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Neural Basis of Behavior

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[Music]

it's time to cover the neural basis of

behavior okay so our brain and the rest

of our nervous system consists of

neurons we've got it

just like with genetics and we broke it

down to the most basic unit we've got to

break it down to the most basic unit

here and that's the neuron the neuron is

this tiny information processing system

with thousands of connections for

receiving and sending electrochemical

signals to other neurons it's a cell

when it comes down to it the neuron is a

cell a group of neurons is called a

nerve so we're gonna go through all the

parts of the neuron so y'all are gonna

understand truly what it is but it's

this specialized cell designed to

transmit information to nerve cells

muscle or gland cells okay some

different stats written down each body

may have as many as one trillion neurons

think y'all there's seven point one two

five last I load seven point one two

five billion people in the world yeah

the body may have as many as one

trillion neurons that's way more the

brain has 100 billion neurons each

neuron has one thousand to tens of to

ten thousand synapses 100 to 1,000

trillion synapses in your brain total

this is really cool to think of ok the

people in the world versus how many

neurons we have because you can kind of

look at the body as a microsystem

of the world so zoom out from Russia you

get really high up in outer space and

look down on us and then we become just

as small as a neuron but there's less of us

[Music]

somewhere in the universe is a small

blue planet the third Rock from a star

called the Sun just one of billions of

stars in a spiral galaxy known as the

Milky Way but where in the universe is

the Milky Way a team of scientists

gather data on more than 8,000 of the

galaxies that surround us they mapped

each galaxies position and movement in

space and for the first time they've

shown that the Milky Way is part of a

much larger system of galaxies a super

cluster that they have named Laniakea

the Milky Way is nested in the furthest

reaches of this structure on the outskirts

outskirts [Music]

the entire universe can be seen as an

intricate network of galaxies a cosmic

web some areas are almost empty dark

voids others are densely packed with

galaxies in regions known as super clusters

clusters [Music]

oh let's put its the basic building

block of the nervous system okay we've

got to talk about glial cells glial

cells hold and support and hold neurons

in place 90% of the brains total cells

are glial cells they supply nutrients

and oxygen perform cleanup tasks and

insulate one neuron from another so that

their neural messages are not scrambled

so basically they take care of the

neurons right we could say that and so

y'all want to know what I call them I

call them the neurons parents hi mom and dad

dad

dis your place no no no no no no no I

live with my mom yeah

you hungry hey mom we get some meatloaf

doesn't this make sense they support the

neurons they hold the neurons in place

they supply nutrients and oxygen they

perform cleanup tasks they insulate one

neuron from the other so that they are

and messages do not get scrambled they

keep you separated from your brother or

sister when you're fighting so they also

play a small role now a small role in

nervous system communication the star of

the communication show though is the

neuron this is pretty cool no two

neurons are alike so I just said oh if

we zoomed up in outer space and got this

above picture of us and we're almost

smaller's neurons well

no two of us are exactly alike no two

neurons are exactly alike they're like

snowflakes they although share some

basic features and we're gonna go

through those but mainly they share they

have dendrites they have a cell body and

they have an axon we said several times

that they speak in a type of electrical

and chemical language so we're going to

talk about how that is so

let's look at the parts of the neuron

well let's start off with the dendrites

these little tentacle type things these

are the branching fibers of neurons that

receive neural impulses from other

neurons and convey impulses towards the

cell body so how do I remember the parts

of the neuron

well I pretend I'm in the room these are

my dendrites these are my branching

fibers and I think of myself kind of

like an alien and I say receiving

receiving or receiving receiving this

feels even sillier than doing it in the

classroom receiving receiving receiving

receiving I'm receiving information

you'd think of it like antennas a top of

your head and antennae receiving

information also how I think about it

then is I think well if they're my

fingers here what's fingers in Spanish

Davis right so I think dedos dendrites

receiving receiving receiving so the

next part we need to learn is the cell

body and that's gonna be kind of this

right here the part of the neuron that

contains the cell nucleus and other

structures at health and neuron carry

out its functions it's also known as the

soma pourtant word to realize what that

means soma means body I don't know if

anybody's been to that pyjama store in

the mall called soma oh of course

receiving receiving receiving my cell

body contains the nucleus my brain the

nucleus is like the brain what's next

the axon this is the axon the axon is a

long tube-like structure that conveys

impulses away from the neuron cell body

towards other neurons or to muscles or glands

glands

now the myelin she

it's like fatty insulation it covers the

axon of this of the neurons or some

neurons to insulate and help speed up

neural impulses if blankets the axon

instead of saying it's the fat on high

poly what I go with it's my clothes this

is my insulation and the main thing here

is that this myelin sheath help speed up

neural impulses so I think if I'm stuck

outside in a blizzard and I don't have

any clothes or I don't have good warm

clothes I only have one layer I'm gonna

end up frozen I'm frozen all right have

a myelin sheets of insulation now we are

all warm and toasty and guess what I'm

just running to generate more heat it's

a safety so your clothing is that warm

insulation okay so neural impulses move

much more slowly than electricity loose

through a wire the neural impulse

travels along a bear axon without any

myelin sheath had only about 10 meters

per second electricity just to put in

perspective moves at 36 million meters

per second 10 meters per second versus

36 million meters per second in an

myelinated axon the neural impulse moves

about ten times as faster than a fare

axon so it speeds it way up it's really

interesting if you look at the impact of

the myelin sheath of research research

shows that social isolation during the

early weeks and months of life has

occurs for babies who are in orphanages

or who are neglected prevent cells from

producing the right amount of myelin

which leads to long-term problems in

cognitive functioning so here I see this

really interesting combination of the

body and nature and nurture the myelin sheath

sheath

doesn't properly develop when there's

social isolation in the early weeks and

months of life and that leads to

terminal buttons these forum junctions

with other cells and release chemicals

called neurotransmitters you know we're

interested in neurotransmitters in

psychology because we talk about things

we've researched things like serotonin

we can look at depression as being

caused by not having enough serotonin

and so you can take something like a

Sarah and SSRI serotonin reuptake

inhibitor selective serotonin reuptake

inhibitor we're gonna get some more of

that but what are the terminal buttons I

think that they're my toes so I'm not

gonna take off switch to those and show

my toes but they're the terminal buttons

you can think about as little tiny

buttons on the end of your feet and it's

from there that the little

neurotransmitters are going to jump now

whenever a neuron connects to another

neuron there is a synaptic gap so show

on the screen say we wanted to draw

another neuron here these are the

dendrites and really they're synapses

all over and they're on not just on the

dendrite but we're trying to keep things

real simple and so it's important to

know that right here they're not

actually touching there's a synaptic gap

or sometimes refer to a synaptic cleft

this is less than five millionths of a

centimeter and so it's this tiny tiny

opening between the sending sending

neuron and the receiving neuron okay so

I'm a neuron receiving receiving

receiving receiving information comes in

it travels down it actually travels down

the axon almost like a wave in a sports

stadium we'll talk about that if I could

do a body roll that's you so receiving

and receiving receiving body ball down

gets down to the bottom down to the

terminal buttons and then say we are

going to connect form a nerve

well somebody in the class would be the

next person so your fingers we'd have to

touch my toes thank you don't want to do

that you don't want to touch my toes not

that my toes are bad or anything but

germs you know so you don't want to

touch my toes so instead we leave the

tiniest space possible but even though

we leave that tiny tiny space the germs

are going to jump the gap so receiving

receiving receiving information coming

down travel by the body roll goes down

to the bottom the germs

jump the gap you receive I'm receiving

receiving receiving information down the

next person you connected to the germs

jumped the gap so this kind of body roll

thing that I mentioned

that's called an action potential this

is the communication within a neuron so

that germ that jumps the gap that's the

neurotransmitter remember it's

neurotransmitter that's a chemical

within communication which in the neuron

is electrical and it's called an action

potential it's the message that moves

along the axon in the form of a Norton

or neural impulse action potential has

to do with positive and negative

polarization over although it moves like

a wave in a football stadium [Applause]

so this wave or this body roll this

action potential has to do with sodium

ions and potassium ions and they move

into and out of the axon cut causing

this electrical change sodium ions and

potassium ions moving into and out of

the axon cause electrical changes so

typically when a neuron is resting

meaning it's not transmitting

information these tiny gates all over

the membrane called ion channels are

closed and a slight negative charge is

present along the inside of the cell

membrane so typically the axon slightly

negative on the inside and it's positive

on the outside so how does an action

potential happen well one of the doors

opens letting positive in positive and

negative are opposites attract are going

to run towards each other as soon as

they get a chance so the positive is

going to run in negatives going to run

out and there's a series of opening and

closing basically the little gates that

[Applause] [Music]

[Music] [Applause]

[Applause]

so all we do we like [Music]

it's a series of opening and closing

basically the little gates causes this

kind of electrical movement electrical

charge to move through the axon now

where's this all-or-nothing principle

basically once an electrical impulse

reaches a certain level of intensity it

fires and it moves all the way down the

axon without losing any difference to

intensity so we also look at

neurotransmitters neurotransmitters are

gonna jump the gap and they're either

going to excite the nerve the receiving

neuron or they're gonna inhibit the

receiving neuron

if the dendrite if the receiving axon

receives enough of the message that side

Ettore message then the neuron will fire

it either fires or it doesn't fire

that's called the all-or-nothing

principle it fires all moving all the

way down the axon without losing any

intensity so it's kind of like a gun a

gun either fires or doesn't fire it

doesn't kind of buy them and yet this

may be confusing cuz you can say well we

have I don't know varying levels of

sensation pressure for example you can

either kind of tiny press a really press

let varying levels of intensity this

doesn't have to do with how much oh like

it acts the the neurons kind of firing

kind of not nope it has to do with how

many neurons are fine firing and the

frequency of firing so that's within a

neuron it's electrical when I mentioned

and I keep mentioning neurotransmitters

these are chemical so within the neuron

mess the neuron messages to travel

electrically between neurons messages

travel across the synaptic gap via

chemicals called neurotransmitters

messages travel chemically between

neurons ok so when you go through some

different types of neurotransmitters and

their effects and I think I'm gonna post

a video that kind of explains this

because the guy does a pretty great job

so if you're watching out for that but

just really quickly we know serotonin

right and we've talked about a serotonin

reuptake inhibitor what a serotonin

reuptake inhibitor is going to do is

it's going to block the sending neuron

from taking back its neurotransmitters

so say this is the sending neuron and

this is the receiving neuron while

neurotransmitters are going to typically

receiving neuron some receptor sites but

they just go over they latch into and

they trigger a response and then they go

back reuptake what a reuptake inhibitor

it blocks a sending neuron from taking

back up that set that serotonin so then

it just stays within this gap and it can

keep activating the neuron or carrying

out whatever its purpose is so that's

what a rehab tech inhibitor is it's

stopping the reuptake leaving an excess

of serotonin in the gap so we know

serotonin has to do with things like

mood we know for one has to do but it

also has to do with sleep and dreaming

and appetite dopamine is an interesting

one dopamine has to do with motor

control but it also has to do with

pleasure areas of the brain with

motivation with reward areas of the

brain but when we found that people with

too little dopamine 10 we see this

related to Parkinson's disease whereas

too much dopamine is related to

schizophrenia I want to explain the

and I'm gonna go ahead and upload this

video from this other guy I really like

his example of agonist versus antagonist

neurotransmitters or drugs so look for

this posting because this is required

lecture content agonist versus antagonist

antagonist

I'll post two videos one where he talks

more about different neurotransmitters

and the other where he talks about a

venous versus an antagonist it's

important to know that neurotransmitters

are locked into the receptor site like a

lock into a key this is pretty crazy the

shape of the neurotransmitter has to

match the shape of the receptor site in

order for it to lock in and for it

either to excite or inhibit the neuron

okay so that's about the neuron the most

basic structure of the nervous system we

need to now mention the endocrine system

pretty quickly we don't spend as much

time on the endocrine system but it's

important the internet system is a

network of glands located throughout the

body that manufacture and secrete

hormones into the bloodstream so think

puberty where you have this influx or

[Music]

truth is no one quite knew what was wrong

wrong

most times a person grows up gradually

where's daddy

well he just look what's wrong I'm

hemorrhaging what do you mean you're

hemorrhaging and I don't need your help

did this happen in the bathroom told you

it's okay

come on upstairs we have to have a

little talk it's not fair nothing

happens to boys hi Berta can you come

out and please it's real hot maybe we

can go swimming no yeah here and don't

so hormone is a chemical messenger

manufactures in secreted by the enter

compliance which circulate in the blood

soon to produce bodily changes or

maintain normal bodily functions all

kinds of things are impacted by hormones

mood arousal circadian rhythms

metabolism immune system they can signal

growth help with reproduction attraction

appetite aggression hormones can have a

drastic influence on the body so all of

this the endocrine system is regulating

long term bodily processes and controls

the body's response to emergencies as

well so I'll post a picture here buddy

of the different glands we have the

pituitary gland the thyroid gland the

ovaries or testes a pair of thyroid the

adrenal the pancreas the pituitary gland

is considered the master gland because

it kind of controls everything else

almost all of its hormones direct the

activity of the other glands the

pituitary glands though has its own

master the hypothalamus

so it's important that we compare while

the endocrine system compared to the

nervous system because we know we have

two chemical messengers here while we

have neurotransmitters and we have

hormones you can think of them like

emails with the nervous system and

neurotransmitters these are like

individual emails we send emails to

particular people so if I sends an email

to one of you guys only you would get it

nobody else would over here hormones

instead are like global emails mass

emails when I send an email to the

entire class or an announcement through

canvas everyone hears everyone is notified

notified

so hormones are carried by the blood

throughout the body to any cell that

will listen it's like this mass email

that just floods when you hear about

hormones you hear you're flooded your

system is flooded with this hormone

every everyone hears it

so you're flooded and it also lingers it

can take some time to for example simmer

down after its screen moments of fright

or anger testosterone is a hormone that

maybe a lot of people have been hearing

about you know this idea of low tea high

tea there's a study that I read so they

had a bunch of people rolled dice in

private and then they had to report

their numbers and they received money

based on the results so if you're a high

roller you've got cash

thanks down and this was really

surprising because when you think about

testosterone you kind of think about

these big beefy guys that are very manly

and they're going to be aggressive and

but what they found was that high levels

of testosterone you actually reported

self-reported the numbers more honestly

so it fosters in a way they found social

behavior and honest interaction which

was a really big surprise because you

think someone who has too much

testosterone it's not going to be

pro-social and so what you start to

wonder is maybe that lying dishonesty is

a result of insecurity or feeling bad

and the more testosterone you have the

more confident you are maybe that leads

you to being more honest more bolder

regardless hormones influence the way

you act the way you and the way you have

influences your hormones so it's really

interesting it's bi-directional cortisol

is a stress hormone that we're going to

talk about later on adrenaline is a

hormone I think adrenaline is the

confusing one that's both a hormone and

okay I think that's pretty good

introduction to the neuron

neurotransmitters and then the endocrine

system as well thanks for watching y'all [Music]

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YouTube Transcript:
Neural Basis of Behavior