the second theory says that Hala
21:37 formed from the debris created when the
21:39 two stars merged in this scenario Hala
21:42 would be a very young Planet orbiting an
21:45 elderly star astronomers plan to
21:47 continue studying Hala and look for more
21:50 planets like
21:52 that another odod ball besides me is
21:55 called LTT 9779 9B this one scares us
22:00 too because it's too shiny the planet
22:03 reflects 80% of the light from its star
22:06 regular mirrors reflect from 85 to
22:09 Almost 100% of Light which means that
22:11 this mysterious planet should look like
22:13 a rough mirror with aluminum or
22:15 silver-like
22:16 Reflections this is another
22:18 neptune-sized planet it's located 268
22:22 light years from us and was discovered
22:24 by NASA's T spacecraft it completes a
22:27 full rotation around its star in just 19
22:30 hours it's so close to its star that
22:32 it's scorching hot reaching temperatures
22:34 over 3,600 de F normally planets this
22:39 close lose their atmosphere and turn
22:41 into bare rocks but this one Breaks the
22:43 Rules
22:46 again now this time we know the secret
22:49 of its survival it's because of the
22:51 planet's shiny metallic clouds which are
22:53 made of glass and titanium salt these
22:56 clouds rain titanium onto its hot
22:58 surface they also reflect a lot of the
23:01 light preventing the planet from getting
23:02 too hot and losing its atmosphere it's
23:05 like having a mirror Shield this planet
23:08 size also surprised scientists it's way
23:10 bigger than Earth other planets this
23:13 Clos to their stars are either much
23:15 bigger gas giants or small rocky planets
23:18 this planet is a smaller gas giant and
23:21 scientists didn't expect it to exist so
23:23 close to its star this is the shiniest
23:26 planet ever found even shiny than Venus
23:29 but despite its cool appearance it's
23:32 probably not a friendly place for life
23:34 because of its extreme temperatures and
23:36 strange metallic
23:39 rain and our final rule breaker is a
23:42 planet called was
23:45 1007b scientists discovered it using the
23:47 James Webb Space Telescope it's located
23:50 around 208 light years from us in the
23:53 Virgo constellation it's also fast and
23:56 completes an orbit arounded star in just
23:58 6 days this is a super Neptune exoplanet
24:02 it's similar to Jupiter in some ways
24:04 including the same size and scorching
24:06 hot temperatures but the main difference
24:09 is that it's much lighter weaker and
24:11 less dense this is the least dense
24:13 Planet we've discovered so far after
24:16 researching some more we also found that
24:18 it has a tail the helium on the planet
24:21 extends beyond the transit erass the
24:24 planet is slowly losing its atmosphere
24:26 due to extreme ultraviolet radiation
24:28 from the Star this creates a comet-like
24:31 tail so it looks like a fluffy
24:36 Comet but that was just the beginning
24:38 the planet's low density or fluffiness
24:41 allowed astronomers to study its
24:43 atmosphere in detail they found some
24:45 surprising things like water vapor and
24:48 clouds made of fine silicate particles
24:51 which are like really fine grain sand
24:54 the planet's hostar doesn't emit a lot
24:56 of high energy light but since wasp 107b
25:00 is so loose the light can penetrate deep
25:02 into its atmosphere this creates sulfur
25:05 dioxide that smell when you light a
25:07 match in other words it's a fluffy
25:09 planet that rains sand and smells like
25:12 matches the researchers think the sand
25:14 clouds in the atmosphere form in a
25:16 similar way to clouds on Earth they just
25:19 have droplets of sand instead of water
25:21 the sand droplets condense fall turn
25:24 into silicate vapor in hot layers within
25:26 the planet and then rise again to form
25:29 clouds once more and once again this
25:32 planet couldn't have formed in its
25:33 current spot astronomers say that it
25:36 likely move closer to its star from a
25:38 birth orbit because it was attracted by
25:40 some heavier neighbor it also follows a
25:43 retrograde orbit meaning it orbits in
25:46 the opposite direction to its Stars
25:48 rotation all these discoveries are
25:50 changing how we understand planets and
25:52 their atmospheres giving us new insights
25:55 into the mysteries of our own solar
25:57 system
25:58 an exoplanet is any Planet inside our
26:01 solar system some of them are free
26:03 floating those are called rogue planets
26:06 they move around the galactic center
26:08 others orbit their host star or two for
26:12 the first time astronomers discovered
26:13 exoplanets in the 1990s since then
26:16 scientists have found thousands of them
26:19 and now you can sneak a peak too spoiler
26:21 alert some exoplanets are pretty bizarre
26:24 other resemble our home planet and could
26:26 probably support life
26:29 the closest to Earth exoplanet is
26:32 Proxima centor B it's a mere 4.2 Lighty
26:35 years away from Earth recently
26:38 astronomers have found out that this
26:39 world might resemble Earth even more
26:41 than previously thought it's only 177%
26:44 more massive than our home planet it
26:47 orbits a star that is dimmer and less
26:49 massive than the sun Proxima centor B is
26:52 in the middle of the star's habitable
26:53 zone this means that chances are liquid
26:57 water and life might exist on the
27:00 planet it looks like the exoplanet is
27:03 tidy locked with its parent star this
27:06 means one of its sides faces the star at
27:09 all times and the other is always in the
27:11 darkness scientists haven't figured out
27:14 yet whether the planet has an atmosphere
27:17 it's traveling too close to its star and
27:19 completes one orbit within 11 Earth days
27:22 the radiation from the Star might be
27:24 pulling the planet's air away if this is
27:26 the case Proxima t b isn't likely to
27:29 have liquid water on its
27:32 surface glyce 832c is 16 light years
27:36 away from Earth in the cosmic scheme of
27:38 things it's a Stones throw away this
27:41 exoplanet is five times as massive as
27:44 Earth and travels much closer to its
27:46 parent star that's why a year on this
27:48 planet lasts a mere 36 days but since
27:52 this star is a red dwarf much cooler and
27:54 dimmer than the sun Glee 832c gets as
27:58 much light and heat as our planet
28:01 does at the same time it's still unclear
28:04 if Glee 832c is similar to Earth it
28:07 probably has a much thicker atmosphere
28:09 that creates a runaway greenhouse effect
28:12 this phenomenon occurs when a planet
28:14 absorbs more heat from its host star
28:16 then it can release back into space this
28:19 means that Glee 832c is more likely to
28:22 resemble scorching hot Venus rather than
28:25 relatively cool Earth
28:28 another earthlike planet toi700d is 100
28:33 light years away from us in the
28:34 constellation Dorado it orbits a small
28:38 and rather cool dwarf star that is about
28:40 40% of the mass and size of the sun its
28:44 surface temperature is half as high as
28:46 that of our star the outermost Planet
28:49 which is the very toi700d is almost the
28:53 size of Earth it also sits in the
28:55 habitable zone of its parent star no
28:57 flares from toi 700 reach the planet
29:01 this increases the chances of the
29:02 exoplanet being habitable this means it
29:05 can potentially develop and maintain
29:08 life scientists don't know for sure the
29:11 exact conditions on the surface of the
29:13 planet but one of the computer
29:15 simulations they've created shows a
29:17 planet covered with an ocean it has a
29:20 very dense atmosphere dominated by
29:22 carbon dioxide astronomers think a
29:24 similar atmosphere surrounded Mars when
29:26 it was a young planet but another 3D
29:29 model shows toi700d as an all land
29:33 cloudless world that's what our Earth
29:35 would probably look like if it wasn't
29:37 covered with oceans winds on toi700d
29:40 move away from the night side of the
29:43 planet and meet in the area that
29:45 directly faces the
29:47 star there is an exoplanet that stands
29:50 Out Among the rest because of its
29:52 awesome magenta color you can find this
29:55 world in the Virgo constellation the
29:58 planet is called Glee
30:00 504b the distance between this planet
30:02 and its parent star is nine times the
30:05 distance between the Sun and Jupiter the
30:08 planet formed relatively recently and is
30:11 still glowing with heat that's why its
30:13 surface looks
30:16 pinkish just 20 light years away from
30:18 the sun which isn't such a great
30:20 distance when we talk about space a
30:22 bizarre Rogue planet is roaming our home
30:25 Milky Way galaxy but even though this
30:27 planet doesn't orbit any Star it still
30:29 has an incredibly powerful magnetic
30:31 field it's 4 million times stronger than
30:34 Earth's magnetic field the exoplanet
30:37 also produces amazing auroras when it
30:40 was discovered in 2016 astronomers were
30:43 almost sure they had detected a brown
30:45 dwarf which is an object too large to be
30:48 a planet and too small to be a
30:52 star but later scientists received proof
30:55 that the space object wasn't big enough
30:57 to be a brown
30:58 dwarf the planet sure is a mammoth among
31:01 its peers it's 1.2 times as wide as the
31:04 largest planet of the Solar System
31:06 Jupiter and more than 12 times as heavy
31:10 astronomers think the exceptional strong
31:12 magnetic field helps the planet produce
31:14 the auroras but the most curious thing
31:16 is that they're generated in a different
31:18 way than auroras on Earth it might be
31:21 because the exoplanet's moon helps the
31:24 planet create these light shows
31:26 [Music]
31:28 if you traveled 20,000 Lighty years away
31:30 from Earth you'd come close to a red
31:32 dwarf in the Sagittarius
31:34 constellation such stars are very cool
31:37 and small quite far away from this cold
31:40 star there's a
31:42 planet the distance between this world
31:44 and its host star is so great that the
31:47 planet receives very little heat it's
31:50 one of the coldest planets ever detected
31:52 the average surface temperature on the
31:54 planet is lower than 360°
32:00 F that's why the entire planet is
32:02 covered with a thick layer of ice if you
32:05 stepped onto its surface you'd see
32:07 nothing but glaciers Plains and
32:09 mountains of ice and still astronomers
32:13 claim life might exist deep beneath the
32:15 Frozen surface all because the core of
32:18 the planet is likely to generate enough
32:20 heat to melt some of its inner ice in
32:22 this case there would be an enormous
32:24 subsurface ocean maybe even swarming
32:27 with bizarre life forms on the
32:30 planet one of the oldest exoplanets we
32:33 know about is PCR
32:35 b1620 26b it's about 12.7 billion years
32:40 old it's almost three times as old as
32:43 Earth which appeared 4.5 billion years
32:46 ago this also means that the Genesis
32:49 planet formed only about 1 billion years
32:52 after the big bang the planet is so old
32:56 that its two parent stars have had had
32:58 enough time to evolve into a white dwarf
33:00 and a pulsar making almost 100
33:03 revolutions per second sunrises on this
33:06 planet must look
33:09 awesome I bet the next exoplanet isn't
33:12 like any other you might have seen
33:14 before it's often called super Saturn or
33:17 Saturn on
33:18 steroids that's because
33:21 j1407b has a colossal system of rings
33:25 they're 640 times as large as those of
33:28 Saturn the bizarre world is 434 light
33:32 years away from Earth it's the only
33:34 planet we know about that has rings
33:36 similar to Saturn's if you moved
33:40 j1407b to our solar system and replaced
33:42 Saturn with it its rings would look many
33:45 times larger than a full
33:48 moon astronomers have noticed a gap
33:51 halfway through the planet's rings the
33:53 chances are high that an exomoon the
33:55 size of Mars orbits the planet somewhere
33:58 within this Gap if you lived on this
34:00 Moon you'd have an awesome view every
34:02 time you looked up into the
34:05 sky this exoplanet called wasp 12b
34:09 munches on the light coming from its
34:10 star it's one of the darkest worlds
34:12 people know about all because its day
34:15 side consumes light rather than reflects
34:18 it back into space the planet is giant
34:21 twice the size of Jupiter and it traps
34:24 more than 94% of the light that reaches
34:26 its atmosphere this this is likely to be
34:28 the main reason for the insane
34:30 temperatures on the surface of the
34:31 planet they can rise up to 4,600 De fit
34:36 it's almost half as hot as the surface
34:38 of the
34:40 Sun wasp 12b travels so close to its
34:43 host star that it needs just one day to
34:46 complete one orbit its night side isn't
34:49 as hot as the day side a mirror 2,200 de
34:53 F because of this difference in
34:55 temperature water vapor and clouds
34:57 gather above the surface of the planet
35:00 from time to time swirls of material
35:02 from the planet's superheated atmosphere
35:04 spill onto its
35:06 star about 4,000 Lighty years away from
35:09 Earth there's an exoplanet that might be
35:11 one enormous Diamond it's 5 times the
35:15 size of our planet but needs only 2
35:17 hours and 10 minutes to orbit its parent
35:20 star it's a pulsar rotating at a rate of
35:23 10,000 times a minute
35:27 the planet is denser than any other
35:29 we've discovered so far it consists
35:31 mostly of carbon which is so dense that
35:34 astronomers think it might be
35:36 crystalline if it was true it could mean
35:38 that at least some part of the planet is
35:41 diamond on wasp 76b it rains iron on the
35:46 night side of the planet and the
35:47 temperature on the daytime side Rises up
35:50 to 4,300 De F that's hot enough to
35:54 vaporize most
35:56 metals this planet is a bit smaller than
35:59 Jupiter and located 640 Lighty years
36:02 away from Earth such terrifying weather
36:05 conditions in this world are caused by
36:06 its unusual orbit the distance between
36:09 wasp 76b and its parent star is 10 times
36:13 shorter than the distance between
36:14 Mercury and the sun that's why the star
36:17 and the huge Planet are tidally locked
36:20 one side of wasp 76b always faces the
36:23 star and the other side is always Pitch
36:26 Black
36:29 this bright blue exoplanet sits 62 years
36:32 away from Earth a bit larger than
36:34 Jupiter it looks calm and peaceful its
36:37 blue color might remind you of our home
36:39 planet but this familiar appearance
36:42 conceals the planet's horrifying nature
36:45 the beautiful Hue comes from silicate
36:47 atoms and particles that make up the
36:49 atmosphere but the wind speed on the
36:51 planet can reach
36:53 5,400 mph that's s times the speed of
36:57 sound the temperature there can rise up
37:00 to 1, 1600° F but this isn't the worst
37:05 in this bizarre world it rains glass
37:08 sideways so it's probably not the place
37:10 where you'd like to spend your
37:13 vacation very recently astronomers have
37:16 found three potential superar planets
37:19 orbiting a somewhat close orange dwarf
37:21 star the term super Earth is used to
37:24 describe a planet beyond the solar
37:25 system with a mass High higher than that
37:28 of Earth but below those of the ice
37:30 giants of the solar system Uranus and
37:33 Neptune an international team of
37:35 researchers led by Dr scha Dalal from
37:38 the University of exodor found that the
37:40 exoplanets were orbiting Star HD 484 98
37:44 which is located around 55 Lighty years
37:46 away from Earth the planets travel
37:49 around their star in 738 and 151 Earth
37:53 days respectively the study describing
37:55 these findings appeared in theour minra
37:58 on the 24th of June
38:00 2024 the coolest thing here is that the
38:03 outermost exoplanet candidate orbits in
38:05 the habitable zone of its host star and
38:08 the conditions there might be
38:09 comfortable enough for liquid water to
38:12 exist on the surface without boiling or
38:14 freezing such habitable regions around
38:16 stars are also known as The goldilock
38:19 Zone and are believed to be ideal for
38:22 potentially supporting life another
38:24 reason this discovery is so important is
38:27 that the orange host star is like our
38:29 sun but since it's an orange dwarf it
38:32 produces less radiation than our yellow
38:34 dwarf star it's also the closest
38:36 planetary system to host a superar in
38:38 the habitable zone of a sunlike star
38:41 which makes this discovery super
38:43 exciting it can help us move forward in
38:45 our quest to locate habitable planets
38:48 around solar type stars who knows maybe
38:51 this planet will be our new home one
38:53 day these potential super Earths were
38:56 detected thanks to the harps and rocky
38:59 planet search program throughout a
39:01 decade the team taking part in this
39:03 research has collected nearly 10090 High
39:06 Precision measurements using special
39:08 equipment by analyzing the spectrum of
39:10 light coming from a star astronomers can
39:13 figure out whether it's moving toward us
39:15 this is known as blue shift or away from
39:17 us that's what we call Red shift and
39:20 still to make sure their findings were
39:22 correct the team used lots of different
39:25 methods and comparative analysis
39:27 everything confirm their conclusions
39:29 there indeed are three planetary
39:31 candidates with minimum masses ranging
39:34 from 5 to 11 times the mass of our home
39:36 planet the team also believes that the
39:39 proximity of the star together with the
39:41 outermost planet's favorable orbit can
39:44 make this system a great Target for
39:46 future studies hopefully further
39:48 research will open doors for our
39:51 understanding of planetary systems and
39:53 the potential of life outside our solar
39:55 system scientists have already
39:58 discovered more than 5,000 exoplanets
40:00 which are planets outside the Solar
40:02 System since the first such world was
40:04 confirmed orbiting a sunlike star in
40:08 1995 to find those distant planets
40:10 astronomers used different equipment
40:12 like NASA's Kepler Space Telescope
40:15 launched in 2009 its mission was to find
40:18 as many earthlike planets dwelling in
40:19 the Milky Way galaxy as possible but
40:22 it's not the only instrument used for
40:24 searching exoplanets anyway now let
40:27 let's look at the most exciting and
40:29 promising of these
40:30 worlds gal
40:33 667cc is a mere 22 Lighty years from
40:36 Earth but even though it seems close
40:38 it's still around 129 trillion miles
40:41 away from us the planet itself is around
40:44 3.8 times as massive as Earth and
40:47 completes one orbit around its host star
40:49 within 28 days in other words a year on
40:52 that earthlike planet is 13 times
40:55 shorter than a year on our planet
40:57 luckily the star is a cool Red Dwarf so
41:00 the exoplanet most likely lies in its
41:02 habitable zone but there's still a
41:04 chance that this world might be
41:06 regularly baked by the flares coming
41:08 from its parent star which is not cool
41:11 on many different
41:13 levels Kepler 22b is way further away
41:16 than the previous World more than 600
41:19 light years away from our planet it was
41:21 the very first Kepler planet found in
41:23 the habitable zone of its star this
41:25 world is larger than Earth it's about
41:27 2.4 times our planet size sadly we still
41:31 don't know whether this planet is Rocky
41:33 liquid or gaseous the orbit of Kepler
41:36 22b is similar to Earth's it takes the
41:38 planet 290 days to orbit its G-Class
41:41 star which is kind of like our sun but
41:44 this star is smaller and colder than
41:47 ours another Kepler Planet this time
41:50 it's Kepler
41:51 69c it lies a whopping 2,700 light years
41:55 away from us this world is also almost
41:58 70% larger than Earth researchers know
42:01 nothing about its composition but they
42:04 found out that the planet needs 240 days
42:06 to complete one orbit this makes its
42:09 position in its system like that of
42:11 Venus in our solar system at the same
42:13 time this world might be more habitable
42:16 than Venus since its host star is a bit
42:18 less luminous 80% of our
42:21 sun toi 733b is a recently discovered
42:26 World it was found in 2023 it's out
42:29 there 245 Lighty years away from Earth
42:32 and needs just 4.9 Earth days to
42:35 complete an orbit around its star but
42:37 the coolest thing about this planet is
42:39 that it might have a massive ocean
42:41 according to scientists the planet is
42:43 likely to be completely covered with
42:45 water does that mean there could be life
42:47 on the super Earth time will
42:50 tell GJ 1214b is located 48 Lighty years
42:55 from Earth this planet is a super earth
42:58 almost three times bigger in diameter
43:00 and eight times heavier than our home it
43:02 orbits around its red dwarf star faster
43:04 than you can binge watch your favorite
43:06 series finishing a complete Loop every
43:09 38 hours but it's not just the planet's
43:11 size or orbit that's out of this world
43:14 is pretty hot out there with M melting
43:17 450° F but the coolest thing is that
43:21 this planet is practically drowning in
43:23 water the sizzling temperatures and
43:26 crazy high pressures on jg1 1214b create
43:29 some cool materials like hot ice and
43:32 super fluid
43:33 water super fluidity is something that
43:36 happens in liquid helium when it's
43:38 almost as cold as it can get on earth
43:41 water totally missed the memo about
43:42 being super fluid because it needs
43:45 ridiculously low temperatures and
43:47 off-the-chart pressures to pull off that
43:48 trip still there's not much use in super
43:51 fluid water even if you try it you'll
43:53 just get
43:55 dehydrated the super Earth that's
43:57 closest to us was discovered in 2016 and
44:00 it's called Proxima centuri B it's
44:03 located a mere four Lighty years away
44:05 from Earth and has a mass remarkably
44:07 similar to that of our planet a year on
44:10 Proxima centuri B is short it only takes
44:13 the planet 11.2 days to complete a
44:15 circle around its Central Star
44:18 scientists discovered this world after
44:19 they noticed that its parent star was
44:21 slightly wobbling they hadn't been sure
44:24 what exactly had been happening there
44:26 until they realized proxim centari B's
44:28 gravity probably produced pulls and tugs
44:31 that caused these wobbles although the
44:33 exoplanet is traveling in the habitable
44:35 zone of its star proximus and tari it is
44:38 exposed to extreme ultraviolet radiation
44:41 all because it lies very close to its
44:43 parent star also none of the telescopes
44:47 that are currently working and exploring
44:49 exoplanets are positioned well enough to
44:51 capture the light from the atmosphere of
44:53 the super Earth most things there are
44:55 still a mystery to us even though we're
44:58 talking about a planet that's really
45:00 close superar toi
45:04 715b orbits a red dwarf the star smaller
45:07 and cooler than our sun at the moment
45:10 such Stars remain Prime candidates for
45:12 finding habitable planets orbiting them
45:14 those miniature Rocky worlds have far
45:16 closer orbits than those circling around
45:18 stars like our sun but since red dwarfs
45:21 are small and cool the planets don't
45:23 risk anything when crowding closer
45:25 they're still safely within a star's
45:27 habitable zone experts say that toi
45:31 715b might have once had an atmosphere
45:34 thicker than that of Neptune and now the
45:36 planet could be in a transition state
45:38 where it's losing its atmosphere to
45:41 confirm this suspicion scientists need
45:43 to do more research and they might
45:45 finally learn whether this planet is a
45:47 watery terrestrial
45:49 planet hey I want to show you something
45:53 let's take a little trip off of Earth
45:55 and park our spacecraft somewhere
45:57 near the moon we're now almost 240,000 M
46:01 away from our home planet that's almost
46:04 100 times the WID of the United States
46:06 now we've brought a special set of tools
46:08 with us a giant hammer and an enormous
46:12 chisel place the Chisel at the Earth's
46:14 north pole and strike its head with the
46:17 hammer the Earth cracks open like an
46:19 eggshell and we see another planet this
46:23 is Thea and it's hiding inside our
46:25 planet like a yoke and an egg if you
46:28 want to find out how it got there you
46:30 need to travel back in time 4.5 billion
46:34 years this beautiful nebula is what will
46:37 eventually become our solar system
46:39 colored dust and various space debris
46:42 are slowly coming closer toward the
46:44 Common Center over time this jigsaw
46:47 puzzle of debris becomes denser and
46:49 heavier the temperature inside the giant
46:51 is rising soon it gets so high that
46:55 it'll trigger a nuclear change
46:57 reaction One More second and Bam there's
47:01 an explosion so powerful that the shock
47:03 waves travel far into deep
47:05 space when the dust clears a little you
47:08 can see that a bright light is still
47:09 shining at the very center of the
47:12 explosion this newborn star is the sun
47:16 it weighs as much as
47:17 333,000 Earths if the sun was a bucket
47:21 you'd need 1.3 million earth-sized
47:23 planets to fill it but we're interested
47:26 in that small object over there 93
47:29 million mil away from the Sun this pile
47:32 of rocks and hot lava is Earth right now
47:35 the planet is busy forming its core
47:36 while the oceans of lava are gradually
47:38 cooling down but some millions of years
47:41 later after the sun's birth you notice
47:43 another small object Here Comes Thea
47:47 this small planet was formed at about
47:48 the same time as Earth and right now
47:51 it's following a crazy spal trajectory
47:53 at enormous speed scientists believe
47:56 Theo was like a ball Jupiter and Venus
47:59 played around with Venus would pull feya
48:02 in One Direction and then Jupiter would
48:04 pull it right back but what makes up
48:06 99.8% of the mass of the solar system is
48:10 the sun it's what makes Thea move into
48:12 almost the same orbit as Earth so they
48:15 inevitably come closer and closer to
48:17 each other until they become next door
48:19 neighbors we see that Thea is roughly
48:22 the size of Mars as wide as the Atlantic
48:24 Ocean from New York to Portugal
48:27 at this point the Collision can't be
48:29 avoided Thea is traveling towards Earth
48:31 at nearly 9,000 mph that's 11 times
48:34 faster than the speed of sound if this
48:36 smaller Planet would crash into Earth at
48:38 a particular angle Earth would most
48:40 likely be torn apart as well as the
48:43 itself the Collision would cause a huge
48:45 blast visible on other planets even on a
48:48 bright day nothing would be left but
48:50 some burning dust and debris even if
48:53 Thea only slightly grazes the Earth
48:54 it'll still knock out a sizeable chunk
48:57 but the collision with Thea happens at a
48:59 perfect 45° angle it strikes the Earth
49:03 at tremendous speed the explosion
49:06 literally vaporizes huge amounts of rock
49:09 and the shock wave sends the remaining
49:10 debris into Earth's orbit a huge crater
49:13 is formed at the impact site which soon
49:15 gets filled in with boiling lava the
49:18 remnants of Thea and the ejected
49:19 fragments of earth begin to orbit our
49:22 planet according to one Theory these
49:24 fragments actually form two moons
49:27 at first they travel together but one
49:29 day they get too close to each other and
49:31 Collide forming one large space body the
49:35 other Theory claims that all the loose
49:36 shards get pulled in by the remnants of
49:39 Thea and that sometime after that they
49:41 form the moon as we know it today at
49:44 this point in the past though it's just
49:46 Red Hot Rock and lava the collision at
49:48 this angle slightly tilts our planet and
49:50 accelerates its rotation it's because of
49:53 Thea that we have different seasons and
49:55 24 hours in a day now Earth also has
49:59 these things called lithospheric plates
50:01 these are enormous solid land masses
50:03 that make up the crust of our planet
50:06 after the collision with Thea they start
50:07 to break and crack it causes carbon a
50:11 primary component of all known life on
50:13 Earth to start moving all over our
50:15 planet so Earth gains a kind of U
50:18 metabolism after a few hundred million
50:20 years the first living creatures start
50:22 to appear on our planet over the next
50:24 nearly 4 billion years simp single cell
50:27 organisms evolve into the kinds of
50:29 complex life you see today according to
50:31 scientists a collision like we had with
50:33 Thea is a very rare event the
50:36 probability that somewhere out there
50:37 there's a planet like ours that has
50:39 survived the same catastrophe is even
50:41 rarer still this may be the reason why
50:44 we have yet to find other traces of
50:46 other civilizations out there in space
50:49 meanwhile the remains of Thea are still
50:52 here on Earth of course it doesn't look
50:54 like an actual entire planet stuck
50:56 inside our own most of the fragments
50:58 have melted and blended into the Earth's
51:00 crust if you take the top layer off our
51:03 planet you'll see two huge lava blobs
51:06 the size of large continents they're
51:08 right below Africa and the Pacific Ocean
51:11 presumably these are the remains of Thea
51:13 they didn't mix with the Earth's mantle
51:15 because of different densities it's like
51:18 mixing water and oil in a glass the oil
51:21 will always float up over the water and
51:23 create an even layer on top of it but if
51:26 you you raise these lava patches up to
51:27 the surface they'd be a 100 times higher
51:30 than Mount Everest other remains of Thea
51:33 might be on the moon the Apollo space
51:36 missions brought back many soil samples
51:38 for analysis which led scientists to
51:40 conclude that the Moon is very similar
51:42 to the Earth in structure someday in the
51:45 future people could drill deep down and
51:47 take samples of the moon's crust then
51:50 they'd analyze the blobs from Earth and
51:53 if their structure matched it would be
51:54 undeniable proof that Thea did hit Earth
51:57 4.5 billion years ago and gave us the
52:00 moon but for the time being Thea remains
52:03 an unsolved mystery scientists are still
52:06 not sure that the planet actually
52:07 existed the whole idea does perfectly
52:10 fit the model of the moon's creation but
52:13 it's also possible that this incredible
52:15 Collision may have never happened now
52:18 let's travel 41 light years away from
52:20 Earth to the Planet 55 kry e it's about
52:25 twice the size of Earth and eight times
52:27 heavier let's take out our giant hammer
52:29 again and use it to hit the Chisel the
52:32 planet cracks and you see it's a giant
52:35 Diamond the temperature on this planet
52:37 is tens of times higher than on earth
52:39 and its soil is rich in carbon the heat
52:42 puts a lot of pressure on this carbon
52:45 and the structure changes first it turns
52:47 into graphite but then add just a bit
52:51 more pressure and the graphite turns to
52:54 Diamond on Earth diamonds form at depths
52:56 60 M below sea level where the pressure
52:59 is 50,000 times greater than that on the
53:01 surface and the temperature there
53:03 averages over 1,000° which is as hot as
53:06 fire diamonds are often ejected closer
53:08 to the surface in volcanic eruptions but
53:11 still people mostly have to dig mines
53:14 1,500 ft deep to find these beautiful
53:17 gems currently the golden jubilee
53:20 diamond is the biggest cut and faceted
53:22 diamond on Earth it weighs as much as a
53:25 chocolate bar and is a size of a hamster
53:27 its price is about $12
53:30 million now imagine a diamond the size
53:33 of an entire
53:35 planet now let's fly back to our solar
53:37 system our destination now is Jupiter's
53:39 moon Europa it's as wide as the distance
53:42 between Seattle and Houston and its mass
53:45 is less than 1% of the mass of Earth its
53:48 surface is enclosed in an icy crust
53:50 that's about 19 Mi thick Europa is
53:53 completely covered in water it's
53:55 freezing here three times colder than
53:56 that of the North Pole in Earth the
53:58 water turns to ice almost instantly but
54:01 the ocean beneath the surface is still
54:04 liquid Europa has a gravitational
54:06 relationship with Jupiter just like the
54:08 moon with the Earth this creates tidal
54:10 forces that heat europa's core which
54:13 then melts the ice around it the result
54:16 is a huge ocean two or three times
54:18 larger than that of Earth's oceans
54:20 combined scientists believe that water
54:22 is one of the essential ingredients for
54:23 life this means that life May exist on
54:27 Europa there could be thermal Springs
54:29 just like at the bottom of our oceans
54:31 though the water there is probably much
54:33 warmer and even though the pressure and
54:35 temperature in such places are likely to
54:37 be extreme simple bacteria could live
54:40 there Europa is almost the same age as
54:43 Earth so there has been enough time for
54:45 living organisms to appear and evolve
54:49 who knows maybe some Advanced
54:50 civilization is already blooming under
54:53 this crust of ice they might be building
54:55 big cities and dreaming of conquering
54:58 space but for now all we can do is
55:00 speculate and maybe someday send the
55:02 probe to Europa to find out if life is
55:05 possible
55:18 there dark mysterious cold space comets
55:23 asteroids planets stars and something
55:26 that that's lurking over there far
55:28 beyond Pluto Yep this could be the ninth
55:30 planet of our solar system the one
55:32 people have been wondering about for
55:34 centuries IRAs which stands for the
55:37 infrared astronomical satellite
55:39 collected interesting data back in 1983
55:42 it could be proof that planet 9 is
55:44 hiding there no one knows if it really
55:47 exists but this discovery helped to
55:49 build a model to understand this
55:50 potential Planet
55:52 better and in 2016 scientists found out
55:56 that some small space objects in the
55:58 Kyper belt we're orbiting a bit oddly
56:00 the Kyper belt is the outer area of our
56:02 solar system it's a ring in the shape of
56:05 a donut filled with leftovers from the
56:07 times when our solar system was forming
56:09 you can find this dut Beyond Neptune the
56:12 objects in that region of space have
56:14 weird orbits almost as if a big body
56:17 with strong gravity is pushing them away
56:19 knock knock Planet 9 again the theory
56:22 says it might be 5 to 10 times the mass
56:24 of our own planet and up to 20 times
56:27 further away than Neptune the
56:29 astronomical unit equals the distance
56:31 between our planet and the Sun Pluto is
56:33 approximately 40 astronomical units from
56:36 the Sun but Planet 9 if it exists is 400
56:40 to 800 astronomical units away it would
56:43 take 10,000 to 20,000 Earth years for
56:46 this mysterious planet to make a single
56:48 circle around the Sun this makes it
56:50 harder for us to catch the space body
56:53 there's a theory Planet 9 may have form
56:55 between the or orbits of Jupiter and
56:57 Neptune similar to the rest of the gas
56:59 giants in our solar system the
57:01 gravitational force of one of the two
57:03 huge planets probably kicked it out of
57:05 its orbit oh no then Planet 9 could get
57:09 ejected further away from the eight
57:10 planets we know about it ended up as
57:13 some sort of icy waste quite small at
57:15 the beginning but as time went by Planet
57:18 9 has cleared its orbit of Frozen pieces
57:20 of rock and dust and finally formed into
57:23 a real planet another theory says that
57:26 this could be a planet another star lost
57:28 on its way while it was passing near our
57:30 solar system in any case Planet 9
57:33 probably doesn't reflect that much
57:35 sunlight since it's so far away and
57:37 astronomers aren't sure where exactly
57:39 they should look for it space is dark
57:42 mysterious endless obviously but if we
57:45 do find Planet 9 it will be the first
57:48 solid proof there are more planets in
57:49 our solar system than we thought moving
57:52 on to an interesting exoplanet located
57:55 only 90 light away from us an exoplanet
57:58 is generally a planet located outside
58:00 our solar system this one has an
58:02 atmosphere with water clouds one year
58:04 there lasts 24 Earth days and the planet
58:07 travels around a red dwarf star which is
58:09 way dimmer and smaller than our side
58:12 that's why even though the planet is 8
58:14 times closer to its star than we are to
58:16 our sun the temperature there is similar
58:18 to that on our planet this exoplanet has
58:21 a size similar to Neptune it's also less
58:24 dense which means it's most mostly made
58:26 of gas unlike Earth which is made of
58:28 rock the average temperatures there is
58:31 140° which makes it one of the coolest
58:34 small exoplanets we've ever discovered
58:36 and the cooler the exoplanet is the
58:38 bigger the chance we'll find clouds in
58:40 its atmosphere researchers have
58:43 discovered more than 4,000 exoplanets
58:45 but all of them have been found within
58:47 the Milky Way at least until now for the
58:50 first time astronomers may have spotted
58:53 a planet outside our galaxy they called
58:56 it M51
58:58 uls1 the planet is located in the
59:00 whirlpool Galaxy a distant spiral galaxy
59:03 28 million light years away from us
59:06 there was once a huge but pretty young
59:08 star that got stuck in a gravitational
59:10 dance with something that could be a
59:12 dense neutron star the collapsed core of
59:14 a giant star or a black hole the star's
59:18 dance partner had incredibly strong
59:20 gravity it was feeding on the star
59:22 greedily ripping away its plasma then
59:25 something un usual happen an unknown
59:28 maybe even Saturn sized object passed by
59:30 and block this confrontation from our
59:32 solar system now no one can see what is
59:35 going on but this could potentially be
59:38 the farthest planet we've ever
59:41 discovered there's a newly discovered
59:43 planet outside our solar system as large
59:45 as Jupiter it orbits two stars and as we
59:49 can observe it from our planet it
59:51 crosses in front of them both the full
59:53 circle around these two stars which
59:55 means one year takes approximately 200
59:57 Earth days on the day of the discovery
60:00 of the previous Planet scientists also
60:03 found it had an unusual companion it's
60:05 an extra hot Jupiter with an ultratight
60:08 orbit around its star the year there
60:11 lasts only 1.9 Earth days this planet
60:14 has a weirdly shaped orbit also it
60:16 travels in the opposite direction from
60:18 the rotation of its star if you could
60:21 travel 57 light years away from our
60:23 planet you'd see something pink lurking
60:25 in the dark Darkness as you get closer
60:27 it becomes bigger and more fascinating
60:30 yep it's a magenta colored Planet a few
60:33 billion miles away from its Sun this guy
60:36 is one of the youngest planets
60:37 scientists have discovered it's only 100
60:40 to 200 million years old it's made of
60:42 pink gas similar to our Jupiter so if
60:45 you could fly closer to its surface this
60:48 gas would envelop you like a thick fog
60:50 you're coming closer and going deeper
60:52 and the gas is becoming darker getting a
60:55 reddish shade
60:56 and look at the planet's core it's super
60:58 hot because of its high temperature of
61:01 460° F this planet is like an oven the
61:05 heat is the reason the planet glows so
61:06 brightly you'll also notice the sky is
61:09 hazy pink with clouds made of droplets
61:11 of Frozen water similar to ours there is
61:15 another exoplanet half as massive as
61:17 Earth which is one of the smallest
61:19 planets we've ever found outside our
61:21 solar system it has a diameter of 5,600
61:24 Mi for comparon Earth's diameter is
61:27 7,900 Mi the planet in question is
61:30 mostly made of iron similar to Mercury
61:33 Mercury has a massive iron core and a
61:36 very thin crust which makes it an
61:38 oddball in our solar system at its early
61:40 stages it collided with some space body
61:43 at least once that Collision pulled its
61:45 outer layers away which is why only the
61:48 firm iron core remained maybe this
61:51 exoplanet participated in a huge space
61:53 crash too that's what probably took away
61:56 the planet's mantle and left mostly its
61:58 iron core or maybe this is just a
62:01 remnant of a gaseous planet that used to
62:03 be the size of Neptune the atmosphere of
62:05 the planet could be blown away by let's
62:07 say a huge amount of radiation coming
62:10 from the Star this planet is only 31
62:12 Lighty years away from us and the day
62:14 there is less than 8 Earth hours long
62:17 the planet is only a little bit bigger
62:19 than Mars people aren't likely to ever
62:22 settle in that place because of its
62:23 extreme temperatures that go up to 2
62:26 2,700 de F there might even be molten
62:29 lava on the side of the planet that
62:31 faces its star such temperatures are
62:33 high enough to evaporate any atmosphere
62:35 so this planet might have had one in the
62:38 past generally gas giants like Jupiter
62:41 can't support life because they have
62:43 extreme weather conditions temperature
62:45 and pressure and there are no building
62:47 blocks that might create life but
62:49 smaller terrestrial planets such as I
62:52 don't know Earth have more key
62:53 ingredients like oxygen and liquid water
62:56 plus they have more temperate weather
62:58 and other conditions and still not all
63:01 of such planets support life of course
63:03 it's not easy to find a planet with
63:05 similar conditions as the ones we have
63:07 on Earth or at least the conditions that
63:09 would allow life to develop there but
63:11 meet Kepler 22b one of our most
63:14 promising findings it's 600 light years
63:17 away from us twice bigger than our
63:18 planet and with temperatures of about
63:20 72° F this is a so-called super Earth
63:25 it's a c category of planets unlike any
63:27 we have in the solar system they're more
63:29 massive than Earth but still lighter
63:31 than ice giants such as Uranus or
63:34 Neptune super Earths can consist of rock
63:37 gas or a mixture of these two Kepler 22b
63:40 is within the habitable zone of its
63:42 parent star Which is less bright than
63:44 our side the planet probably has a rocky
63:47 core it may have an ocean but it doesn't
63:50 host any life at least we don't know
63:52 about it yet
63:55 you take a giant straw and begin to
63:58 inflate Saturn it's getting bigger and
64:01 bigger and bigger that's enough now
64:05 let's add some giant rings that's it
64:08 this is super Saturn also called Saturn
64:12 on steroids it's a real object that
64:15 scientists discovered in 2012 a planet
64:18 named
64:20 j1407b and astronomers are still not
64:22 sure what it really is it could be a gas
64:24 giant like Jupiter or Saturn in our
64:27 solar system then there would be no
64:29 solid surface there and if you wanted to
64:31 set foot on that planet you just fall
64:33 through it all the way to the core but
64:36 it could also be a brown dwarf that's
64:38 something between a large planet and a
64:40 full-fledged star such objects have to
64:43 be heavy enough to start thermonuclear
64:45 reactions like those going on inside
64:47 stars but the power of these reactions
64:50 is too weak for brown dwarfs to glow and
64:52 emit heat to imagine the size and weight
64:55 of
64:56 j1407b let's look at our Earth if you
64:59 put our planet on a scale it'll show six
65:02 in another 210 tons our planet is also
65:06 about 7,900 M
65:09 across now that's Jupiter the largest
65:12 planet in our solar system its diameter
65:14 is 11 times as great as that of Earth
65:17 it's also 318 times heavier if Jupiter
65:20 were a bucket you could put
65:23 1,321 Earths in it in this is the hero
65:26 of the day super Saturn it's almost 20
65:30 times as large as Jupiter to balance the
65:32 scales you need to put
65:34 6,360 Earths on the other side the
65:38 planet's rings are so wide that if they
65:39 were in the solar system they would take
65:41 up more than half the space between the
65:43 Sun and Earth and if super Saturn
65:46 switched places with the original Saturn
65:48 you'd see those rings with the uned eye
65:51 they would be larger than a full moon
65:53 presumably these Rings appeared in the
65:55 same way as the ones around our Saturn
65:57 one Theory says they're the remains of a
65:59 moon that was once there its orbit was
66:02 unstable and over time the moon got torn
66:05 apart by the tidal forces of the huge
66:07 Planet it orbited small pieces of the
66:09 former Moon took their places in the
66:11 giant orbit they collided with one
66:14 another like in a blender after some
66:16 time everything that was left was
66:18 basically particles of dust and Ice
66:21 moving around the Colossal Planet
66:23 another theory suggests that the ring
66:25 appeared after the moon collided with an
66:27 asteroid or another Moon then the
66:30 gravitational blender did its job and
66:32 turn the moon's debris into the Rings
66:35 some scientists think the Rings formed
66:36 at around the same time as the planet
66:38 itself so they're just the remains of
66:40 the planetary nebula which is a cloud of
66:43 gas space debris and dust later it
66:46 probably shrunk and solidified to form a
66:49 planet we can only guess where super
66:51 Saturn got its rings from but scientists
66:54 say their mass is 80% of that of Earth
66:57 it may mean that the moon that used to
66:58 orbit
67:00 j1407b was about the same size as our
67:02 planet there's a little Gap in the
67:04 middle of these Rings scientists think
67:07 Super Saturn's moon might be there if
67:09 this is the case it should be about the
67:12 size of Mars if scientists are right in
67:15 super Saturn is actually a brown dwarf
67:17 then this is an incredible Discovery
67:20 scientists will be able to watch it age
67:22 supposedly Brown dwarfs lose their
67:24 energy in shrink fading in the process
67:28 and when a brown dwarf exhausts all its
67:30 energy it turns into a black dwarf it's
67:32 easy to confuse it with a black hole
67:35 people haven't discovered black dwarfs
67:37 anywhere in the universe yet because
67:39 they take trillions and quadrillions of
67:41 years to form our universe is too young
67:44 in none of the Stars even those that
67:46 appeared when the universe was born have
67:48 had time to become black dwarfs one of
67:51 the oldest objects in the universe is
67:53 the white dwarf with a pretty long name
67:55 WD 0346 plus 246 it's about 11 to 12
68:00 billion years old and half as cold as
68:02 our sun and it's still cooling it would
68:05 need around 10 plus another 15 zeros
68:08 years to turn into a black dwarf for
68:10 comparison the universe is 1.4 in 10 Z
68:14 years old scientists believe that a
68:16 black dwarf will exist for about 10 plus
68:18 25 Z years feeding on Dark Matter after
68:22 that its protons the smallest particles
68:25 of matter will begin to Decay and then
68:28 the black dwarf will simply evaporate
68:30 that will take another 10 + 49 Z years
68:34 but if the protons remain intact a much
68:37 more interesting scenario will await the
68:39 black dwarf in another 10 and 1500 zeros
68:43 years the black dwarf will become an
68:45 iron star it's essentially just a
68:47 cannonball in Space the iron sphere will
68:50 exist billions of times longer than our
68:53 entire universe has existed until it
68:56 suddenly turns into a black hole so the
68:59 process of the formation of a black
69:01 dwarf is extremely long it take a
69:03 regular star an insane amount of time to
69:06 age that much but super Saturn if it is
69:09 a brown dwarf may be much closer to this
69:12 state Saturn on steroids is not the only
69:15 strange planet in our universe this is
69:18 blee
69:19 436b it's been detected using the
69:21 transit method a Transit happens when a
69:24 planet moves between its po star and an
69:26 observer it looks similar to a lunar
69:29 eclipse this planet is four times the
69:32 size of Earth and 22 times as heavy
69:35 that's almost like Neptune it's an
69:37 exotic Water World the water there is
69:39 solid but it's not ice it has a
69:42 temperature of about 520° F the water in
69:46 your pot turns into steam at 212° fight
69:50 but on Glee 436b the liquid remains
69:52 solid because of the extreme pressure on
69:54 the pl Planet scientists have also
69:57 discovered that the planet's atmosphere
69:59 is evaporating into outer space that's
70:01 why there's a giant circular Cloud
70:03 around it it's constantly moving in its
70:06 orbit giving the planet a long tail that
70:09 looks like that of a comet canre e holds
70:12 incredible riches worth more than all
70:14 the money on Earth there are diamonds
70:16 scattered all over the planet canre e is
70:19 about twice as wide and eight times as
70:22 heavy as Earth this planet doesn't
70:24 rotate only one of its sides always
70:26 faces its host star the surface
70:28 temperature there is almost twice as
70:30 high as the temperature of a burning
70:32 fire and since the host star is rich in
70:35 carbon the planet contains plenty of
70:37 this element too the intense pressure
70:39 and temperatures help turn carbon into
70:41 graphite and diamonds unfortunately this
70:44 planet is 40 light years away from our
70:46 home so it take about 730,000 years to
70:50 get there on a regular rocket another
70:52 planet rich in gems is hat p7 B it's
70:56 about 1,000 light years away from Earth
70:58 it's 60% as large and nearly twice as
71:01 heavy as Jupiter the planet is so close
71:03 to its host star that it makes one
71:05 revolution around it in just two Earth
71:07 days because of such close proximity to
71:10 the star hat p7b is almost as hot as a
71:14 white
71:15 dwarf if you look at the night side of
71:17 this planet you'll see unusual clouds
71:20 scientists believe that these clouds may
71:23 be rich in corundum material this this
71:25 is the very substance that forms rubies
71:27 and sapphires so it's likely to rain
71:30 very expensive and beautiful gems there
71:33 wasp 12b is one of the darkest planets
71:36 ever discovered only one of its sides
71:38 faces its host star the planet surface
71:41 is so dark that it eats up about 94% of
71:45 all visible light so it looks a lot like
71:47 a black hole the host star heats up the
71:50 planet so much that the material there
71:52 continuously evaporates then the Stars
71:55 strong gravity pulls This Cloud toward
71:57 itself forming a disc but T s2b is the
72:01 champion it's the darkest planet known
72:03 to people it absorbs 99% of the light
72:06 coming from its star which means it
72:08 consumes more light than a piece of coal
72:11 1% of the remaining light looks red as
72:13 it gets reflected by this gas giant from
72:16 afar this planet looks very evil one of
72:19 the oldest planets in the universe is
72:21 PSR b1620 26b it's about 12.7 billion
72:26 years old this means that it Formed
72:28 about 1 billion years after the big bang
72:31 the planet is so old that it's two host
72:33 stars have had time to evolve one is a
72:36 white dwarf the other is a pulsar that
72:38 makes almost 100 revolutions per second
72:41 sunrises on this planet must be stunning
72:45 right now this star system is moving
72:47 toward a dense cluster of stars this is
72:49 likely to lead to a stellar Collision so
72:51 the fate of this planet is unknown
72:55 438b is one of the most earthlike
72:57 planets it's only 12% larger and is in
73:01 the habitable zone of its host star not
73:03 too close and not too far away it's a
73:06 sweet spot where water doesn't evaporate
73:08 because of the Heat and doesn't turn
73:10 into ice because of the cold this planet
73:13 might host life on its surface in the
73:16 future it may also become a new home for
73:18 Humanity but it would take people about
73:21 470 years to get to this planet even if
73:24 we traveled at the speed of of Light
73:25 which is impossible due to the law of
73:30 physics our solar system might have some
73:33 more planets up its sleeve we know about
73:35 eight official planets but they're not
73:37 the only ones that survived the chaotic
73:39 formation of our solar system 4.5
73:42 billion years ago astronomers say there
73:45 are three categories of planets in our
73:47 solar system we are in the first one the
73:50 four rocky inner planets Mercury Venus
73:53 Earth and Mars that peacefully orbit the
73:55 sun they're located within the main
73:57 asteroid belt that separates Mars from
73:59 Jupiter which is in category number two
74:03 that one's a group of planets in the
74:04 outer solar system the gas giants
74:07 Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune these
74:10 planets have huge amounts of ice and gas
74:12 around what scientists believe to be
74:14 their Rocky cores the third group lies
74:17 beyond the area where our local planets
74:19 are somewhere further than Neptune it's
74:22 the realm where you'll find dwarf
74:24 planets such as as Pluto ays and sedna
74:27 and many smaller space bodies like
74:29 comets but new findings say there could
74:32 be something else lurking in the dark
74:34 besides dwarf planets and Tiny space
74:36 bodies maybe even a new
74:39 planet models scientists made say that
74:42 our solar system used to have one or
74:44 more rocky planets the size of mars or
74:46 Earth over time these Rocky Wanderers
74:50 interacted with the wide gravity fields
74:52 of our gas giants this kicked them into
74:54 a far far out orbit away from the
74:57 neighborhood the question is if one of
74:59 those mars-sized planets survived and
75:02 could really be somewhere out there
75:04 scientists have made simulations to see
75:06 what potentially happened these showed
75:09 that in half of such cases where planets
75:11 interact with the gravity of gas giants
75:13 they get ejected into Interstellar space
75:16 in the remaining half there's this one
75:18 Rogue Planet left in an orbit similar to
75:21 the ones the Kyper belt objects are
75:23 following there's only one left to do
75:25 now find it astronomers found the
75:28 loneliest planet in the universe they
75:31 were trying to find distant brown dwarf
75:33 stars or failed Stars ones that never
75:36 become massive enough to start shining
75:38 stars are born with big masses which
75:41 means they also have strong self-gravity
75:43 the star squeezes in on itself that
75:46 causes high internal temperatures and
75:48 enables the star to shine but instead
75:52 they found a Lonely Wanderer cfbd sir
75:56 2149 the planet is between 50 and 120
75:59 million years old and has a surface
76:01 temperature of 750° f compared to Stars
76:05 that's cold at first scientists thought
76:08 it could be a brown dwarf star but in
76:11 that case it would be way older this
76:14 starless planet floats around through
76:16 space passing only 130 Lighty years away
76:19 from our planet our galaxy The Milky Way
76:22 is 100,000 Lighty years wide so that's
76:25 relatively close the lonely traveler is
76:27 actually a gas giant four to seven times
76:30 bigger than Jupiter maybe it was kicked
76:33 out from its own solar system because of
76:35 gravitational forces or getting into
76:37 another planet's orbit or it was formed
76:40 away from its parent Star Far Beyond
76:43 Pluto on the edge of our solar system
76:45 there's a space body about as big as
76:47 Pluto but a little bit colder and way
76:50 denser it's probably a big Rocky body
76:53 covered in a thin icy mantle it's the
76:56 dwarf planet
76:57 ays both Pluto and ays occupy the Kyper
77:01 belt which is the distant ring of frigid
77:03 space bodies that lies Beyond Neptune a
77:06 day there lasts 25.9 hours pretty
77:09 similar to Earth but ays circles our sun
77:12 in the distance three times farther than
77:14 Pluto which means its year is pretty
77:17 long 557 Earth years ays has a bright
77:21 icy surface it's one of the most
77:23 reflective bodies in our solar system it
77:26 bounces back more than 95% of the light
77:29 that strikes it somewhere out there even
77:32 farther there's a super Saturn
77:35 j1407b much larger than Jupiter or
77:38 Saturn it's an exoplanet which means a
77:41 planet that orbits a star other than our
77:43 sun super Saturn is 434 light years away
77:47 from Earth in the constellation of
77:49 Centaurus it's the only exoplanet we
77:52 know about with rings similar to Saturn
77:54 it actually has a huge ring system 200
77:57 times bigger than Saturn's rings there
78:00 are more than 30 Rings each of them tens
78:02 of millions of miles in diameter there
78:05 are gaps in the Rings which means there
78:07 could be some interesting satellites
78:09 exomoons around if this super Saturn
78:12 could swap places with our regular
78:14 Saturn its rings would absolutely
78:16 dominate our Sky you could look up and
78:19 easily see them the view would be
78:21 amazing because they would appear much
78:23 bigger than a full moon
78:26 scientists have found thousands of
78:28 planets outside of our solar system some
78:31 are dense as iron While others are airy
78:33 and light and then there's the Water
78:36 World gj1214b a steamy world bigger than
78:41 Earth and smaller than Uranus 40 light
78:43 years away from us in the constellation
78:45 of ofius it's a watery Planet surrounded
78:49 by a thick atmosphere 2.7 times Earth's
78:52 diameter and almost seven times heavier
78:54 than our home planet it was most likely
78:56 formed somewhere farther from its star
78:59 where there was plenty of water ice but
79:01 later migrated to where it is today its
79:03 surface temperature is 440° f which is
79:07 too hot to host life like on Earth it
79:10 also has much less Rock and much more
79:12 water than our planet imagine a planet
79:15 with no land but only endless oceans
79:17 covering all of its surface High
79:20 pressures and temperatures would form
79:21 things like super fluid water or hot ice
79:25 some pretty exotic materials that we
79:27 can't see on our planet gisa
79:30 436b it's a neptun sized exoplanet 30
79:33 light years away from our planet in the
79:35 constellation of Leo it makes one full
79:38 orbit around its star in a little more
79:40 than 2 days this planet defies the laws
79:43 of physics it orbits its star gisa 436
79:47 which is smaller cooler and less
79:49 luminous than our sun at a distance 15
79:52 times closer than Mercury is to the Sun
79:55 when we typically think of ice we
79:57 picture a frozen Cube but this planet
80:00 has an icy surface even though the
80:02 temperature there is 980 de F this
80:05 temperature is way above the melting
80:07 point but the ice remains solid and
80:10 burning hot this happens because of very
80:13 strong gravity it compresses the water
80:16 vapor in the atmosphere into solid ice
80:19 the pressure here doesn't allow the ice
80:21 to melt no matter how hot the surface is
80:24 now imagine being on a mysterious planet
80:26 and it suddenly starts raining Sapphires
80:29 and rubies one distant exoplanet Pat p7b
80:33 a gas giant 1,000 Lighty years away from
80:36 Earth in the constellation of sness and
80:38 16 times bigger has specific weather and
80:41 pretty violent storms rubies and
80:44 sapphires are scattered across the
80:46 planet when it's raining on the planet's
80:48 night side there's a high amount of
80:50 corundum in the atmosphere and corundum
80:53 is what mineral gems such such as
80:54 Sapphires and rubies are made of clouds
80:57 of corundum give such an amazing view
81:00 the planet is plagued by severe winds
81:02 that often turn into powerful storms
81:04 that push huge masses of those clouds
81:06 across the planet although the planet is
81:09 uninhabitable it would certainly be cool
81:11 to come there and pick up some gems
81:13 still the weather is pretty wild plus
81:16 the temperatures are over 4600 de fah by
81:19 comparison Venus is the hottest planet
81:22 in our solar system and its temperature
81:24 is only 900° F looking over the
81:28 expansive space you can see a beautiful
81:30 little blue dot in the endless Darkness
81:33 it's an exoplanet HD
81:36 189733b that lies 63 light years from us
81:39 in the constellation of
81:41 vpaula but it's way hotter and larger
81:44 than our planet around the size of
81:46 Jupiter and it completes its orbit
81:48 around its host star in only 2.2 Earth
81:51 days that orbit is so close that the
81:53 planet is most likely tidily locked that
81:56 means it's always showing only one face
81:59 to its star like our moon always shows
82:01 one side to Earth the weather here is
82:04 crazy the winds blow at up to 5400 mph
82:08 which is 7 times the speed of sound the
82:10 fastest wind on Earth only hit the mark
82:13 of 230 mph and it gets better the rain
82:17 here is not made of water but of molten
82:19 glass clouds are made of silicate atoms
82:22 and particles they are the key elements
82:24 that gives the planet its cobalt blue
82:26 color not the reflection of oceans which
82:29 is the case with Earth Earth used to be
82:31 purple today even when you look at our
82:34 planet from space you see a lot of green
82:37 the green we see in nature is there
82:39 because of photosynthesis the process
82:41 where plants transform energy coming
82:43 from the Sun into energy they need to
82:45 live and to produce oxygen for us the
82:47 main part of the process that gives
82:49 plants the green color is the
82:50 chlorophyll pigment a long time ago
82:53 instead of chlorophyll there was a
82:55 molecule called retinol its pigments
82:57 absorb yellow and green light and turn
82:59 it into red and blue so the Earth was
83:02 more purple and then there's a pink
83:05 planet gj504b far away from us in the
83:09 Virgo constellation four times more
83:12 massive than Jupiter it's a newly formed
83:14 exoplanet around 160 million years old
83:17 by comparison the Earth is 4.5 billion
83:20 years old if we could go there we would
83:23 see an incredible world world that glows
83:25 from the heat of its formation
83:27 everything around you would be colored
83:31 magenta ah Earth home the third Blue
83:35 Rock From the Sun the only known planet
83:37 where life can Thrive we have around 78%
83:40 nitrogen 21% oxygen and 1% argon water
83:44 vapor and carbon dioxide give or take
83:47 the perfect balance to support our
83:49 respiration the troposphere is the
83:51 lowest and densest part of Earth's
83:53 atmosphere 5 to 9 Mi thick it's the part
83:56 of the atmosphere that keeps changing
83:58 our weather for any life to exist we
84:01 would need this atmosphere and the same
84:03 combination of gases to breathe if all
84:05 the planets in our solar system were
84:07 combined to become a mega Earth then
84:09 humans wouldn't have evolved the way we
84:11 are today and we'd have a very different
84:15 planet if we take the landscape of Mars
84:17 we'll only have solid land without large
84:20 bodies of water Earth is the only planet
84:22 in our solar system with bodies of water
84:25 one of the first wonders to see will be
84:27 Olympus Mons the largest volcano in the
84:30 solar system it Towers Mount Everest by
84:33 a long shot at 78,000 ft above the
84:36 ground vus Marinis is a group of canyons
84:39 that make the Grand Canyon in the US
84:41 feel like a average one this Wonder
84:45 stretches for almost 2500 miles and goes
84:48 more than 4 M deep on top of these epic
84:51 terrains there's plenty of other Grand
84:53 scale ations on Mars that are way bigger
84:56 than the ones on Earth the planet might
84:58 be as large as Jupiter if the Earth were
85:00 the size of a grape then Jupiter would
85:02 be the size of a
85:05 basketball we'd have the size of Jupiter
85:07 and the rings of Saturn floating around
85:09 us the Rings may seem like some large
85:11 chunks of rock in the air but they're
85:13 actually ice particles and chunks of
85:15 iced rocks they range from the size of
85:18 Pebbles to car sized ones Saturn's rings
85:21 are supported by the unique gravity in
85:23 the region with a lot of these ice rocks
85:26 floating in the sky there won't be much
85:28 sunlight entering the planet which means
85:30 the planet will always be colder than
85:32 usual not to mention the many moons it
85:35 has our Mega Planet could also have many
85:37 moons circling above us contributing to
85:40 the tidal
85:41 waves Jupiter is known for the red spot
85:44 a place twice the size of Earth that has
85:46 hurricane-like storms that have been
85:48 going on for hundreds of years the
85:50 people of Mega Earth will settle far
85:52 away from it
85:55 Mercury is a planet but looks like the
85:57 moon due to all the craters lying around
86:00 that's because of many asteroids and
86:01 comets striking it over billions of
86:03 years but the landscape here mainly
86:06 consists of mountains Highlands Cliffs
86:08 and valleys the caloris Basin is almost
86:11 1,000 Mi wide they believe it was formed
86:14 by a comet the deserts on Earth are
86:17 mainly hot and consist of Dunes of sand
86:19 but they also have flat Plains and small
86:22 hills the largest desert in the world is
86:24 the whole Antarctic continent mercury
86:27 has no atmosphere to trap any heat so it
86:29 gets really hot when the sun is facing
86:31 it and freezing cold when the planet
86:33 turns away from it on this combined Mega
86:37 Earth the desert will most likely have a
86:39 similar landscape to that of
86:41 mercury the animals living here will
86:43 probably be something like giant
86:45 scorpions and desert snakes that soak in
86:48 some sun during the day and go out
86:50 hunting at night but the soaring day
86:52 temperatures would melt anyone walking
86:54 and even though Mercury is the closest
86:56 planet to the sun it's not the
86:59 hottest Venus has temperatures of nearly
87:02 900° F scientists believe that the lands
87:06 here are flat because of the extreme
87:07 temperatures but it's not all flat with
87:10 some volcanoes and Highland
87:12 areas we can probably find this Terrain
87:15 in climate near the equator since it's
87:17 always hot there humans can't live there
87:19 unless they build Special domes to
87:21 sustain life but since the planet is not
87:24 now huge not all its territory needs to
87:26 be populated some areas will have the
87:29 proper atmosphere for breathing but some
87:32 places might not have such
87:34 luxuries over at the poles the climate
87:36 will most likely mimic Pluto even though
87:39 it's not technically a planet anymore in
87:42 2006 they officially declared it a dwarf
87:45 planet and it's even smaller than the
87:47 moon there's not much known about this
87:50 little mini floating Rock except that
87:52 it's composed of around 70% Rock and 30%
87:55 ice scientists believe that a part of
87:58 its surface is covered in Frozen
87:59 nitrogen solid methane and carbon
88:04 dioxide since the mega planet is huge
88:07 gravity might be quite strong here
88:09 Jupiter's gravity is enough to double
88:11 your weight humans will most likely be
88:14 really tall and mega sized to match the
88:16 Big Planet even the oceans will be huge
88:19 our oceans will look like little Lakes
88:21 compared to what Mega Earth has in store
88:23 for us
88:25 humans need something close to 24 hours
88:27 in a single day our bodies adjusted to
88:30 it quite well but it wouldn't affect us
88:32 too much if the day had a few extra
88:34 hours or a few hours less we can't live
88:38 on any other planet without wearing the
88:40 proper gear we wouldn't last more than a
88:42 few seconds in places like Jupiter
88:44 Neptune and Saturn it's possible to last
88:47 as long as you can hold your breath on
88:49 Mars the atmosphere is thin and the
88:51 gravity is similar to ours but you might
88:54 freeze even though it's a red planet
88:56 it's actually very cold and has ice caps
88:58 in the poles covered with carbon
89:01 dioxide the same's true for mercury you
89:03 can only last there as long as you can
89:05 hold your breath and be in The Sweet
89:07 Spot between the sunrise and the
89:09 sunset ancient civilizations wouldn't
89:12 have been as diverse as they were on
89:14 Earth since the extreme terrains and
89:16 conditions wouldn't have allowed for
89:18 Discovery and training but eventually as
89:20 humans develop special Technologies for
89:23 certain areas different cultures would
89:25 emerge many animals would also evolve in
89:28 specific and unique ways but because of
89:31 the planet's enormous size isolation and
89:34 being on top of the food chain would let
89:36 certain animals be around since the
89:38 beginning of the planet without evolving
89:40 so it's possible that this Mega Earth
89:43 might have ancient dinosaurs roaming
89:45 around and they'd be even bigger than
89:47 the ones on
89:49 Earth and even though there's a high
89:51 chance that some humans might be
89:53 physically different than than each
89:54 other there might even be more than one
89:56 species of humans living on opposite
89:58 ends of the planet because of the
90:01 isolation they evolved in their own ways
90:03 according to their surroundings over the
90:06 centuries technological advancements
90:08 would spread different cultures around
90:10 and we'd be more open to each other
90:12 neanderthals and Homo sapiens once live
90:15 side by side and were considered as the
90:17 two species of humans the Andals were
90:20 intelligent and used tools for hunting
90:22 and drawing Homo sapiens were survivors
90:25 and wandered around to discover new land
90:28 there could be two dominant human
90:30 species and other minor ones that live
90:32 in certain areas on Mega Earth they'd be
90:35 bigger tougher and faster than us the
90:38 ones who live by the trees would have
90:40 elongated limbs to stretch out and swing
90:43 from tree to tree the ones that live in
90:45 savanas will probably run really fast
90:48 and have long legs for
90:50 that countries and cities will be bigger
90:53 than what we have on regular Earth a
90:55 country can be as big as Earth itself
90:57 the human population can reach tens of
91:00 billions special transportation
91:02 technology might be invented for people
91:04 to travel from one continent to another
91:06 covering those distances can take months
91:09 or even years if using regular aircraft
91:12 high-speed trains that travel so fast
91:14 over land and Rocket likee planes going
91:16 through the sky traveling through oceans
91:19 will require extremely sturdy ships
91:22 traveling through the Atlantic Ocean is
91:23 already PR scary for many so imagine
91:25 going on a voyage across a body of water
91:28 that's potentially 8 times the size of
91:30 Earth we're going to need a bigger boat
91:33 there'll be areas to avoid like the red
91:35 spot with its Perpetual storms raging on
91:38 but the tourist industry might have some
91:40 room for anyone who wants to see it
91:43 living on such a huge planet is unlikely
91:46 going to become a reality for most of us
91:48 anytime soon but scientists are already
91:51 discussing moving to other planets to
91:53 find a new home for humans
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