Hang tight while we fetch the video data and transcripts. This only takes a moment.
Connecting to YouTube player…
Fetching transcript data…
We’ll display the transcript, summary, and all view options as soon as everything loads.
Next steps
Loading transcript tools…
How many species of Human were there? | NORTH 02 | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: How many species of Human were there?
Skip watching entire videos - get the full transcript, search for keywords, and copy with one click.
Share:
Video Transcript
in the modern day only one species of human
human
remains this is normal to us but
historically it is
unusual for millions of years many
different species roamed our planet
there was once a large diversity from
people the size of children to small
brain tree
climbers today I will be talking about
every known species individually and how
many there were throughout
history but before we talk about these
species let's briefly talk about what
exactly a species
is most people are familiar with the
biological species
concept the concept that if two
individuals can successfully interbreed
and produce fertile offspring then they
are part of the same
species but there are a number of
important problems with this definition
it is not always so cut and dry lions
and tigers are obviously very different
animals there are major phenotypic and
genotyp typic differences between the two
two
species however lions and tigers are
known to interbreed in the wild and in
captivity to produce
hybrids though they're not always the
most fertile they can produce perfectly viable
viable
Offspring even their hybrid Offspring
ligers and tyon can mate with one
another to produce Li
tyon so the biological species concept
has significant problems especially with
closely related animals
another major problem with the concept
is that is nearly impossible to apply to
Fossil remains asexually reproducing
organisms and species that freely
hybridize because of these reasons many
other definitions of a species are
used which one is used is dependent on
the information and data available about an
an
organism up to 26 definitions are used I
have included a link in the
description the concept of a species is
so complicated and not cut and dry
because nature is fluid and is not
always able to be thrown into some rigid classification
classification
system it is important to know this when
thinking about human evolution because
there is a constant debate over whether
certain remains belong to one species or the
the
other due to such limited remains this
is just the nature of the
field now let's finally talk about all
the species of human that we currently know
know
existed first let us go back to the
origin of our genus when the first humans
humans
evolved the oldest fossil that has been
attributed to the genus homo is 2.8
million years
old the jaw has a managerie of traits
seen in osines and early
homo but with such little evidence it is
hard to tell if it could be considered
the first
human in reality there was no singular
first human it was a gradient a flowing
stream of mutations that that led to the
first species we consider
human that species would be considered
homohabilis our oldest fossil of Havis
is around 2.3 million years old though
it is thought the species may have first
evolved around 2.5 million years
ago these hominins are considered the
first humans for a few
reasons they had on average 40% bigger
brains than their ostp theine
predecessors they are the first to make
truly complex old thean style tools and
overall had a much more human
morphology these qualities have been
enough for many to classify them as the
first human
species they were quite small and would
have appeared very ap-like to us in fact
the remains tell us that though they
could walk upright they spent a
considerable amount of time in the
trees this was likely because they lived
in a dangerous world full of
predators many consider to be the
ancestors to all later species of
humans however even if a group of hais
evolved into more derived species habis
as a whole remained until around 1.5
million years
ago the next species of human appearing
in the fossil record was homo rudol
fenus it appeared about the same time
habilis appeared Although our incomplete
remains make the exact timing
enigmatic it is a mystery what relation
the species shares to the other with it
sometimes even being considered an ostr lith
lith
theine however it is largely considered
to be descended from homo habis or at
least very closely
related it was significantly larger than
Haas and had a 20% larger
brain it would seem like Rudolph ensus
was a prime candidate for a direct human
ancestor but this does not seem to be the
the
case it still had a number of archaic
traits and is generally regarded as an
the next species to evolve was homo
ergaster around 2 million years
ago this species was the ancestor of
about all later species and very
important in human
evolution they are often subsumed into
the species Homo erectus as one
species this is an ongoing and
unresolved dispute in
paleoanthropology regardless they were
certainly the ancestors of erectus and
therefore were very
important they're much larger than their
predecessors being around the same size
as modern
humans their most important Legacy is
the tools they
made they inherited the oldan tool
industry from their predecessors but by
about 1.6 million years ago they began
taking much more flakes off their tools
and in turn created the aulian tool
industry these tools were a distinctive
oval and pair
shape they may look relatively simple
but they're actually very hard to
produce the more refined B facial shape
made their handaxes more efficient and
in turn helped them
survive as mentioned earlier homo
ergaster is often considered a subset or
subspecies of the species Homo
erectus they are the first lineages of
erectus to appear and therefore are the
most basil or in other words the most
primitive the species Homo erectus
actually has many subspecies and they
are really the only human species to
have their own
subspecies this is because they are some
of the first humans to leave Africa and
really Thrive throughout the
world being so geographically isolated a
lot of diversity formed in the
species this has caused them to
currently have as much as nine
subspecies however besides or gaster
these subspecies are hardly
mentioned it is easier to consider all
hominins to be erectus that are more
advanced than have and less derived than
later middle theine
forms Homo erectus itself was one of the
most important human species to ever
exist it spread around much of the old
world and even crossed large expanses of
water to reach multiple
Islands they are credited with creating
many Technologies such as controlled use
of fire clothing Spears constructed
dwellings and even
art they were able to do all these new
and amazing things because as they had
larger brains than any prior
hominin the average brain size across
the species was around 1,000 cubic
cim however much smaller brain specimens
have been found in Georgia where the
subspecies Homer erectus georgicus
lived these individuals only had an
average brain size of 600 cubic
cm even some homo habis had larger
brains than
them later surviving homoerectus such as
populations living in Java had brains
similar in size to those of modern
humans one skull measured 1,250 cubic cm
while the average modern human male has
a brain size of 1270 cubic
cm this is very impressive though these
individuals lived around 100,000 years
ago when other large brained hominin had become
become
common overall homoerectus is so notable
because it was the first human species
to do many things and the first to be so
widespread it is also ancestral to
hins the next species to diverge from
erectus was homo
antecessor this species occupied Western
Europe as far back as 1.2 million years
ago despite how their name sounds they
are not thought to be the ancestors of
modern humans or even neander
atols instead it is currently thought
that they an evolutionary offshoot a
lineage of hominins that died out and
probably contributed little to Future
species they had a complex array of
primitive and advanced
features their technology was quite
simple and they don't seem very
remarkable they would disappear right
before the middle pla scene around
800,000 years
ago after this point human evolution
gets very
complicated and this this is because of
our old friend
erectus since they were living all over
the world in different environments with
different challenges eventually other
species would begin to
form this happened in the middle Pine a
time period paleoanthropologists have
often referred to as the muddle in the
middle it is so confusing because
remains are limited and different
hominins live concurrently and were relatively
relatively
similar homo h highle bensis were the
next successors of
erectus they evolved around 600,000 years
years
ago in the past homo H highle bensis
meant basically all of the derived
hominins that lived throughout Africa
Europe and parts of Asia during the
middle pla
scene but recently it has largely been
reclassified to only mean the hominins
of Europe during this
time regardless idle bensis was still a
very notable species as they are the an
ancestors of the neander
talls they were much more advanced than
the previous
erectus basically doing everything they
did but
better their hand xes were much more
advanced than seen
before examples from the box drov site
in England are particularly
exceptional anyone with Flint napping
experience knows how hard it can be to
produce tools like
these besides stone tools they also
worked wood in advanced ways
they made complicated Spears which could
be thrown up to 35 M or 115
ft they also made throwing sticks and thrusting
thrusting
Spears besides material culture we have
also found evidence that suggests that
they coordinated their hunts in new ways
and may have been the first hominins
with a true
language they were able to do all this
because of course they had a larger
brain than their
predecessors their brain volume was
anywhere between 1100 and 1390 cubic cm
though they averaged around 1200 cubic
cm this is comparable to erectus but
their average was much
higher they were similar in size to
stocky the next species of hominin we
should talk about is homo Bodo
ensis they were the main middle Pine
hominins of
Africa at one point they were considered
to be homo rodis Enis and then
classified as homo Hy delber
Enis now they may be reclassified once
more as the new term homoo
Enis if this term will be widely used in
paleoanthropology we do not know
yet regardless these hominins were
different from their cousins to the
north they were less stocky and had many
traits we see in modern
humans this is because they are thought
to be our
ancestors they were doing a lot of the
same things the ancestors of neander
tals were doing but in some ways they
differed generally their technology was
a little more
advanced a major way they differed is
some groups were hating Stone points
around 500,000 years
ago this is the oldest evidence of
halting technology and it tells us that
these hominins were very Advanced for the
the
time this technology may have been more
widespread than we currently
know as of now evidence of halting
begins to appear much later around the
time of our own
species overall homo boto ensis was a
very important human species because
they are literally the ancestors of you and
and
I towards the end of the middle P the
scene around 300,000 years ago multiple
distinct species would
appear since they all appeared at
relatively the same same time I will be
talking about them going west to
east neander tals or homo neander Enis
were the first to
appear they were stockier and generally
ancestors they also had bigger brains
and much more complex
technology during their existence they
pioneered two Stone tool
Industries for those unaware a stone
tool industry or techno complex was a
series of techniques used to create stone
stone
tools they were used to classify the
types of tools being made and how they were
were
made the neander tals and our own
ancestors both created the level W tool
industry around 300,000 years
ago this industry was the most advanced
of its
time with it they were able to produce
Sharp Tools and deadly points for
hunting the neander TS would continue
their innovative ways as their
technology evolved into the more
advanced maeran industry around 160,000 years
years
ago at this time they had the most
complicated ston workking technology on
Earth Although our ancestors did make
similar tools where our range overlapped
with neander tals and the
Levant the idea that our species was
always way more advanced than neander
tals is just simply
untrue at this time our species was
doing very similar things to the neander
TS and often neander TS were the ones
making more complex
technology the tide would not start to
turn until about 100,000 years
ago our species appeared at around the
same time as the neander tals though
likely a little
later as mentioned earlier we evolved
from Bodo ensis or Roes en/ hi highle
bensis around 300,000 years
ago regardless of the current naming
dilem The Remains are still the same but
from our limited remains it is hard to
tell which are evolutionary offshoots or direct
direct
ancestors whatever the case the first
anatomically modern humans appeared
during this
time their morphology is characterized
by a few things first of all a taller
more rounded brain
case secondly lightly built
skeletons it is hypothesized that these
two adaptations reflect a parallel
mechanism in human
evolution without diving too far into it
as our brains grew our bodies reduced in muscular
muscular
strength this has been connected to a
change in Behavior including increased
cooperation and resource
transport our unique brains and Crile
builds made us the weird hominins of the
middle Place
theine most all other hominins were very
well muscled with different shaped brains
brains
our brains were not necessarily bigger
than other species but it is thought
that they were organized in a more advanced
advanced
way the earliest populations of sapiens
originated in the East and South
Africa pretty much all of Africa became
inhabited and some populations moved
into the Middle
East sapiens would not truly begin to
leave Africa and expand until around
100,000 years
ago but before then homo Ians are not
the only other hominins living in
Africa the very strange homon NTI also
called southern Africa
home these hominins have a mosaic of
advanced and archaic
traits they shared several
characteristics with ostros as well as
more advanced
features their brain was only between
460 and 610 cubic
cm this is much smaller than the over 12
00 cubic cm brain volume of our
ancestors that lived alongside
them though their brain was much smaller
its structure was contemporary to
derived homo which suggests
intelligence in addition to their brain
they were quite small only being around
143 cm and weighing 39
kg they were able to travel long
distances and had a humanlike gate but
their Anatomy suggests that they were
better at climbing trees than endurance run
run
running their long survival emits bigger
brain hominins changes our previous
ideas about human evolution and the
thought that a larger brain would
necessarily provide an evolutionary
Advantage these seemingly primitive
features have led researchers to believe
that homon netti branched off early from
homo habis or is the result of ostr
liines mating with early
homo their teeth indicate that they ate
a lot of plants and they may be
associated with tools however this remains
remains
enigmatic one of the most fascinating
aspects about this species is where
their remains were
found their initial Discovery was made
in a cave in
2013 their remains consisted of 1500
specimens of at least 15 different
individuals the relative completeness of
their remains without signs of predation
have led many to suggest that they may
have been buried in this cave
it would not have been accessible by
large predators and there is no evidence
that these individuals died to a flood
or cave
in the remains are also of different
ages suggesting that they are deposited
at much different
times it is still heavily debated if you
could consider these remains a burial
but interesting
nonetheless homon netti may have ranged
all over South Africa but to what extent
we currently do not
know homon n is an example of how much
more there is to learn about human
evolution and before you suggest Bigfoot
there is no physical remains of such a
creature nor was gigantopithecus bipedal
or related to any such
homin isn't it wild that by saying this
I actually just pissed a probably large
amount of people off I will continue to
promote the notion that Bigfoot belief
is a cult anyways we have covered the
hominins of 300,000 years ago in Europe
and Africa
time to move
East here the denans
roamed the denans are currently known
from very few remains but fortunately we
do have DNA
evidence from this we have been able to
tell that they were very similar to neander
neander
tals we currently only have two
confirmed places where they have been
found both are caves located in
Asia the true extent of their range is
unknown but hypothesized to Encompass
most of Asia and even deep into southeast
southeast
Asia they appeared roughly 300,000 years
ago likely descending from Asian Homo
erectus some older findings may
represent the den of in line but human
evolution in Asia is poorly
understood another recent discovery that
makes this even more complicated is homo
longi or Dragon
man this new species was described by a
single nearly complete
skull the original describers of this
species postulated it may be a denan
skull but this is unconfirmed and no DNA
evidence is currently
available we do not have a skull from
our denin remains but we do have a lower
jaw this jaw was compared to the skull
of homo longi and notable similarities
were found this may very well be the
skull of a
denan if conclusively proven homo longi
may be the new name of denin or possibly homo
homo
denisova homo longi has a brain volume
of 1420 cubic
cm this is large although it is not very
surprising as it is in the range for
modern humans and neander
tals whether denans and Homo longi
should be classified in the same species
as currently
enigmatic whatever the case these
hominins were both more similar to
neander than modern
humans they may have even had a recent
common ancestor with neander tals around
500,000 years
ago the next species we are going to be
talking about comes from Southeast Asia
specifically the island of
flues here the hobbit-sized homo
floresiensis lived from around 190,000
to 50,000 years
ago they might have lived for much
longer than this though we do not
currently know
these hominins were perhaps the most
unique of all human
species they were tiny they stood only a
little over a meter tall and weigh about 25
25
kg this is about 30% smaller than even
females from the smallest populations of modern
modern
humans their skulls were small and their
brains are only around 380 cubic
cm this is in the range of chimpanzees
though their brain was small they still
had a relatively large prefrontal cortex
and broadman area
10 evidence of tools butchering and fire
also tell us that they were quite
intelligent their post cranial remains
have a number of strange features
similar to those of Ostro liines and early
early
homo these hominin are thought to have
evolved from an early migration of
erectus that made it to the island
around 1 million years ago
Flores has always been an island this
suggests that the erectus had to either
swim or create some type of flotation
device either way this is very
impressive on the island there were
Giant Stores monstrous kodo dragons and
even tiny
elephants these animals were of such
weird size because of an evolutionary
phenomenon called insular dwarfism and insular
insular
gigantism on Islands larger animals
typically get smaller due to a lack of
resources and smaller animals typically
get larger often due to a lack of
predators homo floresiensis likely got
so small because of a lack of resources
and no evolutionary pressure to remain
large these hominin existed on this
island until around 50,000 years
ago it is not sapiens may have
outcompeted them though they may have
already been extinct by the time our
species got there
the last actual human species we are
going to be talking about is homozon
enus this species called the island of
Luzon home and was similar to homo
floresiensis hominins first arrived on
the island around
750,000 years ago and would have had to
make a substantial sea Crossing to do
so the evidence for these hominins comes
in the forms of tools rather than
remains their ancest ERS were likely
Homo erectus just as is thought to be
the case with flues
enus our oldest remains of luzonensis
are only 67,000 years
old this means there is about a 700,000
year period where homins existed on the
island that we do not have fossils for
this is an example of how hard it can be
to try to paint a picture of human
evolution that is a very significant
amount of time but currently we are left
in the dark
homol lensis itself is known from fragmentary
fragmentary
remains they are quite small but their
actual size remains
unknown their teeth have shown us a
complex array of traits similar to those
of early homo and
osines their limb bones also have many
ostr liposin like aspects that may have
been interpreted as adaptations for tree
climbing their osine like aspects are
interpreted as convergent evolution
rather than recently shared common
ancestry lenensis was a very capable
homin as butchered remains of rhino
stegodon deer and turtles have been
found their tools were not very Advanced nor
nor
primitive overall there seems to be a
lot more we have to learn about this
homin we have covered every species of
human that are currently considered
valid there are remains of other
proposed species that I will brief ly talk
talk
about Homo seenus is a single skull cap
from Italy which likely belongs to H highle
highle
pensis pangu one is a fossil jaw that
has been proposed as a species but is
likely a homo erectus or
denin recently a skull fragment and
lower jaw from the neser ramla site May
provide us with a new species however
the skull May belong to a neandertal or
denin relative
homogen gensis is a name proposed for
South African hominin remains that are
otherwise associated with habilis or
ergaster Homo sapiens idaltu or herto
man was once considered a subspecies of
homo sapien but is now regarded as an
early modern
human the last possible species could be
of the remains of the Red Deer cave
people they were an archaic human
population living in China until only
around 11,500 years
ago it may be a very ancient lineage of
homo sapien that moved into the area
around 100,000 years
ago or they may be the result of modern
humans mating with denans or just
anatomically modern humans with a really
unique of
morphology no DNA evidence has been able
to be extracted and their relations to
other species remains
enigmatic all of these remains mentioned
will in all likelihood not deserve a
classification the original question of
this video was how many species were
there currently it would be most
reasonable to say
13 this number will likely change based
on further discoveries mainly in
Asia if hongi and denans are considered
different species then we would have 14
species though I am hesitant to suggest
this again future discoveries will
certainly change this number
I get a lot of curious comments about
when the most different human species
were living around the world
concurrently I think there are two
answers to this
question perhaps early on in human
evolution when hais Rudolph enus erectus
and ergaster
lived but it would more likely be in the
last 300,000 years when neander tals
modern humans denans Homo erectus homoni
Homo floresiensis and homol lensis lived
there may even be other species alive at
this time including Le tidle briensis
and Homo
longi it must have been a fascinating
time it is interesting to look at the
range of all these hominins and compare
it to the range of humans in the past
few thousand
years you know I am not much of a
bragger but since it is our whole
species I must say that we are pretty
awesome in a relatively short amount of
time we made this entire planet
ours though of course we wouldn't be
here without our
ancestors so thanks to all the millions
of hominins from our distant
past I would hope some of you would be
happy with our relatively easy lives
long lifespans extensive Health Care
Unlimited food and wonderful [Music]
art thanks for watching make sure to
like And subscribe it really helps out
the channel check out my Instagram and
comment some video ideas down below
I make videos about history of humans
ancient animals and the occasional ful length
length
documentary if that sounds interesting
check out the over a 100 videos I have
made well I'll see you on the next
episode of nor2 see you [Music]
Click on any text or timestamp to jump to that moment in the video
Share:
Most transcripts ready in under 5 seconds
One-Click Copy125+ LanguagesSearch ContentJump to Timestamps
Paste YouTube URL
Enter any YouTube video link to get the full transcript
Transcript Extraction Form
Most transcripts ready in under 5 seconds
Get Our Chrome Extension
Get transcripts instantly without leaving YouTube. Install our Chrome extension for one-click access to any video's transcript directly on the watch page.
Chrome Extension