YouTube Transcript:
Chapter 1 Recorded Lecture

Skip watching entire videos - get the full transcript, search for keywords, and copy with one click.

Video Transcript

View:

Hi Everyone. Welcome to anatomy and

physiology. In this first chapter, An

Introduction to the Human Body, we are

going to look at and examine some

anatomical terms, anatomical structures,

we are going to examine some prefixes, and

we are also going to examine the

structural organization of the human

body. So we're going to talk a little bit

about the eleven organ systems that you

will be studying throughout the anatomy

and physiology courses of Anatomy 1 and

Anatomy 2. So let's take a look and see

what Anatomy means. Anatomy is the study

of the structure of body parts and the

relationships to one another. That's

going to be different from physiology,

which we'll get to in a second, which is

the study of the function of those body

parts. So when we look at the form or

structure, we can divide anatomy into

what we call gross or microscopic

anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of

structures large enough to be seen with

the naked eye. Microscopic, which can be

further subdivided into cytology and

histology, is a study of structures that

are too small to be seen with the naked

eye. And when you get into lab you will

study histology in more detail. So here

is an example of gross anatomy where we

could look at large structures such as

the brain. We could also examine the

heart the stomach as other examples.

Microscopic we can't see with the naked

eye so we generally use a microscope and

in lab you'll be using a compound

microscope to study certain histological

structures like different forms of

epithelial tissue or connective tissue.

In this example, we're looking at a

neuron and you can see the neuron cells

and we can even see the little dark spot

in the center of the cell which is the

nucleus. You'll be examining various

organelles of the cell later on. So gross

anatomy we can even further subdivide

into regional, surface, or systemic

anatomy. Surface anatomy is the study

of internal structures as they relate to

the overlying skin surface. Regional

anatomy considers the regions of the

body like the head and the extremities

and all the systems in a particular

region. We will be studying different

regions of the body like the abdominal

pelvic region which looks at the

abdominal organs and the pelvic organs

or the thoracic region which encompasses

the lungs. Systemic anatomy gives

attention to all the structures of a

particular system in the body regardless

of location. Microscopic anatomy, again

micro means small, so we're concerned

here with structures that are too small

to be seen with the naked eye. Now

there's different types of microscopes

that we can use to study these

structures again in our lab, we will be

using the compound light microscope but

there are also dissecting microscopes that you

may use in other courses. The

electron microscope, which allows us to

see even further detail.

Now within microscopic anatomy, cytology

is the study of individual cells (cyto = cells)

and histology (histo means tissues) so

we're looking at the study of tissues

and their functions. Physiology is the

study of function and physiology has

various there's several topics most of

which consider the function of specific

organ systems. Physiology often focuses

on events that are going on either

within the cell or even at a molecular level.

So there is cell physiology, for example

immunology, renal physiology, and cardio

vascular physiology. And those are just a

few examples of the subdivisions of

different organ systems. So renal, we would

look at the kidneys for example.

Cardiovascular, we would study the

operation of the heart and blood vessels.

Now the basic principles of cell theory

are that 1) cells are the building blocks

and that includes all plants and animals;

2) cells are produced by the division of

pre-existing cells through mitotic

division for example and 3) cells are the

smallest structural units that perform

all vital functions. We will examine

the cell in more detail. The cellular

level is the smallest unit of life and

it varies widely in size and shape

according to the cells function. Now if

we look at the different levels of

organization we can see that we have the

molecular level and for example, hydrogen

and oxygen atoms. So atoms they are the

building blocks of matter. Now they can

combine to form molecules.

Molecules combine in specific ways to

form organelles which are the basic unit

of living cells. So at the cellular level,

we can examine for example interactions

between molecules and compounds that

form the organelles of cells. Cells again

they are the structural building block

of all plants and animals. And then we

have the tissue level. Tissues are groups

of similar cells. A tissue level is a

group of cells that have a common

function. So these are cells that work

together to perform one or more specific

functions. Examples would be muscle

tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue, or

even epithelial tissue. Next, we have the

organ level. So organs contain two or

more types of tissues. The organ level is

made up of discrete structures that are

composed of at least two groups of

specific function in the body. Then we

tissues that work together to perform a

have the organ system. These are organs

that work closely together. The organ

system level is a group of organs that

work closely together to accomplish a

specific purpose. The types of tissues

that comprise organs and organ systems

perform vital functions of the body.

Then finally we have all organ systems, the highest level

This is the total of

all structures working together to

promote homeostasis in the body. And we

will be examining

different organ systems. So here's some

examples of organ systems that we will

study throughout your course in anatomy

one and in anatomy two: 1) the lymphatic

system. The lymphatic system is composed

of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone

marrow, and tonsils. It also houses the

immune system cells of the body, provides

protection against infection and disease,

transports tissue fluid called lymph, and

absorbs fats.

2) The respiratory system is also shown

here and it's composed of the lungs,

trachea, larynx, and nasal passages.

This is where we have the exchange of

respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon

dioxide between the air and circulating

blood. 3) The muscular system is composed of

muscles attached to the skeleton which

provide locomotion, support, and body heat

production. 4) The nervous system is

composed of the brain, spinal cord, and

peripheral nerves. The nervous system

is one of our two communication systems

of the body with the endocrine system being

the other. The nervous system directs

immediate responses to stimuli

usually by coordinating the activities

of other organ systems. 5) The integumentary

system is composed of the skin, hair, and

nails. It provides external support and

protection of the body and also is

involved in temperature regulation. 6) The

skeletal system is composed of bones and

it provides internal support and a

flexible framework for body movement. In

addition, it forms blood cells and stores

minerals. 7) The endocrine system is

composed of hormone secreting glands

like your thyroid gland, pituitary gland,

adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal and others.

The endocrine system functions to

secrete hormones that direct long-term

changes in the activities of other organ

systems. 8) The cardiovascular system

is composed of the

blood, heart, and blood vessels. It

provides internal transport of nutrients

and oxygen to body cells while also

removing wastes and carbon dioxide being

transported away from body cells. 9) The

digestive system is composed of the

salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small

intestine, large intestine, liver, and

gallbladder. The digestive system is

involved in taking in nutrients, breaking

them down, and allowing for the

absorption of food in order for the

cells of the body to acquire nutrients,

minerals, vitamins, and water while also

eliminating waste products in the form

of fecal material. 10) The urinary system is

composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary

bladder, and urethra. The urinary system

filters the blood to remove nitrogenous

waste products, eliminate excess water,

salts, and waste products, while also

controlling pH and electrolyte balance

of the body. 11) The reproductive system we

have both the male and female.

Female reproductive system which is composed of

ovaries, the uterus,

vagina, and mammary glands in the female

and in the male you have the testes,

scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles,

and penis. The reproductive system is

involved in the production of sperm and

egg as well as the secretion of sex

hormones and copulation. So these are the

organ systems of the body and you need

to be sure that you can identify the

major organs of each of the 11 organ

systems and also be sure you can

identify the major functions of each of

the 11 organ systems that we just went

over.

remember the cells of the body depend on

the organ systems to meet their survival

needs and the organ systems of the body

work cooperatively to perform necessary

life functions and there is a couple of

tables listed here which gives you some

information and characteristics of

living organisms so a living organism is

able to respond it means it has the

ability to sense and detect both

internal and external stimuli and to

generate a response appropriate to that

stimulus that's required in order for an

organism to adapt be able to change

their behavior modify provide

capabilities or structure because we're

constantly in a changing environment and

so we have to be able to adapt for

example to different changes in

temperature may be different changes in

oxygen level if we travel to higher

altitudes so those are a couple of

examples growth and development

we have to be able to increase in cell

size in size and cell number so we have

patterns for growth and development

reproduction we have to be able to

reproduce in order to produce the next

generation we have to be able to move

about so we have to distribute materials

throughout large organisms be able to

change our position or orientation even

a plant has to do that maybe to get more

sunlight or the roots to grow in order

to have access to water animals we have

to be able to move around respiration we

have to be able to take in oxygen

distribute it to our cells and get rid

of the metabolic waste product from

breathing which is carbon dioxide

now the other requirement or

characteristic of living organisms

circulation is the movement of fluid so

we transport fluids within the organism

and within the human body that involves

the cardiovascular system which is our

heart as the pump and we have a network

of blood vessels digestion the breakdown

of ingested foodstuffs in very simple

molecules that can be easily used for

chemical reactions in the body and be

absorbed across cell boundaries

excretion we have to be able to remove

chemical waste products that are a

natural part of the multitude of

metabolic processes that occur within

the human body so here's an example

marathon

they demonstrate two characteristics of

living or humans or organisms they can

respond and move there is anatomical

structures and physiological processes

in place that allow runners to

coordinate actions of muscle groups and

also sweat in response to rising

internal body temperature which allows

the body to cool metabolism so metabolic

processes are constantly occurring in

the body and there is a series of

reactions anabolic reactions those are

reactions that build things and

catabolic reactions which break

materials down and release energy

metabolism includes both anabolic and

catabolic reactions catabolic reactions

again they release energy so when we

take in food for example we break that

food down into smaller and smaller

components so that the body can absorb

those nutrients we release energy in the

process if we want to build things

within the body like hormones that's an

anabolic process and that requires

energy input

now the requirements for human life are

we need oxygen nutrients a narrow range

of temperatures and atmospheric pressure

oxygen oxygen is only a small percentage

of atmospheric air about 20% but that

oxygen is a key component of the

chemical reactions within our bodies

that help keep us alive and this

includes reactions that you will study

later on that produce ATP

nutrients substances in our food in our

beverages that are essential to human

survival the three basic classes of

nutrients are water the energy building

are yielding nutrients carbohydrates and

lipids and body building nutrients

proteins and the micronutrients vitamins

and minerals we also need a narrow range

of temperature so the body can respond

to short-term changes in body

temperature for example as you just saw

sweating went to hot or shivering when

it's too cold when body temperatures

rise well above or drop well below those

normal levels certain proteins or

enzymes that may facilitate chemical

reactions might lose their normal

structure and their ability to function

and the chemical reactions of metabolism

cannot proceed we also need a stable

atmospheric pressure atmospheric

pressure is the pressure that's exerted

by the mixture of gases which are

primarily nitrogen and oxygen in the

Earth's atmosphere although you may not

perceive it readily atmospheric pressure

is constantly pressing down on your body

this pressure keeps gases within your

body dissolved in your blood plasma your

ability to breathe take in oxygen and

release carbon dioxide also depends on a

precise atmospheric pressure and you

will study this in further detail in

anp2 when you discuss the respiratory

system so some examples of these

requirements for human life are shown

here harsh conditions like at a high

altitude found on Mount Everest climbers

to accommodate extremes in temperature

low oxygen levels low barometric

pressure so the body has to adapt or

they must have resources in place in

order to survive in those conditions

extreme temperatures

humans can adapt to some degree to

repeated exposure to high temperatures

but the temperature again cannot get too

high or it can damage certain proteins

or enzymes within the body and all of

this is important to homeostasis

homeostasis is the ability of the body

to maintain a relatively constant

internal environment regardless of

environmental changes it involves

continuous monitoring and regulation of

many factors or variables which include

for example both volume of fluid

composition of chemicals in our in our

fluid and we have systems in place that

measure and monitor homeostasis so we

have to maintain homeostasis this

steady-state environment a balance or

equilibrium where our internal

conditions remain relatively constant

despite changes in external conditions

this is vital to an organisms survival

failure to maintain homeostasis results

in illness disease and can even result

in death homeostatic control is not

precise it maintains a normal range

rather than an absolute value or

setpoint and an example of this can be

seen within our blood pH our blood pH

ranges between seven point three five

and seven point four five now the

setpoint is seven point four but it can

vary

little bit on either side of that now

homeostatic regulation involves feedback

mechanisms that consist of two three

components a receptor a control center

and an effector now let's look at

example of this so the receptor is also

known as the sensor it detects changes

in either the internal or external

environment or stimulus the control

center receives and processes that

information supplied by the receptor and

sends out a command and that command

goes to the effector which responds to

the commands by opposing the stimulus

this is an example of a negative

feedback loop which provides stability

and is the main way the body maintains

homeostasis so an example of that is

provided here body temperature it

exceeds 37 degrees Celsius your nerve

cells in your skin in your brain sense

this that information is sent to your

temperature regulatory Center in your

brain which sends out signals to your

sweat glands throughout the body to

perspire which cools the body as the

sweat evaporates now homeostasis is not

precise there is some oscillation around

the setpoint and that is pretty much a

characteristic of homeostatic control

mechanisms now another type of feedback

mechanism that you should be familiar

with is positive feedback negative

feedback as you saw goes in the opposite

direction of the

change positive feedback mechanisms

enhance or exaggerate the original

stimulus so it causes sometimes a

cascade or amplification effect and it

accelerates a process generally to

completion so it intensifies or enhances

the original stimuli an example is shown

here with childbirth labor contractions

so the brain stimulates the pituitary

gland to secrete oxytocin a hormone

oxytocin goes via the blood stream to

the uterus it stimulates uterine

contractions and pushes the baby towards

a cervix as this process continues the

head of the baby pushes against the

cervix and then the nerve impulses from

the cervix is transmitted to the brain

so once the baby is born the stimulus is

removed and the process is shut off

positive feedback mechanisms typically

activate events that are again

self-perpetuating

most positive feedback mechanisms are

not related to the maintenance of

homeostasis in the body blood clotting

is another example and homeostatic

mechanisms are generally maintained

through negative feedback now anatomical

terms there is some anatomical terms

that you must be familiar with and there

is a series of tables that are presented

here which will demonstrate various

anatomical terminology so we have to

know these anatomical terms roots

prefixes suffixes you're even going to

have to learn regional terms that

indicate location

in the body directional terms that are

used for points of reference and so on

so Anatomy uses a special language it

does have an origin in Latin and Greek

which is named after the discovery and

knowing these terms will help you

throughout your study in this course so

word roots prefixes and suffixes are

listed here for you make sure you know

all of these roots prefixes and suffixes

so for example cardio means heart endo

within chemo blood this will help you

later on

Myo muscle and then you've got different

regions of the human body now one thing

to note in this picture is the

anatomical position is being

demonstrated so to further increase

precision anatomist standardized the way

in which they view the body so just like

a map is normally orientated with north

at the top the standard body map or

anatomical position is that of the body

standing upright with the feet at

shoulder width and parallel toes facing

forward the upper limbs are held out to

each side and the palms of the hands

face forward a body that is lying down

is described as either prone or supine

prone describes a face down orientation

supine describes a face up orientation

so there's various regions of the human

body and they are used to indicate

locations on or in the body like

the abdominal region anterior torso

below the diaphragm the brachial is the

arm axillary is the armpit buccal is

cheek coxal hip so you have to know all

of these regional terms that indicate

locations on or in the body you also

have to be familiar with directional

terms and sectional terms that describe

specific points of reference on the body

so anterior or ventral is toward or at

the front of the body posterior area or

dorsal is toward or at the back of the

body superior or cranial is above toward

the head end or upper part of the

structure or body inferior or caudal is

below away from the head end or toward

the lower part of the structure or body

medial toward or at the longitudinal

axis of the body towards the midline

lateral away from the longitudinal axis

away from the body

proximal closer to the origin of the

body part or the point of attachment of

a limb to the body trunk distal farther

from the origin of a body part or the

point of attachment and then we have

superficial or external toward or at the

body surface and deep or internal away

from the body surface more internal we

also have various sectional planes a

sagittal plane is a vertical plane that

divides the body into right and left

parts now we can have a midsagittal

plane which divides the body exactly in

the midline parasagittal are all other

sagittal planes that are offset from the

midline frontal or coronal any plane

dividing the body into an anterior and

posterior portion and a transverse or

horizontal is a plane dividing the body

into superior and inferior portions not

shown here is an oblique which is a cut

that's made diagonally between a

horizontal and a vertical plane in

addition you have to learn body cavities

body cavities protect internal organs

from shock or impact and allow them to

change shape so you have the dorsal body

cavity which is composed of two smaller

cavities the cranial cavity and the

vertebral cavity the cranial cavity

contains the brain the vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord the ventral

body cavity also known as the coelom

houses internal organs of the body and

those are collectively generally

referred to as the viscera or guts you

have the thoracic cavity which contains

the pleural cavity the right and left

contains the lungs and the mediastinum

is the space between the pleural

cavities containing the thymus lymph

vessels esophagus trachea and nerves now

you see they have the abdominal cavity

and the pelvic cavity this is sometimes

also referred to as the abdominal pelvic

cavity the abdominal cavity contains

digestive organs the pelvic cavity

contains the bladder

reproductive organs and rectum the

dorsal and ventral body cavities are

shown here again the ventral body cavity

however includes membranes ventral body

cavities are lined with serous membranes

all serous membranes are double layered

the outer layer is the parietal layer

which is the layer that's more towards

the body wall while the inner layer is

called the visceral more towards the

organs and between the parietal and

visceral layers is a watery lubricating

fluid called serous fluid and you'll be

studying serous membranes throughout the

course so here's some tables again they

give you the regions of the human body

some of the areas you have to know and

in the abdominal pelvic region we can

also divide this into quadrants and

regions so the abdominal pelvic

quadrants you have the right upper

quadrant which contains the liver the

left upper quadrant contains the stomach

and spleen the left lower quadrant

contains the descending colon and the

right lower quadrant contains the cecum

and ascending colon and so that would be

this blue line here which is dividing it

into four quadrants the red lines are

dividing the abdominal pelvic into

regions you should know the quadrants

and regions and the organs contained

within the umbilical region is the

centermost region

deep to and surrounding the navel the

epigastric is superior to the umbilical

region the hypogastric is located

inferior to the umbilical region the

right and left hypochondriac flanks the

epigastric region laterally the right

and left lumbar lies lateral to the

umbilical region and the right and left

iliac or in Guino

is lateral to the hypogastric region and

you've got some pictures here that show

those different regions that I just went

through

so there's your different abdominal

pelvic regions here is the serous

membranes that I refer to so again

visceral more toward the organ parietal

lining the body wall the example shown

here is the heart where you've got the

parietal pericardium which lines the

perio cardial cavity and you can see the

visceral pericardium

so serous membranes again they usually

are their double layered and between the

visceral and the parietal is that

lubricating fluid called serous fluid

now there's many different ways that we

can take images of the human body

without actually having to go through an

invasive procedure so different types of

medical imaging that can be used or

x-ray machines CT machines MRI machines

pet machines or ultra sonography and

you're going to see some examples of

those next so an x-ray

is a high-energy electromagnetic

radiation which allows us to see

internal structures of the body like our

bones so if you've ever broken a bone or

has suspected breaking a bone you may

have had an x-ray taken other types of

medical imaging or shown here so a CT

scan in this top portion here shows

different areas of the head and these

are transverse sections an MRI machine

uses a magnetic fields PET scans are

another way to create images and they

can show active blood flow or the

activity of an organ that they're

examining ultrasound technology is quite

often used to monitor pregnancies

because it's the least invasive imaging

technique and there is no

electromagnetic radiation therefore it's

not harmful to the developing fetus this

concludes chapter one an introduction to

anatomy and physiology

Click on any text or timestamp to jump to that moment in the video

Most transcripts ready in under 5 seconds

One-Click Copy125+ LanguagesSearch ContentJump to Timestamps

Paste YouTube URL

Enter any YouTube video link to get the full transcript

Most transcripts ready in under 5 seconds

Get Our Chrome Extension

Get transcripts instantly without leaving YouTube. Install our Chrome extension for one-click access to any video's transcript directly on the watch page.

Add to Chrome — Free

Works with YouTube, Coursera, Udemy and more educational platforms

Get Instant Transcripts: Just Edit the Domain in Your Address Bar!

YouTube

←

→

↻

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc

YoutubeToText

←

→

↻

https://youtubetotext.net/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc

YouTube Transcript:Chapter 1 Recorded Lecture

Video Transcript

Paste YouTube URL

Transcript Extraction Form

Get Our Chrome Extension

Get Instant Transcripts: Just Edit the Domain in Your Address Bar!

YouTube Transcript:
Chapter 1 Recorded Lecture