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Lecture 2.2_Order Monotremata and Infraclass Metatheria

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greetings Intrepid memologists Professor

Jared here again and I welcome you to

lecture 2.2 entitled order mono tremata

and infra class metatheria

so this is going to align with chapter

10 in your textbook entitled orders

monochromata and the marsupials so from

here on out every module will contain

two lectures that are going to focus on

specific mammalian orders that exemplify

a broader concept

so we just finished uh discussing

mammalian reproduction so it makes sense

to now hone in on the morphology the

taxonomy the ecology and the

conservation of the monotreams like the

duck-billed platypus and the spiny

echidnas and the marsupials like the

tiger coal here the wombat and the tree

kangaroos so let's dive in the

monotreams subclass

prototherea are really pretty radically

different than their marsupial and

placental cousins and that they've

retained a whole slew of primitive

traits from their synapsid ancestors

including the cloaca which is actually

their namesake mono tremada means one

opening the cloaca is this single

reproductive urinary and fecal tract

opening as you see on the bottom left

here on this spiny echidna

as well as monotremes hatching from

small rubbery eggs like this tiny

hatching Echidna here on the bottom

right unlike their placental cousins

monotreams have two uterine as opposed

to just one large muscular uterus in the

placentals you can see those two uteri

here another difference is the

monotremes just have one large

functional ovary the second ovary is

considerably smaller and non-functional

however uh similarly

fertilization is going to occur in the

fallopian tube and then over the next

two weeks the shell is deposited around

that fertilized egg which is ultimately

deposited here in the urogenital sinus

to be laid out of the cloaca monotreme

eggs are tiny so a mere 16 millimeters

in length that's a little over a half

inch eggs are incubated for about 10 to

11 days the Platypus is going to curl

around her eggs

prior to hatching the young develops

this sharp egg tooth just like in birds

and reptiles and that's going to allow

the newborn to tear open that leathery

egg as previously mentioned monotreams

retained a whole slew of primitive

characteristics from their common

synapse ancestor with the reptiles

including a pectoral girdle that has a

coracoid here a pre-coracoid and an

interclavical so it's a similar

morphology to what we see in the

thoracid reptiles the euthyrian mammal

is here on the right here's a thoracid

reptile and you can see that pectoral

girdle and that splayed stance which is

also exhibited by the Echidna here you

can really see that reptilian splayed

stance monotreams are endothermic but

their body temperature is only about 32

degrees Centigrade which is about 90

degrees Fahrenheit so they're going to

have considerably lower metabolic rates

than their euthyrian cousins

this is unusual female monotremes have

10 X chromosomes and males have 5x and 5

Y chromosomes instead of the single pair

of sex chromosomes that we see in

eutherians and then lastly the sperm of

monotremes as well as their testes they

look like those of reptiles so the sperm

is thin and thread-like in short

monotremes are this Mosaic of

specialized mammalian features as well

as numerous retained archaic

characteristics that are comparable to

reptiles so some features that are

unique to monotremes include their

bird-like skulls with elongated rostrums

both the platypuses and the echidnas

lack teeth they have high domed craniums

their cochlea the semi-circle circular

canal in the inner ear those are not

coiled that's unlike any other mammal

adults have a large horn-like medial

spur on the ankle and it's venomous in

the platypuses and then finally there's

no corpus callosum that's the bundle of

nerve fibers that are going to integrate

the left and right hemispheres of the

brain we will begin with the family

ornith Orion Cadet ornith of course is

Greek for bird and Rhine knows so the

bird knows the duckbilled Platypus is

monotypic meaning it's a group that

includes only a single taxon duck build

platypuses are distributed in freshwater

lakes at both low and high elevations

along the eastern coast of the

Australian continent as well as

throughout Tasmania

so there's an interesting insert in your

text about the Platypus bill but in

short the Platypus bill is soft pliable

and very sensitive it's the main sensory

organ for navigation and locating food

and it's highly structured and quite

complex the skin of the bill is this

Mosaic of both mechanical and electrical

receptors located on both the dorsal as

well as the ventral surfaces so there's

an estimated 40 000 cells in that bill

that allow it to sense

electromagnetic fields as the Platypus

swims and moves its head from side to

side while foraging they have this

groove that extends from the bill and

contains both the tiny eyes and ears

during Dives that Groove is going to

close and the Platypus is going to rely

solely on the sensitivity of this bill

to locate its prey like the earthworm

so the feet of the duck-billed platypus

are Penta dactyl pentyl of course means

five-toed and then the forefoot is

webbed however when they're on land this

webbing is going to fold back and allow

the Platypus to walk on land and if

that's not weird enough the Platypus is

venomous it has a large Venom gland in

its thigh as well as a sharp strong half

inch spur on its hind limb so it's

hypothesized that this spur evolved for

intrasexual competition or male to male

combat but apparently it's no fun to

become envenomated by a platypus as it

results in and I quote immediate and

intractable pain and marked swelling

so platypuses are going to build Burrows

in the Stream Banks the male boroughs

are relatively simple but the female can

actually burrow up to 90 feet into the

stream bank and then their Burrows

culminate in this nesting chamber where

she's going to lay those precious eggs

and incubate them by curling her body

around them the young after they hatch

they're going to remain in that burrow

the family tacky gloss a day includes

the short beaked Echidna as well as the

Western Long beaked Echidna and you'll

probably never guess which is which

the short beak Echidna here occurs in

Australia Tasmania and Southern uh Papua

New Guinea

uh it's the most widely distributed

endemic mammal in Australia the long

beaked echidnas are only found in those

very ecologically rich Highlands of

Papua New Guinea the echidnas have a

beak that also contains Electro

receptors although not as many as in the

Platypus however they do have a seven

inch long sticky tongue so tacky gloss a

day actually means rapid tongue and it

refers to their propensity to snarf up

ants and termites and other insects

these are guard hairs that have been

modified to form barbless spines

and then lastly I was surprised to learn

that echidnas can live up to 50 years

which is quite long for such a small

animal according to the iucn the

international Union for the conservation

of nature platypus populations are

declining because of habitat loss

created by extreme erosion poor water

quality as well as introduced placental

carnivores like the red fox

the short beaked Echidna as pictured

here is doing just fine remember these

guys are distributed across Australia

Tasmania southern New Guinea however the

long beaked Echidna as well as Sir

David's long beaked Echidna named for uh

my hero David Attenborough those long

beaked echidnas are both critically

endangered marsupials so they get their

name from the females abdominal pouch or

the marsupium here you can see some baby

Tasmanian devils that are suckling on

Mom's teats within the marsupium

this is actually kind of a poor

diagnostic feature because not all

marsupials have a marsupium like the

short-tailed opossum and the echidnas

which are monotreams do have a marsupium

so marsupials are best distinguished by

small maternal energy investment in

altricial or underdeveloped young so

interesting factoid for you to amaze

your friends at parties this weekend no

marsupials have litters that weigh more

than one percent of Mother's body mass

so that said maternal investment in

lactation is much greater in the

marsupials than in the placentals so as

Ren free noted marsupials have in effect

exchanged the umbilical cord for the

teat in comparison to their euthyrian

cousins the metatherian marsupials have

basal metabolic rates that are about 30

percent lower than comparably sized

placentals also the marsupial brain is

considerably smaller than that of the

placental again accounting for body size

this is especially pronounced in large

bodied marsupials like the red kangaroo

unlike the placentals there are no fully

Marine marsupials that are akin to the

cetaceans the Dolphins and the whales

there are no marsupials that have

evolved true powered flight like the

placental bats although there are

gliding marsupials and then also there's

no fossorial herbivorous marsupials

meaning uh burrowing marsupials that are herbivorous

herbivorous

so all that said there is an outstanding

array of Behavioral and morphological

adaptations that characterize the the

seven orders of the marsupials so think

kickboxing kangaroos the koala bear

which has evolved A specialized diet

feeding on only eucalyptus the

incredible bite force of the Tasmanian devil

devil

and at least we not forget the cube

so for the remainder of the lecture

we're going to quickly survey each of

those seven orders and many of the

families let's begin with the order die

delpha morphia which includes the single

extant family

diedelfa day so these are the new world

or American

opossums there are 18 Genera remember

that's the plural for genus there are 18

General and 111 species in the family uh

didelpha day

let's see uh the didelphids are

characterized by their tails most have

this long sparsely haired prehensile

tail a prehensile tail is going to allow

the animal to hold on to and manipulate

objects almost like an additional arm

it's going to allow your arboreal

opossums to hang from their tails to

grasp tree branches uh while they forage

and then they're also characterized by

an opposable thumb which again

accommodates uh many of their

semi-arboreal or arboreal habitats the arboreal

arboreal

bushy-tailed opossum is found in humid

tropical rainforests in Ecuador Peru

Bolivia and Brazil there are three

species of woolly opossums that are

Forest inhabitants of southern Mexico

Central America and North Central South

America and then we have the diminutive

10 to 15 gram calendar oscares Mouse

opossum which is adenosine of lowland

forests in Amazonia so several

deidelphids like this yellow-sided

opossum here on the left show similar

parity symbol parody is a life history

strategy in which all or most of the

males die after mating and then the

females die after weaning their young

the most specialized didelphid is the

yapark or the water opossum so this is

the only marsupial that's adapted for an

aquatic habitat and a diet of small

vertebrates so the hind feet of the

epoch are webbed and then the females

marsupium is going to seal and become

impenetrable to the water keeping her

young safe while she Dives which leads

us to the Virginia opossum didelphis

Virginia and this week's discussion prompt

prompt

many mammals such as the Virginia

opossum are known to produce more young

than can be supported by the number of

the mothers Mame or teats this attribute

seems maladaptive explain this apparent

waste of energy

to help comment intelligibly on this

post please listen to the stated clearly

video I've embedded in canvas that's

entitled survival of the fittest what

does it really mean

the order Posse tuberculata contains

just a single family that can no less

today which is comprised of three Genera

and seven species of shrew or rat

opossums of course shrews and rats are placentals

placentals

the five species of cannolestes occur in

dense vegetation and cold wet high

elevation forests and Meadows of

Northwestern South America the cane

listids are primarily nocturnal

insectivorous or omnivorous and to rest

the single family and this order the

microbiotheria contains only one extant

species and that is the monito Del Monte

the little monkey of the mountains the

monito Del Monte is nocturnal it's

clearly arboreal it inhabits temperate

rainforests in South Central Chile and

adjacent Argentina

so prior to hibernation this species

accumulates fat at the base of its

prehensile tail this is called an

incrassated tail one that has evolved to

store energy as fat reserves it can

store enough fat in just one week to

double its body mass

interestingly this species also exhibits

short periods of daily torpor depending

upon ambient environmental conditions so

torpor is when an organism is capable of

lowering its metabolic rate lowering its

body temperature and this instance this

species is capable of lowering its

metabolic rate by a whopping 92 percent

uh as a frugivore or a fruit eating

mammal the monito Del Monte plays a

crucial ecosystem role in dispersing

native seeds in its feces and then

finally recall from the video how South

America made the marsupials in lecture

1.4 that the monito Del Monte is the

sole living representative from this order

order

microbiotheria which likely represents

the ancestral lineage of all of the

Australian marsupials so this is a

really important Relic species and with

that let's now jump over to the

continent of Australia we'll begin with

the order dazzy euromorphia which

includes three families of carnivorous

and insectivorous marsupials including

the namesake family the dazzy uraday the

mere mecco bidet and the thylacine day

most of these stand species are in this

dazzy uraday family and then with the

extinction of the thylacine the dazzy

urid the tasmanian devil is now the

largest living carnivorous marsupial and

that brings us to the heart-wrenching

tale of the thylacine the thylacine was

often called the Tasmanian Tiger

presumably because of those dorsal

stripes or the Tasmanian wolf but as you

buddy mammologists know the thylacine

was neither tiger nor wolf those are

placentals it was a large carnivorous

marsupial in the order dazzy euromorphia

bilesine fossils have been recovered

from the Australian Mainland Papua New

Guinea as well as Tasmania of course and

further Aboriginal rock art confirms

that the thylacine was in Australia when

the first inhabitants the First Peoples

colonized Australia

by the time the Europeans arrive the

thylacine's range has been greatly

reduced it's restricted only to the

island of Tasmania it's likely that

competition with the dingoes that were

introduced by those original Aboriginal

people was probably a significant factor

in out competing and reducing the

thylacine's range and the species may

have survived in uh to modern times in

Tasmania because dingoes were not

introduced there European settlers

arrived in Tasmania at the beginning of

the 19th century and upon doing so they

set out to tame the Wilderness and

reshape the Tasmanian landscape in the

image of their homelands the thylacine

was perceived as a wolf amongst their

sheep and it acquired this notorious

reputation as a killer of livestock

despite the fact that the settlers dogs

were probably far more destructive

but there was no room for predators and

the Pastoral Paradise envisioned by

these settlers and therefore a bounty

was set to ensure thylacine

extermination the peak of the killing

occurred in 1900

indiscriminate killing coupled with

population fragmentation and habitat

loss caused the thylacine population to

decline rapidly disease may also have

contributed to the demise of this

decimated fragmented population

a few naturalists recognize this

precipitous decline of this really

amazing species But ultimately the

concerns of the ranchers took precedence

the last shooting of a wild thylacine

was documented in 1930 and the last

captive individual shown here died in

the Hobart zoo in 1936. ironically the

same year that the species was granted

legal protection so a little bit too late

late

the thylacine's reputation as a sheep

killer was likely significantly

overstated the thylacine only weighed an

estimated 35 to 40 pounds and its teeth

and limbs suggest that its prey was most

likely to have been relatively small

compared to its body size it likely fed

on bandicoots and possums it probably

hunted its prey in a pounce and pursuit

manner in Fairly open habitats and it

killed with a crushing penetrating bite

that's an impressive Maul right there

the remains of small to medium-sized

herbivores all weighing less than five

kilograms approximately 11 pounds have

been found in cave deposits along with

thylacine remains Hunters reported that

the thylacine stomach contents did

include kangaroo but also Echidna remains

remains

so since the death of the last

individual in the Hobart zoo in 1936

there have been several exhaustive

searches over the decades most recently

in 2017 during which time

580 camera traps were deployed in North

Queensland by James Cook University

after two people on experienced

Outdoorsman and a former park ranger

reported having seen a thylacine there

in the 1980s but according to reports

they were too embarrassed to tell anyone

at that time

however according to the Department of

primary Industries Parks water and

environment that's a mouthful there have

been eight unconfirmed thylacine citing

reports between 2016 and 2019 with the

latest unconfirmed visual sighting

occurring on the 25th of February 2018

but as of this recording there has yet

to be a confirmed sighting of the thylacine

thylacine

Psy the family Mir makoba day is

monotypic and includes only the numbat

the numbat is highly specialized for a

diet of exclusively ants and termites so

this is a niche known as Mir

mechophagy this numbat the species is

now restricted to isolated populations

and arid scrub woodlands in Southwestern

Australia as introduced predatory foxes

and feral cats have greatly reduced

numbat populations to likely less than a

thousand individuals the numbat is

listed as endangered by the iucn that's

the international Union for the

conservation of nature the family dazzy

uraday is a large diverse family

including 17 Genera and 76 species the

dazzy urids are the most structurally

and functionally

generalized of the Australian marsupials

deserts range in size from the smallest

marsupials the marsupial mice like you

see here up to the largest marsup

largest carnivore the Tasmanian devil

deserts occur throughout Australia and

New Guinea where they occupy all

terrestrial and semi-arboreal habitats

from deserts to high elevation

rainforests they're primarily Nocturne

journal or crepuscular meaning active at

dawn or Dusk and they're solitary on the

top left is the Tasmanian devil devils

are scavengers that have an ecological

niche comparable to the North American

Wolverine you can see it's got this

really large maw and a very strong jaw I

have some good news about Devils that

I'm going to return to on the next slide

there are six species of coals uh like

this tiger or spotted coal these guys

weigh up to 15 pounds and they're gonna

eat small mammals small birds lizards

and insects all six of the qual species

have drastically declined in numbers

since Australia was colonized by

Europeans with one species the Eastern

qual becoming extinct on the Australian

Mainland and hanging on now only on the

island of Tasmania major threats to Coal

survival include the toxic cane toad

introduced predators of course such as

feral cats and foxes Urban Development

and even poison baiting

The Kangaroo Island done art is also in

trouble it's listed as critically

endangered by the iucn population was

believed to be around 500 individuals

before the horrific

2019-2020 Australian bushfires

so following those fires it's believed

that only about 50 of these Kangaroo

Island gun Arts are left in existence

and we're going to return to those

devastating fires uh later in the

presentation when we discuss koala bears

this is the a brush-tailed mogara it's

kind of cool uh these guys uh have

incrassated tails uh meaning they can

store fat in those tails

so right now uh do me a solid put me on

pause and check out Darwin and the

devil's plight it's about facial tumor

disease that's an infectious cancer that

has just decimated uh Tasmanian Devil

populations however it now appears that

some individuals that are surviving have

resistance to tumor facial disease their

tumors are healing so conservation

success stories can be few and far

between so take one minute and 18

seconds and please check out this video

embedded in canvas [Music]

[Music]

the order Pera melee morphia contains

the Australian Easter Bunny the greater

Bilby or the rabbit-eared Bandicoot as

pictured here the omnivorous bandicoots

occur across the australasia

biogeographic province from arid deserts

all the way up to high elevation

rainforests the family para Melody

includes six Genera and 20 species of

extant bandicoots ranging in size from

the mouse Bandicoot with a maximum

length of just seven inches to the giant

Bandicoot which has a body mass of 11

pounds this striking species is the

Eastern Bard Bandicoot

there are two recognized species of

bilby's the threatened greater Bilby

living in arid habitats in Northwestern

Australia and the Lesser Bilby which

probably became extinct in the 1960s [Music]

[Music]

and these are two very strange species

the order Noto richta morphia

encompasses just a single family the

notoric today which includes the

southern marsupial mole and Northern

marsupial mole so these are the only

completely fossorial or burrowing

marsupials they spend the majority of

their lives underground you can notice

the remnants here of an eye a vestigial

eye these no longer function

these uh marsupial moles are widely

distributed over much of Northwestern

and Central Australia occurring in shrub

desert areas and Sandy bottomed soils

insectivorous their diet consists

primarily of ants termites B larvae and

apparently the occasional centipede

right we've made it to the last order

order dye Proto dantia includes 11

extant families comprised of species

like the koala bear the wombat the

ring-tailed possums the kangaroos my

favorite the cuscuses this is the

feather tail glider and then the pygmy

possums here on the bottom right so

given that this order has

155 recognized species

adaptive radiation has been extensive

some species feed on insects others

nectar still others leaves fruit others

still are omnivores many species are

terrestrial although some are obviously

arboreal my son's favorite animal the

koala bear has a highly specialized diet

so on the menu leaves stems flowers and

even bark all from the eucalyptus tree

so koalas inhabit Eastern and

Southeastern Australian eucalyptus

Woodlands as you would imagine

eucalyptus is very poor quality forage

not a lot of calories but koalas have

reduced energy requirements they move

very slowly and they remain inactive for

up to 20 hours a day truly living the

dream right their alimentary track has

the largest cecum that's the intestinal

pouch at the junction of the small and

the large intestines as the the koalas

have the largest cecum relative to body

size of any other mammal [Music]

[Music]

unfortunately the koala has now been

designated as endangered populations of

koalas have been ravaged by chlamydia

which can cause blindness and

infertility in koalas and then to add

insult to injury the bushfires in the

Australian summer 2019-2020

so gang we are living in the age of

Rapid climate change

fair warning this video is kind of harsh

to watch but I think it's important that

we don't look away so please take three

minutes and check out the embedded video

in canvas entitled koalas need help

surviving Australia's fires produced by

the Family vombata Day includes the two

Genera and three species of wombats

wombats have short limbs their plan to

grade meaning they walk on the soles of

their feet like humans and bears and

they're powerful borrowers these guys

are really big so adult body mass is

about 30 kilograms so that's 66 pounds

that's actually heavier than the thylacine

thylacine

this is a common wombat the bare-nosed

wombat it's found in forested areas of

Southeastern Australia and Tasmania the

southern hairy-nosed wombat inhabits

semi-arid regions of Southern Australia

and then finally there's the critically

endangered Northern hairy-nosed wombat

and it's now restricted to just a 500

hectare portion of epine Forest National

Park and Central Queensland and here's a

pic of one of those hairy nosed wombats

sitting atop of his burrow

wombats are the only marsupial to have

open rooted continuously growing

dentition which makes sense because

they're herbivorous they have a broad

skull as you can see here with robust

jaw muscles and cheek teeth premolars

and molars that are well adapted for

abrasive grasses and forbs on hot dry

days wombats are going to remain in deep

extensive interconnected burrow systems

that protect them from predators and

fires and harsh ambient conditions the

trade-off however is is that the

construction of these burrow systems is

energetically expensive and wombats are

living on grass so their metabolic rate

is extremely low even for a marsupial

and finally I addressed that question

that has undoubtedly been burning in

your mind since the beginning of this

lecture how do wombats poop cubes the

only animal in nature to Mark its

territory with tidy little piles of

fecal cubes so this one's really great

footage and it's only three minutes

please check it out embedded in canvas

as their name implies the pygmy possums

are the most diminutive possums they're

quite small the smallest species has a

mean adult body mass of just seven grams

so that's the equivalent of like seven

regular sized paper clips

in addition to invertebrates fruits and

seeds the pygmy possums are also going

to consume nectar and pollen thus they

have these long extendable brushed

tongues with papillae for lapping up

these floral Delicacies

there are four species of brush tail

possums like the common brush tail

possum seen here on the bottom left and

then there are 25 species of cuscus like

this uh flamboyant spotted cuscus here

who lives in the Bountiful tropical

rainforests of Papua New Guinea like

many of the American uh opossums these

uh brush tail possums and cuscuses are nocturnal

nocturnal

they have long prehensile grasping tails

and they are arboreal the aptly named family

family

acrobatiday includes the feather tail

glider the world's smallest gliding

mammal so the feather tail glider

possesses a furred pathogium that's a

gliding membrane that extends between

the elbows and the knees

there are six Genera and 20 species of

ringtail possums including the species

pictured here the Western ring-tailed

possum this species is critically

endangered due to the drying climate

Urban Development altered fire regimes

and predation by invasive feral foxes

includes four species of possum-like

triox the striped possum the

leadbetter's possum and then six species

of wrist winged gliders like this

adorable sugar glider these arboreal

gliders are named for the patagium that

extends from the wrist to the ankle

similar to the feather tail glider the

marsupial gliders are highly convergent

they have very similar morphology to the

North American gliding squirrels like

glaucomes volants but of course they're

not closely related to the Flying Squirrels

the tiny honey possum is the only

non-flying mammal that feeds exclusively

on nectar and pollen it's adapted to

this lifestyle with a long pointed

Rostrum a tubular mouth and an

extendable brush tipped tongue the musky

rat kangaroo and you gotta love those

common names is monotypic meaning it's

the sole member in its family so this

implies that it's distinct

morphologically genetically from other

there are four Genera and 12 extant

species in the family potorua day

including the long-nosed podoru uh

pictured here interestingly these

omnivores have a penchant for fungus and

lastly that family that you've all

likely been waiting for that family

that's truly emblematic of Australian

Wildlife the macro PO today macro means

large pod is foot the large footed

family of wallabies and kangaroos there

are 13 Genera and 67 extant species in

this family ranging in size from the two

pound hair wallaby here on the left to the

the

175 pound red kangaroos

all living macro podids are herbivores

and they occupy practically all

terrestrial habitats from deserts to

rain forests throughout austral Asia and

let's not forget about the semi-arboreal

tree kangaroos on the bottom right

ecologically and morphologically the

macro potids have evolutionarily

converged into that large herbivorous

Niche occupied by the placental

artiodactyls the deer the Sheep the

goats in other bio regions around the

world so for example kangaroos have

large divided stomachs that are home to

a whole slew of microbes that are

capable of breaking down cellulose so

similar to placenta little cows that

chew their cud red kangaroos will

regurgitate their food for additional

obviously the macropotids have strong

well-developed hind Limbs and large hind

feet but they also have this long broad

tail that actually serves a variety of

functions the tail can be a tripod while

the kangaroos are reaching up and

foraging it can serve as a fifth limb in

what's called Penta pedal Locomotion two

four five Limbs and then lastly that

tail serves as a counter balance during rapid

rapid

bipedal hopping it speeds up to 30 plus

miles per hour

oh and let us not forget how those

strong well-developed hind limbs are

used in male to male combat so for your

final video please please check out

David Attenborough and this amazing

footage of red kangaroo kickboxing so

some of these males are truly

intimidating all right in closing I want

to point out table 10.1 in your textbook

this is the first part of the table and

it summarizes all of the orders and the

families that I covered in this lecture

today so fair warning on your exam this

week you'll be asked to match a handful

of common names to their families and or

orders so I the

Kangaroos and wallabies are in the

family macro PO today in the order die

Proto dantia so I'm asking you please

spend a bit of time and study the

taxonomy presented in this lecture

and as always here are the references

that are also cited in the text and that

I used in this lecture awesome I really

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YouTube Transcript:Lecture 2.2_Order Monotremata and Infraclass Metatheria

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Lecture 2.2_Order Monotremata and Infraclass Metatheria