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Costanzo Physiology (Chapter 10A) Reproductive Physiology Basics || Study This!
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hello and welcome to the review of costanzo's physiology textbook we're going to start this three-part series on chapter 10 which covers reproductive physiology starting off with sexual differentiation and puberty if you enjoy the video please don't forget to give it a like and subscribe to the channel if you want access to exclusive content you can find that in the patreon link within the description so reproductive physiology centers around the gonads which are endocrine glands so they release hormones that go around the body to have an effect somewhere else within the body and these hormones support the development and maturation of the male and female germ cells so when it comes to sexual differentiation of maleness or femaleness we there are there are three different ways of defining sex according to this textbook so we have genetic sex which is all related to the sex chromosome so x y if you're a male xx if you're a female and then there's gonadal sex which just relates to whether you have testes or ovaries and then lastly is phenotypic or genital sex which is whether the person looks like a male or a female so it gets into a little bit more details on each portion here really genetic sex once again x y is males what happens in week 7 of gestation in males with that y chromosome there's this gene called the sry gene which actually causes the testes to begin developing and then the absence of that gene and females means that at week nine genetic females will start to develop their ovaries when it comes to gonadal sex we have the two separate kinds of gonads so male gonads and female gonads male gonads all the testes they have these three types of cells so your germ cells that produce spermatogonia that will go on to produce sperm if sertoli cells which synthesize anti-malaria hormone that we'll talk about later and then lathing cells which produce our testosterone in our ovaries or the female glonads the germ cells obviously produce urgonia which are surrounded by granulosa cells and stroma to eventually form what's called an oocyte that's going to become the egg of a female then we also have thicker cells which synthesize progesterone along with granulosa cells which synthesize estradiol now the key differences is that in males you have anti-malarian hormone and also testosterone being produced and that results in a difference in our phenotypic sex which occurs when you're starting to differentiate the actual male or female reproductive tracts so for instance with it in the womb the fetus will produce testosterone if it's a male and then that will stimulate the growth and differentiation of the wolfian tracts whereas the anti-malarian hormone will then result in atrophy of the second set of ducts called the malarian ducts and these would actually would have gone on to become the female genital tract so since we have testosterone to cause differentiation and growth of the male reproductive gonads and then we have anti-malarian hormone which causes regression of the production or the growth of the female genital tract then we result in a male phenotype or female phenotype if we have an absence of those two hormones and although you need an absence of these two hormones for the differentiation and growth of the female genital tract within the fetus you need estrogen from the ovaries in the female phenotype to actually help the further growth and differentiation of the female reproductive system so next we're going to talk about puberty starting off with going to troponin secretion over the lifetime so you start to produce this hormone called gnrh or gonadotropin releasing hormone it's a releasing hormone remember meaning that it's coming from the hypothalamus so as a releasing hormone is going to cause the stimulation of further hormones from the pituitary gland and those hormones is follicle stimulating hormone or fsh and lh or luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland so gnrh causes release of the pituitary hormones fsh and allergen and they will have effects on the reproductive tract or reproductive organs so gnrh is actually going to remain pretty low until puberty at which point it's going to steadily rise and then during the adult reproductive period you're going to have pulsatile secretion of gnrh which is going to cause stimulation of the release of fsh and lh initially during the adult reproductive period you're going to have higher levels of lh and lower levels of fsh relatively but as we get into senescence or you know when you're older and when you're an older person and you're beyond your reproductive years then fsh will actually become higher than lh so this pulsatile release of gnrh during the reproductive period or you know starting within puberty is going to cause the release of fsh and lh which was then going to act on our female gonads or male gonads as well to release testosterone and estradiol testosterone and estrodial will then be responsible for the appearance of our secondary sex characteristics at puberty now the reason why gnrh starts to become pulsatile during puberty is still unknown but there does seem to be familial patterns in terms of the timing so whether it's occurring when you're older or whether you're younger that seems like there's a familial pattern but the exact reason why gnrh starts to become pulsatile in the first place is very much unknown at this point now it is also unsure whether melatonin plays a role in this onset of puberty and that's because it can be a natural inhibitor of dnrh release and melatonin is extremely high during childhood and starts to decline during adulthood so maybe that plays a role but that's really uncertain at this point so what happens during puberty is that we get this volatile flow or secretion of g and rh in studies they have found that if you just give a long-acting gnrh analog then you still do not stimulate puberty so you really need the pulsatile secretion of gnrh to initiate puberty and what happens is obviously you get the growth of pubic hair the growth of the reproductive organs and then you end up getting a growth spurt and then you start to produce sperm or differentiate sperm and then also start to create the menstruation cycle the first of which is called the menarch and that's all because of that pulsatile geometry releasing fsh and lh which is going to tell testosterone and estrogen to then be released so that is going to be the conclusion of this chapter a nice and short one to get started in reproductive physiology we're going to cover male reproductive physiology in the next one followed by female reproductive system after that if you enjoyed the video please don't forget to subscribe as it helps our channel grow and other people see it and once again if you'd like to get access to exclusive content you can do so in the patreon link within the description feel free to drop a comment otherwise we'll see in the next one
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