0:07 in this video we will study about the
0:09 process of glycolysis the word
0:11 glycolysis is made up of two words the
0:13 word glyco means glucose and the word
0:15 Lis means
0:17 breakdown the glycolysis is a metabolic
0:19 pathway that involves systematic
0:22 breakdown of glucose to produce energy
0:23 and the glycolysis takes place in the
0:25 cytool of the
0:27 cells first we will have an overview
0:29 about this process and then we will
0:36 involved in glycolysis a one molecule of
0:38 glucose which is a six carbon compound
0:40 is broken down into two molecules of
0:42 pyate which is a three carbon compound
0:45 and in this conversion energy is
0:53 nadh the pyate formed is further
0:55 utilized in various energy producing
1:01 energy the process of glycolysis takes
1:04 place in two phases in the first phase
1:06 the glucose is first converted into two
1:09 molecules of glyceride 3 phosphate since
1:11 this conversion involves addition of
1:13 phosphate the first phase actually uses
1:15 energy instead of producing
1:18 it in the second phase the glycer high 3
1:21 phosphate is converted into pyate and it
1:23 is in the second phase energy is actually
1:30 produced now let's look at at the
1:32 various reactions involved in the
1:34 glycolysis so it all begins with a
1:37 molecule of glucose that enters the
1:40 cytool and the first reaction that takes
1:41 place is conversion of glucose to
1:44 glucose 6 phosphate the enzyme that
1:47 catalyzes this reaction is called
1:51 hexokinase the word hexo means six
1:54 denoting the six carbon compound glucose
1:56 and the kinases are a group of enzymes
1:58 that catalyze the phosphorilation
2:00 reactions so the enzyme hexokinase
2:03 transfers a molecule of phosphate from
2:05 ATP to glucose and converts glucose to
2:08 glucose 6 phosphate in this reaction ATP
2:11 is converted into a molecule of ADP
2:15 hence it utilizes one molecule of ATP
2:17 next the glucose 6 phosphate is
2:19 converted into its isomer the fructose 6
2:22 phosphate by the enzyme isomerase this
2:24 is a simple rearrangement
2:27 reaction in The Next Step the fructose 6
2:29 phosphate is converted to fructose 16
2:32 Bas phosphate that is addition of
2:33 another phosphate group at the first
2:35 carbon of the fructose
2:38 ring this reaction is catalyzed by the
2:41 enzyme phosphor fructokinase another
2:44 kyese enzyme which transfers a group of
2:46 phosphate from ATP to fructose 6
2:48 phosphate and again ATP is converted
2:51 into ADP hence another ATP is utilized
2:54 in the
2:56 reaction next the fructose six bis
2:59 phosphate is split into two molecules
3:01 the glycer 3 phosphate and dihydroxy
3:04 acetone phosphate these both are three
3:05 carbon compounds and the enzyme that
3:08 catalyzes this reaction is called
3:11 aldolase these all reactions compose the
3:13 first phase of the glycolysis and as you
3:15 can see energy is actually utilized in
3:18 this process in the form of two atps the
3:20 two compounds glyceride 3 phosphate and
3:22 dihydroxy acetone phosphate are actually
3:24 isomers and can be interconverted into
3:27 each other by the enzyme isomerase but
3:29 since the glyceride 3 phosphate is
3:30 further utilized in the process of
3:33 glycolysis the equilibrium of this
3:35 isomerization reaction is always towards
3:36 the glyceride 3
3:39 phosphate also keep in mind that every
3:41 molecule of glucose is split into two
3:43 molecules so every reaction of the
3:45 second phase happens twice and produces
3:47 twice sub
3:49 products in the next reaction the
3:53 glyceride 3 phosphate is converted to 13
3:55 bisphosphoglycerate this involves
3:56 addition of a phosphate group at the
3:59 first position of the phosphoglycerate
4:01 the en that catalyzes this reaction is
4:03 the glyceride 3 phosphate
4:05 dehydrogenase and in this reaction
4:08 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide which
4:11 is the co-enzyme is reduced to nadh
4:12 which is further utilized in the
4:15 electron transport chain to produce more
4:17 energy also this reaction utilizes a
4:20 molecule of inorganic
4:23 phosphate the 13 based phosphoglycerate
4:25 is converted to three phosphoglycerate
4:28 by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kyes this
4:30 kyese enzyme transfer the phosphate
4:32 group at the first position of
4:34 phosphoglycerate to adenosine
4:36 diphosphate and in this process a
4:43 generated next the three
4:45 phosphoglycerate is converted to two
4:47 phosphoglycerate this is a simple
4:49 rearrangement reaction that happens with
4:53 the help of the enzyme phosphoglycerate
4:56 mutase next the two phosphoglycerate is
4:58 converted to phosphoenol
5:02 pyate the enzyme involved is enolase and
5:04 magnesium ions are also utilized in this
5:06 reaction in the final step of the
5:09 glycolysis the phosphoenol pyate is
5:12 converted to pyate by the enzyme pyate
5:14 kyes the phosphate group at the
5:17 phosphoenol pyate is transferred to ADP
5:20 and converted to
5:23 ATP this all composes the second phase
5:26 of the glycolysis and as you can see
5:28 energy is produced in the second phase
5:31 of the glycolysis is now let's first
5:33 look at the net reaction of glycolysis
5:45 brief we have one molecule of six carbon
5:47 glucose that splits into two molecules
5:50 of three carbon compound
5:52 pyate there's a net utilization of only
5:56 two adps since four adps are used in the
5:59 second phase but two adps are also
6:00 produced used in the first phase there
6:03 is a net use of only 2
6:05 adps two molecules of inorganic
6:08 phosphate are utilized in this
6:11 step two nicotinamide Adine
6:14 dinucleotides are reduced to nadh
6:17 molecules in conversion of glyceride 3
6:20 phosphate to 13 Bas phosphoglycerate so
6:22 this was a brief overview of the process
6:24 of glycolysis I hope you find this video
6:26 helpful thank you so much for watching
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