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Very good evening everyone.

Uh my name is Karthik Gorawati. I'm the

faculty of anthropology.

I welcome all the online students also.

And uh right at the outset, let me

apologize to all the online students if

I don't keep looking at the camera very

often. And do raise your hand if you

have any question to ask. And

maximum volume

connect you. I can hear them. If they

very good evening everyone

uh my name is Karthik Gorawati I'm the

faculty of anthropology

I welcome all the online students also

and uh right at the outset let me

apologize to all the online students if

I don't keep looking at the camera very

often and do raise your hand if you have

any question to ask and uh our technical

help here will connect you I can hear

them if they ask a question they can

speak to me only at the chat box so you

may probably type your questions in the

chat box and all the offline students

uh thanks for choosing me to teach you

anthropology ology. I'll try my level

best not to let you down.

Uh a few words about me before I'll

introduce you to the discipline. Uh

it'll be a very long monologue for

almost 5 months and a little more than

that probably and uh

maybe I'll give you very little

opportunity to talk. You have no choice.

You paid for it and you're going to get it.

it.

I am a PhD in anthropology. I passed out

of the University of Hyderabad in 1992.

I was a gold medalist then and uh I had

the honor of receiving my gold medal

from Jiadi Tata who was the director of

my university those days.

And uh I have another avatar. I'm also a

corporate communication strategist.

I consult with governments, multilateral agencies

agencies

and uh corporates

in designing their communication

strategies. So in the process

uh I own a film making company which is

into corporate films and I also

occasionally do documentaries. One of my

recent ones was on the Cordovas of K.

I'm sure you will be learning about them

sometime in my class

and uh they are one of the oldest

cultures uh of India. Nobody knows their

origin and uh Phil Marshall Karapa

uh Robin Utapa

and uh I think the more recent one would

be Rashmika Mandana they're all cordovas

and uh I went to capture their culture.

I made a documentary for the films

division. Uh

so I made about some 3,000 corporate

films. They're not for public

consumption. I work with 50 at least 50

of the fortune companies as a consultant

and uh Bill and Melinda Gates

Foundation. I work a lot in the field of

urban governance and capacity building

and since I'm an an I'm a practicing anthropologist.

anthropologist.

So it all depends on understanding the

human needs communication and bridging

the gap between the government and its citizens.

citizens.

I've been teaching since the year 1993

for civil services and only anthropology

and uh most of you were not born when I

started teaching and when I started

teaching I was 23 years old I'm 52 today

so that's almost 29 years of teaching

only for civil all this hair got white

standing in front of civil service

aspirants I would have lost all this

hair if I was one of the aspirants

So uh I could retain some but anyway let

me congratulate you for having chosen

uh to give a try and work towards

getting into the civil services.

India is a great country

and being a a civil servant working for

India especially if you are in one of

those higher civil services

1.21 2 1.3 billion people. It may become

1.4 by the time this class is over. And

uh from womb to the tomb, from the

cradle to the grave,

they work with the civil servant.

No amount of money, no amount of wealth

will give you that kind of a

satisfaction that you get when you work

for the government.

Some of my students who cleared this

exam treat it as their religion

and they consider it as their singular

duty you know to make sure that they put

that small smile the little smile on

every face that they come across.

And trust me even the world's most

wealthiest businessman has to come and

wait for your appointment.

And that's the kind of the power that

you have and I'm glad you have chosen it

because this country really requires a

lot of young

millennial blood. Unfortunately,

Unfortunately,

politics is not attracting younger

people. We hardly find any millennials

in the politics. But maybe the permanent

executive can bring in 21st century

ideas to 19th century problems. And it's

high time that you do it.

What shall we do today?

One, I'll give you a broad overview

about the discipline.

Is the damage already done? You have

chosen anthropology already

cuz there's no control zed, right? Okay.

I'll give you a brief overview. I don't

know how many of you have attended the

interactive session on the optional.

There were very few people that day. I

remember about 60 people. I see many

more here.

How many are online? About 132 online. Okay.

Okay.

Your audio and video is not matching.

Well, that's my domain. The problem is

with your streaming. So maybe you should

sit in a place where you have a good signal.

signal.

Uh okay. And if you have an audio

problem or if you think that the audio

is cracking, I would advise you to

switch off your video so that the

bandwidth can be efficiently used to at

least carry my voice to you. And when I

start writing down, that's a different story.

story. Okay.

Okay.

So, let me give you a brief overview

about anthropology. I will also

take you through your syllabus.

Normally they say that you need to know

the depth of the water before you take a

plunge into it. But since you have

already taken a plunge into it, I will

try to make sure to keep you afloat

uh uh you know in this process.

You will also in the process of

understanding the syllabus that you have

which is prescribed for civil services exam

exam

understand in what way we are very

different from the other social

sciences. That also gives you an idea as

to how anthropology can help you

enormously in actually developing the

critical thinking that most of you

require to write even general studies answers.

answers.

I'm sure most of you must have left

either the social sciences or to some

extent the biological sciences in the

10th standard. After 10th, you must have

forgotten everything about social

studies, civics and god knows what else

that we had. We had 10 different

teachers teaching 10 different subjects

and they expect one student to learn all

of them and write the exam. Very unfair, right?

right?

and uh I will also give you the

methodology that I will adopt along with

my colleague whom I'm sure some of you

know him uh Mr. Vinoi Krishna who will

be teaching uh the basic biology and genetics.

You will also in the process of

understanding the syllabus that you have

which is prescribed for civil services exam

exam

understand in what way we are very

different from the other social

sciences. That also gives you an idea as

to how anthropology can help you

enormously in actually developing that

critical thinking that most of you

require to write even general studies answers.

answers.

I'm sure most of you must have left

either the social sciences or to some

extent the biological sciences in the

10th standard. After 10th, you must have

forgotten everything about social

studies, civics and god knows what else

that we had. We had 10 different

teachers teaching 10 different subjects

and they expect one student to learn all

of them and write the exam. Very unfair,

right? School. But anyway

and uh I will also give you the

methodology that I will adopt along with

my colleague whom I'm sure some of you

know him uh Mr. Vinoi Krishna who will

be teaching uh the basic biology and

genetics. uh uh is a biotechnology

medical biotechnology teacher

teacher

and uh I will also probably give you

certain dos and don'ts that uh you need

to probably follow in my class is

because uh it's good for you and good

for me too

and uh then we will see the various

modalities and what is expected of you

and what you can expect from me or us

and uh how we will take it forward from

there. Uh let me do a small exercise.

How many of you are from social sciences

background? When I say background,

Okay.

When I say social sciences,

uh, history, economics, sociology,

can you be a little louder? Bihar

Bihar

mirat. Okay. And uh

okay

anyone with anthropology?

Wow. Can you please identify yourself? I

need to know where the bullets are

What's your name? Priyatam.

Priyatam.

Priyatam. Sounds like you are from one

of the Telugu speaking states. And

And

Andhra Pradesh. Okay. And uh you did MAC

physical anthropology in Andra

University. Good. Thanks. Please say

that's one of the oldest universities in

India. In fact, one of the greatest

advantages you have when you choose

anthropology is you don't have a competition.

competition.

you know there's a level playing field

between all of you

sociology or any other science I don't

want to badmouth other sciences they are

all equally uh uh intense in fact

anthropology is one of the youngest

disciplines in the family of social

sciences sociology political science

even human geography and economics and

to some extent behavioral sciences like

psychology are much older than anthropology

anthropology

anthropology ology was born in Oxford

University only in the late 19th

century. In fact, some of our older

generation people, if you have some very

old grandparents, they were alive when

anthropology was born in uh uh Oxford University

University

that young that discipline is but in

this short span of about almost 200

years, let's take it, it has achieved a

lot much more than what the other social

sciences couldn't. And that precisely

uh makes this discipline a very very

interesting discipline.

It doesn't matter what your academic

background is. I'm assuming that all

those who didn't raise your hands

are engineers.

Right? I am no I'm not insulting

engineering here. Your house is not made

without one and uh nothing in the world

is built without you.

Uh but for the record, how many of you

are from engineering background? Okay,

Okay,

I don't want to ask this cliched

question, often asked question and a a

very cheap one that too. Why did you

I hope you didn't hear the bookstore guy

next to this building who told you anthropology,

right? I hope you didn't do that. Okay.

If someone told you that anthropology is

easy, well, there's nothing easy

inherently in any subject.

You know, even though UPSC says the

syllabus is uh graduate level, don't

believe them. I'm sure you are

experienced enough not to believe UPSC.

It's called unpredictable service

commission. That's what it stands for. UPSC.

UPSC.

But anyway, it's a little more than a

graduate level uh course. In fact, some

of the topics we go intensively

uh almost bordering on what I learned as

a student uh almost uh three decades ago

at an MA level.

But anyway, the subject is also very dynamic.

dynamic.

You know, I learn anthropology along

with you. In fact, most of the

anthropology I learned was not when I

was in the university, but when I was

teaching anthropology for civil services.

services.

And it's so dynamic and so so dynamic

that even after these many decades

you know as a teacher I still have to

spend an hour or two preparing for the

class because there could be so much

happening around the world

uh that you know we which we cannot

afford to ignore

and that's how dynamic things are. There

are some of the areas which are so

dynamic that what I might be teaching

you in the class may become obsolete by

the time you appear for your mates.

So you need to brush yourselves with the

latest data and latest uh information

regarding that. But anyway that's not

your problem that's my problem. Uh but

coming to anthropology except priyatam

right uh except priyatam anyone would

that's what psychologists also study right

linguist istics also but linguistics

linguistics is also a full-fledged

you know don't consider me challenging

have you heard about this any time you

is a conflict

va means it blossoms, it grows. Vidya,

vidya is knowledge.

You know most of the greatest of the

books were or the basic foundations of

the greatest religions and philosophies

of the world did not come where one

person was sitting and writing down.

There used to be a number of educated,

knowledgeable saints, prophets, gurus

and that's only when all that knowledge

was developed and it was handed over to

us. There were no internets. There were

no there was no printing press.

Everything was only through and smiti

is speech and is memory.

And uh

whenever I challenge something you say,

it's not because I would like to

belittle what you said. I it's just that

90% of the time I will make you answer

your own question

because you will realize it slowly

because if I say something now it looks

like a marketing gimmick and I have no

business to market because this is a

much more serious

enterprise and exercise than you know

selling something.

So he said psychology, I said

psychologists are there, he said

linguistics, I said linguists are there.

Yes. Anyone else? Yeah.

Study of everything that involves man. Okay.

Holistic study of man across time and space.

space.

What do you mean by holistic? Comprehensive.

Comprehensive.

Complete comprehensive whole. Okay. Sir

according to brand evolution of living

beings from pen to sword. Huh?

Huh?

Pen to sword.

From the pen to the sword.

Is it pen to the sword or sword to the pen?

The study of humans and his behavior. Yes.

Yes.

Adaptation to past, present and future.

Let's give some opportunity. Uh

at Sharma very harsh, inaudible cracking sound.

sound.

Please check study of human evolution. B

she is saying evolution of the human species.

species.

Journey of man through time. Studying

biological, cultural and social aspects

of man. Deepanchu. Study of human

evolution culturally and biologically.

Development with time, the customs and

beliefs. Okay. Almost you know you can

never go wrong when you define anthropology.

anthropology.

I'm going to literally start off with

the origin of the term anthropology. go

through the evolution of the discipline,

the change in its meaning and scope.

Anyway, that is a part of our syllabus

and discussion. This is more like you

know an introductory class. So I'm not

going into the theoretical and academic

definitions. Okay. But essentially you

can say all of you are right. I may

contradict you. You may sound you

contradicting to yourself but you can

never go wrong because everything that

touches the human being and everything

that we touch as human beings as he said

is anthropology.

You know where anthropology was born? It

was born in philosophy. In every every

discipline is born in philosophy.

You know I got a PhD. What does it mean?

I didn't get a PhD in anthropology. They

gave me a doctorate in philosophy.

You know you can get a PhD in mathematics.

mathematics.

You get a doctorate not in mathematics.

You actually are getting a doctorate in philosophy.

philosophy.

Even in medical science there is a PhD

but that doctorate we are all useless

doctors medical any medical doctors

1 2 3 4 Okay. Good dentist or medicine? Dentist

MBBS from where?

Oh, okay. Anyone who somebody else? Yeah.

My god. Okay. How many of you are from

Telu states?

Oh my god. Thanks. Thanks for

contributing to the economy of Rajenda Nagarat.

Nagarat. Okay.

Okay. Okay.

Okay.

I have no special uh you know I mean we

are all we are not even citizens of

India. We are citizens of the world. We

represent a species in my class and in

the dos and don'ts I'll tell you what

else you should leave behind when you

come into the class especially of

anthropology but anyway uh I'm a PhD in

medical anthropology

but the area of my research is what are

the factors that are cultural scientific organizational

organizational

that prevent the delivery of primary

health care to tribal people you know

India has one of the worst World's

largest footprint of primary health care

services. Today you call them Asha

workers. Once upon a time we call

them&ms, auxiliary nurses come midwives.

We have primary health centers in every

nuke and corner of the country in the

deepest of the jungles in the highest of

the mountains.

But you see the mortality and morbidity

rates of the tribal people is still very

bad compared to the general Indian averages.

averages.

So what are the reasons why we are not

able to deliver the marvels of modern

medicine to the tribal brethren

and that was my area of my research and

that was it's a longitudinal research I

worked amongst the tribes in Orisa Andra

border it is called the pardu it's a

agency area you will understand all

these terms when we study paper two of anthropology

anthropology

and you have the fifth and the sixth

schedules of the constitution of India

I'm sure you know that if you have

attended the Indian politic. So fifth

scheduled areas are called the scheduled

areas and they're also they call

themselves agency areas because they are

actually governed by an organization of

government of India called integrated

tribal development agency authority

headed by a person not below the harder

of a joint collector an IS officer

and uh it was in these agency areas I

worked in Orisa Andra border and medical

science is a passion

And we have we will be discussing a lot

of aspects not directly of medicine

that's too technical but certain aspects

like epidemology the spread of diseases

and all that you know today we are

witnessing covid

tell me what we had to stop ourselves

from getting infected from covid we did

not have any vaccine for a long time

even these vaccines are not helping as

we are speaking it's just that they are

preventing serious serious illness, but

they're not preventing the infection.

But don't don't you think that the

strategies we have today to fight CO are

actually behavioral and social and not medical?

medical?

You are asked to,

you know, wash your hands.

You are asked to not shake hands. You

are asked to maintain social distance is

a stupid word. You can never make man

socially distance himself, you know. uh

you can only probably make somebody

physically distance themselves. You know

even somebody serving the life sentence

in the Thihar jail is not socially

distanced from his own family but

physically yes is locked down but these

are all called the nonfarmacological

strategies or non-medical strategies and

that's where you know the spread of

infectious diseases comes in and you

have a chapter in your syllabus for

that. It's called epidemological anthropology

anthropology

which is probably a a small

uh aspect of medical anthropology but a

damn interesting area. We'll see all

that co in fact one of the most busiest

people in the world during co were anthropologists

anthropologists

because you can't go to an Amazonian

tribe and tell them to socially

distance. They were distanced for

millions of years. It's just that today

in the name of civilization we ask them

to come and join the mainstream

but they evolve their own immune system

which is so different from yours and

mine that you know they don't have the

basic antibbody uh or the resistance to

fight even the most stupidest

of viruses like common cold leave alone covid.

covid.

So there's some video of mine from

Sikkim University. I was discussing with

the students of northeastern

universities during COVID the role of anthropology

anthropology

in COVID. That was almost 2 years ago in

the lockdown. I was addressing those

students and it was uh uh posted by

Sikkim University. You can see it how

beautiful. It was on the international

day of indigenous people United Nations.

uh we have one day of a year dedicated

to indigenous people. We call them

adiwasis in our country. They are

amongst us in this classroom. I'm sure

the political legal term for them is

scheduled tribe and the meaning of

adiwasi means adi means original. The

first wasi resident

they are the aborigins.

We are not discussing the Arian debate

here that you can ask the history

teacher but uh genetically I'm sure

Indians are not foreign. We are all from

this country itself. But anyway, the

recently excavated raki duri uh skeleton

the DNA from the middle ear a trace DNA

technology has done wonders and they

were able to compare that DNA with the

rest of the country and they realized

that the concept of arian is not

genetically proven but anyway let's not

get into the politics of it but the

reason I'm telling you all this is

because there's virtually nothing that

you all you do not know in anthropology.

Trust me when I tell you this.

It's just that what I'm doing is I'm

taking our own lives, our own experiences,

experiences,

our own histories, our own social behaviors,

behaviors,

organizing it and giving it a structure

because you have to study for an exam

and write an answer. But you know, you

don't have to search for examples and

case studies. You are an example.

yourself and you are we are our own case studies.

studies.

Every single thing that I discuss in

this class is something that you

probably are is aware of.

There's nothing foreign. There is

nothing alien.

It's just that the humanity does the

same things for different reasons and

they do different things for the same reason.

reason.

We want to get married. We have a

million different ways of getting married.

married.

We want to bring up children. There are

a million different ways of bringing up children.

children.

Two neighbors living in the same

apartment complex or in a community, a

gated community. Both of them pray the

God, but they do so for different

reasons. And they have different gods

that they are praying.

You know, we are all doing the same

things for the different reasons. We are

doing different things for the same

reason. This is the reason why there is

so much of human diversity. No two

people on the surface of this planet are alike

alike

either biologically or socially. Even

the identical twins are behaviorally

different from each other. A father and

the son have ego issues. You know a wife

and a husband, a brother and a sister,

two friends, two states, two casts, two

religions, two nations, you know, never

think alike.

That is the reason why there is so much

of diversity that a science was required

which can collate collect

information about this human diversity.

Identify whether there is any uniformity

in their behaviors, any singularity in

their behaviors and come out with a

theory that answers three questions.

There are only three questions we answer

as anthropologists. Who is man?

Where did we come from? And why do we

act the way we do?

For the next 5 months, just like how

anthropology did for the ne the earlier

200 years, we are going to answer only

these three questions and nothing else.

Who are we? Where did we come from? And

why do we act the way we do?

There's so much about human behavior

that I don't think one lifetime is

enough to understand our own selves

leave alone other people. How many of us

have seen India completely? how much

time is required to understand India thoroughly

thoroughly

you know from se I don't know god knows

when the first travelers came to India

but uh you know we are still trying to

every day in social media some new

aspect about India appears fascinating

about just about one so one culture one

civilization called India now bring the

humanity of the world the seven and a

half probably uh 8 billion people. There

are more than 6,000 cultures. God knows

how many subcultures,

how many social classes and how many

languages. We want to bring all of them

on a one table on one platform and

answer these three questions. Who is

man? Where did he come from? And why

does he behave the way he does?

And for the last two centuries, we are

trying to answer the same questions.

The reason is because humanity is never

static. The lizards have evolved

millions of years ago. The cockroaches

have evolved millions of years ago, but

they remained the same. But we we don't

remain the same. We never remain the same.

same.

As a species, we have evolved less than

45,000 years ago. Do you know that

we are the youngest of the species on earth

earth

45,000 years ago? Maybe our 8 ancestors

have evolved some 3.7 3.8 million years

ago. But the modern human being has

evolved about 40 45,000 years ago. That

date may further be pushed if new

fossils are discovered.

Every time you open the science and

technology page of Hindu every Thursday,

there will be a small thing about human evolution.

Lo and behold, your answers will have to

change accommodate that. And the story

that we narrate in the class has to be

re-engineered to make it contemporary.

And in this 40 45,000 years of our

history on this planet of the journey on

this planet, look where we are.

We have become the most sophisticated

species on earth. There's virtually not

a habitat that you and I don't occupy.

We live in the tundras. We live in the

polar regions. We live in the world's

hottest climates. We live in Amazonian

rainforests, semi-ropics, semiarids,

tropical forests and we built our own

ecosystems which are called the cities

and the villages, the concrete jungles.

And no species of an animal or plant has

spread the way we did. We do not have

any enemy. We don't have a predator. We

are our own predators.

We are on the top of the food chain

cannibalizing each other behaviorally, psychologically.

psychologically.

You know, we did not have we don't have

a reason to fight with each other, but

we created some so that we can keep

ourselves engaged.

And you see where we are. Ours is the

only species on earth that has developed

the technology to prevent its own extinction.

extinction.

No other species has a technology to

prevent its own extinction. We cannot

become extinct is because we do not we

don't depend on our biology for our

survival. We depend on those doctors,

the technology and all you engineers

that will prevent us from our own extinction.

extinction.

We are the most sophisticated species in

that short span of time.

So with this kind of a backdrop

we need to answer these three questions.

Who is man? Where did he come from? And

why does he act the way he does? And

it's not an easy task, isn't it? No two

people in this classroom are alike. You

won't 90% of the time you may disagree

with me of what I say, but I'll make

sure that before you leave the class you

are convinced. That's my business. But

at the end of the day that's what it is. So

it's not an easy discipline.

If someone told you anthropology is

easy, please don't believe him or her.

Yeah. At the outset, let me tell you

whenever I use the word man, I mean

women also. Okay? Due respects to all

the feminists in the classroom. I'm a

feminist too. I don't have to be a

female to be a feminist.

And there's nothing wrong. It's not a

bad word, right? You're trying to be

genderneutral. The word man in

anthropology is a genderneutral term. I

would rather use the word human. But

since Aristotle has chosen the term man

uh to describe anthropology, I have no

choice but to use it.

you know anthropose

and the word logi is from another Greek

or logic

or in mo in the modern context we can

also say it means science. It almost

means science.

So it is from these two Greek words that

Aristotle has coined the term anthropology.

anthropology.

So where anthropose means man, logos

means logic, study, science or reasoning.

reasoning.

We often use the word man but it doesn't

mean we are only talking about the

males. Okay, we mean the species called

the homo sapien. I'll come to that

meaning of the homo sapien also in a

little while.

So that's one disclaimer I want to make

right at the beginning that when I mean

when I say man it doesn't mean I'm

talking only about the male members. I

mean it's a genderneutral term.

So it was Aristotle as the it's obvious

now who coined the term anthropology and

just like he has uh uh laid the

foundation for many disciplines he also

actually laid the foundation for anthropology.

anthropology.

In fact you you will find it interesting

when I discuss the meaning and scope and

definitions of anthropology. The first

formal definition in the textbook in

anthropology was actually written by and

given by a German philosopher whom you

already know if you have studied paper 4

of GS ethics. His name is Emmanuel Kant.

Kanti and ethics is an integral part of

your syllabus. I'm sure

your first chapter in ethics is called

ethics and human nature.

Right? ethics and human condition,

human interface. That's anthropology

there. So there's virtually nothing that

we don't study under the sky in the name

of anthropology. In fact, you will be so

obsessed. I'm and I'm not exaggerating

when I'm saying this, okay? That you

will start seeing anthropology

everywhere probably after a week or 10

days. you'll never enjoy tribul

uh the way you have enjoyed it already

because I I I keep looking at things

that you don't see you know not only as

a filmmaker but also as an

anthropologist your dining room

conversations with your parents and

siblings will not be the same

you know and if you are already married

individual god help you because I'm

married to a psychotherapist and a

psychologist so anthropology and

psychology ology uh they don't fit

perfectly but anyway uh that's why I

took offense when you said anthropology

studies psychology

okay so anyway that's in a lighter

this thing tone now this is what

anthropology is you see how generic the

definition is if I translate this you know

know

have you come across this term any time

before ethmology this is et

did you come across this term ethmology

it has nothing to do with anthropology

one of the common questions students ask me

sir there are too many complicated words

not just in anthropology in economics

geography in political science

I mean there's nothing I mean you will

be studying banking, finance and god

knows what else under the sky right

civil services

they can't understand the words at the

first go and they may find it difficult

to memorize the meaning of the term you

know as they go forward is a small

mantra a small secret is ethmology it's

a science of words,

you know, you need to find out the

origin of the word. Break it if it's a

compound word like how we broke

anthropology into anthropos and logos.

And look at the meanings of these two

components, you know, which are called

the lexical elements. The smallest

meaningful term in a language is called

a lexicon. Ethmology is a big science.

We are not bothered about it. But the

only place where we use it is this is

where I keep using a lot of ethmology to

tell you and help you understand the

meaning of the terms.

95% of the sciences, social sciences and

life sciences are born, bred and brought

up in Greek and Latin languages. In

medicine you have so much of Greek and Latin,

Latin, right?

right?

And in every science you take there is

either Greek or Latin. That's why we

keep using this word this expression in

English to it's all Greek and Latin to

me is what we say.

Well, nothing has to be Greek and Latin

to you. Break the words, identify the

meanings and you'll never ever forget

it. Trust me.

Take for example, you have a fossil

evidence in your syllabus. If you open

the syllabus, you will see a lot of

90% of the people don't take

anthropology looking at only that one word.

word.

They are missing the forest by focusing

on the wood you know missing the forest

for looking at the tree. Australas in

Latin means south.

What is the southern most inhabited

continent in the world today? It's

Antarctica, but once upon a time, Australia.

Australia.

The reason why that continent is called

Australia is because it is the

southernmost continent.

You know, Australas means south. Pythicus

Pythicus

in Greek means an ape.

Chimpanzeee is a pity sign. Borilla is a

pity sign. Orangutan is a pity sign.

Oralopithicus. If we translate it into

English, what will it become? A southern

ape. Now, why the hell did they name it

Oralopcicus? Because it was found in

South Africa.

Well, almost 80% of the human fossils

are found in African continent.

So they called it Oralopiticus.

And they were a little premature in

naming it Oralopiticus because after

naming it and it was accepted by the

Royal Anthropological Institute which

has the official headquarters they found

another Oralopythecus like fossil in

East Africa. Now they can't change the

name. So mistake is a mistake. You have

to live with it. So that's what it is.

Anyway, this is how we learn our terms.

You don't worry about the terminology.

Don't worry about the jargon. You don't

have to be an anthropologist to learn

anthropology. Is because every founding

father of anthropology is definitely not

an anthropologist.

You know who all contributed to

anthropology? geographers,

Christian missionaries, travelers,

travelers,

philosophers like Emanuel Kant and Aristotle,

Aristotle, physicists,

physicists,

geneticists, biologists and one of the

founding fathers of anthropology is

Charles Darin.

You know, so there is virtually not a

science that we do not study or touch

upon in anthropology. So it doesn't

matter whether you are an engineer, a

psychologist or an economist or a

linguist or a medical doctor doesn't

matter because at the end of the day

probably we are the only people who are

studying ourselves.

You know we are the object of the study

and we are also the subject of our own

study. So we are going to look at our

own selves, our own lives and look at

our behavior.

One of you, somebody I I don't recall

the name has defined anthropology as the

study of biological, social and cultural

behavior of man.

So if you want to really understand or

you tomorrow somebody may ask you,

oh you you have taken anthropology but

what does it entail? what are you

studying or what do you study about anthropology?

anthropology?

The best way you can answer that

question is you just say that we

scientifically understand and study the

human nature.

That is the meaning of the word logos.

A scientific study, a logical study, a

systematic study is what logos means. Socio

Socio

sociology socias is a I think Latin if

I'm not mistaken means society logos

means science psychology

again there is the word logos in that

wherever you come across this word logos

or log gy it means it is a science it is

a systematic study I will explain all

this to you as we study the first

chapter Today is just a curtain razor.

You don't have to write anything and

just understand anthropology from a

bird's eye view. And

And

the opposite of logos is a Greek word

which is called mythos. M I t h o s. In

English we Indians pronounce it as mythos.

mythos.

We have this called mythology. Right?

Americans call it mythology.

The word mythology or mythos

means is opposite of logos. In fact,

mythologos is an oxymoron. You know what

is an oxymoron? Mutually contradicting

terms like happily married. How can you

be happy when you're married?

You know in Hyderabad the place from I

come from you know we say t cold drink

hot coffee.

So anyway redundancy but anyway no mthos

means a myth a fiction imagination

imagination

you know myth that's why in you know we

have many mythologies

you know all the fairy tales we studied

the jungle book character radiat

coupling mow is a mythological character

that is mythos

but we are not going to discuss anything

to do with fiction or imagination. Ours

is a science.

And this science is well established by

Aristotle when he deliberately chose the

term logos. Anthropos logos. There are

many myths surrounding man.

The shawataras talks about the origin of

You just said puran right? You said from

say kalwar Chinese mythology talks about

the origin of man.

Every religion, the book of Genesis, the

Old Testament, which is considered to be

a common book for all the three

Abrahamic religions of Islam,

Christianity and Judaism, also talks

about how the world came into existence

and how mankind came into existence. In

fact, the book of Genesis also talks

about the origin of language. When Adam

was created, he started naming

everything around him. That means man

had language from the day he was born.

No, the reason why we will look at them

in our class only for one reason that we

would like to know if there is any

scientific evidence which we call as

empirical evidence

you know in order to support and

substantiate all this so-called myths.

Yesterday's myth may become tomorrow's

reality. All we require is evidence.

Now will you go to a doctor

who will study your pulse and tell you

I don't think you will go to the doctor

the second time.

Will you go to a medical specialist who

looks into your eyes and says you have schizophrenia?

schizophrenia?

I don't think so. The reason is because

we go to a that's a life and death

question, right? And the reason I chose

a doctor as an example is because that's

one place where you and I don't

compromise and the importance of the

doctors is well established thanks to co

right now in the same way how can you

pick up anything with no empirical data

and no scientific evidence and call it a

fact. It cannot become a fact.

Studying of the facts, digging for the

facts, discovering the evidence,

scientifically analyzing them and

presenting them in a systematic fashion

is what is called as logos or loia

or if you want to just build some kahani

like a film director, screen play,

writer, hero, playback singing,

it's mythos.

Now, anthropology is a a logical,

scientific, systematic,

empirical, objective study of who? Man.

One word, two components, anthropos.

So much of story behind it.

That's why we call them philosophers,

you know. That's the reason why the

highest probably the academic degree you

get is what is called a PhD. How do I

advance? Can I clear this?

anthropos plus logos

Definition. You know what is a

definition? A definition has to be

definite. That means you have to hit the bullseye.

bullseye.

It has to be in such a way that it

should be self-explanatory,

elaborate, comprehensive enough that it

should tell the reader everything about

it in that sentence.

That's why it's called a definition.

So if I want to translate this into a

definition for anthropology, don't you

think the most simplest way to do that

is in English,

the science of

of humanity.

That's enough.

It's a very comprehensive definition and

also a very arrogant definition. You

know the reason I'm saying arrogant is

because it's the science of humanity. Is

anthropology the only science that deals

with human beings?

No. Right?

Every social science is studying human

beings. Medical science is also studying

human beings.

Probably veterinary sciences are

studying different species. Botonists

are studying different species.

But there are so many sciences in fact

older than anthropology which are

already studying mankind

and they are wellestablished sciences

and these guys suddenly emerged about

you know late 19th century and called

themselves the scientists of mankind.

The science of humanity is what they

define themselves as.

One, it is arrogant because every

science looks as though it's a branch of

anthropology which you nobody will agree

and they'll shoot.

Number two, it also is a great responsibility

responsibility

because you're picking up something

which is already wellstudied.

You're picking up something which is

already well established.

So you need to do something new with

something that's already old.

That means the philosophers found that

there is a critical gap in the

understanding of human behavior.

Sociologists, political scientists,

geographers, ecologists,

medical science, human anatomy, human

biology, physiology, psychology.

psychology.

Everyone was already studying man. But

there was something missing in all these

sciences that necessitated the birth of

a new discipline.

And that critical gap was answered by

anthropology by adopting or embracing

three unique aspects of research.

These three aspects of research the

first one that's why I asked you what

what do you mean by holism? The first

The second is historicism.

I'll explain. Don't worry. I'll

translate everything into English.

And is English your medium of instruction?

instruction?

Yeah. So, I'll translate everything into

English. And number three, comparison,

holism, historicism and comparison. I

don't think you should write anything

today. Today is all like a what do you

call that? Warming up,

right? We have a long way to go. You

still have so much to write. So save

every calorie that you can produce

unique aspects of research.

These three aspects of research the

first one that's why I asked you what do

you mean by holism? The first one is holism.

The second is historicism.

I'll explain. Don't worry. I'll

translate everything into English.

And is English your medium of instruction?

instruction?

Yeah. So I'll translate everything into

English. And number three, comparison,

holism, historicism and comparison. I

don't think you should write anything

today. Today is all like a what do you

call that? Warming up,

right? We have a long way to go. You

still have so much to write. So save

every calorie that you can today.

The re I'll going to very in detail

explain them to you later.

Holistic perspective is as she said

looking at things in a very

comprehensive 360° panoramic view. Is

there a difference between a 2D movie

and a 3D movie?

Yeah. You know the science behind uh 3D

technology is called holography.

Holography. You know nowadays our

Aadhaar card and our credit cards come

with a hologram. Why do they call it holo?

holo?

Holography is the science behind the

three-dimensional technology. When when

when a producer is making a 3D movie,

there are two cameras, not one that is

capturing the image.

The distance between the two cameras or

the lenses of the camera is exactly the

distance between the two eyes.

The reason is because if many of the

species look at only two dimensions, the

humans are capable along with our apes,

we are capable of a third dimension

which is called the depth perception.

Depth you know

and that three dimensions length,

breadth and the depth are the 3Ds.

The three dimensions of holographic

vision, holism is having that panoromic

view, a a com alldimensional view, an

indepth view about everything that we study.

study.

This was missing in other social sciences.

sciences. I mean you may shoot me if I say this or

I mean you may shoot me if I say this or my colleagues in the other lecture halls

my colleagues in the other lecture halls may come and say kabala

may come and say kabala you know and the first ones who will run

you know and the first ones who will run to me are the sociologists because

to me are the sociologists because sociology anthropology was considered to

sociology anthropology was considered to be a twin in fact it's considered to be

be a twin in fact it's considered to be a kind of a branch of social anthrop I

a kind of a branch of social anthrop I mean sociology one branch called social

mean sociology one branch called social anthropology

anthropology but we realize that we are doing the

but we realize that we are doing the same thing but doing it differently

same thing but doing it differently And we decided that we will move walk

And we decided that we will move walk away and do our own thing.

away and do our own thing. And when we did it, we embraced these

And when we did it, we embraced these three perspectives of doing research in

three perspectives of doing research in anthropology. Every topic I discuss with

anthropology. Every topic I discuss with you, every class I take for you and

you, every class I take for you and every answer you are writing in the exam

every answer you are writing in the exam should be holistic, historical and

should be holistic, historical and comparative.

comparative. One of the common questions people ask

One of the common questions people ask is we attended the same class, read the

is we attended the same class, read the same book but we got different marks. We

same book but we got different marks. We attempted the same questions but we get

attempted the same questions but we get different marks. The reason is because

different marks. The reason is because you need to be very conscious about what

you need to be very conscious about what you say and how you say.

you say and how you say. Take for example,

Take for example, let me give you an example for a

let me give you an example for a holistic perspective.

In human marriages across the world with no exception,

across the world with no exception, there were only two exceptions in the

there were only two exceptions in the historical cultures. But we do not marry

historical cultures. But we do not marry or mate with the members of the nuclear

or mate with the members of the nuclear family. You know what a nuclear family

family. You know what a nuclear family is? Father, mother, brother, sister.

is? Father, mother, brother, sister. from the father's perspective. F uh

from the father's perspective. F uh father I mean man, wife, son, daughter.

father I mean man, wife, son, daughter. We're going to look at family types of

We're going to look at family types of family. There we'll see nuclear family.

family. There we'll see nuclear family. In every culture of the world, there is

In every culture of the world, there is a prohibition.

a prohibition. You know, there is a procription

You know, there is a procription called taboo. Taboo. T A B O is from a

called taboo. Taboo. T A B O is from a Polynesian word. Taboo. T A B U but not

Polynesian word. Taboo. T A B U but not the Bollywood. She was originally from

the Bollywood. She was originally from Tollywood. So the spelling is the same.

Tollywood. So the spelling is the same. Taboo or taboo in Polynia. Polynisia you

Taboo or taboo in Polynia. Polynisia you know where it is right? It's a Pacific

know where it is right? It's a Pacific you know just AC the norththeast

you know just AC the norththeast of uh New Zealand. Some of the world's

of uh New Zealand. Some of the world's world's oldest tribes are there.

world's oldest tribes are there. There the word taboo has been taken by

There the word taboo has been taken by anthropology. It means stop.

anthropology. It means stop. which means prohibit, stop yourself from

which means prohibit, stop yourself from doing something and that taboo is called

doing something and that taboo is called incest. Taboo. You know what is incest?

incest. Taboo. You know what is incest? Incest is the mating or the marriage

Incest is the mating or the marriage between the members who are consider who

between the members who are consider who are considered to be so-called

are considered to be so-called biologically related. We'll come to that

biologically related. We'll come to that later. Let's not go into the nuances.

later. Let's not go into the nuances. But there is an incest taboo in every

But there is an incest taboo in every culture of the world when it comes to

culture of the world when it comes to the nuclear family.

If there is one thing that is common between all of humanity in the world,

between all of humanity in the world, it is this.

it is this. It is this. This is one cultural

It is this. This is one cultural behavior that you'll find everywhere in

behavior that you'll find everywhere in the world.

the world. Why are we not allowed to mate or marry

Why are we not allowed to mate or marry with the members who are considering

with the members who are considering themselves or ourselves as supposed to

themselves or ourselves as supposed to be close blood relatives

be close blood relatives nuclear family? Can you tell me why?

nuclear family? Can you tell me why? Why can't the why can't the parents mate

Why can't the why can't the parents mate with children, the siblings mate with

with children, the siblings mate with each other?

each other? Why not?

Why not? Why is there and this prohibition is

Why is there and this prohibition is universal I'm telling you

universal I'm telling you genetic reason. Okay.

genetic reason. Okay. Anything else?

Anything else? Competition.

Competition. Huh?

Huh? There is competition within the family.

There is competition within the family. If people start mating with each other,

If people start mating with each other, there would be a sexual competition

there would be a sexual competition between the father and the son and the

between the father and the son and the mother and the daughter.

mother and the daughter. Right? Anything else?

Right? Anything else? That's the genetic reason. Okay.

That's the genetic reason. Okay. Anything else?

Anything else? Sorry.

Sorry. Biological diversity. That's again the

Biological diversity. That's again the genetic reason. Inbreeding is what

genetic reason. Inbreeding is what you're talking about. Don't worry about

you're talking about. Don't worry about these terms. Huh? You'll all understand

these terms. Huh? You'll all understand what

what maybe is a medical student or a life

maybe is a medical student or a life sciences student. Anything else?

sciences student. Anything else? Can you think of anything else?

How he said sexual competition will be there

he said sexual competition will be there in the in the family.

in the in the family. Any reasons here? Cultural diversity.

Any reasons here? Cultural diversity. What is the human mindset? Kawoshik,

What is the human mindset? Kawoshik, why is that mindset existing is what I'm

why is that mindset existing is what I'm asking. Offspring from close relatives

asking. Offspring from close relatives have weak immune system. That's genetic

have weak immune system. That's genetic theory. Medical science says that

theory. Medical science says that children born to two people who are

children born to two people who are genetically related may have may have

genetically related may have may have but there is no uh rule because

but there is no uh rule because 99.99%

every individual on the planet earth is alike at the DNA level.

alike at the DNA level. The difference between you and me, us

The difference between you and me, us and the Americans or us and the Africans

and the Americans or us and the Africans or the Africans and the Caucasian

or the Africans and the Caucasian Europeans is 01%.

My colleague Venoi will give you the structure of the DNA and explain to you

structure of the DNA and explain to you everything which you will anyway learn

everything which you will anyway learn as a part of science and tech or prelims

as a part of science and tech or prelims biology.

What diversity are we talking about? When we are 99.99%

When we are 99.99% alike,

alike, we are also biologically different.

we are also biologically different. Right? Is there anything common between

Right? Is there anything common between anyone of us in this class? No. Somebody

anyone of us in this class? No. Somebody looking like you, you may bump into him

looking like you, you may bump into him in Polynia or in Antarctica.

in Polynia or in Antarctica. But your immediate brother cousin will

But your immediate brother cousin will be very different from you.

be very different from you. Two children born to the same parents

Two children born to the same parents may not be alike.

may not be alike. But the children from different parents

But the children from different parents may look biologically similar. A man

may look biologically similar. A man wanted a kidney or a liver piece of

wanted a kidney or a liver piece of liver. He couldn't find anyone in in his

liver. He couldn't find anyone in in his immediate family. But somebody else from

immediate family. But somebody else from a different religion, a different jati

a different religion, a different jati and a different race could be an exact

and a different race could be an exact match

match because that is the complication of our

because that is the complication of our genes and genetics. It's all probability

genes and genetics. It's all probability and any students of math engineering

and any students of math engineering will understand the concept of

will understand the concept of probability and the chance factor.

probability and the chance factor. Genetics is all about chance.

Genetics is all about chance. You know so many mothers will ask the

You know so many mothers will ask the God why is it that my child only has to

God why is it that my child only has to be like this? Well, God couldn't answer

be like this? Well, God couldn't answer but anthropology did. It's called the

but anthropology did. It's called the chance in genetics not anthropology.

chance in genetics not anthropology. genetics as a science did it you know

genetics as a science did it you know probability

probability anyway let's not go into this but Koshik

anyway let's not go into this but Koshik said that children born to close

said that children born to close relatives may have some problems it's

relatives may have some problems it's 50/50

50/50 that's what is probability

that's what is probability you know I'll give you a small anecdote

you know I'll give you a small anecdote you heard about Bernard Shaw

you heard about Bernard Shaw sir George Bernard Shaw

sir George Bernard Shaw the playwright, the po poet and you must

the playwright, the po poet and you must have heard about this Hollywood the old

have heard about this Hollywood the old classical Hollywood heroine Elizabeth

classical Hollywood heroine Elizabeth Taylor

Taylor Bernard Shaw is a Brit Britisher

Bernard Shaw is a Brit Britisher and they probably have met it's only a

and they probably have met it's only a fictional story or maybe true I do not

fictional story or maybe true I do not know and Elizabeth Taylor

know and Elizabeth Taylor uh she went and proposed to Mr. Shaw in

uh she went and proposed to Mr. Shaw in a party in a probably a cocktail party

a party in a probably a cocktail party she said why don't we get married Mr.

she said why don't we get married Mr. Sha so that our children will get your

Sha so that our children will get your brains and my looks. She's one of the

brains and my looks. She's one of the most beautiful women I believe during

most beautiful women I believe during her times

her times and Bernard Sha was definitely

and Bernard Sha was definitely considered to be a very intelligent man

considered to be a very intelligent man because he's an English playright, a

because he's an English playright, a scientist, a philosopher and god knows

scientist, a philosopher and god knows what else not a scientist but a writer

what else not a scientist but a writer and a philosopher.

and a philosopher. So she said why don't we get married Mr.

So she said why don't we get married Mr. Shaw so that our children can get my

Shaw so that our children can get my looks and your brains.

looks and your brains. Bernard Shaw was like very unckempt man.

Bernard Shaw was like very unckempt man. He had a long beard and he was he's a

He had a long beard and he was he's a Britisher for sure but he kind of you

Britisher for sure but he kind of you know disheveled look

know disheveled look you know what he said he said darling

you know what he said he said darling what if our children get my looks and

what if our children get my looks and your brains

your brains I mean those days it is a popular belief

I mean those days it is a popular belief that beauty and brains don't go together

that beauty and brains don't go together I don't think so they haven't studied

I don't think so they haven't studied the women in India they do go together

the women in India they do go together right so probably that is the kind of

right so probably that is the kind of the chance koshik that's that's a kind

the chance koshik that's that's a kind of an answer I can give you but yes

of an answer I can give you but yes gautam pharaohs did marry that I said

gautam pharaohs did marry that I said there are only two exceptions to the

there are only two exceptions to the brother sister marriages the Egyptian

brother sister marriages the Egyptian pharaohs

pharaohs and a traditional Hawaiian society which

and a traditional Hawaiian society which became extinct I believe and uh the

became extinct I believe and uh the Egyptian pharaohs you know are the kings

Egyptian pharaohs you know are the kings and the they consider themselves to be

and the they consider themselves to be the descendants of the sun god the rah

the descendants of the sun god the rah rah so in order to maintain maintain the

rah so in order to maintain maintain the purity of the sacred divine blood.

purity of the sacred divine blood. In order to maintain the sanctity of the

In order to maintain the sanctity of the royal blood, the so-called royal blood,

royal blood, the so-called royal blood, they used to practice

they used to practice incest and that was a brother sister

incest and that was a brother sister marriage.

marriage. It was not a parent child mating. But

It was not a parent child mating. But yeah, you saying something

or European Britishers population it is not more than new Rajenda and old

it is not more than new Rajenda and old Rajenda Nagar put together as a district

Rajenda Nagar put together as a district collector in India you will control more

collector in India you will control more people than the entire European Union's

people than the entire European Union's congressional presidency

congressional presidency you know the buster district in India is

you know the buster district in India is bigger than many of the European

bigger than many of the European nations.

nations. You know, so the British royal see that

You know, so the British royal see that is where we are going to study the

is where we are going to study the phenomenon called social stratification.

phenomenon called social stratification. When it comes to social class, nothing

When it comes to social class, nothing matters.

matters. Like for example

Like for example in India, the Hindus have a cast

in India, the Hindus have a cast identity and they also have a class

identity and they also have a class identity.

identity. upper class need not be upper class

upper class need not be upper class right but if you look at some of the

right but if you look at some of the marriages like I'll give you an example

marriages like I'll give you an example from Tollywood you heard because

from Tollywood you heard because nowadays Tywood has become very famous

nowadays Tywood has become very famous in India so I feel at home when I give

in India so I feel at home when I give you examples from Tollywood uh you heard

you examples from Tollywood uh you heard about Chiranji you know Ra

about Chiranji you know Ra Ramcharan's dad

Ramcharan's dad yeah Ramcharan Chiranji they come from a

yeah Ramcharan Chiranji they come from a particular past a

particular past a and uh they got married into the family

and uh they got married into the family of the founders of the great Apollo

of the founders of the great Apollo group of hospitals

group of hospitals they belong to a cast B

they belong to a cast B cast system in India says you are not

cast system in India says you are not supposed to marry outside your jati

supposed to marry outside your jati intercast marriages honor killings you

intercast marriages honor killings you know they're happening even as we are

know they're happening even as we are speaking right

speaking right but here you see when it comes to class

but here you see when it comes to class never mattered

never mattered In the same way the Egyptian royalty in

In the same way the Egyptian royalty in the name of maintaining that standard

the name of maintaining that standard that class consciousness and royalty

that class consciousness and royalty they have done that.

they have done that. Princess Diana, one of the most

Princess Diana, one of the most beautiful

beautiful women in the world, had gone through a

women in the world, had gone through a divorces because she was against the

divorces because she was against the royal customs and the traditions

royal customs and the traditions and she was much more a freer mind than

and she was much more a freer mind than you know what uh uh the British royalty

you know what uh uh the British royalty told today. Uh Richard, Prince Richard

told today. Uh Richard, Prince Richard wife

younger fellow. Ah Meyan Meyan

Meyan Megan Meghan Markle Mean is Hollywood

Megan Meghan Markle Mean is Hollywood then he quit right

then he quit right he he quit the royal household

he he quit the royal household that's reason she's American and

that's reason she's American and Americans are much more freer in

Americans are much more freer in thinking than the Europeans and within

thinking than the Europeans and within the European community again the social

the European community again the social class consciousness is very high racism

class consciousness is very high racism is also very high when you go there you

is also very high when you go there you will become a victim of racism at least

will become a victim of racism at least once in a day.

once in a day. Okay. So that's what it is. My daughter

Okay. So that's what it is. My daughter and my son-in-law live in Europe. So I

and my son-in-law live in Europe. So I know the victims of every day one story

know the victims of every day one story and she asked me to explain everything

and she asked me to explain everything in an anthropological way. So this is

in an anthropological way. So this is the problem with anthropology. You can't

the problem with anthropology. You can't even talk openly with your own family

even talk openly with your own family starting tomorrow. But anyway, that's

starting tomorrow. But anyway, that's where it matter.

where it matter. the Zar of Russia,

the Zar of Russia, the the king of Netherlands,

the the king of Netherlands, the the Kingdom of France,

the the Kingdom of France, uh

uh many many European royal families, you

many many European royal families, you will have a they are basically from

will have a they are basically from essentially one genealogy, one family.

essentially one genealogy, one family. So that is there. In the same way in

So that is there. In the same way in India also there are certain jatis or

India also there are certain jatis or casts as they are called by Europeans.

casts as they are called by Europeans. We India we call them jati.

We India we call them jati. Uh

Uh they are very small in number but they

they are very small in number but they have been because in jati you know we

have been because in jati you know we have a practice right you can't marry

have a practice right you can't marry outside your ji.

outside your ji. So they have been marrying amongst

So they have been marrying amongst themselves for centuries.

themselves for centuries. genetically and biologically speaking

genetically and biologically speaking they are also more or less genetically

they are also more or less genetically more closer

more closer than immediate siblings or whatever it

than immediate siblings or whatever it is. So there are biological reasons

is. So there are biological reasons right? So you told sexual competition.

right? So you told sexual competition. So that's a sociological reason that

So that's a sociological reason that sexual competition will result in what?

sexual competition will result in what? Fathers will compete with sons, mothers

Fathers will compete with sons, mothers with daughters. And if the father and do

with daughters. And if the father and do son, mother and daughter, they compete

son, mother and daughter, they compete with each other. The nuclear family

with each other. The nuclear family system will collapse and you and I will

system will collapse and you and I will come to an end. the human species will

come to an end. the human species will get destroyed because the family system

get destroyed because the family system for mankind is a irreducible

for mankind is a irreducible necessity. You can't compromise on it

necessity. You can't compromise on it and I'll tell you the reasons why in the

and I'll tell you the reasons why in the chapter on family.

chapter on family. So there are uh uh reasons like so

So there are uh uh reasons like so that's a that's a kind of a political

that's a that's a kind of a political and social reason. There are

and social reason. There are psychological reasons also

psychological reasons also and yes

and yes like

like or

or huh?

huh? Good and central.

Good and central. That's what I'm asking you. Give me

That's what I'm asking you. Give me reasons.

reasons. So, I got a medical reason, genetic or

So, I got a medical reason, genetic or biological reason. I got a sociological

biological reason. I got a sociological reason, psychological.

that if one will get the food exactly

exactly that is somebody said actually I ignored

that is somebody said actually I ignored that for time being. If you are marrying

that for time being. If you are marrying outside the British royalty today has an

outside the British royalty today has an influence over the kingdom of

influence over the kingdom of Netherlands.

Netherlands. Before the Russian revolution, the

Before the Russian revolution, the Bolshevik resolution, the revolution,

Bolshevik resolution, the revolution, the British royal family had a control

the British royal family had a control over Zarist Russia.

over Zarist Russia. They have links with France.

They have links with France. Good old days, kings who used to be

Good old days, kings who used to be enemies used to give their children in

enemies used to give their children in marriage is because they want to put an

marriage is because they want to put an end to enimity or put an end to the

end to enimity or put an end to the political competition.

political competition. It happened in Indian political families

It happened in Indian political families also right there are so many political

also right there are so many political families where they had their children

families where they had their children were married so that vote banka

were married so that vote banka that's a political reason you see how

that's a political reason you see how our mind is running we looked at biology

our mind is running we looked at biology psychology politics he gave a beautiful

psychology politics he gave a beautiful economic reason actually

economic reason actually when we evolved we were not we never had

when we evolved we were not we never had family we were nomadic groups

family we were nomadic groups There was incest, promiscuity like any

There was incest, promiscuity like any other animal.

other animal. And we used to be hunters and gatherers.

And we used to be hunters and gatherers. We never used to produce food.

We never used to produce food. So all of us belong to one band. There

So all of us belong to one band. There may be another band. So we occupy a

may be another band. So we occupy a territory. They occupy a different

territory. They occupy a different territory. Now they have access to

territory. Now they have access to resources we need and we have access to

resources we need and we have access to resources they need.

resources they need. No, there was no WTO. There was no

No, there was no WTO. There was no economic uh organizations and diplomacy,

economic uh organizations and diplomacy, trade and commerce. What is the best way

trade and commerce. What is the best way to do trade and commerce with the

to do trade and commerce with the neighboring bands which are enemies?

neighboring bands which are enemies? Marriage. If my daughter is in your

Marriage. If my daughter is in your family and your daughter is in mine,

family and your daughter is in mine, don't you think you and I will be

don't you think you and I will be friends?

friends? Simple logic.

Simple logic. So you see how we have picked up

So you see how we have picked up something called incest taboo and

something called incest taboo and started looking at it from a holistic

started looking at it from a holistic perspective.

perspective. That means you and I are not supposed to

That means you and I are not supposed to leave any stone unturned

leave any stone unturned in order to find out why does man behave

in order to find out why does man behave the way he does. One of the three

the way he does. One of the three questions. Who is man? Where did he come

questions. Who is man? Where did he come from and why does he behave the way he

from and why does he behave the way he does?

does? You need to be holistic.

You need to be holistic. And that is the reason why every time a

And that is the reason why every time a question is asked,

question is asked, you need to ask yourself whether you

you need to ask yourself whether you have touched upon that question or

have touched upon that question or concept from all the perspectives that

concept from all the perspectives that exist as on date in the body of

exist as on date in the body of knowledge called anthropology.

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